Formula Sheets for APSC 112

(May be detached)

s  r = arc length of a circle of radius r swept out by angle  (  in radians)

d v
   angular velocity or speed; (v = tangential speed for circular motion)
dt r
d d 2 at
  2  = angular acceleration with tangential acceleration at
dt dt r
v2
ar    2 r  radial (centripetal) acceleration towards the centre
r
v  vo  at ,   o   t , constant a, 
v 2  vo2  2a  x  xo  ,  2  o2  2    o  , constant a, 
1 1
x  xo  vot  at 2 ,    o  ot   t 2 , constant a, 
2 2
1 1
x   v  vo  t ,     o  t , constant a, 
2 2
1 n 1 n 1 n
Centre of mass coordinates: xcm  
M i 1
m x
i i, ycm 
M i 1
 mi yi , zcm 
M
m z
i 1
i i,

n
Moment of Inertia: I   mi ri 2   r 2 dm , Parallel Axis Theorem: I h  I cm  Mh 2
i 1

d 2 d 2x
Simple Harmonic Motion: 2
 o
2
  0 or    2
o   0 or 2
 o2 x  0
dt dt
d
(Note that o is angular frequency; not the same as the angular velocity,   )
dt
2 1
Period of Simple Harmonic Motion: T  , o  2 f , f 
o T
x(t )  A cos(ot   ), v(t )  o A sin(ot   ), a(t )  o2 A cos(o t   )  o2 x(t )
g Mgh k
o  (simple pendulum), o  (physical pendulum), o  (spring)
 I m
   d 2 d 2x
  r  F ,   rF sin   rF  r F ,   I  I 2 ,  F  ma  m 2
dt dt
F  kx (Hooke’s Law),    (torsion spring)
1 1 1
Kinetic energy = I cm 2  Mvcm 2
(rotation & translation) or I  2 for a fixed axis
2 2 2
1 1
U spring  kx 2 , U torsion   2 , U grav  mgy
2 2
y ( x, t )  A sin  kx  t    ; k  2 /  ; v   / k  f  ; v  T /  (on a string)
v  vD
fbeat  f1  f 2 ; f f
v  vS
    f
Work done by force: W   F  d , P  F  v or by torque: W    d , P  
i

WNet  K  K f  K i , K f  U f  K i  U i  Wnc
Kinetic friction: f k  k N ; Static friction: 0  f s   s N

Formula Sheet 1/4

 Formula Sheets for APSC 112
(May be detached)

 QQ QQ 1
Coulomb’s Law: F  1 2 2  k 1 2 2 ,  k  8.99 109 Nm 2 / C 2
4 o r r 4 o

 F (acting on q)
Electric field: E  ;
q
 Q kQ
For a point charge Q located at the origin: E  rˆ  2 rˆ
4 o r 2
r
Q kQ
Absolute potential at r from point charge Q: V  
4 o r r
1 Qi Q
V   Vi    k i
i 4 o i ri i ri

QQ QQ
Potential energy of Q1 and Q2 separated by r12: U  1 2  k 1 2
4 o r12 r12
1 Qi Q j QQ
U 
4 o i  j rij
 k i j
i j rij
Potential energy of Q where potential is V: U  QV
f  
V  V f  Vi    E  d  , Ex  V / x, E y  V / y, Ez  V / z
i

p = dipole moment = Qd, Q = charge magnitude, d = separation of +Q and –Q

     
p is directed from –Q to +Q,   p  E , U   p  E
dQ      
Electric current I   J  A or  J  dA, current density J  nqvd
dt
  L 1
V (or V )  IR, E   J , R  , =
A 
Power P  IV  I R  V / R
2 2

Temperature dependence:   o 1   (T  To )  or R  Ro 1   (T  To ) 

Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule: The algebraic sum of the changes in potential encountered in a
complete traversal of a closed loop in any circuit must be zero.
Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule: The sum of the currents entering any junction must be equal to the
sum of the currents leaving that junction.
n n
1 1
Req   R j , n resistances in series;   , n resistances in parallel.
j 1 Req j 1 R j
         
 
F  Q E  v  B , F  I   B , dF  I d   B
mv   2 m
R  radius of trajectory of Q moving with v  B , period of motion  T 
QB QB

Formula Sheet 2/4

 Formula Sheets for APSC 112
(May be detached)
 
Magnetic dipole moment:   NIA  NIAnˆ (nˆ  normal of A)
        
    B  NIA  B, U     B   NIA  B
 
  o  I d   rˆ   o  I d   r
Biot-Savart Law dB    , or dB   
 4  r  4  r
2 3

o  4 107 Tm/A  1.26 106 Tm/A

o I
Magnetic Field due to a long, straight, current-carrying wire: B 
2 r
    d
 B  Magnetic flux = B  A or   dA ,   induced emf =  dt B
B

Elementary charge e  1.60  1019 C , Electron mass me  9.111031 kg

Free fall acceleration at the earth’s surface g  9.8 m/s 2

1 V = 1 J/C, 1 N/C = 1 V/m, 1 A = 1 C/s, 1  = 1 V/A, 1 T = 1 N/Am

dx dx 1 x
 x  a  ln  x  a  ,  
x   
3/2 2 1/2
2
 a2 a x2  a2


dx
x2  a2

 ln x  x 2  a 2 ,  x 2
dx
a 2
1  x
 tan 1  
a a

xdx 1 xdx
  ,   x2  a2
x 
3/2
2
a 2
x a
2 2
x a
2 2

1
For small  , sin   tan    , cos   1   2  1 ( in radians)
2
sin      sin  cos   cos  sin  , cos      cos  cos   sin  sin 
       
sin( )  sin(  )  2sin   cos  
 2   2 
ln(ab)  ln a  ln b, ln  a / b   ln a  ln b

103 milli m
106 micro 
109 nano n
1012 pico p

Formula Sheet 3/4

Formula Sheets for APSC 112
(May be detached)

Formula Sheet 4/4