Lab 7

Owen Blair
ECE-213
10/27/2020

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Introduction

The purpose of this lab is to understand complex power and the maximum power transfer
theorem. In this lab only AC circuits will be used and not DC circuits. This exploration will also be
completed using three different circuits: resistor-resistor circuit, resistor-inductor circuit, and a resistor-
capacitor circuit.

Procedure

When first starting turn on all equipment used in this experiment as soon as possible. This will
allow the equipment to warm up and stabilize. Set the frequency generator to 3 V RMS at 2 kHz and use
that as the source voltage. Make circuit 1, 2 and 3 as seen in figure 1, and note the measured value of
each component. Using the Thevenin equivalent, calculate the necessary resistor load for maximum
power consumption. Then, solve for the load voltage if the resistor mor maximum power transfer is
used as a load element. After calculating the load voltage build each circuit and measure the magnitude
and phase angle of each circuit.

Using the previously collected data, solve for the power in the components in each circuit. Do
this for the total complex power at the node as well. Using the load resistance and the first resistor
calculate the complex power consumed by the parallel elements and compare against your previous
power calculations.

Calculations

Complex Power

S=P+ jQ
S=V I ¿
Resistor Load for Max Power Transfer

Rl= √ R2th +( X l + X th )2

Zl =Z ¿th

Voltage Division

Rl
V l=V l∗( )
Rl + Rth
Power Factor

P
pf =
Q
pf =cos ⁡(θ pf )
Power Factor Angle

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 Q
θ pf =tan ⁡( )
P
Tables and Figures

Figure 1: Circuits 1, 2 and 3

Figure 2: Thevenin Equivalent Circuit 1

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 Figure 3: Thevenin Equivalent Circuit 2

Figure 4: Thevenin Equivalent Circuit 3

Table 1: Component Measurement

Component Nominal Value Measured Value

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C1 480nF 480nF
R1 1kΩ 989Ω
R2 1kΩ 999Ω
L1 150mH 149.8mH
RL 150Ω 148Ω

Table 2: Resistor for Maximum Power Transfer

Circuit R-Maximum Power Resistance Actually Used

Circuit 1 500Ω 507Ω
Circuit 2 856.37Ω 855Ω
Circuit 3 163.55Ω 165Ω

Table 3: Load Voltage of Resistor

Circuit Load Voltage Vrms

1 75
2 1.32∠13.419°
3 0.2694∠-40.11°

Table 4: Magnitude and Phase Angle of Resistor Load Voltage

Circuit Measured Calculated % Error

Magnitude Phase Angle Magnitude Phase Angle Magnitude Phase Angle
Vrms deg Vrms deg Vrms deg
1 .72 0 .75 0 4.00% 0%
2 1.44 15.21 1.3576 13.42 6.07% 13.34%
4 .312 -37.13 .2694 -40.11 15.81% 7.43%

Table 5: Power at Load Node

Circuit Load Voltage Element Power Load Power Complex Power

Rectangular Rectangular
1 .75 .5184 1.022 1.54
2 1.3896+.3778j 7.077 2.425 2.45+7.077j
3 .2487-.1883j 1.167 2.312 2.312+1.167j

Table 6: Complex Power in Parallel Elements

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Circuit Current Complex Power % Error
1 .7583 .5688 170%
2 1.33∠13.419° 1.572+.7954j 335.28%
3 .272∠-40.11° .01247-.07232 3429.997%

Table 7: Power Factor

Circuit Pf, Leading or lagging

1 0
2 .9727 Lagging
3 .7648 Leading

Figure 5: Power Triangle for Circuit 1

0.5688

Figure 6: Power Triangle for Circuit 2

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 0.7954
1.76177

1.572

Figure 7: Power Triangle Circuit 3

0.01247

0.07339

-0.07232

Questions

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 For the purpose of answering the lab’s questions I used the complex power from table 6. The
reason for this is because that the power measurements from table 6 seem more reasonable than the
power measurements from table 5. For the power factor of each Thevenin circuit see table 7. For the
power triangle of each circuit refer to figures 5,6 and 7. The component value to cancel out the power
consumed by the other parallel reactive element in circuit 2 is a 100µF capacitor. The component value
to cancel out the power consumed by the other parallel reactive element in circuit 3 is a 5.755µ
inductor. These elements were found by finding a component that when added to the circuit in parallel
would make the total reactive power add to zero. When ‘tricking’ a circuit into thinking the load is like a
short for circuit 2 is having the frequency go to zero. For circuit 3, ‘tricking’ the circuit into thinking the
load is a short would be to have the frequency approach infinity.

Conclusion

This was one of the hardest labs so far. What made this lab more difficult than others was the
complication of calculations that needed to happen after all the measurements were collected. Table 6
had values that were not expected. This is best expressed by the severely large percent errors in table 6.
The most egregious percent error is about 3400%. I think this was due to incorrect calculations of the
complex power. To improve this lab there should be more directions about how to calculate what is
needed in each table.

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