Research Proposal

Title: Growth and yield performance of different varieties of bush snap beans

(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under different planting methods at Montalban, Rizal.

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUNND

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Introduction

Snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important world crop. It was originally a

crop of the New World, but is now grown extensively in all major continental areas. Its

production spans from 52°N to 32°S latitude, and from near sea level in the continental

USA and Europe, to elevations of more than 3000 masl in Andean South America

(Schoonhoven & Voysest, 1991). Its widespread cultivation is attributed to the benefits it

offers including being a rich source of vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber (Kelly & Scott,

1992), its nitrogen fixing association that minimize nitrogen fertilizer input (Piha et al.,

1987) and its ability to improve soil condition (Nason & Myrold, 1992). In 2012, about

23.9 metric ton (Mt) of dry bean, 20.7 MT of green (faba) bean, and 1.9 MT of string or

snap bean were produced worldwide (FAOSTAT, 2014). This makes snap beans as

one of the most important legume vegetable crops. In the Philippines, snap bean is

locally known as ‘habitchuelas’ or ‘Baguio beans’. It is commonly grown in the northern

highlands of Benguet, Mountain Province and Nueva Vizcaya, and other mid-elevation

areas in the country like Bukidnon, Quezon, Laguna etc. (Tandang, 2017). In 2013,

snap bean production covered around 3,502 ha with an estimated 15,413 Mt

production.

Snap bean cultivars differ from dry bean cultivars by having thicker walled pods.

These vary in color with green, yellow and purple being the ones most commonly

grown. Commercial cultivars are mostly determinate (non- climbing). Flowers appear

simultaneously and pods tend to mature together an advantage for mechanical

harvesting and where single heavy pickings are required for the fresh market. Some
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cultivars tend toward multiple branching and vining causing flowers and pods to develop

over a period of time, allowing for several pickings.

Snap beans grow best in medium to high elevation areas or temperatures of 18 °- 29

°C. It can also be grown in low elevation areas during the cool season; Temperatures

above 32 °C during dry months tend to be lower yields; and the pods, more fibrous. It

can also cause blossom drop and deformed pods. So that, planting is usually done

during cool season from October and November to achieve higher percentage of pod

set.

These situations encouraged the researcher to study the performance of different

varieties of bush snap beans under different planting methods to determine what other

varieties with promising yield could be used and which planting methods could be done

to attain higher yield, hence higher income among farmers, hence this study was

conceptualized.

Background of the Study

These undertakings were the main activity of this study, and the purpose of the

author is to give light to the production of bush snap beans with different varieties under

different planting methods to improve the cultural practice of the local farmer and to

know which variety or varieties will have a high yield in that local area, hence high yield

is high income.

Theoretical Framework of the Study

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The development of improved cultivars has made a major contribution to the

increased productivity and quality of plants used for their food, feed, fiber, or aesthetic

value. Selection of the appropriate cultivar is one of the key decisions that an

agricultural producer must make. The cultivar will define the limits of performance that

can be achieved in any environment. The relative importance of art and science in plant

breeding has changed over time. The ability of a person to visually identify the most

desirable plants or seeds was the only tool available in the beginning of plant selection.

The appearance, or phenotype, of a plant determined whether it would be chosen.

(Fehr, 1991)

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework is depicted in Figure 1. Three (3) Bush snap bean

varieties will be planted under different planting methods (Broadcasting) (Drill Method)

and (Hill Method). These will be classified as Independent variables.

