LESSON SUMMARY

CXC CSEC MATHEMATICS Lesson

UNIT SIX:
Measurement
11
Measuring Shapes
Textbook: Mathematics, A Complete Course by Raymond Toolsie, Volume 1

(Some helpful exercises and page numbers are given throughout the lesson, e.g. Ex 4j page 130)

INTRODUCTION
Measurement is a useful tool in solving problems involving length, area and volume. In
this lesson we will look at determining perimeter, area and volume of simple shapes and
combination of these shapes.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson you will be able to:

a) calculate the perimeter of a polygon, a circle, and combinations of these

shapes;
b) calculate the length of an arc of a circle;
c) calculate the area enclosed by plane shapes and combinations of these
shapes;
d) calculate the area of a sector of a circle;
e) calculate the surface area and volume of a simple prism, a pyramid, and a
sphere.

1 NOSTT CXC CSEC Mathematics Lesson Summary: Unit 6 : Lesson 11

6.1 Perimeter of Plane Figures.
Perimeter is the distance around a shape or figure. The perimeter can be found by
adding the length of each side that makes up the shape.

Example: Calculate the perimeter of the following triangle.

10.8 mm
4.3mm

7.5 mm

Solution: the perimeter

Circles

The distance around a circle is called the circumference of the circle. The circumference
of a circle .

Example:

O 8cm

Using the diagram above, determine the circumference of the circle. Take as
3.14.(Ex 4j page 130)

Solution:

2 NOSTT CXC CSEC Mathematics Lesson Summary: Unit 6 : Lesson 11

 .

The length of an arc of a circle

The length of an arc is a fraction or part of the circumference. To determine the length
of an arc, multiply the circumference of the circle by the fraction that best represents the
arc.

Example: .(Ex 4j page 130)

14 cm

The previous diagram shows a circle of radius 14 cm with a sector angle .

Calculate the length of the minor arc. Take as .

Solution: the length of the minor arc is of the circumference. Therefore the
length of the minor arc is:

Compound shapes

Figures may be formed from a combination of simpler shapes. The length of the sides
may be stated clearly or you may have to determine the length from other information
given.

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Example: Determine the perimeter of the following model of a race track (Ex 4k page
134):

6 cm

14 cm

Solution: This shape is formed from a rectangle and two semi-circles. The length of the
rectangle is 14cm and its width is 6cm. Note only the lengths of the rectangle are part of
the perimeter of the figure. The width of the rectangle is the diameter of the semi-circle.
This is needed to find the circumferences of the semi-circles which are part of the
perimeter. The semi-circles are identical therefore to find the perimeter of the model just
determine the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 6 cm and add it to the lengths
of the rectangle.

The perimeter of the model race track

ACTIVITY 1

In the figure shown; determine the perimeter. (Ex 4h page 121)

6 cm

3 cm 3 cm

2 cm 2 cm

6 cm

6.2 Area of plane figures

4 NOSTT CXC CSEC Mathematics Lesson Summary: Unit 6 : Lesson 11
The area of a plane or flat figure is the size of the space within the shape. To find the
area of a figure may be as simple as applying a formula. The following table provides
some formulae for finding the area of flat shapes.

Name Shape Formula

rectangle

triangle

parallelogram

b
trapezium
a

circle

O r

Example: Calculate the area of the following triangle. (Ex 4g page 118)

5 NOSTT CXC CSEC Mathematics Lesson Summary: Unit 6 : Lesson 11

 32.5 mm 12.5 mm

30 mm

Solution: This involves applying the formula. The angle between the height and the
base is always therefore if we take the base as 30 mm then the height is 12.5 mm.

Thus the area

Area of compound figures

The area of a compound figure can be found by finding the area of each shape that
makes up the figure and adding these areas to get the total area of the figure.
Sometimes however you may have to subtract to find the required area.

Example:

18 cm

10 cm
6 6cm
cm

Calculate the area of the shaded figure above. (Ex 4h page 121)

Solution: To determine the shaded area we have to find the area of the triangle and
subtract it from the area of the rectangle.

6 NOSTT CXC CSEC Mathematics Lesson Summary: Unit 6 : Lesson 11

 .

Area of a sector

The area of a sector is part the area of a circle with the same radius as the radius of the
circle. The formula for radius of a sector is therefore:

, where is the sector angle.

Example: Evaluate the area of the following shape. (Ex 4j page 130)

6cm

Use as 3.14 and state your answer correct to three significant figures.

Solution:

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 ACTIVITY 2

1. Evaluate the area that is shaded in the following figure. (Ex 4h page 121)

4cm 12cm

10cm

18cm

2.
R

P 13.9cm Q

O 9.8cm

Determine the area of the shaded region PQR. Use as and state your answers
correct to one decimal place.

6.3 Surface of Solids

Total Surface Area of a simple prism, a pyramid, and a sphere

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Examples of prisms:

Cube Triangular prism

Examples of pyramids:

Apex Apex

Tetrahedron Rectangular base

Other solids:

Cylinder Sphere

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The total surface area of a prism and a pyramid can be found by finding the area of
each face and adding these areas.

Example:

3 cm

7 cm
12 cm

Calculate the surface area of the uniform solid shown above, with the stated
measurements. (Ex 4m page 141)

Solution: We have to find the area of 3 pairs of rectangles. Therefore the total surface
area:

Total surface area of a cylinder and a sphere

Finding the surface area of a cylinder involves finding the area of the two circular cross
sections (which are the same) and adding this to the curved surface area.

Example:

Calculate the total surface area of the following uniform solid:

r = 7cm

18 cm

Use as 3.14.
10 NOSTT CXC CSEC Mathematics Lesson Summary: Unit 6 : Lesson 11
Solution:

The area of two circular cross sections is

The curved surface area is the area of a rectangle whose length is the height of the
cylinder and whose width is the circumference of the circular cross section.

Circumference of the circular cross section

Curved surface area is

Total surface area

The surface area of a sphere can be found using the formula

Example:

Evaluate the surface area of a sphere of radius 8.5 cm. Use as 3.14.(Ex 4p page
153)

Solution: By simply applying the formula we have the surface area

ACTIVITY 3

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 7m

15 m

The figure above represents a closed cylindrical tank of height 15 m. The radius of the
cross-section is 7m calculate the curved surface area of the tank. (Ex 4n page 142)

6.4 Volume of Solids

The volume (or capacity) of many uniform solids can be found by multiplying the area of
its base by its height or by applying a simple formula.

Example 1: Calculate the volume of the following cuboid. (Ex 4m page 141)

5 cm

21 cm 9 cm

Solution: The area of the base is

If we take the height as 5 cm then the volume of the cuboid

12 NOSTT CXC CSEC Mathematics Lesson Summary: Unit 6 : Lesson 11

Example 2:

18.6 cm

14.7cm

8.5 cm

The diagram above shows a rectangular-based pyramid of altitude 18.6 cm and

dimensions 8.5 cm by 14.7 cm. Calculate the volume of the pyramid. (Ex 4o page 149)

Solution:

The formula for the volume of a pyramid is is the area of the base and is
the altitude or perpendicular height of the pyramid.

The Area of the rectangle base is

Therefore the volume

13 NOSTT CXC CSEC Mathematics Lesson Summary: Unit 6 : Lesson 11

 ACTIVITY 4

1. Calculate the
volume of a concrete block measuring 38 cm by 18 cm by 14 cm.

2. Calculate the
volume of the sphere of diameter 17 cm. Use .

ASSESSMENT

CXC question

1.

3.5 m

1.5 m

[Take ]

[Curved surface area of a cylinder = 2 ]

The diagram above, not drawn to scale, represents an open metal container. The
cross-section of the container is a semi-circle of diameter 1.5 m. The length of the
container is 3.5 m.

(a) Write down the radius of the cross-section of the container.

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 (b) Calculate, in , to two decimal places

(i) the area of the cross-section of the container

(ii) the outer curved surface area of the container

(iii) the total outer area of the container

(c) Calculate the capacity, in , of the container.

(d) Water is poured into the container at a rate of 30 litres per minute. Calculate the
length of time, in minutes it would take to just fill the container.

Conclusion

The concepts presented here have many real life applications. The student is
encouraged to look for these applications and practice them. Geometry also consists of
many concepts that can be applied in real life situations. In the lesson that follows we
will look at some concepts that are related to lines and angles.

15 NOSTT CXC CSEC Mathematics Lesson Summary: Unit 6 : Lesson 11