Example 4.

1
1.1 [Uni-axial Column Design]

1. Design the braced short column to sustain a design load of 1100 KN and a design moment of
160KNm which include all other effects .Use C25/30 and S460 class 1 works
𝑑′
Take = 0.1 and section 270 𝑚𝑚 ∗ 450 𝑚𝑚
𝐻

Solution

Step 1- Material
0.85 ∗ 25
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 14.16667 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.5
460
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 400 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.15

Step 2-Determine the normalized axial and bending moment value

𝑁𝑠𝑑 1100 ∗ 103
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.639
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.1667 ∗ 270 ∗ 450
𝑚𝑠𝑑 160 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.2065
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 270 ∗ 4502

𝑑′
Step 3-Using 𝐻
= 0.1 read the mechanical steel ratio from uniaxial interaction chart for
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 0.639 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.2065

From interaction chart 𝜔 = 0.3

 𝜔𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.3 ∗ 14.166 ∗ 270 ∗ 450
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 1290.937 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 1290.937
𝐴= = = 645.468 𝑚𝑚2
2 2

Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement limit

0.1 𝑁𝐸𝐷
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 275 𝑚𝑚2 𝑂𝐾!
0.002𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08 𝐴𝑐 = 0.08 ∗ 270 ∗ 450 = 𝑂𝐾!

Step 4- Detailing

𝑈𝑠𝑒 4∅16 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

Example 4.2
1.2 [Biaxial column design]
Determine the longitudinal reinforcement for corner column of size 400*400 mm and the design
factored moment and axial force of
𝑃 = 1360 𝐾𝑁 𝑀𝑠𝑑,ℎ = 200 𝐾𝑁𝑚 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑏 = 100 𝐾𝑁𝑚
ℎ′ 𝑏′
Use C25/30 and S460 class 1 work take = = 0.1
ℎ 𝑏

Solution

Step 1- Material
0.85 ∗ 25
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 14.16667 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.5
460
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 400 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.15

Step 2- Determine the normalized axial and bending moment value

𝑝 1360∗103
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.6
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.1667∗400∗400

𝑚𝑠𝑑 200 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑,ℎ = = = 0.2206
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 4002

𝑚𝑠𝑑 100 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑏 = = = 0.1103
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑑𝑏 2 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 4002

𝑑′ 𝑏′
Step 3- Find 𝜔 using 𝑑
=
𝐵
= 0.1 , 𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 0.6 ,
𝜇𝑠𝑑,ℎ = 0.2206 ,
𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑏 = 0.1103

From biaxial chart 𝜔 = 0.6

𝜔𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.6 ∗ 14.166 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 3400 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400

Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement limit

0.1 𝑁𝐸𝐷
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 340 𝑚𝑚2 𝑶𝑲!
0.002𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08 𝐴𝑐 = 0.08 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 12800 𝑶𝑲!
Step 4- Detailing

3400
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∅24 𝑛 = = 7.52 𝑠𝑜 𝑈𝑠𝑒 8∅24
452.16
 Example 4.3
1.3 [Column]

Determine whether the column CD is slender or not, if it is subjected t loads shown below.
Consider the frame to be non-sway
Use C25/30 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 14.1667 𝑚𝑝𝑎

6m

516

Solution
Step 1- Slenderness limit

ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 20𝐴𝐵𝐶⁄ 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴 = 0.7 𝐵 = 1.1 𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚

√𝑛
 𝑚01 −34.4
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑚 = = = −0.5 𝐶 = 1.7 − (−0.5) = 2.2
𝑚02 68.8

𝑁𝑒𝑑 516 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.227647
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 400
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 2.2
ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = 71.0088
√0.227647

Step 2-Find the slenderness of the column

2.1 Effective length

For Braced member
𝐾1 𝐾2
𝑙0 = 0.5𝑙√[1 + ] [1 + ]
0.5 + 𝐾1 0.5 + 𝐾2
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐾=
∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
(𝐸𝐼⁄𝑙 )𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝐾𝑖 =
2(2 𝐸𝐼⁄𝑙 )𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