The effect of which will be measured in terms of plant height at maturity, number of days

from planting to flowering, number of days from flowering to pod formation, number of

days from pod formation to harvesting and totalI. number of harvest

Growth for the entire
Characterization
Factor A
duration of the experiment. In terms the yield parameters, this will
1. Plant Height include the total
at maturity
2. Number of days from:
number of pods per plant, and computed yield per hectare.
Varieties These parameters
2.1. Planting to flowering will be
1. Sablan (NSIC 2009 BSnBn 1) 2.2. Flowering to pod formation.
2.classified and presented
Bokod (NSIC under dependent variables (Figure
2009 BSnBn2) 2.3. 1)Pod formation to harvesting
3. Cali (NSIC 2015 BSnBn3) 2.4. Number of Harvesting
Factor B
II. Yield Components
Method of Planting
3. Number of pods per plant.
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
1. Broadcasting 4. Computed yield per hectare.
2. Drill Method 5. Production income
3. Hill Method
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Figure 1.
The Conceptual Framework of the Study

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This research aims to determine the performance of three (3) bush snap bean

varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under different methods of planting. Performance of

three varieties of bush snap beans will be evaluated in terms of growth characteristic,

yield characteristic, computed yield and production income per hectare under different

method of planting.
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The study will be conducted at Sitio Hamyuan Barangay San Jose, Montalban,

Rizal.

The study will commence on the __ day of _________, 20_. The farm will be

prepared for three weeks and will be planted with snap bean which is on ________ 20_.

The yields were counted according to treatments; all records were kept for statistical

treatment.

A strip-plot method will be used in the study in order to accommodate the two (2)

factor experiment. Where factor A, three (3) varieties of bush snap beans will be the

main plot, and factor B, different planting methods) will be the subplot. Each treatment

will be replicated four (4) times.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, the study sought to determine the performance of three (3) varieties of

Bush snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under different planting methods more

specifically, the questions to be answer the following questions:

1. What is the effect of different methods of planting on the performance

three (3) varieties of Bush snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in terms of:

1. Growth Characteristics

1.1. Plant height at Maturity

1.2. Number of days from:

1.2.1. Planting to flowering

1.2.2. Flowering to pod formation

1.2.3. Pod formation to harvesting

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1.2.4. No. of harvesting.

2. Yield Characteristic

2.1. Number of pods per plant.

2.2. Computed yield per hectare.

2.2. Production Income

2. Is there significant difference on the effect of different planting methods

on performance of three (3) bush snap beans varieties in terms of:

1. Growth Characteristics

1.1. Plant height at Maturity

1.2. Number of days from:

1.2.1. Planting to flowering

1.2.2. Flowering to pod formation

1.2.3. Pod formation to harvesting

1.2.4. No. of harvesting.

2. Yield Characteristic

2.1. Number of pods per plant.

2.2. Computed yield per hectare.

2.3. Production Income

3. Is there interaction effects between three (3) varieties under different

planting methods in the performance of bush snap beans in terms of:

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1. Growth Characteristics

1.1. Plant height at Maturity

1.2. Number of days from:

1.2.1. Planting to flowering

1.2.2. Flowering to pod formation

1.2.3. Pod formation to harvesting

1.2.4. No. of harvesting.

2. Yield Characteristic

2.1. Number of pods per plant.

2.2. Computed yield per hectare.

2.3. Production Income

Hypothesis

The following are the null hypotheses formulated in order to guide the researcher

in the interpretation of the research work:

1. There is no significant difference in the performance of bush snap

beans in terms different varieties under different planting methods?

2. There is no significant difference in the performance of bush snap

beans in the interaction of treatments with different of varieties under different

planting methods?
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Definition of Terms

Broadcasting or Sabog Tanim

Broadcasting or sabog tanim, also called scatter planting, is a method of

planting by which seeds (or grains) are scattered over a well prepared soil. There

are no plant-to-plant spacing and arrangement. As a result, there are plants

which may grow singly while others may occur in pair or in bunches of several

plants.

This planting method is common in crops with small seeds that are

capable of germination and sustained growth without soil cover. However, there

are no exact limitations. Such a broadcasting technique is specially called aerial

seeding.

With hand broadcasting, a volume of seeds is held by one hand and

thrown with a wide swath. Skill is important to ensure a more or less even

distribution per unit ground area based on the desired seeding rate.

Hill Method

A “hill” is that specific spot on the ground where a plant or a group of

plants is grown. Mounded bases of plants are likened to miniature hills.

