Introduction To Physical Security - Center For Development of Security Excellence

Introduction to Physical
Security
Student Guide
September 2017
Center for Development of Security Excellence

Introduction to Physical Security Student Guide
Lesson 1: Course Introduction
Introduction
Welcome
Every day, on our military installations and within DoD facilities, we protect a wide variety of
assets from various types of threats. One way we do this is through the use of physical
security to deter and detect intruders. Welcome to the Introduction to Physical Security
course. In this course, you will learn about physical security concepts and roles, as well as
physical security planning and implementation, including a review of the various types of
physical security countermeasures employed to deter, delay, detect, or prevent threats.
Objectives
Here are the course objectives:
• Identify the terms, concepts, and policies associated with physical security
• Identify and define the roles and responsibilities of personnel in the physical security
program
• Identify physical security countermeasures and their uses in the protection of DoD
assets
• Describe physical security planning, antiterrorism, force protection and their tools
September 2017 Center for Development of Security Excellence Page 1-1

Lesson 2: Physical Security Overview
Introduction
Objectives
In this lesson, we’ll explore what physical security, security-in-depth, and the risk
management process are. We’ll also review the policies that outline the requirements for
physical security.
Here are the lesson objectives:
• Identify the purpose of physical security

• Define security-in-depth
• Identify the purpose and steps of the risk management process
• Identify the policies that outline the requirements for physical security
What Is Physical Security?

Purpose
A major responsibility for installations and facilities, the purpose of physical security is
prevention and protection. Physical security is defined as that part of security concerned
with active, as well as passive measures, designed to deter intruders, prevent unauthorized
access, including theft and damage, to assets such as personnel, equipment, installations,
materials, and information, and to safeguard these assets against threats such as
espionage, sabotage, terrorism, damage, and criminal activity.
Security-in-Depth
The protection of national security and other DoD assets is accomplished through the
application of active and passive complementary security controls. This integration of
physical security measures is also known as security-in-depth. Security-in-depth is a
determination by the senior agency official that a facility’s security program consists of
layered and complementary security controls sufficient to deter, detect, and document
unauthorized entry and movement within the facility. This is accomplished through the
integration of active and passive complementary physical security measures.
The best way to describe how security-in-depth works is to think of an onion and all the
layers it takes to get through to the center. As you begin to peel an onion, it takes more of
an effort to reach the center.

Let’s take a government facility and add barriers and guard posts with guards in them. Next,
add a fence around the perimeter along with bright lights and appropriate signs. The
government building inside the fence also employs security measures, as there will be
guards and security screening equipment one must walk through to get into the building.
Can you see the layers of security and how each one is a deterrent? If someone is able to
penetrate any one of these layers of security, it will take them time and energy to get
through to the next layer. That time is what enables our security to defend and protect our
national security and DoD assets.
Security requirements for classified contracts are stated in Department of Defense (DoD)
5220.22M, the National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM). Any
additional security requirements levied upon a contractor must be specifically addressed in
the contract.
Point vs. Area Security

Two applications of physical security are point security and area security.
Point security is exactly how it sounds. If you are assigned to point security, you are
guarding a specific asset or resource. A good example of point security is the original
Constitution of the United States of America. There are guards standing directly in the space
of the constitution. On our military installations or secure federal buildings, entry, and exit
locations are often guarded. This is also an example of point security. Now that you know
what point security means, what do you think area security might mean?
Area security protects an entire area of the installation or facility. The goal of area security is
to try and consolidate as many assets as possible into one area. This is to intensify the
protection efforts while maximizing the effectiveness of response forces. It is important to
remember that security professionals employ both point and area security to protect national
security and other DoD assets from damage, loss, and theft.
Risk Management Process

In order to plan and implement effective physical security measures, you must use the risk
management process to determine where and how to allocate your security resources. The
steps in the risk management process are:
• Identify assets
• Identify threats
• Identify vulnerabilities
• Conduct risk analysis
• Determine countermeasure options
• Make risk management decisions

Let’s take a look at each step in the risk management process to learn more.
Identify Assets
Properly designed and executed physical security programs should deter or prevent, to
the greatest degree possible, the loss of, theft of, or damage to an asset. DoD assets
include people, information, equipment, facilities, activities, and operations. Combined,
these assets are referred to as PIE-FAO. When identifying and assessing an asset, you
must determine the nature and value of that asset and the degree of impact if the asset
is damaged or lost.
Identify Threats
After identifying assets you must identify and assess the threats to those assets. A threat
is the perceived imminence of intended aggression by a capable entity to harm a nation,
a government, or its instrumentalities, such as intelligence, programs, operations,
people, installations, or facilities. A threat can be an indication, circumstance, or event
with the potential to cause loss of, or damage to, an asset or capability. Examples of
threats include threats from the Foreign Intelligence agents, terrorist organizations,
foreign military or paramilitary forces, criminal activities, civil disturbances, insider
threats, environmental threats, and cyber threats.
NOTE: The information in the box below will not be on the test but is included here as additional
information that may provide useful background and insight.
Threat: The perceived imminence of intended aggression by a capable entity to harm a nation, a
government, or its instrumentalities
Foreign Intelligence Agents: Adversaries acting in the interest of a foreign intelligence entity that
actively engages in intelligence activities against the U.S. or its assets
Terrorists/Saboteurs: Adversaries who use violence or the threat of violence to instill fear with the
intent to coerce or intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally
political, religious, or ideological
Foreign Military/Paramilitary Forces: Terrorist groups develop organizational structures that are
functional for the environment in which they operate, such as cellular and paramilitary. Terrorist
organizations are military in nature, with a set chain of command. There are four elements in this
structure: leaders, active cadre, active supporters, and passive supporters.
Criminals: Adversaries who commit crimes against people or property such as assault, theft, or
hacking into computer systems
Civil Disturbances: Civil disturbances most often arise from political grievances, urban economic
conflicts, community unrest, terrorist acts, or foreign influences. They can range from peaceful
picketing to full-blown riot situations.

Insider Threats: Trusted persons who have been granted access to DoD resources or services
Environmental Threats: Natural phenomena/disasters that have the potential to damage DoD
resources or services or interrupt activities or operations
Cyber Threats: Attacks on DoD computer systems and the information contained in those
systems.
Identify Vulnerabilities
After you have identified the assets and threats, you must identify the vulnerabilities and
determine their extent.
Vulnerabilities are weaknesses, characteristics, or circumstances that can be exploited

by an adversary to gain access to or information from an asset. If not addressed,
vulnerabilities may result in the degradation, loss of life, or damage to mission-essential
resources. Vulnerabilities can be the result of a variety of factors, such as the way a
building was constructed, location of people and equipment, operational practices, and
even personal behavior.
NOTE: The information in the box below will not be on the test but is included here as additional
information that may provide useful background and insight.
Vulnerabilities: Situations or circumstances that, if left unchanged, may result in the degradation,
loss of life, or damage to mission-essential resources
Conduct Risk Analysis

Once you have identified the assets, threats, and vulnerabilities, you must then conduct
a risk analysis based on both the impact of an unwanted event and the likelihood that it
could happen. Think about the impact if your assets were compromised and the
likelihood of a compromise happening, such as loss of strategic or military advantage, or
even loss of life.
Determine Countermeasure Options

Once you’ve calculated the risks, you must determine which countermeasures you might
employ to protect DoD assets by reducing vulnerabilities and mitigating threats.
Countermeasures include security measures that you employ in up-front facility design,
in the day-to-day protection of DoD assets, and in times when threat levels increase.
Make Risk Management Decisions

Once you’ve determined your countermeasure options, you must make risk
management decisions based on the cost versus the benefit of protecting DoD assets.

