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Operator Theory

This document discusses compact linear operators between normed spaces. It defines key concepts like normed spaces, compact spaces, relatively compact subsets, linear operators, bounded sets, and compact linear operators. It presents lemmas on continuity and theorems on compactness criteria, finite dimensional domains/ranges, and properties of compact linear operators. The document is submitted to the department of mathematics at the University of the Punjab for a group project on compact linear operators.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
169 views21 pages

Operator Theory

This document discusses compact linear operators between normed spaces. It defines key concepts like normed spaces, compact spaces, relatively compact subsets, linear operators, bounded sets, and compact linear operators. It presents lemmas on continuity and theorems on compactness criteria, finite dimensional domains/ranges, and properties of compact linear operators. The document is submitted to the department of mathematics at the University of the Punjab for a group project on compact linear operators.

Uploaded by

sonia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMPACT LINEAR OPERATORS

Submitted to : Dr. Muhammad Riaz


Department of Mathematics, University of the Punjab Lahore
Group Members:

Ume Farwa (PhD-07F20)


Sonia Hanif (PhD-20F20)
Content:
 Basic Definitions
 Statements of Supporting Theorems
 Lemma of Continuity
 Theorem of Compactness Criterion
 Theorem of Finite Dimensional Domain or Range
 References
Normed Space:

It is a vector space over the Real or Complex numbers.

A norm is a real valued function defined on the vector space


X whose value at x € X and is denoted by ║x║

Vector Space
Normed
Space
Compact Space:

A subset of Euclidean space is compact if it closed and bounded

OR

A topological space X is compact if every open cover of X has finite sub--cover


Relatively Compact or Pre-Compact Subset

 A subset Y of topological space X whose closure is also compact i.e.,


closed and bounded

 Every subset of a compact topological space is relatively compact


(since a closed subset of a compact space is compact).

 In an arbitrary topological space every subset of a relatively compact


set is relatively compact.
Linear Operators:
Let U and V be vector spaces over a field K. A mapping T: U → V is
linear if

T(αx + β y) = α T x + β T y

for all x, y in U and for all α, β in K.

Examples:
 The simplest linear operator is the identity operator I.
 The parity operator ∏, operating on elements ψ(x,y,z) of L2, is a
linear operator.
∏ψ(x,y,z) = ψ(-x,-y,-z).
Compact Linear Operators:

Let X and Y be Normed spaces. An operator T :X → Y is


called Compact Linear Operator (or Completely Continuous
linear operators) if

 T is Linear
 If every bounded set M of X , T(M) is relatively
Compact (i.e., closure of T(M) is compact)
Bounded

A set is called bounded if it is, in a certain sense, of


finite size

A function f defined on
some set X with real or complex values is
called bounded if the set of its values is bounded.
In other words, there exists a real number M such that

│ f(x)│ ≤ M

for all x in X.
 Closed Unit Ball
Let (X, ║.║ ) be a normed vector space.

Let a € X ,
The Closed unit ball is the set

B (X, a)= { x € X : ║x-a ║≤ 1 }


 Unit Sphere
Let (X, ║.║ ) be a normed vector space.

Let a € X ,
The unit sphere is the set

B (X, a) = { x € X : ║x-a ║= 1 }
Lemma
In mathematics , a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) is a
generally minor, proven proposition which is used as a stepping
stone to a larger result.
For that reason, it is also known as a "helping theorem" or an
"auxiliary theorem.

Well Known Lemma:


 Gauss's lemma (polynomial)
 Zorn’s Lemma
 Fundamental lemma
Lemma (Continuity)

Statement:
Let X and Y be Normed spaces. Then:

(a) Every Compact Linear Operator T: X → Y is bounded , hence continuous.


(b) If dimension X = ∞, the identity operator I: X→ X (which is continuous) is
not compact

Proof:
(a) Let X and Y be Normed spaces and T: X → Y is Compact Linear Operator
then by definition of compact linear operator , for every bounded subset u of X,
the image T(u) is relatively compact i.e., 𝑇(𝑢) is compact.
For this let unit sphere ,
U= {x € X, ║x║=1}

Is bounded. Since T is compact linear operator so 𝑇 𝑢 is compact and bounded,


By lemma 2.5-2
“ A compact subset U of metric space is closed and bounded”
So ,
SUP ║ T x║ < ∞
║x║=1

Which Implies that T is bounded and continuous by theorem


“ Let T: D(T) → Y be a linear operator, where D(T) ⊂ X and X, Y are
normed spaces. Then T is continuous if and only if T is bounded.”
(b) Let X and Y be normed spaces and I is identity operator .

If dim X= ∞ , then we have to show that I is not compact.


For this let the closed unit ball
M= {x € X : ║x║≤ 1}
Which is bounded
If dim X= ∞, let on contrary I(M) is relatively compact implies that
M is relatively compact because I(M)= M and 𝑴 is compact.

But in our case M = 𝑴 because M is closed. Thus M is compact


By theorem:

“ If the normed space X has the property that the closed unit ball
M = {x € X : ║x║≤ 1} is compact then X is finite dimensional.”
Implies that X is finite ,which is a contradiction as X is infinite.
Theorem (Compactness Criterion):
Statement :
Let X and Y be normed spaces and T : X → Y be a linear operator. Then T is compact if and only if
it maps every bounded sequence (𝑥𝑛 ) in X onto a sequence (𝑇𝑥𝑛 ) in Y which has convergent
subsequence.

Proof:
Let X and Y be normed spaces and T : X → Y be a linear operator. Suppose T is compact then we
will show that T maps every bounded sequence (𝑥𝑛 ) in X onto a sequence (𝑇𝑥𝑛 ) in Y which has
convergent subsequence.
If T is compact and (𝑥𝑛 ) is bounded then by definition of compact linear operator
(𝑇𝑥𝑛 ) is compact in Y.
And by definition of compactness:
“ A metric space X is said to be compact if every sequence in X has a convergent sub sequence.”
A subset M of X is said to be compact if every sequence in M has convergent subsequence
whose limit is an element of M i.e., (𝑇𝑥𝑛 ) contains a convergent subsequence.

Conversely,
Suppose that every bounded sequence (𝑥𝑛 ) contains a subsequence (𝑥 𝑛 ) such that 𝑇(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑘 𝑘
Converges in Y.
To prove T is compact, Consider any bounded subset B⊂ 𝑋 and let (𝑦𝑛 ) be any sequence in
T(B) then (𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑇(𝑥𝑛 ) for some 𝑥𝑛 € B
𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥𝑛 ) is bounded, since B is bounded. Also by assumption, (𝑇𝑥𝑛 ) contains a convergent
subsequence.
Hence, 𝑇(𝐵) is compact by definition of compactness. Since (𝑦𝑛 ) € T(B) was arbitrary. So T is
compact.
Theorem (Finite Dimensional Domain or Range)
Statement:
Let X and Y be normed spaces and T : X →Y be a linear operator. Then:
(a) If T is bounded and dim T(x) < ∞, then operator T is compact.
(b) If dim X < ∞, then operator T is compact.
Proof:
(a) Let X and Y be normed spaces and T : X →Y be a linear operator. Suppose T is bounded and
dim T(x) < ∞ to prove T is compact.
Let (𝑥𝑛 ) be any bounded sequence in X then the inequality

║𝑻𝒙𝒏 ║≤ ║T║║𝒙𝒏 ║

Shows that (𝑇𝑥𝑛 ) is bounded and hence 𝑇𝑥𝑛 is compact by theorem:


“In a finite dimensional normed space X, any subset M ⊂ 𝑋 is compact if and only if M is closed
and bounded.”
It follows that (𝑇𝑥𝑛 ) has convergent subsequence. Since (𝑥𝑛 ) was an arbitrary bounded sequence
in X , hence T is compact by Compactness criterion.
(b) Let X and Y be normed spaces and T: X → Y be a linear operator. If dim X < ∞
then we have to prove that T is compact.
It follows that dim X < ∞ implies the boundedness of T.
by theorem :
“If a normed space X is finite dimensional , then every linear operator on X is
bounded”
And
dim T(x) ≤ dim X

by theorem Range and null space:


i.e., “ Let T be a linear operator. Then:
(a) The range R(T) is a vector space.
(b) If dim D(T) = n < ∞ , the dim R(T) ≤ n.

Which implies by (a) that T is compact.


References:

1- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relatively_compact_subspace
2-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_function
3-
http://electron6.phys.utk.edu/qm1/modules/m4/operators.htm#:~:text=Examp
les%3A,2%2C%20is%20a%20linear%20operator.
4- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_sphere
5- Kreyszig, Erwin (1978). Introductory functional analysis with
applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-50731-4.

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