Applied in direct seeding, this planting method consists of dropping seeds

in holes made by a dibbler (or dibble) or any tool for digging small holes. With

furrows, the seeds are commonly dropped at the bottom. But with mechanized

farming, a combine furrower-planter (more oftenly also with a fertilizer applicator)

is commonly used. Where a dibbler (or dibble, example a pointed piece of wood
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or a stick) is used to bore holes on the ground, hill planting is otherwise called

dibbling. There's a common practice in direct seeding of corn immediately

following the making of furrows: The farmer walks forward from end to end of a

freshly made furrow, dropping seeds towards the bottom of the depression. He

does not carry a measuring tool, he just estimates distances on the ground with

impressive accuracy borne of long experience. To cover the seeds, he merely

sweeps the ridge at either side of the furrow by the inner side with one foot to

push some soil over the seed. In a continuous flow of movement, that same foot

rests on top of the hill. As he lifts his rear foot and steps forward, his weight

becomes concentrated on that foot over the hill and presses the soil covering the

seed. Each forward step means one seed planted, properly covered.

Drill Method

The drill method of planting is another technique of direct seeding by

which seeds are released continuously in a row while moving forward at uniform

speed. The release of seeds is analogous to pouring water from a bottle with a

small opening until water is completely exhausted. The bottle is refilled, and the

process is repeated again and again. It can also be accomplished by placing

small, roundish seeds in a bottle with a hole on the cover. The seeds are simply

released by tilting and slightly shaking the bottle so that the seeds drop one after

the other or in a cascade through the hole and towards the ground. The seeds

are drilled with or without furrows. In rice, drilling in puddled soil in linear direction

is a modification of seed broadcasting in which plants are dispersed without

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plant-to-plant spacing. The seeds are immediately covered with soil by raking or

by foot and usually slightly pressed.

Significance of the Study

The study will be conducted to determine the performance of Bush snap beans
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) different varieties and different planting methods. The results of
the study will be seen to provide important information and benefit the following:

Government. Results can be used as a guide to strengthen programs and

projects of the Agriculture sector in increasing the production and utilization of organic
fertilizers using indigenous plants in agricultural crop production.

Academe. The result of the study may serve as additional insight about
performance different varieties of bush snap beans, best source of potassium fertilizer
and right timing of application, results can be used in making instructional materials
especially on technology and sustainability of snap beans industry.

Students. This study may serve as reference material for the conduct of related
studies and research works i. e. thesis.

Researchers. The study is seen to provide information on the bush snap beans
production. The results of this study may be used by future researchers who would
undertake into further researches on the crop. Methodology of the study can be used as
reference in conducting similar studies on crops of the same Family or even for other
crops.

Farmers. Results of the study will provide farmers information for using the
suitable variety of bush snap beans in Rizal.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Production Considerations

Snap beans (green beans, bush beans, and string beans) grow best on soils

that hold water well and have good air and water filtration. Soil should have a pH of

5.8 to 6.6. Snap beans require a constant supply of moisture during the growing

season. If you grow snap beans on sandy soil, irrigation is important to ensure

optimum plant growth, a uniform pod set, and robust development. Water

deficiency or stress, especially during the blossom-pod set period, can cause

blossoms and pods to drop, resulting in a poor-quality crop and reduced yields.

However, excess water at any time during growth can increase the plant's

susceptibility to root rot infection, which also can reduce yields. For more

information on crop irrigation, consult Irrigation for Fruit and Vegetable Production.