Policy Guidance
Executive Orders
Physical security has been around since the beginning of mankind. There has always been
a need for the protection of one’s belongings. Through the years, the purpose of physical
security has largely remained the same: to protect our assets. However, the methods used
in the DoD Physical Security Program have changed significantly.
In 1952, President Truman signed Executive Order 10421, which provided physical security
for facilities deemed important to the national defense mission.
In 1962, President Kennedy signed Executive Order 11051, which made agency directors
responsible for informing the President of actions necessary to physically protect facilities
and other assets to national security.
In 1979, President Carter signed Executive Order 12148, which established the Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) which is charged with planning for national
emergencies.
In 1988, President Reagan signed Executive Order 12656, which established sufficient
capabilities at all levels of government to meet essential defense and civilian needs during
any national security emergency.
On June 25, 1996, the attack on U.S. forces housed in the Khobar Towers complex in Saudi
Arabia changed attitudes on the protection of U.S. personnel from terrorist attacks. As a
result of the Downing Commission Report, the Secretary of Defense accepted responsibility
for anti-terrorism/force protection (AT/FP) efforts within DoD and designated the Chairman,
Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) as the focal point for all of DoD.
On September 11, 2001, the largest attack by terrorists in the U.S. occurred. As a result, the
U.S. Congress passed, and President George W. Bush signed, the Homeland Security Act
of 2002, which created the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). This represented the
largest restructuring of U.S. government in contemporary history.
In October 2001, President Bush signed Executive Order 13228, which established the
Office of Homeland Security and the Homeland Security Council, which coordinate the
executive branch’s efforts to detect, prepare for, prevent, protect against, respond to, and
recover from terrorist attacks within the United States.
In October 2001, President Bush also signed Executive Order 13231, which ensures the
physical security of information systems for critical infrastructure, including emergency
preparedness communications, and the physical assets that support such systems.

In 2004, President Bush signed Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD) 12 which
mandated government-wide development and implementation of a standard for secure and
reliable forms of identification for Federal employees and contractors.
In 2013, President Barack Obama signed Executive Order 13636 and Presidential Policy
Directive (PPD) 21. Both of these directives strengthen the security and resilience of critical
infrastructure against evolving threats and hazards while also incorporating strong privacy
and civil liberties protections into every cybersecurity initiative. This Executive Order also
calls for an updated and overarching national framework that reflects the increasing role of
cybersecurity in securing physical assets.
DoD and Other Policy Guidance

There are several Department of Defense documents that govern physical security.
First DoD Instruction (DoDI) 5200.08, Security of DoD Installations and Resources and the
DoD Physical Security Review Board (PSRB) authorizes commanders to issue regulations
for the protection or security of property and places under their command. This instruction
also establishes guidelines to build consistent minimum standards for protecting DoD
installations and resources.
DoD 5200.08-R, the Physical Security Program regulation, implements DoD policies and
minimum standards for the physical protection of DoD personnel, installations, operations,
and related resources.
DoDM 5200.01, the DoD Information Security Program manual, addresses the physical
security aspects of protecting classified information within the information security program.
There are many other special categories that require physical protection not included in this
training. If you are involved in such programs, consult the appropriate guidance. DoD
security is governed by many programs. As a security professional, there may be times that
you will need to refer to one of these documents for guidance. You do not need to recall the
names and numbers of each of these documents. However, you should be aware of what
information is available to guide you in the matters of physical security.

Review Activities
Review Activity 1
Question 1 of 3. The two primary purposes of physical security are protection and
_______________?
Select the best response. Check your answer in the Answer Key at the end of this Student
Guide.
 Security-in-depth
 Prevention
 Point security
 Area security
Question 2 of 3. A guard checking IDs at the gate of an installation is a good example of

what type of security?
Guide.
 Prevention
 Point security
 Area security
Question 3 of 3. ___________ is the layering of physical security countermeasures such as

fencing, guards, cameras, lighting, and locks.
Guide.
 Prevention
 Point security
 Area security

Review Activity 2
Before you can conduct a risk analysis based on the impact and likelihood of an unwanted
event happening, what steps in the risk management process must you take first?
Select all that apply. Then check your answers in the Answer Key at the end of this Student
Guide.
 Identify assets
 Identify threats
 Determine countermeasure options
 Identify vulnerabilities
 Make risk management decisions
Review Activity 3
Question 1 of 3. Which policy guidance would you consult to find the minimum standards for
the physical protection of DoD assets?
Guide.
 DoD 5200.08-R, Physical Security Program

 DoDI 5200.08, Security of DoD Installations and Resources and the DoD Physical
Security Review Board (PSRB)
 DoDM 5200.01, Volumes 1-4 DoD Information Security Program
Question 2 of 3. Which policy should you consult to find the physical security requirements
of protecting classified information?
Guide.


Question 3 of 3. Which policy authorizes commanders to issue regulations for the protection
or security of property and places under their command?
Guide.


Lesson 3: Physical Security Roles and

Responsibilities
Introduction
Objectives
In this lesson, we’ll explore the roles of the individuals and coordinating activities charged
with implementing physical security.
• Identify the individual physical security roles in the DoD and their responsibilities
• Identify the DoD working groups and committees who are charged with protecting
our national security and other DoD assets
Individual Roles
Overview
The agencies and organizations that protect our national security and DoD assets are
comprised of individuals who play an important part in the mission of physical security.
These individuals include the:
• Installation Commander or Facility Director

• Antiterrorism Officer (ATO)
• Counterintelligence (CI) support personnel
• Local, state and federal law enforcement officials
• Operations Security (OPSEC) Officer
• Physical Security Officer
Take a look at each role to learn more.
Installation Commander/Facility Director

Installation Commanders or Facility Directors who serve in management or leadership
positions are responsible for several aspects of physical security. These responsibilities
include the safety and protection of the people and property under their command, the
planning, coordinating, and integrating of all physical security matters into their
installation, and the identification of mission essential capabilities. DoDI 5200.08
designates commanders to issue regulations for the protection and security of property

or places under their command. In addition, the instruction authorizes the commander to
take reasonably necessary and lawful measures to maintain law and order and to protect
installation personnel and property.
Antiterrorism Officer
The Antiterrorism Officer manages the installation or facility antiterrorism program. This
program uses defensive measures to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and property
from terrorist attacks.
CI Support Personnel
CI support personnel are responsible for providing information on the capabilities,
intentions, and threats of our adversaries. They must pay particularly close attention to
those adversaries associated with foreign intelligence entities. History has proven that
we must always be vigilant. In addition, CI support personnel are there to provide
valuable assessments of counterintelligence considerations in support of physical
security programs.
Law Enforcement Officials