400 ∗ 4003
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = = 2133333333 𝑚𝑚4
12

250 ∗ 5003
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = = 2604166667 𝑚𝑚4
12

2133333333𝐸
𝐾1 = 6 = 0.2048
2 ∗ 2604166667𝐸
2( )
6

For fixed restraint K=0 but in reality we cannot provide a fully fixed support so use 𝐾2 = 0.1
0.2048 0.1
𝑙0 = 0.5 ∗ 6000√[1 + ] [1 + ] = 3736.7187 𝑚𝑚
0.5 + 0.2048 0.5 + 0.1

𝑙𝑜 𝐼 2133333333
ƛ= 𝑖=√ =√ = 115.470 𝑚𝑚
𝑖 𝐴 160000
3736.7187
ƛ= = 32.361 𝑚𝑚
115.470
ƛ < ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
Example 1.4
4.4 [Column Design]
Design the braced column to resist an axial load of 950 KN and a moment of Msd =115 KNM at
the top and Msd =-95 KNM at the bottom as shown below .length of the column is 5.5 m and
cross-section of 300*300 mm use C25/30 and S460 take Le=0.66L

Solution
Step 1- Material
0.85 ∗ 25
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 14.16667 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.5
460
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 400 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.15

Step 2- Check slenderness limit

ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 20𝐴𝐵𝐶⁄ 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴 = 0.7 𝐵 = 1.1 𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚

√𝑛
𝑚01 −95
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑚 = = = −0.826 𝐶 = 1.7 − (−0.826) = 2.526
𝑚02 115

𝑁𝑒𝑑 950 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.745
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 14.1667 ∗ 300 ∗ 300
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 2.526
ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = 45.066
√0.745

Step 3-Slenderess
𝑙𝑜 𝐼 675000000
ƛ= 𝑖=√ =√ = 86.6025 𝑚𝑚
𝑖 𝐴 90000
 0.66 ∗ 5500
ƛ= = 41.915 𝑚𝑚
86.6025
ƛ < ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕

Step 4- accidental eccentricity

𝑙𝑜 3630
𝑒𝑎 = = = 9.075 𝑚𝑚
400 400

Step 5- Equivalent first order eccentricity

0.6𝑒02 + 0.4 𝑒01

𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒02
𝑀02 115 ∗ 106
𝑒02 = = = 121.052 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 950 ∗ 103
𝑀01 95 ∗ 106
𝑒01 = = = 100 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 950 ∗ 103
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4 𝑒01
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { = 48.4208 mm
0.4𝑒02

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒02 = 9.075 + 48.4208 + 0 = 57.4958 𝑚𝑚

𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑒 = 𝑒02 + 𝑒𝑎 = 121.052 + 9.075 = 130.127 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 130.127 𝑚𝑚

Step 6- Design
𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 950 𝐾𝑁 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 123.62 𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑝 950 ∗ 103
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.745
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.1667 ∗ 300 ∗ 300
𝑚𝑠𝑑 123.62 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.3232
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 300 ∗ 3002

𝑑′
Using = 0.15 read the mechanical steel ratio from uniaxial interaction chart for
𝑑
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 0.745
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.3232
𝜔 = 0.79

𝜔𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.79 ∗ 14.166 ∗ 300 ∗ 300

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 2518.125 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 2518.125
𝐴= = = 1259.0625 𝑚𝑚2
2 2
Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement limit
0.1 𝑁𝐸𝐷
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 237.5 𝑚𝑚2 𝑂𝐾!
0.002𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08 𝐴𝑐 = 0.08 ∗ 300 ∗ 300 = 7200 𝑚𝑚2 𝑶𝑲!

Using ∅20 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 4∅20 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

Step 7- Detailing
Example 4.5 [Column]
Design the braced column if it is subjected to the following loading .the column has total length
of 6 m. Le=0.7L
Use C25/30 and S460
If the column is slender .compute the total design moment using
a) Nominal curvature
b) Nominal stiffness
𝑑′
Use 400*400 mm section = 0.1 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅(∞, 𝑡𝑜 ) = 2
𝑑

Solution
Step 1. Material data
0.85 ∗ 25
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 14.16667 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.5
460
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 400 𝑚𝑝𝑎
1.15
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 30 𝐺𝑝𝑎
𝐸𝑠 = 200 𝐺𝑝𝑎

Step 2- Check slenderness limit

ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 20𝐴𝐵𝐶⁄ 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴 = 0.7 𝐵 = 1.1 𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚

√𝑛
 𝑚01 140
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑚 = = =1 𝐶 = 1.7 − (1) = 0.7
𝑚02 140

𝑁𝑒𝑑 1650 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.72794
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 400
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 0.7
ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = 12.63487
√0.72794

Step 3-slenderess

𝑙𝑜 𝐼 2133333333
ƛ= 𝑖=√ =√ = 115.470 𝑚𝑚
𝑖 𝐴 160000
0.7 ∗ 6000
ƛ= = 36.373 𝑚𝑚
115.470
ƛ > ƛ𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑺𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕

Step 4- accidental eccentricity

𝑙𝑜 4200
𝑒𝑎 = = = 10.5 𝑚𝑚
400 400

Step 5- Equivalent first order eccentricity

0.6𝑒02 + 0.4 𝑒01

𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒02
𝑀02 140 ∗ 106
𝑒02 = = = 84.848 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103
𝑀01 140 ∗ 106
𝑒01 = = = 84.848 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4 𝑒01
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { = 84.848 mm
0.4𝑒02

Step 6- Calculate the second order moment

a) Using Nominal curvature method
1 𝑙𝑜 2
𝑒2 = ⁄ 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑟 𝐶
1 1
= 𝐾𝑟 𝐾∅ 𝐾∅ = 1 + 𝛽∅𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑟 𝑟𝑜
∅(∞, 𝑡𝑜 ) ≤ 2 𝑶𝑲
∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 0 𝑖𝑓 {𝑀 ƛ ≤ 75 𝑶𝑲
𝑜𝑒𝑑
≥ℎ 𝑵𝒐𝒕 𝑶𝑲
𝑁𝑒𝑑
 𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑞𝑝
∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ∅(∞, 𝑡𝑜 )
𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑑
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑞𝑝 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖 𝑛𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝑆𝐿𝑆)
𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑑 = 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑈𝐿𝑆)

𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑞𝑝 70
∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ∅(∞, 𝑡𝑜 ) =2∗ =1
𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑑 140
𝑓
𝛽 = 0.35 + 𝑐𝑘⁄200 − ƛ⁄150 = 0.35 + 25⁄200 − 36.375⁄150 = 0.2325
𝐾∅ = 1 + 𝛽∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1 + 0.2325 ∗ 1 = 1.2325
1 𝜀𝑦𝑑 2 ∗ 10−3
= = = 123456 ∗ 10−5 𝑑 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
𝑟𝑜 0.45𝑑 360
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛) 𝑁𝑒𝑑 1650 ∗ 103
𝐾𝑟 = 𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 𝑛 = =
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 14.166 ∗ 4002
= 0.72974 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.4

For first iteration take 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟎

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒02 = 10.5 + 84.848 + 0 = 95.348 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 1650 𝐾𝑁 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 157.3242 𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103

𝑣𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.72794
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 400
𝑚𝑠𝑑 157.3242 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.17352
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 4002
𝑑′
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.1752 = 0.1 𝜔 = 0.25
𝑑
So
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛) (1.25 − 0.72794)
𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 = 1.25 𝐾𝑟 = = = 0.614
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) (1.25 − 0.4)
1
= 0.614 ∗ 1.2325 ∗ 1.23456 ∗ 10−5 = 9.3456 ∗ 10−6
𝑟
1 2
𝑒2 = 4200 ⁄10 = 16.485 𝑚𝑚
𝑟

For Second iteration take 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒02 = 10.5 + 84.848 + 16.485 = 111.833 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 1650 𝐾𝑁 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 184.525 𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.2035 𝜔 = 0.35

(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛) (1.35 − 0.72794)

𝑛𝑢 = 1 + 𝜔 = 1.35 𝐾𝑟 = = = 0.6548
(𝑛𝑢 − 𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) (1.35 − 0.4)
1
= 0.6548 ∗ 1.2325 ∗ 1.23456 ∗ 10−5 = 9.9634 ∗ 10−6
𝑟
 1 42002
𝑒2 = ⁄10 = 17.575 𝑚𝑚
𝑟

For their iteration take 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒02 = 10.5 + 84.848 + 17.575 = 112.923 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 1650 𝐾𝑁 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑁𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 186.323 𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.2055 𝜔 = 0.35

The iteration converges with similar mechanical steel ratio 𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 .

𝜔𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.35 ∗ 14.166 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 1983.33 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 1983.33
𝐴= = = 991.666 𝑚𝑚2
2 2

Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement limit

0.1 𝑁𝐸𝐷
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 412.5 𝑚𝑚2 𝑶𝑲!
0.002𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08 𝐴𝑐 = 0.08 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 12800 𝑚𝑚2 𝑶𝑲!

Using ∅𝟏𝟔 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟓∅𝟏𝟔 𝒐𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆

.
b) Using Nominal stiffness method

𝐸𝐼 = 𝐾𝑐 𝐸𝑐𝑑 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐾𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠
𝐸𝑐𝑚 30
𝐸𝑐𝑑 = = = 25 𝐺𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑐𝑒 1.2
Initially let us assume 𝝆 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅
𝐾𝑠 = 0 𝐾𝑐 = 0.3⁄1 + 0.5∅
𝑒𝑓𝑓
 ∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1 𝐾𝑐 = 0.2
𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑐 = = 2133333333 𝑚𝑚4
12
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐾𝑐 𝐸𝑐𝑑 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐾𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 0.2 ∗ 25 ∗ 103 ∗ 2133333333 = 1.06667 ∗ 1013
П2 𝐸𝐼 П2 ∗ 1.06667 ∗ 1013
𝑁𝑏 = = = 5968.01475 𝐾𝑁
𝑙𝑜 2 42002
Nb= Buckling load based on nominal stiffness

𝛽
Design moment 𝑀𝑒𝑑 = 𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑑 [1 + 𝑁𝑏 ]
( ⁄𝑁 )−1
𝑒𝑑
2
𝛽 = П ⁄𝑐𝑜
𝑐𝑜 = 8
𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑑 = 140 𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝛽 1.2337
𝑀𝑒𝑑 = 𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑑 [1 + ] = 140 ∗ [1 + ]
𝑁𝑏 (5968.01475⁄1650) − 1
( ⁄𝑁 ) − 1
𝑒𝑑
= 205.999 𝐾𝑁𝑚

For first iteration neglecting accidental eccentricity

𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103

𝑣𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.72794
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 400
𝑚𝑠𝑑 205.999 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.2272
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 4002
𝑑′
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.2272 = 0.1 𝜔 = 0.4
𝑑

𝜔𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.4 ∗ 14.166 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 2266.666 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 2266.666
𝐴= = = 1133.333 𝑚𝑚2
2 2
𝐴𝑠 1133.333
𝜌= = = 7.870 ∗ 10−3 𝜌 < 0.01
𝑏𝑑 400 ∗ 360

We cannot use the simplified method

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜌 > 0.002 𝐾𝑠 = 1

𝐾𝐾
𝐾𝑐 = 1 2⁄
(1 + ∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 )
𝑓
𝐾1 = √ 𝑐𝑘⁄20 = 1.11803
 ƛ
𝐾2 = 𝑛 ≤ 0.2
170
𝑁𝑒𝑑
𝑛= = 0.72794
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝐾2 = 0.2 𝑆𝑜 𝐾𝑐 = 0.111803

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑐 = = 2133333333 𝑚𝑚4
12
𝐼𝑠 = 2 ∗ [1133.333(360 − 200)2 ] = 58026666.67 𝑚𝑚2

𝐸𝐼 = 𝐾𝑐 𝐸𝑐𝑑 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐾𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠
= 0.111803 ∗ 25 ∗ 103 ∗ 2133333333 + 1 ∗ 200 ∗ 103
∗ 58026666.6
𝐸𝐼 = 1.756816 ∗ 1013

П2 𝐸𝐼 П2 ∗ 1.756816 ∗ 1013
𝑁𝑏 = = = 9829.40982 𝐾𝑁
𝑙𝑜 2 42002

𝛽 1.2337
𝑀𝑒𝑑 = 𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑑 [1 + ] = 140 ∗ [1 + ]
𝑁𝑏 (9829.40982⁄1650) − 1
( ⁄𝑁 ) − 1
𝑒𝑑
= 174.842 𝐾𝑁𝑚

Design moment including accidental eccentricity is given by

10.5
𝑀 = 174.842 + 1650 ∗ ( ) = 192.167 𝐾𝑁𝑀
1000

𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103

𝑣𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.72794
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 400
𝑚𝑠𝑑 192.167 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.212
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 4002
𝑑′
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.212 = 0.1 𝜔 = 0.35
𝑑

𝜔𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.35 ∗ 14.166 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 1983.333 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 1983.33
𝐴= = = 991.666 𝑚𝑚2
2 2
𝐴𝑠 991.666
𝜌= = = 6.886 ∗ 10−3 𝜌 > 0.002
𝑏𝑑 400 ∗ 360

Second Iteration
 𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑐 = = 2133333333 𝑚𝑚4
12
𝐼𝑠 = 2 ∗ [991.666(360 − 200)2 ] = 50773333.33 𝑚𝑚2
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐾𝑐 𝐸𝑐𝑑 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐾𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠
= 0.111803 ∗ 25 ∗ 103 ∗ 2133333333 + 1 ∗ 200 ∗ 103
∗ 50773333.3
𝐸𝐼 = 1.611749 ∗ 1013

П2 𝐸𝐼 П2 ∗ 1.611749 ∗ 1013
𝑁𝑏 = = = 9017.7598 𝐾𝑁
𝑙𝑜 2 42002

𝛽 1.2337
𝑀𝑒𝑑 = 𝑀𝑜𝑒𝑑 [1 + ] = 140 ∗ [1 + ]
𝑁𝑏 (9017.7598⁄1650) − 1
( ⁄𝑁 ) − 1
𝑒𝑑
= 𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟔𝟕𝟗 𝑲𝑵𝒎

Design moment including accidental eccentricity is given by

10.5
𝑀 = 178.679 + 1650 ∗ ( ) = 196.004 𝐾𝑁𝑀
1000

𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103

𝑣𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.72794
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏ℎ 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 400
𝑚𝑠𝑑 196.004 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.216
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.1667 ∗ 400 ∗ 4002
𝑑′
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 0.72794 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.216 = 0.1 𝜔 = 0.35
𝑑

The iteration converges with similar mechanical steel ratio 𝜔 = 0.35 .

𝜔𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 0.35 ∗ 14.166 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = = 1983.33 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 1983.33
𝐴= = = 991.666 𝑚𝑚2
2 2

Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement limit

0.1 𝑁𝐸𝐷
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 412.5 𝑚𝑚2 𝑶𝑲!
0.002𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08 𝐴𝑐 = 0.08 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 12800 𝑚𝑚2 𝑶𝑲!

Using ∅𝟏𝟔 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟓∅𝟏𝟔 𝒐𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆

Step 7- Detailing