Snap beans are sensitive to cold temperatures and will die from a slight frost. The

best average temperature range for the growing season is between 60⁰and 70⁰F;

temperatures above 80⁰F or below 50⁰F will slow the growth and maturation of the

crop. (PennState Extension, 2005)

Planting and Fertilization

Plant beans in full sun in fertile, well-drained soil. Select varieties that are

resistant to bean common mosaic virus and anthracnose. Bean seeds do not germinate

well in cold soil, and the plants are killed by light frost. Do not plant beans before the soil

temperature is at least 60 ºF at the 4-inch depth. Plant in intervals of 10 to 14 days to

have a continuous supply. Plant bush-type beans in rows spaced 2 to 3 feet apart with
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the seed spaced 2 to 4 inches apart in the row. They can also be planted in a 4-foot-

wide bed with two rows that are 18 inches apart. All beans should be planted 1 inch

deep. It is best to use treated seed to help prevent seed rot, especially when seeds are

planted early when the soil is cool. (Bob Polomski, 2016)

Snap beans can be planted in the spring when the soil temperatures reach at

least 55°F and ambient air temperatures are at least 60⁰F. With adequate soil

moisture, which is essential for optimum germination, seeds usually emerge in less

than 7 days. Successive plantings can occur every two weeks through August. The

seeds should be planted 0.5 to 1.0 inch deep, but if soil is very dry in June or July,

place the seeds 1.5 inches deep so that they will obtain adequate moisture and will

germinate within a reasonable number of days after seeding.

Snap beans can be planted at low or high densities, depending on the variety, soil

type, pest management practices, and available equipment. With low density

plantings, plant 75 to 90 pounds of seed per acre in rows spaced 30 to 36 inches

apart with 6 to 10 plants per linear foot of row. For high density plantings, plant 100

to 140 pounds of seed per acre in rows spaced 18 to 24 inches apart with 5 to 7

plants per linear foot of row.

Fertilizer rates should be based on annual soil test results. If you are unable to

conduct a test, the recommended N-P-K application rates are 30-60-120 pounds

per acre broadcast or 15-30-60 pounds per acre banded at planting. Growers also

should check boron levels in their fields, because snap beans are sensitive to high

soil boron levels. (PennState Extension, 2005)

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Pest Control

Weed control can be achieved with herbicides and a good crop rotation

system. Snap beans compete well with weeds, but they should be kept weed free

until they have developed a good crop cover. Several preplant and postemergence

herbicides are available for snap beans, depending on the specific weed problem

and the bean growth stage. If infestation levels are mild, cultivation can minimize

weed problems.

Insects can be a major problem in snap bean production. Aphids,

leafhoppers, and European corn borer all can cause crop losses. Monitoring insect

populations with traps or by scouting will help you determine when you should use

pesticides and how often you should spray.

Several diseases, such as root rot and white mold, can reduce snap bean yields.

These diseases can be controlled by using disease-resistant varieties and by

having a good crop-rotation system and soils with good air and water filtration.

(PennState Extension, 2005)

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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, subjects of the study, determination
of sample size, research procedures, research instrument, and statistical treatment of
data.

Research Design

The research will be a 3 X 3 experimental study. Strip-plot design was utilized in

the study which was originally developed by Fischer (1925), for use in agricultural

experiments. The main-plot factor was Factor A which served as the block replicated

into four (4), and within the blocks are the Sub-plot factor B. All blocks and sub-plots

will be randomized. This was used in order to minimize errors that will be caused by

other varietal factors such as soil fertility, sunlight and other factors which may affect the

integrity of the experiment.

The treatments were the following:

Main-plot factor :

Factor A - Varieties

A1 - Sablan

A2 - Bokod

A3 - Cali

Sub-plot factor :

Factor B - Different Planting Methods

B1 - Broadcast Method
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B2 - Drill Method

B3 - Hill Method

A3 A2 A1 A1 A2 A3
B3 A3B3 A2B3 A1B3 B2 A1B2 A4B2 A3B2
B2 A3B2 A2B2 A1B2 B1 A1B1 A4B1 A3B1
B1 A3B1 A2B1 A1B1 B3 A1B3 A4B3 A3B3

A2 A1 A3 A1 A3 A2
B2 A2B2 A1B2 A3B2 B1 A4B1 A3B1 A2B1
B1 A2B1 A1B1 A3B1 B2 A4B2 A3B2 A2B2
B3 A2B3 A1B3 A3B3 B3 A4B3 A3B3 A2B3

Figure 2.
Experimental Lay out
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4 meters

.4 m.