Law enforcement officials are responsible for effective liaison with local, state, and
federal law enforcement officials. This is vital in fostering good working relationships to
coordinate support for antiterrorism concerns and efforts, and emergency response, as
well as to address criminal incidents. Coordination activities support mutual
understanding of jurisdiction and authority.
Operations Security Officer

The OPSEC Officer facilitates the process for identifying critical information, identifying
threats to specific assets, assessing vulnerabilities to assets, analyzing risk to specific
assets and to national security as a whole, and developing countermeasures against
potential threats to national security and other DoD assets.
Physical Security Officer

The Physical Security Officer is charged with managing, implementing, and directing
physical security programs. This person may also be responsible for the development
and maintenance of physical security plans, instructions, regulations, and standard
policies and procedures. They may also coordinate with local law enforcement agencies,
antiterrorism officers, and loss prevention personnel.

Coordinating Activities
Overview
It is important for you to be familiar with the various coordinating activities that play a part in
the physical security of DoD assets. These groups include the:
• Antiterrorism Executive Committee (ATEC)

• Antiterrorism Working Group (ATWG)
• Threat Working Group (TWG)
• Mission Assurance Senior Steering Group (MA SSG)
Physical security is not about one entity taking care of everything, but rather several
coordinating activities providing an integrated and coherent effort for the protection of
national security and other DoD assets.
Take a look at each coordinating activity to see the roles, responsibilities, and relationships
between these groups.
ATEC
The Antiterrorism Executive Committee (ATEC) is an executive-level forum that meets at
least semi-annually to develop and refine antiterrorism program guidance, policy, and
standards and act upon recommendations of the Antiterrorism Working Group and
Threat Working Group to determine resource allocation priorities and mitigate or
eliminate terrorism-related vulnerabilities. When necessary, the ATEC integrates and
aligns antiterrorism and mission assurance efforts, as the Mission Assurance Senior
Steering Group does.
ATWG
ATWG stands for Antiterrorism Working Group. This group is responsible for assessing
requirements for physical security, recommending and developing policy, preparing
planning documents, and conducting criticality, vulnerability, and risk assessments.
Members in the ATWG include the Antiterrorism Officer and representatives from all
appropriate commands, organizations and tenant activities.
TWG
TWG is also known as the Threat Working Group. This group is responsible for
identifying foreign, domestic, and local threats and informing the installation
commanding officer (CO) of current threat trends in the area of responsibility.
The TWG is comprised of the Antiterrorism Officer, counterintelligence representative,

law enforcement representative, operations security officer, information operations
representative, and a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high yield

explosives (CBRNE) representative. Commanders of larger installations may choose to

include more individuals in their TWG.
MA SSG
The Mission Assurance Senior Steering Group (MA SSG) meets quarterly to provide
advocacy, coordination, and oversight to assist in both vertical and horizontal mission
assurance alignment efforts on issues that cut across all DoD protection programs,
including antiterrorism. This group functions as an Office of Secretary of Defense (OSD)
and Joint Staff-level management and decision support forum with members of the
Senior Executive Service and general or flag officers at the 1 and 2-star levels.
Commanders of military installations and DoD facilities will ensure their ATEC
communicates appropriate AT concerns through their Component chain of command or
supervision to the MA SSG.

Review Activities
Review Activity 1
Question 1 of 3. Who is charged with management, implementation, and direction of all
physical security programs?
Guide.
 Law Enforcement
 Antiterrorism Officer
 OPSEC Officer
 CI Support
 Physical Security Officer
Question 2 of 3. Who is responsible for providing valuable information on the capabilities,

intentions, and threats of adversaries?
Guide.
 Law Enforcement
 OPSEC Officer
 CI Support
Question 3 of 3. Who is responsible for developing countermeasures against potential

threats to national security and other DoD assets?
Guide.
 Law Enforcement
 OPSEC Officer
 CI Support

Review Activity 2
Which of the following individuals should be included in a Threat Working Group?
Guide.
 Antiterrorism Officer
 Counterintelligence (CI) representative
 Law enforcement representative
 Operations security officer
 Information operations representative
 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and high yield explosive representative

Lesson 4: Physical Security Countermeasures
Introduction
Objective
In this lesson, we’ll explore various physical security countermeasures used to protect DoD
assets.
Here is the lesson objective:
• Identify physical security countermeasures and determine their uses in the protection
of DoD assets
Site Design Considerations

Overview
Considerable thought goes into designing a secure facility, so it is protected from every
angle. The way the site is designed is essential to the protection of mission capabilities, and
is necessary for an effective physical security program. Properly designed facilities provide a
physical and psychological deterrence to intruders. Poor facility design can also make a
facility a possible target for intruders.
Take a look at a brief description of different security features.
• Warning signs can be easily read by persons approaching on foot or in a vehicle.

Restricted area perimeter boundaries should be posted in conspicuous and
appropriate places to clearly identify the area.
• Barriers and fencing are integral parts of all physical security systems. They
establish boundaries and deter individuals.
• Natural defenses such as waterways, forestations, and ditches, or manmade
obstacles such as barricades and vehicle barriers provide for difficult approaches or
exit routes.
• Interior barriers establish boundaries or lines of demarcation of different activities
within an installation.
• Protective lighting should enable guard force personnel to observe activities around
or inside an installation without disclosing their presence. Adequate lighting
discourages unauthorized personnel from entering a facility.

• Properly trained military working dogs supplement and enhance the capabilities of
security forces and, therefore, facility protection.
Restricted Areas
Restricted areas are areas that require additional protection. Access is limited to authorized
personnel. Restricted areas are designated for the security or safeguarding of property or
material. Facility directors or installation commanders designate restricted areas. Restricted
areas improve security by controlling access and providing additional layers of security.
Warning signs displaying “Restricted Area” must be posted at the boundary of each
restricted area so they can be easily read by persons approaching on foot or in a vehicle.
Building Protective Measures

When you look closely at all the elements it takes to construct a building, it is easy to see
how there could be many vulnerabilities that could allow someone to enter and possibly
access information that could damage our national security or other DoD assets. Protective
measures inside and outside a building all play a role. Here are some examples of
vulnerabilities, as well as protective measures than can be taken to make them more attack-
resistant.
The number of entrances and exits should always be limited to the minimum necessary for
mission accomplishment, as well as for emergency evacuation. Doors are considered a
weak spot in a building. They are generally weaker than the building structure, making them
less attack-resistant.
As a protective measure, doors can be made of solid steel.
Windows are also a significant weak point in a building, and are a huge vulnerability. As a
protective measure, they can be covered with a protective film to make them shatter-proof.
Many roofs of buildings house air conditioners and ventilation systems. They, too, can easily
be exploited if additional measures have not been taken to secure them.
Also, vents can be secured with steel bars. Based on the specific level, value, or sensitivity
of information or equipment being protected in a facility, the requirements for construction
may be different.
Types of Countermeasures
Overview
As you know by now, physical security covers many aspects of security around an
installation or facility. Various types of physical security countermeasures include:

