Chapter 3 Problems 15.0° north of west.

What were the direction

and length of her second displacement? Use
1, 2, 3 = straightforward, intermediate, graphical techniques.
challenging
= full solution available in Student 5. A plane flies from base camp to lake
Solutions Manual/Study Guide A, a distance of 280 km at a direction of
= coached solution with 20.0° north of east. After dropping off
hints available at www.cp7e.com supplies, the plane flies to lake B, which is
= biomedical application 190 km and 30.0° west of north from lake A.
Graphically determine the distance and
Section 3.1 Vectors and Their Properties direction from lake B to the base camp.


1. A roller coaster moves 200 ft 6. Vector A has a magnitude of 8.00
horizontally and then rises 135 ft at an units and makes an angle of 45.0° with the

angle of 30.0° above the horizontal. Next, it positive x-axis. Vector B also has a
travels 135 ft at an angle of 40.0° below the magnitude of 8.00 units and is directed
horizontal. Use graphical techniques to find along the negative x-axis. Using graphical
 
the roller coaster’s displacement from its methods, find (a) the vector sum A + B
 
starting point to the end of this movement. and (b) the vector difference A – B .


2. An airplane flies 200 km due west 7. Vector A is 3.00 units in length and

from city A to city B and then 300 km in the points along the positive x-axis. Vector B
direction of 30.0° north of west from city B is 4.00 units in length and points along the
to city C. (a) In straight-line distance, how negative y-axis. Use graphical methods to
far is city C from city A? (b) Relative to city find the magnitude and direction of the
   
A, in what direction is city C? vectors (a) A + B and (b) A – B .


3. A man lost in a maze makes three 8. Each of the displacement vectors A

consecutive displacements so that at the and B shown in Figure P3.8 has a
end of his travel he is right back where he magnitude of 3.00 m. Graphically find (a)
     
started. The first displacement is 8.00 m A + B , (b) A – B , (c) B – A , and (d)
 
westward, and the second is 13.0 m A – 2B .
northward. Use the graphical method to
find the magnitude and direction of the
third displacement.

4. A jogger runs 100 m due west, then

changes direction for the second leg of the
run. At the end of the run, she is 175 m
away from the starting point at an angle of
 and 150 m south. Find the resultant
displacement from the cave entrance.

13. A vector has an x-component of

–25.0 units and a y-component of 40.0 units.
Find the magnitude and direction of the
vector.

14. A quarterback takes the ball from the

line of scrimmage, runs backwards for 10.0
yards, then runs sideways parallel to the
Figure P3.8 line of scrimmage for 15.0 yards. At this
point, he throws a 50.0-yard forward pass
Section 3.2 Components of a Vector straight downfield, perpendicular to the
line of scrimmage. What is the magnitude
9. A golfer takes two putts to get his of the football’s resultant displacement?
ball into the hole once he is on the green.
The first putt displaces the ball 6.00 m east, 15. The eye of a hurricane passes over
the second 5.40 m south. What Grand Bahama Island in a direction 60.0°
displacement would have been needed to north of west with a speed of 41.0 km/h.
get the ball into the hole on the first putt? Three hours later, the course of the
hurricane suddenly shifts due north, and its
10. A person walks 25.0° north of east speed slows to 25.0 km/h. How far from
for 3.10 km. How far would the person Grand Bahama is the hurricane 4.50 h after
walk due north and due east to arrive at the it passes over the island?
same location?
16. A small map shows Atlanta to be 730
11. A girl delivering miles in a direction 5° north of east from
newspapers covers Dallas. The same map shows that Chicago
her route by traveling 3.00 blocks west, 4.00 is 560 miles in a direction 21° west of north
blocks north, and then 6.00 blocks east. (a) from Atlanta. Assume a flat Earth, and use
What is her resultant displacement? (b) the given information to find the
What is the total distance she travels? displacement from Dallas to Chicago.

12. While exploring a cave, a spelunker 17. A commuter airplane starts from an
starts at the entrance and moves the airport and takes the route shown in Figure
following distances: 75.0 m north, 250 m P3.17. The plane first flies to city A, located
east, 125 m at an angle 30.0° north of east, 175 km away in a direction 30.0° north of
east. Next, it flies for 150 km 20.0° west of
north, to city B. Finally, the plane flies 190
km due west, to city C. Find the location of
city C relative to the location of the starting
point.