5 meters

Legend:
Plot border

Plant hill

Mungbean

Figure 3.
Overview of Sub-plot.
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Setting of the Study

The study will be conducted at Sitio Hamyuan, Barangay San Jose, Montalban,

Rizal. The locale was about 3km at town proper of Montalban in the Province of Rizal.

The municipality has a tropical climate. Most months of the year are marked by

significant rainfall. The short dry season has little impact. The average annual rainfall is

2422 mm. Rizal has many types of soil varying from clay loam to sandy.

Figure 4.
Experimental Area
Vicinity Map of the Study
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Sampling Technique

Ten plants samples of bush snap beans will be used for each experimental unit.

Each treatment combinations will be replicated four times and a total of 600 plants are

used for the entire experiment. Data will be taken from all the test plants.

Research Procedures

The research procedure will be conducted at Sitio Hamyuan, San Jose,

Rodriguez, Rizal upon approval of this proposed thesis study.

The following are the steps to be undertaken by the researcher for the

experimental procedure:

Composite Soil Sampling

Soil samples will be collected from ten sampling points in the experimental area

in an S-pattern with the use if spade and bolo in digging and discarding enough soil to

expose a clean vertical side about 15 cm deep, a thin slice of soil about 5 cm thick and

15 cm deep will be obtained and the middle portion 10 cm wide will be placed in a pail.

Ten slices of soil taken from the sampling points were mixed thoroughly, air dried and

pulverized.

About 1 kg composite soil sample will be obtained representing the entire

experimental field, place in plastic bags, labeled and brought to the laboratory for

analysis at CALABARZON Regional Soils Laboratory.

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Land Preparation

Planting

A total of 1442.25 square meters planting area includes 60 plots will be used in

the study. Each plot has a size of 4 m x 5 m will be planted, there are 1.5 meter

allocated as pathways between blocks and 1 meter as distance between main plots and

sub plots. Thus, each plot has 125 bush snap beans plants.

Irrigation

Bush snap beans will be watered once a week or as needed with the use of

water pump.

Experimental Crop

“Sablan” (NSIC 2009 BSnBn 1) is a selection from an introduced accession from the

international Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) in Columbia. It has better quality and

high resistance to weevil than the check variety. “BBL 274”. It has an average

marketable fresh pod yield of 8.57 t/ha-1. It has shorter and tastier green pod than “

BBL 274” and measures 13.3 cm long and 0.90 cm wide. It has comparable moderate

resistance to bean rust and pod borer with “BBL 274” and could be profitably grown in

the high lands and lowlands. It is more resistant to lodging and stem breakage and has

moderate resistance to bean weevil.

“Bokod” (NSIC 2009 BSnBn2) is a selection from an introduced accession also from

the CIAT. It has smoother, snappier and darker green pods and with higher resistance o
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bean weevil than the check variety, “BBL 274”. Bokod has an average yield of 9.29t ha-

1. It has shorter and tastier straight green pods than ‘BBL 274’ measuring 13.4 cm long

and 0.90 cm wide. It is very much like by the farmers and consumers because it has

comparable moderate resistance to bean rust with ‘BBL 274’. It could be profitably

grown both in the highlands and lowlands, and has resistance to pod borer and stem

breakage or lodging than BBL 274 whose stems easily break or lodge.

“Cali” (NSIC 2015 BSnBn3) is a selection from an introduced accession from CIAT

with an average fresh pod yield of 8.46t/ha. It has better pod quality and high resistance

to weevil than the check variety. BBL 274 but comparable with “Bokod” and ‘Sablan”. It

has shorter and tastier green pod than ‘BBL 274’. It could be grown both in the

highlands and lowlands. It is more resistant to lodging and stem breakage and weevil

than ‘BBL 274’.