• Protective barriers
• Site lighting
• Security forces
• Security systems
• Facility access control
• Lock and key systems
• Storage containers and facilities
Let’s take a closer look at each of these types of countermeasures.
Protective Barriers
The first line of defense in any physical security system is usually some form of perimeter
protection system. The perimeter of an installation or facility is the outermost area of
responsibility. Barriers and fencing are an integral part of this protection.
Fencing and barrier devices may be composed of several types of material. Fencing may be
chain link, barbed wire, or concertina wire, to name a few. Other types of barriers may be
poured concrete, hardened steel, or natural barriers.
Barriers are used for establishing boundaries, as well as deterring individuals from
attempting unlawful or unauthorized entry. They can also be used as platforms for sensors
such as lighting. And sometimes barriers can be used to prevent outsiders from viewing
what occurs inside the perimeter. After the terrorist attacks on 9/11, you may have noticed
that many barriers suddenly appeared in front of state and federal buildings. These barriers
may have taken up some parking spaces or forced you to walk a longer distance to or from
a building. However, as you can now see, they were put in place for a reason...to protect
personnel and assets of the United States of America from potential terror attacks.
Site Lighting
Imagine for a moment that you are an intruder attempting to gain access to a military
installation in order to photograph the stealth bomber. You have made it past the guard and
the entrance, and over the cement barrier. You are sure you are home free because you just
climbed down the barbed wire and have only one more obstacle between you and the
stealth bomber. Suddenly, you hear a dog bark and simultaneously you hear a loud click, as
a very bright piercing light is glaring in your face. You have no place to run, not only
because you cannot see, but also because you have been caught by security forces. As you
can see, there are layers of physical security in place for a reason. Site lighting is one of
those layers.
Lighting can be used for several purposes. It enables guard force personnel to observe
activities inside or around an installation. Adequate lighting for all approaches to an area not

only discourages attempted unauthorized entry, but also reveals persons within a given
area. Lighting should supplement other protective measures such as fixed security posts or
patrols, fences, and even alarms.
There are several varieties of lighting used by DoD installations and facilities including
continuous, standby, emergency, and movable lighting. Continuous lighting is the most
common protective lighting system. It consists of a series of fixed lights arranged to flood an
area continuously with overlapping cones of light. Standby lighting is similar to continuous
lighting, except the lamps are not continuously lit. They are used when additional lighting is
necessary. Emergency lighting depends on alternative power sources and is therefore
reserved for times when regular lighting is not available. Movable lighting is used when
supplemental lighting is necessary.
Site lighting plays a large part in physical security and countermeasures to protect national
security and other DoD assets. For more information on site lighting, refer to the Exterior
Security Lighting eLearning course offered by the Center for Development of Security
Excellence (CDSE).
Security Forces
Security forces are made up of DoD civilian personnel, military personnel, and contract
personnel who are employees of a private or commercial source contracted by the federal
government, and even trained dogs, all of whom play an active part in protecting our
national security and other DoD assets. The majority of installations and facilities maintain a
specially identified group of personnel who serve as the enforcement medium for the
physical security program.
Typically, the security force protects areas such as static observation posts, which guard a
high priority resource, and access control points that control access to a facility or secure
area. They also serve as roving patrols who ensure the safety and security of the installation
or facility to include personnel, information, equipment, and other DoD assets; response
forces that respond to the alarms and incidents; security systems monitors who observe
alarms and closed circuit television systems; dispatchers in control centers that dispatch
response forces and mobile patrols and coordinate activities with other personnel; and
escorts who are trained personnel responsible for pass and identification, and monitoring
individuals.
Military Working Dogs

Military working dogs, also known as MWD or K-9s, are an integral part of the physical
security program. Military working dogs are capable of performing many duties during
law enforcement activities as directed by their handlers. These duties include seek,
detect, bite and hold, and guard a suspect.

Military working dogs allow security force members to enforce laws and regulations, and
protect DoD installations, facilities, and resources. These dogs can deter attack and
defend their handlers during threatening situations. Military working dogs can assist in
crowd control and confrontation management, as well as search for subjects, both
indoors and outdoors. Certain working dogs are specially trained to detect drugs, which
makes them a valuable asset to installation commanders.
Working dogs are also exceptionally valuable in antiterrorism operations. They can
detect unexploded ordnance and search bomb threat scenes. In war fighting roles,
military working dog teams provide enhanced patrol and detection capability to perimeter
and point defense. Man’s best friend is one of our nation’s most valuable assets in our
physical security mission.
Security Systems
Security systems play an important role in protecting national security and other DoD assets.
Security systems include:
• Interior intrusion detection systems (IDS)

• Exterior IDS
• Closed circuit television (CCTV) systems
• Access control systems
• Screening equipment
• Two-way radios
Take a closer look at each type of security system to learn more.
Interior IDS
An intrusion detection system (IDS) is an important part of physical security. The
purpose of an IDS is to deter, detect, document, and deny or delay intrusion. Intrusion
detection systems detect changes in the environment which could be a result of an
intruder, or something else that may require further investigation.
There are four types of interior IDS. Volumetric detectors are designed to detect a
change in the environment in a particular area. There are both active and passive
volumetric detectors. Operable opening switches are used on doors, windows, and other
similar openings. They work with a magnetic switch, balanced magnetic switch (BMS) or
high security switch (HSS). The BMS and HSS should be used in areas requiring high
security. Interior barrier protectors are used to protect against amateur intruders. These
include an infrared beam or a trip wire. Proximity detectors provide point security, and
are used to protect items inside a building. They are composed of a capacitance
detector and a pressure mat.

Exterior IDS
There are several types of exterior sensors in use throughout DoD.
Fence disturbance sensors do just what their name implies. They detect disturbances of
the fence.
Invisible barrier protectors detect motion within a specific area, using either microwave
or infrared technology.
A buried line sensor is, in essence, a chain link fence disturbance sensor, buried in the
ground. A buried line sensor reacts to vibrations or pressure in a certain area.
An electric field sensor is composed of multiple wires. One has a current running
throughout and the other acts as a sensing mechanism. When something enters the
electromagnetic field that is in the wire, the energy in the wire is disturbed and activates
an alarm.
CCTV System
Closed circuit television systems can be implemented to provide further protection to
national security and other DoD assets. CCTV systems have a camera that captures a
visual image, converts it to a video signal and transmits it to a remote location. At the
remote location the image can be received, displayed, recorded, and printed.
CCTV is an excellent means for deterring and detecting loss, theft, or misuse of
government property. CCTVs are used in a variety of facilities on installations and
activities, including commissaries and exchanges. With CCTV, security personnel are
able to monitor multiple areas simultaneously, thereby saving manpower.
CCTV is a reliable and a cost effective tool. It plays a very important role in our physical
security mission.
Access Control System

Access control is a process for ensuring that only authorized personnel are allowed into
a designated area. Access controls are implemented to prevent unauthorized personnel
from entering designated areas. Access control is one of the inner layers in the overall
security-in-depth approach. We learned earlier that physical security is like an onion; it
has many layers until you get to the middle, the asset to be protected. The type of
access control is determined during the risk management process.
There are different types of access control systems, from very simplistic manual
systems, to more costly automated electronic systems.

One example of a manual system is the non-electronic cipher access control device.
This stand-alone system only requires the user to know a 3 or 4 digit number in order to
gain access.
An example of a manual system that uses automated electronics is the common access
card (CAC). The CAC is the size of a credit card, and serves as the standard ID card for
DoD. The CAC allows users to authenticate signatures and encrypt e-mails, securely log
onto computer systems, and is also used as an access control device into designated
areas. When used as a primary access control, security personnel must verify the CAC
against the person entering the area.
Technology has provided many options in electronic automated access control systems.
An example of a basic automated system is the electronic cipher. The motor in the
electronic cipher is controlled by an electrical impulse which may be triggered in the
following ways: by electronic card reader, proximity reader, keypad, or wireless remote
control sensor. The electronic door lock is configured to start the motor-driven actuator
once it has received the correct electronic input. More complex systems use biometrics.
A biometric system uses individually unique human characteristics, such as fingerprints,
hand geometry, handwriting, iris scan, and voice recognition. Biometric systems are
employed to protect particularly sensitive DoD assets.
Screening Equipment
At DoD installations and facilities, you may encounter guard force personnel using x-ray
machines, similar to those seen at airports, scanning hand carried baggage coming into
a facility. Additional measures, including portable hand held metal detectors,
permanently installed metal detectors, and other specialized equipment may also be
used before personnel are granted access to certain areas.
Certain facilities have always utilized these types of equipment. However, since the
terrorist attacks on the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City in April 1995 and on
the World Trade Centers on 9/11, more facilities have implemented these types of
measures in an effort to protect national security and other DoD assets.
Two-way Radio
With any physical security system, communication is key. Two-way radios typically serve
as the primary means of communication between response forces and their respective
control centers, as well as communication between response force members. While two-
way radios are a great tool, there must be backup communications systems available in
the event of a catastrophic radio failure. A good Plan B is always necessary!
Facility Access Control

Facility access control procedures include identification systems, methods of control, and
entry and exit inspections, which include search procedures for packages, vehicles, and

personal property. Controlling who and what enters a DoD installation or facility is of the
utmost importance in our physical security mission.
Let’s take a closer look at each facility access control procedure to learn more.
Identification Systems
Will the real John Jones please step forward? Are you who you say you are?
Identification methods are one way of making sure you are who you say you are. This is
yet another physical security countermeasure to protect national security and other DoD
assets. There are a number of different identification systems being used for access to
various areas on an installation or facility.
Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD) 12, mandates common criteria for
access control. Within DoD, the Common Access Card (CAC) is used to fulfill this
requirement.
Some facilities, depending on the sensitivity of the area, may still require additional
identification methods for entry. Various types of access control methods may be
employed to include personal recognition, automated entry control systems, exchange
badge systems, and security personnel conducting physical inspections of identification
credentials.
Methods of Control
Does that person belong here? You may see a stranger who does not have the same
badge as you, and you may wonder what they are doing in a secure area. It is always a
good idea to be aware of your surroundings and the people in your secure area.
There are methods of control to assist with facility access. Escorts are used when rules
require visitors to be under escort while inside an installation or facility. Access control
rosters provide the names of those who are permitted access to a facility. Badging
systems are also used to identify visitors, and in some cases, the two-person concept
may be implemented, which requires two people to be present at all times while in a
defined area. You should be able to validate whether an individual requires access to an
installation or area, even if it is not their permanent assignment.
Entry and Exit Inspections

If you have entered a government facility recently, you have more than likely been
through the inspection process. You may have had your vehicle searched, either
randomly or during a high alert time. You may have had to place your belongings on an
x-ray machine or passed through a metal detector to ensure you were not bringing
unauthorized items into an area.
Installation and facility authorities determine criteria for conducting inspections of

individuals, material in their possession, and vehicles, either randomly or each time an

individual or vehicle, enters or leaves a controlled area. Entry inspections include

screening for illegal and prohibited articles such as recording devices, cell phones, and
cameras.
Exit inspections may focus more on unauthorized removal of government assets,

including classified information. This aspect of physical security is important because it
serves not only as a great deterrent, but it also has value as a means to detect
contraband.
Lock and Key Systems

We can never have too many layers protecting national security and other DoD assets.
Guards may be employed to provide a level of security for certain areas, and we use
security containers to safeguard classified information and other sensitive assets. Lock and
key systems are used for protecting these assets.
Let’s take a look at the locks that are approved for DoD use and how we account for those
locks.
Types of Locks
Within the DoD, there are two primary types of locks that you will see being used. These
are combination and key-operated locks.
There are three types of approved combination locks used for the safeguarding of
classified information. The first type is a built-in electromechanical lock used to secure
classified material in security containers, vaults and other secure rooms. These locks
meet the FF-L-2740 series federal specification which includes the Kaba Mas X-07, X-
08, X-09, X-10, CDX-07, CDX-08, CDX-09 and CDX-10 locks as well as the Sargent and
Greenleaf (S&G) 2740, 2740B, and 2890 Pedestrian Door Locks. The second type is the
older style mechanical lock, the S&G 2937, which met prior standards and in some
cases may still be used for classified storage. The third type is the combination padlock,
S&G 8077/AD, which is approved for storage of Secret or Confidential bulk or temporary
indoor storage. This lock meets the FF-P-110 series lock specification.
There are three types of key-operated locks used for other purposes. These are high
and low security padlocks and mortise locks. High security key-operated padlocks
include the S&G 833C and the S&G 951 and are approved for high security protection.
Low security padlocks, sometimes referred to as secondary locks, are used for
administrative control, on gates barring access to production facilities, for securing
weapons racks contained within secured areas, and where secondary locks are
specified. These locks provide only minimal resistance to forced or surreptitious entry
and must not be used to secure classified material. Mortise locks, which include
deadbolt and cylindrical locks, are typically found in general office areas and are also

considered low security locking devices. Cylindrical locks are the most common type of
mortise door lock in use today.
The environment and type of asset to be protected will usually dictate what type of
locking device is selected for use. Consult DoD regulations for specific lock and key
requirements or refer to the Lock and Key Systems eLearning course offered by CDSE.
Key Control
Having a process in place to account for all locks and keys is essential. Key access and
control measures can either be complex or simple, depending upon the program or
regulatory requirements. At a minimum, lock and key control procedures should include
a key register to list keys, document their issuance, return, and/or disposition. Another
control measure would be to have a list of personnel who have authorized access to
keys and key records. When keys are not being controlled and something goes missing,
the corrective measures can be very costly, time consuming, and detrimental to the
ability to protect DoD assets.
Storage Areas and Containers

You have learned about the many different layers of security it takes to maintain the physical
security of a facility. Now we are going to discuss methods of storage, specifically, storage
areas and security containers. Let’s take a closer look at storage areas and security
containers to learn more.
Storage Areas
There are several different methods used to secure large volumes of classified
information. These include secure rooms, vaults, and sensitive compartmented
information facilities (SCIFs).
Secure rooms are areas designated and authorized for the open storage of classified
information. These facilities are usually built to commercial construction standards, and
do not afford the extra security inherent with a “vault.”
Vaults are constructed to meet strict forcible entry standards. Characteristics that set
vaults apart from secure rooms include reinforced concrete on all walls, ceilings, and
floors, plus a hardened steel door. When an area such as a secure room or a vault is
approved for open storage, these areas must be constructed in accordance with DoD
standards. Other requirements, such as alarms or guard checks, may be required. You
should consult your component or agency authority for additional guidance.
The intelligence community uses a type of storage facility known as a SCIF for the
storage of their sensitive compartmented information (SCI). SCI is derived from
intelligence sources, methods, or analytical processes authorized by the Director of
National Intelligence. When building a SCIF, there are strict standards that must be

adhered to. These standards address issues such as floors, ceilings, walls, locks,
windows, and other openings. For additional information on SCIF construction, refer to
the Technical Specifications for Construction and Management of Sensitive
Compartmented Information Facilities, IC Tech Spec for Intelligence Community
Directive (ICD), and Intelligence Community Standard (ICS) 705..
Security Containers
General Services Administration (GSA) is the authority to approve security containers
used to store classified information. Security containers approved for storage of
classified information are tested and certified by GSA to ensure that a minimum level of
protection against specified methods of unauthorized entry is provided. These containers
must be equipped with locking devices that meet GSA standards. These locking devices
were discussed earlier in this lesson. Weapons or sensitive items such as funds, jewels,
precious metals, or drugs may not be stored in the same security container used to
safeguard classified information. Storage of these items with classified material could
increase the risk of compromise to classified information in the security container.

Review Activities
Review Activity 1
Question 1 of 3. Which of these can be made of solid steel to make them more attack
resistant?
Guide.
 Walls
 Doors
 Windows
 Roofs
Question 2 of 3. Which of these house ventilation systems that should be secured with steel
bars?
Guide.
 Walls
 Doors
 Windows
 Roofs
Question 3 of 3. Which of these should be covered with a protective film to make them less
dangerous in an attack?
Guide.
 Walls
 Doors
 Windows
 Roofs

Review Activity 2
Which of the following locks are approved to secure classified information or material?
Guide.
 Kaba Mas X-10

 S&G 8077/AD
 S&G 833 C
Review Activity 3
Question 1 of 3. True or False. Standby lighting is used when regular lighting is not
available.
Guide.
 True
 False
Question 2 of 3. True or False. Site lighting is used to enable guard force personnel to
observe activities inside or outside the installation.
Guide.
 True
 False
Question 3 of 3. True or False. Movable lighting is used when supplemental lighting is

needed such as at construction sites.
Guide.
 True
 False

Lesson 5: Physical Security Planning and

Implementation
Introduction
Objective
In this lesson, you will learn about physical security planning, antiterrorism, and force
protection, as well as the tools used to accomplish these critical functions.
• Identify the purpose of physical security planning and its tools

• Define antiterrorism and force protection and their tools
Physical Security Planning

Overview
Planning for the security defense of an installation or activity must be constant, practical,
flexible to the mission, and responsive to the needs of the commander or director. Only
through adequate planning can we provide an effective counter response to security threats.
Physical Security Plans

Physical security plans are comprehensive written plans providing for appropriate and
economical use of personnel and equipment to prevent or minimize criminal or disruptive
activities. It is essential that each installation, unit, or activity develop, implement, and
maintain a physical security plan.
At a minimum, the plan should include special and general guard orders, access and
material control, protective barrier and lighting systems, locks, and intrusion detection
systems.
Physical security plans have the potential to be designated For Official Use Only (FOUO) or
may even be classified, and must be protected accordingly.
SOPs and Post Orders

Standard operating procedures (SOPs) and Post Orders establish duties and
responsibilities. This ensures that everyone involved knows the procedures so that duties
are carried out consistently and uniformly. Using SOPs and Post Orders will assist in
maintaining operational order during both normal and stressful situations.

SOPs are supplemental guidance for implementing specific components of your physical
security program. SOPs are typically established to cover events such as fire, explosion,
civil disturbance, major accidents, hostage situations, sabotage, bomb threats, terrorism
attacks, and natural disasters. SOPs are also implemented to establish operational and
administrative physical security procedures such as badging, escorts, and key control.
Post orders typically establish duties, roles, and responsibilities at individual assignments,
checkpoints, gates, and guard posts.
Inspections
As a security professional, you may be a participant in a physical security inspection, either
conducting an inspection, or being inspected. Inspections can ensure compliance with the
physical security plan, verify policy compliance, promote cost effective security, serve as an
opportunity for security education, establish and/or enhance good working relationships,
identify existing or potential program weaknesses, and promote quality performance of
security functions. As you can see, inspections serve many purposes. The results may be
formally documented with observations, findings, and recommendations, or with informal
discussions.
There are two types of inspections: compliance inspections and self-inspections.
Compliance Inspections
The compliance inspection focuses on ensuring regulatory requirements are being met,
usually by someone who may be in your immediate chain of command or higher
headquarters. Assist visits, command inspections, and Inspector General (IG)
inspections are all examples of compliance inspections.
Self-inspections
A self-inspection is a review conducted by members of your own organization, usually
with the aid of a checklist. Self-inspections may serve to aid internal control, prepare for
compliance inspections, and ensure your physical security program is implemented in a
cost effective manner.
Antiterrorism/Force Protection
Overview
Our nation has always been aware of potential terrorist threats. However, incidents such as
the attack on the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, in April 1995 and the 9/11
terrorist attack, as well as various attacks around the world, have proven to us that there is a
need for increased awareness of the probability that another terrorist attack will occur.

Let’s take a look at terrorist threat levels, antiterrorism physical security measures, and
Force Protection conditions (FPCONs) along with the responsibilities that our DoD
installations and facilities have to protect our national security and other DoD assets.
Antiterrorism
Antiterrorism is defined as those defensive measures used to reduce the vulnerability of
individuals and property to terrorist attacks, to include limited response and containment.
Antiterrorism physical security measures integrate facilities, equipment, trained personnel,
and procedures into a comprehensive effort designed to provide maximum protection to
personnel and other DoD assets.
Well-designed physical security measures include: detection, deterrence, delay, denial, and
notification. These efforts are accomplished through the development of an antiterrorism
plan, outlining who will do what, where, when, and how.
This overview is intended to familiarize you with the basic terminology used in the DoD
Antiterrorism Officer (ATO) Guide.
History has proven we must always be vigilant.
Terrorist Threat Levels

Terrorist threat levels are something many of us are aware of at this time in history.
Terrorists are not just an ocean away any longer. Terrorist threat levels should not be
confused with Force Protection Conditions, also known as FPCONs. Threat levels are
provided to senior leaders in order to assist in determining the appropriate FPCON level.
DoD uses a set of standardized terms to quantify terrorist threat levels. Threat levels are
identified as Low, Moderate, Significant, and High.
Low signifies no terrorist group is detected or the terrorist group is non-threatening.
Moderate signifies terrorists are present but there are no indications of anti-U.S. activity. The
Operating Environment favors the Host Nation or the U.S.
Significant signifies anti-U.S. terrorists are present and they attack personnel as their
preferred method of operation, or a group uses large casualty-producing attacks as their
preferred method, but has limited operational activity. The Operating Environment is neutral.
High signifies anti-U.S. terrorists are operationally active and use large casualty-producing
attacks as their preferred method of operation. There is a substantial DoD presence, and the
Operating Environment favors the terrorist.
As a security professional, it is important to understand the relationship between physical

security and terrorist threat levels.

FPCONs
Force Protection is defined as actions taken to prevent or mitigate hostile actions against
DoD personnel, including family members, resources, facilities, and critical information.
Force Protection is implemented by establishing Force Protection Conditions, known as

FPCONs. FPCONs are a DoD-approved system that standardizes the Department’s
identification and recommended preventive actions and responses to terrorist threats to U.S.
assets.
There are five FPCONs for DoD. They are NORMAL, ALPHA, BRAVO, CHARLIE, and
DELTA. For more information about the DoD Force Protection Condition System, refer to the
DoD ATO Guide, which is marked For Official Use Only (FOUO).
FPCON Responsibilities
Commanders will fully implement the FPCON measures according to policy and remind their
personnel to be alert for suspicious activities, such as the presence of unfamiliar personnel
and vehicles, suspicious parcels, and possible surveillance attempts, and to report those
activities in accordance with DoDI 2000.26, Suspicious Activity Reporting. Commanders
also educate their personnel on the insider threat to DoD elements and personnel in
accordance with the November 21, 2012 Presidential Memorandum and with DoDD
5205.16, The DoD Insider Threat Program. Finally, commanders comply with and integrate
DoD physical security and installation access control policies into their FPCON plans.
The FPCON system allows commanders to be flexible and adaptable in developing and
implementing antiterrorism measures that are more stringent than those mandated by higher
authorities whenever FPCONS are invoked. Commanders may augment their FPCON by
adding measures from higher FPCON standards as they deem necessary.

Review Activities
Review Activity 1
Question 1 of 3. At a minimum _________ should include special and general guard orders,
access and material control, protective barriers, lighting systems, locks, and Intrusion
Detection Systems (IDS).
Guide.
 Standard Operating Procedures

 Physical Security Plans
 Post Orders
Question 2 of 3. ________ establish duties, roles, and responsibilities at individual

assignments, checkpoints, gates, and guard posts.
Guide.

 Post Orders
Question 3 of 3. ___________provide supplemental guidance for physical security programs

and establish procedures for emergency events as well as operational and administrative
procedures.
Guide.

 Post Orders

Review Activity 2
Question 1 of 3. True or False. Commanders may only implement measures according to
the FPCON level in force at the time.
Guide.
 True
 False
Question 2 of 3. True or False. Commanders must comply with and integrate DoD physical
security and installation access control policies into their FPCON plans.
Guide.
 True
 False
Question 3 of 3. True or False. Commanders educate their personnel on the insider threat to
DoD elements and personnel.
Guide.
 True
 False

Lesson 6: Course Conclusion
Conclusion
Summary
In this course, you learned about how we secure our military installations and DoD facilities.
You learned about the roles people fulfill in physical security, the method used to determine
physical security countermeasures, the various types of countermeasures the DoD uses,
and the tools it uses in physical security planning and implementation.
Objectives
Congratulations! You have completed the Introduction to Physical Security course.
You should now be able to perform the listed activities.
• Identify the terms, concepts, and policies associated with physical security
• Identify and define the roles and responsibilities of personnel in the physical security
program
• Identify physical security countermeasures and their uses in the protection of DoD
assets
• Describe physical security planning, antiterrorism, and force protection and their
tools
To receive course credit, you must take the Introduction to Physical Security examination. If
you accessed the course through the Security Training, Education, and Professionalization
Portal (STEPP), please use that system to register for the online exam.

Appendix A: Answer Key
Lesson 2 Review Activities

Review Activity 1
Question 1 of 3. The two primary purposes of physical security are protection and
_______________?
 Prevention (correct answer)
 Point security
 Area security
Feedback: The two primary purposes of physical security are protection and prevention.
Question 2 of 3. A guard checking IDs at the gate of an installation is a good example of

what type of security?
 Prevention
 Point security (correct answer)
 Area security
Feedback: A guard checking IDs is a good example of point security.
Question 3 of 3. ___________ is the layering of physical security countermeasures such as

 Security-in-depth (correct answer)

 Prevention
 Point security
 Area security
Feedback: Security-in-depth is the layering of physical security countermeasures such as

September 2017 Center for Development of Security Excellence Page A-1

Review Activity 2
Before you can conduct a risk analysis based on the impact and likelihood of an unwanted
event happening, what steps in the risk management process must you take first?
 Identify assets (correct answer)

 Identify threats (correct answer)
 Determine countermeasure options
 Identify vulnerabilities (correct answer)
 Make risk management decisions
Feedback: You must identify assets, threats and vulnerabilities before you can conduct a
risk analysis based on the impact and likelihood of an unwanted event happening.
Review Activity 3
Question 1 of 3. Which policy guidance would you consult to find the minimum standards for
the physical protection of DoD assets?
 DoD 5200.08-R, Physical Security Program (correct answer)

Feedback: You should consult DoD 5200.08-R, Physical Security Program, to find the
minimum standards for the physical protection of DoD assets.
Question 2 of 3. Which policy should you consult to find the physical security requirements
of protecting classified information?

 DoDM 5200.01, Volumes 1-4 DoD Information Security Program (correct answer)
Feedback: You should consult DoDM 5200.01, Volumes 1-4, DoD Information Security
Program, to find the physical security requirements for protecting classified information.

Question 3 of 3. Which policy authorizes commanders to issue regulations for the protection
or security of property and places under their command?

 DoDI 5200.08, Security of DoD Installations and Resources and the DoD Physical
Security Review Board (PSRB) (correct answer)
Feedback: DoDI 5200.08, Security of DoD Installations and Resources and the DoD
Physical Security Review Board (PSRB), authorizes commanders to issue regulations for
the protection or security of property and places under their command.

Review Activity 1
Question 1 of 3. Who is charged with management, implementation, and direction of all
physical security programs?
 Law Enforcement
 OPSEC Officer
 CI Support
 Physical Security Officer (correct answer)
Feedback: The physical security officer is charged with management, implementation, and
direction of all physical security programs.
Question 2 of 3. Who is responsible for providing valuable information on the capabilities,

intentions, and threats of adversaries?
 Law Enforcement
 OPSEC Officer
 CI Support (correct answer)
Feedback: CI support is responsible for providing valuable information on the capabilities,

intentions, and threats of adversaries.

Question 3 of 3. Who is responsible for developing countermeasures against potential

threats to national security and other DoD assets?
 Law Enforcement
 OPSEC Officer (correct answer)
 CI Support
Feedback: The OPSEC officer analyzes threats to assets and their vulnerabilities.
Review Activity 2
Which of the following individuals should be included in a Threat Working Group?
 Antiterrorism Officer (correct answer)

 Counterintelligence (CI) representative (correct answer)
 Law enforcement representative (correct answer)
 Operations security officer (correct answer)
 Information operations representative (correct answer)
 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and high yield explosive representative
(correct answer)
Feedback: All of these individuals should be included in a Threat Working Group (TWG). In
addition, commanders of larger installations may choose to include more individuals in their
TWG.

Review Activity 1
Question 1 of 3. Which of these can be made of solid steel to make them more attack
resistant?
 Walls
 Doors (correct answer)
 Windows
 Roofs

Feedback: Doors are a weak spot on a building and can be made of solid steel to make
them more attack-resistant.
Question 2 of 3. Which of these house ventilation systems that should be secured with steel
bars?
 Walls
 Doors
 Windows
 Roofs (correct answer)
Feedback: Roofs house air conditioning units and ventilation systems that should be
secured with steel bars.
Question 3 of 3. Which of these should be covered with a protective film to make them less
dangerous in an attack?
 Walls
 Doors
 Windows (correct answer)
 Roofs
Feedback: Windows should be covered with a protective film to make them shatter-proof.
Review Activity 2
Which of the following locks are approved to secure classified information or material?
 Kaba Mas X-10 (correct answer)

 S&G 8077/AD (correct answer)
 S&G 833 C
Feedback: The Kaba Mas X-10 is one of several locks that meet FF-L-2740 series lock
specification which are approved for securing classified information. Sargent and Greenleaf
(S&G) 8077/AD can be used for storage of Secret or Confidential bulk or temporary indoor
storage.

Review Activity 3
Question 1 of 3. True or False. Standby lighting is used when regular lighting is not
available.
 True
 False (correct answer)
Feedback: Emergency lighting is used when regular lighting is not available. Standby
lighting is used when additional lighting is necessary.
Question 2 of 3. True or False. Site lighting is used to enable guard force personnel to
observe activities inside or outside the installation.
 True (correct answer)

 False
Feedback: Site lighting is used to enable guard force personnel to observe activities inside
or outside the installation.
Question 3 of 3. True or False. Movable lighting is used when supplemental lighting is

needed such as at construction sites.

 False
Feedback: Movable lighting is used when supplemental lighting is needed such as at

construction sites.

Review Activity 1
Question 1 of 3. At a minimum _________ should include special and general guard orders,
access and material control, protective barriers, lighting systems, locks, and Intrusion
Detection Systems (IDS).

 Physical Security Plans (correct answer)
 Post Orders
Feedback: At a minimum physical security plans should include special and general guard
orders, access and material control, protective barriers, lighting systems, locks, and
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS).

Question 2 of 3. ________ establish duties, roles, and responsibilities at individual


 Post Orders (correct answer)
Feedback: Post orders establish duties, roles, and responsibilities at individual

Question 3 of 3. ___________provide supplemental guidance for physical security programs

and establish procedures for emergency events as well as operational and administrative
procedures.
 Standard Operating Procedures (correct answer)

 Post Orders
Feedback: SOPs provide supplemental guidance for physical security programs and
establish procedures for emergency events as well as operational and administrative
procedures.
Review Activity 2
Question 1 of 3. True or False. Commanders may only implement measures according to
the FPCON level in force at the time.
 True
 False (correct answer)
Feedback: The FPCON system allows commanders to be flexible and adaptable in

developing and implementing antiterrorism measures that are more stringent than those
mandated by higher authorities whenever FPCONS are invoked.
Question 2 of 3. True or False. Commanders must comply with and integrate DoD physical
security and installation access control policies into their FPCON plans.

 False
Feedback: Commanders must comply with and integrate DoD physical security and
installation access control policies into their FPCON plans.

Question 3 of 3. True or False. Commanders educate their personnel on the insider threat to
DoD elements and personnel.

 False
Feedback: Commanders educate their personnel on the insider threat to DoD elements and
personnel in accordance with the November 21, 2012 Presidential Memorandum and with
DoDD 5205.16, The DoD Insider Threat Program.

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Introduction to Physical

Center for Development of Security Excellence

Lesson 1: Course Introduction

September 2017 Center for Development of Security Excellence Page 1-1

Lesson 2: Physical Security Overview

Here are the lesson objectives:

• Identify the purpose of physical security

What Is Physical Security?

September 2017 Center for Development of Security Excellence Page 2-1

Point vs. Area Security

Risk Management Process

September 2017 Center for Development of Security Excellence Page 2-2

September 2017 Center for Development of Security Excellence Page 2-3

Vulnerabilities are weaknesses, characteristics, or circumstances that can be exploited

Conduct Risk Analysis

Determine Countermeasure Options

Make Risk Management Decisions

September 2017 Center for Development of Security Excellence Page 2-4

September 2017 Center for Development of Security Excellence Page 2-5

DoD and Other Policy Guidance

September 2017 Center for Development of Security Excellence Page 2-6

Question 2 of 3. A guard checking IDs at the gate of an installation is a good example of

Question 3 of 3. ___________ is the layering of physical security countermeasures such as

September 2017 Center for Development of Security Excellence Page 2-7

 DoD 5200.08-R, Physical Security Program

 DoD 5200.08-R, Physical Security Program

September 2017 Center for Development of Security Excellence Page 2-8

 DoD 5200.08-R, Physical Security Program

September 2017 Center for Development of Security Excellence Page 2-9

Lesson 3: Physical Security Roles and

Here are the lesson objectives:

These individuals include the:

• Installation Commander or Facility Director

Take a look at each role to learn more.

Installation Commander/Facility Director

September 2017 Center for Development of Security Excellence Page 3-1

Law Enforcement Officials

Operations Security Officer

Physical Security Officer

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• Antiterrorism Executive Committee (ATEC)

The TWG is comprised of the Antiterrorism Officer, counterintelligence representative,

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explosives (CBRNE) representative. Commanders of larger installations may choose to

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Question 2 of 3. Who is responsible for providing valuable information on the capabilities,

Question 3 of 3. Who is responsible for developing countermeasures against potential

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Lesson 4: Physical Security Countermeasures

Here is the lesson objective:

Site Design Considerations

Take a look at a brief description of different security features.

• Warning signs can be easily read by persons approaching on foot or in a vehicle.

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Building Protective Measures

As a protective measure, doors can be made of solid steel.

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Let’s take a closer look at each of these types of countermeasures.