Figure P3.18
Figure P3.17
19. A man pushing a mop across a floor
18. The helicopter view in Figure P3.18 causes the mop to undergo two
shows two people pulling on a stubborn displacements. The first has a magnitude of
mule. Find (a) the single force that is 150 cm and makes an angle of 120° with the
equivalent to the two forces shown and (b) positive x-axis. The resultant displacement
the force that a third person would have to has a magnitude of 140 cm and is directed
exert on the mule to make the net force at an angle of 35.0° to the positive x-axis.
equal to zero. The forces are measured in Find the magnitude and direction of the
units of newtons (N). second displacement.

20. An airplane starting from airport A

flies 300 km east, then 350 km at 30.0° west
of north, and then 150 km north to arrive
finally at airport B. (a) The next day,
another plane flies directly from A to B in a
straight line. In what direction should the
pilot travel in this direct flight? (b) How far
will the pilot travel in the flight? Assume
there is no wind during either flight.

21. Long John Silver, a pirate, has buried

his treasure on an island with five trees
located at the following points: A (30.0 m,
–20.0 m), B (60.0 m, 80.0 m), C (–10.0 m, Wagner in 2003, was clocked at 101.0 mi/h
–10.0 m), D (40.0 m, –30.0 m), and E (–70.0 (Fig. P3.22). If a pitch were thrown
m, 60.0 m). All of the points are measured horizontally with this velocity, how far
relative to some origin, as in Figure P3.21. would the ball fall vertically by the time it
Long John’s map instructs you to start at A reached home plate, 60.5 ft away?
and move toward B, but cover only one-half
the distance between A and B. Then move
toward C, covering one-third the distance
between your current location and C. Then
move toward D, covering one-fourth the
distance between where you are and D.
Finally, move toward E, covering one-fifth
the distance between you and E, stop, and
dig. (a) What are the coordinates of the
point where the pirate’s treasure is buried?
(b) Rearrange the order of the trees—for
instance, B (30 m, –20 m), A (60 m, 80 m), E
(–10 m, –10 m), C (40 m, –30 m), and D (–70
m, 60 m)—and repeat the calculation to AP/Wide World Photos
show that the answer does not depend on Figure P3.22 Billy Wagner throws a
the order. baseball.

23. A peregrine falcon is the fastest bird,

flying at a speed of 200 mi/h. Nature has
adapted the bird to reach such a speed by
placing baffles in its nose to prevent air
from rushing in and slowing it down. Also,
the bird’s eyes adjust their focus faster than
the eyes of any other creature, so the falcon
can focus quickly on its prey. Assume that a
peregrine falcon is moving horizontally at
its top speed at a height of 100 m above the
Figure P3.21
ground when it brings its wings into its
sides and begins to drop in free fall. How
Section 3.3 Displacement, Velocity, and
far will the bird fall vertically while
Acceleration in Two Dimensions
traveling horizontally a distance of 100 m?
Section 3.4 Motion in Two Dimensions

22. One of the fastest recorded pitches in

major-league baseball, thrown by Billy
 25. The best leaper in the animal
kingdom is the puma, which can jump to a
height of 12 ft when leaving the ground at
an angle of 45°. With what speed, in SI
units, must the animal leave the ground to
reach that height?

26. Tom the cat is chasing Jerry the

mouse across the surface of a table 1.5 m
Joseph Kayne/Dembinsky Photo Associates above the floor. Jerry steps out of the way at
Figure P3.23 Notice the structure within the last second, and Tom slides off the edge
the peregrine falcon’s nostrils. of the table at a speed of 5.0 m/s. Where will
Tom strike the floor, and what velocity
24. A student stands at the edge of a cliff components will he have just before he
and throws a stone horizontally over the hits?
edge with a speed of 18.0 m/s. The cliff is
50.0 m above a flat, horizontal beach, as 27. A tennis player
shown in Figure P3.24. How long after standing 12.6 m
being released does the stone strike the from the net hits the ball at 3.00° above the
beach below the cliff? With what speed and horizontal. To clear the net, the ball must
angle of impact does the stone land? rise at least 0.330 m. If the ball just clears the
net at the apex of its trajectory, how fast
was the ball moving when it left the
racquet?

28. An artillery shell is fired with an

initial velocity of 300 m/s at 55.0° above the
horizontal. To clear an avalanche, it
explodes on a mountainside 42.0 s after
firing. What are the x- and y-coordinates of
the shell where it explodes, relative to its
firing point?

29. A brick is thrown upward from the

top of a building at an angle of 25° to the
horizontal and with an initial speed of 15
m/s. If the brick is in flight for 3.0 s, how tall
is the building?
Figure P3.24
30. A placekicker must kick a football projectile was launched to where it hits its
from a point 36.0 m (about 39 yd) from the target?
goal, and the ball must clear the crossbar,
which is 3.05 m high. When kicked, the ball 34. A soccer player kicks a rock
leaves the ground with a velocity of 20.0 horizontally off a 40.0-m-high cliff into a
m/s at an angle of 53° to the horizontal. (a) pool of water. If the player hears the sound
By how much does the ball clear or fall of the splash 3.00 s later, what was the
short of clearing the crossbar? (b) Does the initial speed given to the rock? Assume the
ball approach the crossbar while still rising speed of sound in air to be 343 m/s.
or while falling?
Section 3.5 Relative Velocity
31. A car is parked on a cliff overlooking
the ocean on an incline that makes an angle 35. A jet airliner moving initially at 300
of 24.0° below the horizontal. The negligent mi/h due east enters a region where the
driver leaves the car in neutral, and the wind is blowing at 100 mi/h in a direction
emergency brakes are defective. The car 30.0° north of east. What is the new velocity
rolls from rest down the incline with a of the aircraft relative to the ground?
constant acceleration of 4.00 m/s2 for a
distance of 50.0 m to the edge of the cliff, 36. A boat moves through the water of a
which is 30.0 m above the ocean. Find (a) river at 10 m/s relative to the water,
the car’s position relative to the base of the regardless of the boat’s direction. If the
cliff when the car lands in the ocean and (b) water in the river is flowing at 1.5 m/s, how
the length of time the car is in the air. long does it take the boat to make a round
trip consisting of a 300-m displacement
32. A fireman 50.0 m away from a downstream followed by a 300-m
burning building directs a stream of water displacement upstream?
from a ground-level fire hose at an angle of
30.0° above the horizontal. If the speed of 37. A Chinook (King) salmon (Genus
the stream as it leaves the hose is 40.0 m/s, Oncorynchus) can jump out of water with a
at what height will the stream of water speed of 6.26 m/s. (See Problem 4.9, page
strike the building? 109.) for an investigation of how the fish
can leave the water at a higher speed than it
33. A projectile is launched with an can swim underwater.) If the salmon is in a
initial speed of 60.0 m/s at an angle of 30.0° stream with water speed equal to 1.50 m/s,
above the horizontal. The projectile lands how high in the air can the fish jump if it
on a hillside 4.00 s later. Neglect air friction. leaves the water traveling vertically
(a) What is the projectile’s velocity at the upwards relative to the Earth?
highest point of its trajectory? (b) What is
the straight-line distance from where the 38. A river flows due east at 1.50 m/s. A
boat crosses the river from the south shore
to the north shore by maintaining a 60.0° with the horizontal and to be in line
constant velocity of 10.0 m/s due north with the track. The student’s professor, who
relative to the water. (a) What is the is standing on the ground nearby, observes
velocity of the boat relative to the shore? (b) the ball to rise vertically. How high does
If the river is 300 m wide, how far the ball rise?
downstream has the boat moved by the
time it reaches the north shore? Additional Problems

39. A rowboat crosses a river with a 43. A particle undergoes two

velocity of 3.30 mi/h at an angle 62.5° north displacements. The first has a magnitude of
of west relative to the water. The river is 150 cm and makes an angle of 120.0° with
0.505 mi wide and carries an eastward the positive x-axis. The resultant of the two
current of 1.25 mi/h. How far upstream is displacements is 140 cm, directed at an
the boat when it reaches the opposite angle of 35.0° to the positive x-axis. Find the
shore? magnitude and direction of the second
displacement.
40. Suppose a Chinook salmon needs to
jump a waterfall that is 1.50 m high. If the 44. Find the sum of these four vector
fish starts from a distance 1.00 m from the forces: 12.0 N to the right at 35.0° above the
base of the ledge over which the waterfall horizontal, 31.0 N to the left at 55.0° above
flows, find the x- and y-components of the the horizontal, 8.40 N to the left at 35.0°
initial velocity the salmon would need to below the horizontal, and 24.0 N to the
just reach the ledge at the top of its right at 55.0° below the horizontal. (Hint: N
trajectory. Can the fish make this jump? stands for newton, the SI unit of force. The
(Remember that a Chinook salmon can component method allows the addition of
jump out of the water with a speed of 6.26 any vectors—forces as well as
m/s.) displacements and velocities. Make a
drawing of this situation, and select the best
41. How long does it take an automobile axes for x and y so that you have the least
traveling in the left lane of a highway at number of components.)
60.0 km/h to overtake (become even with)
another car that is traveling in the right lane 45. A car travels due east with a speed
at 40.0 km/h when the cars’ front bumpers of 50.0 km/h. Rain is falling vertically with
are initially 100 m apart? respect to Earth. The traces of the rain on
the side windows of the car make an angle
42. A science student is riding on a of 60.0° with the vertical. Find the velocity
flatcar of a train traveling along a straight of the rain with respect to (a) the car and (b)
horizontal track at a constant speed of 10.0 Earth.
m/s. The student throws a ball along a path
that she judges to make an initial angle of
46. You can use any coordinate system
you like in order to solve a projectile 48. A Chinook salmon has a maximum
motion problem. To demonstrate the truth underwater speed of 3.58 m/s, but it can
of this statement, consider a ball thrown off jump out of water with a speed of 6.26 m/s.
 To move upstream past a waterfall, the
the top of a building with a velocity v at
an angle θ with respect to the horizontal. salmon does not need to jump to the top of
Let the building be 50.0 m tall, the initial the fall, but only to a point in the fall where
horizontal velocity be 9.00 m/s, and the the water speed is less than 3.58 m/s; it can
initial vertical velocity be 12.0 m/s. Choose then swim up the fall for the remaining
your coordinates such that the positive y- distance. Because the salmon must make
axis is upward, the x-axis is to the right, and forward progress in the water, let’s assume
the origin is at the point where the ball is that it can swim to the top if the water
released. (a) With these choices, find the speed is 3.00 m/s. If water has a speed of
ball’s maximum height above the ground, 1.50 m/s as it passes over a ledge, how far
and the time it takes to reach the maximum below the ledge will the water be moving
height. (b) Repeat your calculations with a speed of 3.00 m/s? (Note that water
choosing the origin at the base of the undergoes projectile motion once it leaves
building. the ledge.) If the salmon is able to jump
vertically upward from the base of the fall,
47. Towns A and B in what is the maximum height of waterfall
Figure P3.47 are 80.0 that the salmon can clear?
km apart. A couple arranges to drive from
town A and meet a couple driving from 49. A rocket is launched at an angle of
town B at the lake, L. The two couples leave 53.0° above the horizontal with an initial
simultaneously and drive for 2.50 h in the speed of 100 m/s. The rocket moves for 3.00
directions shown. Car 1 has a speed of 90.0 s along its initial line of motion with an
km/h. If the cars arrive simultaneously at acceleration of 30.0 m/s2. At this time, its
the lake, what is the speed of car 2? engines fail and the rocket proceeds to
move as a projectile. Find (a) the maximum
altitude reached by the rocket, (b) its total
time of flight, and (c) its horizontal range.

50. Two canoeists in identical canoes

exert the same effort paddling and hence
maintain the same speed relative to the
water. One paddles directly upstream (and
moves upstream), whereas the other
paddles directly downstream. With
downstream as the positive direction, an
Figure P3.47 observer on shore determines the velocities
of the two canoes to be –1.2 m/s and +2.9 shows one path the apple follows when
m/s, respectively. (a) What is the speed of watched by an observer looking on from
the water relative to the shore? (b) What is the side. The apple is moving from left to
the speed of each canoe relative to the right. Five points are marked on the path.
water? Ignore air resistance. (a) Make a copy of this
figure. At each of the marked points, draw
51. If a person can jump a maximum an arrow that indicates the magnitude and
horizontal distance (by using a 45° direction of the apple’s velocity when it
projection angle) of 3.0 m on Earth, what passes through that point. (b) Make a
would be his maximum range on the Moon, second copy of the figure. This time, at each
where the free-fall acceleration is g/6 and g marked point, place an arrow indicating the
= 9.80 m/s2? Repeat for Mars, where the magnitude and direction of any
acceleration due to gravity is 0.38g. acceleration the apple exhibits at that point.

52. A daredevil decides to jump a

canyon. Its walls are equally high and 10 m
apart. He takes off by driving a motorcycle
up a short ramp sloped at an angle of 15°.
What minimum speed must he have in
order to clear the canyon?
Figure P3.54

53. (a) Vector A is in the first quadrant
55. A home run is hit in such a way that
of a Cartesian coordinate system. What is
 the baseball just clears a wall 21 m high,
the sign of the x-component of A ? What is
 located 130 m from home plate. The ball is
the sign of the y-component? (b) Vector B
hit at an angle of 35° to the horizontal, and
is in the second quadrant of a Cartesian
air resistance is negligible. Find (a) the
coordinate system. What is the sign of the x-
 initial speed of the ball, (b) the time it takes
component of B ? What is the sign of the y-
  the ball to reach the wall, and (c) the
component? (c) The vector sum A + B
velocity components and the speed of the
______. Choose the correct fill-in-the-blank
ball when it reaches the wall. (Assume that
answer from (i) must be in either the first or
the ball is hit at a height of 1.0 m above the
the second quadrant or (ii) could be in any
 ground.)
quadrant. (d) Let A = 30 m at an angle of

30° from the positive x-axis and B = 20 m
56. A ball is thrown straight upward
at an angle of 40° from the negative x-axis.
and returns to the thrower’s hand after 3.00
Test your predictions of parts (a) through
s in the air. A second ball is thrown at an
(c).
angle of 30.0° with the horizontal. At what
speed must the second ball be thrown so
54. A boy and a girl are tossing an apple
back and forth between them. Figure P3.54
that it reaches the same height as the one experiment is that the projectile must reach
thrown vertically? the target before the target strikes the floor.)

57. A quarterback throws a football

toward a receiver with an initial speed of 20
m/s at an angle of 30° above the horizontal.
At that instant, the receiver is 20 m from the
quarterback. In what direction and with
what constant speed should the receiver
run in order to catch the football at the level
at which it was thrown?

58. A 2.00-m-tall basketball player is

standing on the floor 10.0 m from the
basket, as in Figure P3.58. If he shoots the
ball at a 40.0° angle with the horizontal, at
what initial speed must he throw the
basketball so that it goes through the hoop
without striking the backboard? The height Figure P3.59
of the basket is 3.05 m.
60. Figure P3.60 illustrates the difference
in proportions between the male (m) and

female (f) anatomies. The displacements d

1m and d 1f from the bottom of the feet to the

navel have magnitudes of 104 cm and 84.0


cm, respectively. The displacements d 2m

and d 2f have magnitudes of 50.0 cm and
43.0 cm, respectively. (a) Find the vector
 
sum of the displacements d 1 and d 2 in
Figure P3.58 each case. (b) The male figure is 180 cm tall,
the female 168 cm. Normalize the
59. In a very popular lecture displacements of each figure to a common
demonstration, a projectile is fired at a height of 200 cm, and re-form the vector
falling target as in Figure P3.59. The sums as in part (a). Then find the vector
projectile leaves the gun at the same instant difference between the two sums.
that the target is dropped from rest.
Assuming that the gun is initially aimed at
the target, show that the projectile will hit
the target. (One restriction of this
 a small powerboat that moves at a
maximum speed of 12 km/h with respect to
the water. What is the minimum time
necessary for crossing?

64. A water insect maintains an average

position on the surface of a stream by
darting upstream (against the current) then
Figure P3.60 drifting downstream (with the current) to
its original position. The current in the
61. By throwing a ball at an angle of 45°, stream is 0.500 m/s relative to the shore,
a girl can throw the ball a maximum and the insect darts upstream 0.560 m
horizontal distance R on a level field. How (relative to a spot on shore) in 0.800 s
far can she throw the same ball vertically during the first part of its motion. Take
upward? Assume that her muscles give the upstream as the positive direction. (a)
ball the same speed in each case. (Is this Determine the velocity of the insect relative
assumption valid?) to the water (i) during its dash upstream
and (ii) during its drift downstream. (b)
62. A projectile is fired with an initial How far upstream relative to the water
speed v0 at an angle θ0 to the horizontal, as does the insect move during one cycle of its
in Figure 3.14. When it reaches its peak, the motion? (c) What is the average velocity of
projectile has (x, y) coordinates given by the insect relative to the water?
(R/2, h), and when it strikes the ground, its
coordinates are (R, 0), where R is called the 65. A daredevil is shot
horizontal range. (a) Show that the projectile out of a cannon at 45.0°
reaches a maximum height given by to the horizontal with an initial speed of
25.0 m/s. A net is positioned a horizontal
2
v0 sin 2  0 distance of 50.0 m from the cannon. At
h what height above the cannon should the
2g
net be placed in order to catch the
daredevil?
(b) Show that the horizontal range of the
projectile is given by
66. Chinook salmon are able to move
upstream faster by jumping out of the
v sin 2 0
2

R 0 water periodically; this behavior is called

g porpoising. Suppose a salmon swimming in
still water jumps out of the water with a
63. A hunter wishes to cross a river that speed of 6.26 m/s at an angle of 45°, sails
is 1.5 km wide and flows with a speed of 5.0 through the air a distance L before
km/h parallel to its banks. The hunter uses returning to the water, and then swims a
distance L underwater at a speed of 3.58 its target sooner that way. Suppose that,
m/s before beginning another porpoising after the bounce, the ball rebounds at the
maneuver. Determine the average speed of same angle θ that it had when it was
the fish. released (as in Fig. P3.70), but loses half its
speed. (a) Assuming that the ball is always
67. A student decides to measure the thrown with the same initial speed, at what
muzzle velocity of a pellet shot from his angle θ should the ball be thrown in order
gun. He points the gun horizontally. He to go the same distance D with one bounce
places a target on a vertical wall a distance as a ball thrown upward at 45.0° with no
x away from the gun. The pellet hits the bounce? (b) Determine the ratio of the times
target a vertical distance y below the gun. for the one-bounce and no-bounce throws.
(a) Show that the position of the pellet
when traveling through the air is given by
y = Ax2, where A is a constant. (b) Express
the constant A in terms of the initial
(muzzle) velocity and the free-fall
acceleration. (c) If x = 3.00 m and y = 0.210
m, what is the initial speed of the pellet?
Figure P3.70

68. A sailboat is heading directly north

71. One strategy in a snowball fight is to
at a speed of 20 knots (1 knot = 0.514 m/s).
throw a snowball at a high angle over level
The wind is blowing towards the east with
ground. Then, while your opponent is
a speed of 17 knots. Determine the
watching that snowball, you throw a
magnitude and direction of the wind
second one at a low angle timed to arrive
velocity as measured on the boat. What is
before or at the same time as the first one.
the component of the wind velocity in the
Assume that both snowballs are thrown
direction parallel to the motion of the boat?
with a speed of 25.0 m/s. The first is thrown
(See Problem 4.54 for an explanation of how
at an angle of 70.0° with respect to the
a sailboat can move “into the wind.”)
horizontal. (a) At what angle should the
second snowball be thrown to arrive at the
69. Instructions for finding a buried
same point as the first? (b) How many
treasure include the following: Go 75 paces
seconds later should the second snowball
at 240°, turn to 135° and walk 125 paces,
be thrown after the first in order for both to
and then travel 100 paces at 160°.
arrive at the same time?
Determine the resultant displacement from
the starting point.
72. A dart gun is fired while being held
horizontally at a height of 1.00 m above
70. When baseball outfielders throw the
ground level and while it is at rest relative
ball, they usually allow it to take one
to the ground. The dart from the gun
bounce, on the theory that the ball arrives at
travels a horizontal distance of 5.00 m. A canyon, find where the coyote lands in the
college student holds the same gun in a canyon. (Assume that his skates are still in
horizontal position while sliding down a operation when he is in “flight” and that his
45.0° incline at a constant speed of 2.00 m/s. horizontal component of acceleration
How far will the dart travel if the student remains constant at 15 m/s2.)
fires the gun when it is 1.00 m above the
ground?

73. The determined Wile E. Coyote is

out once more to try to capture the elusive
roadrunner. The coyote wears a new pair of
Acme power roller skates, which provide a
constant horizontal acceleration of 15 m/s2,
as shown in Figure P3.73. The coyote starts
off at rest 70 m from the edge of a cliff at the
instant the roadrunner zips by in the
direction of the cliff. (a) If the roadrunner
moves with constant speed, find the
minimum speed the roadrunner must have
in order to reach the cliff before the coyote. Figure P3.73
(b) If the cliff is 100 m above the base of a

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