Subjects of the Study

The study will be focused on the performance of bush snap beans to treatments

such as for varieties, Sablan (NSIC 2009 BSnBn 1), Bokod (NSIC 2009 BSnBn2), and

Cali (NSIC 2015 BSnBn3). For methods of planting, broadcast method, drill method and

hill method dependent variables will be growth parameter, which will be the plant height

at maturity, number of days from planting to flowering, number of days from flowering to

pod formation, number of days from pod formation to harvesting and number of days of

harvesting; the yield parameters, which will be the number of pods per plant, the

production income, weight of seeds per harvest area, weight of seeds per hectare.
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Application of Treatments

A. Bush Snap Beans Varieties

The three (3) bush snap bean varieties will be designated by using

random number using a calculator and will be assigned to a whole plot

within a block.

B. Preparation of Experimental Area

The experimental area is located at Sitio Hamyuan, San Jose, Rodriguez,

Rizal. This will be prepared by plowing alternated with harrowing at weekly

interval.

C. Procurement of seeds

The Bush snap seed varieties that will be use in the experiment will be

purchased from Bureau of Plant Industry in Los Banos, Laguna.

D. Plot Design

D.1. For broadcast method a plot will be prepared 4x5m (20sqm), a 125

individual seeds will be hand broadcast to scatter the seeds, and there will

be no plant to plant spacing and arrangement.

D.2. For Hill method, a plot will be prepared 4x5m 125 individual seeds will

be planted. The researcher will walk forward from end to end of a freshly

made furrow, dropping seeds towards the bottom of the depression. He

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will just estimate distances on the ground with. To cover the seeds, he will

merely sweep the ridge at either side of the furrow by the inner side with

one foot to push some soil over the seed. In a continuous flow of

movement, that same foot rests on top of the hill. As he lifts his rear foot

and steps forward, his weight becomes concentrated on that foot over the

hill and presses the soil covering the seed. Each forward step means one

seed will planted, properly covered.

D.3 For Drill Method, manual drilling will be applied to 125 seeds and shall

be done by hand alone. The seeds are drilled with or without furrows. The

plant spacing will be 40cm apart; it is a common practice to drill the seeds

at the bottom of well-spaced furrows. The seeds are immediately covered

with soil by raking or by foot and usually slightly pressed.

E. Seed Treatment

The seeds will be treated according to recommended following the

recommended dosages to reduce incidence of pest and disease damage with

appropriate chemicals.

F. Fertilizer application

Fertilizer application will be based on soil analysis. However, in the absence

of an immediate soil analysis, it will be applied at the rate of 30-30-30 kg

NPK/hectare. If 14-14-14 complete fertilizer is used, the amount needed is

257 gm per plot or 64 gm per row.

G. Weed Management
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Spot weeding will be done by hand pulling to prevent weeds from

competing with corn plants for nutrients, light and space.

H. Pest and Disease Management

Regular monitoring will be done to check for the incidence of insect pests

and diseases.

I. Harvesting

Harvesting depends upon the maturity period of the line/variety.

J. Storage

Proper postharvest handling of snap beans is essential this should

check the beans for pod size, weed debris, worms, and insects to

ensure marketing a high-quality product.

Sources of Data

Growth

Plant Height at Maturity (Cm)

The height of the mungbean will be measured from the base of the

plant to the top of the main plant stem; this will be measure upon

maturity of plant.

Number of Days from:

Planting to Flowering
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The days will be recorded from planting to emergence of the

first flower.

Flowering to Pod Formation

The number of days will be recorded from flowering to pod

formation.

Number of Days from Pod Formation to Harvesting

The number of days will be recorded from pod formation to

harvesting.

Number of Harvest

The total number of harvest until the duration of the

experiment will be recorded.

Yield

Number of Pods per Plant

The number of pods will be counted and recorded from the

representative samples in each treatment and replication.

Computed Yield per Hectare

The yield of each treatment will be recorded and convert it into

hectare.
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Production Income

All expenses and gross sales will be recorded to get the production

income.

Data Processing and Statistical Analysis

Data gathered will be organized and presented in textual and tabular forms and

analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in factorial RCBD to determine

significant differences among treatment means. Significant results subjected for further

statistical analysis using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR)