Biological molecules, also known as biomolecules or macromolecules, are the building blocks of life and include proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and provide a source of energy. The three main types of monosaccharides (simple sugars) are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Lipids are non-polar molecules composed of fatty acids and provide more energy than proteins or carbohydrates. Proteins are composed of amino acids and perform most functions in the body. Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA determine the inherited characteristics of organisms. Cell transport involves the movement of materials into and out of cells through
Biological molecules, also known as biomolecules or macromolecules, are the building blocks of life and include proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and provide a source of energy. The three main types of monosaccharides (simple sugars) are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Lipids are non-polar molecules composed of fatty acids and provide more energy than proteins or carbohydrates. Proteins are composed of amino acids and perform most functions in the body. Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA determine the inherited characteristics of organisms. Cell transport involves the movement of materials into and out of cells through
Biological molecules, also known as biomolecules or macromolecules, are the building blocks of life and include proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and provide a source of energy. The three main types of monosaccharides (simple sugars) are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Lipids are non-polar molecules composed of fatty acids and provide more energy than proteins or carbohydrates. Proteins are composed of amino acids and perform most functions in the body. Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA determine the inherited characteristics of organisms. Cell transport involves the movement of materials into and out of cells through
Biological molecules, also known as biomolecules or macromolecules, are the building blocks of life and include proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and provide a source of energy. The three main types of monosaccharides (simple sugars) are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Lipids are non-polar molecules composed of fatty acids and provide more energy than proteins or carbohydrates. Proteins are composed of amino acids and perform most functions in the body. Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA determine the inherited characteristics of organisms. Cell transport involves the movement of materials into and out of cells through
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BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES/BIOMOLECULES
o Also called MACROMOLECULES.
o They sometimes known as biomolecules. o Protein, lipids, nucleic acid, and carbohydrates are the building blocks of life.
FOUR KINDS OF BIOMOLECULE:
o CARBOHYDRATE Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CH2O) Sometimes they called “hydrates of carbon” Important source of the energy used in metabolic activities. Monosaccharide is the building blocks of carbohydrates. MONOSACCHARIDES Also called as “simple sugar” Simplest group of carbohydrates They are subclassified as troses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses or heptoses according to number of atoms. 3 kinds of Monosaccharides: Glucose Also known as grape sugar It is important because its structure permit them to be converted into a molecule called “PYRUVATE” Most abundant sugar found in our blood, thus it is called “blood sugar” Sugar found in dextrose Fructose Found in certain fruit juices and honey No particular commercial use Sweeter and more soluble than glucose Galactose Not an essential nutrient More common than glucose Used as thickener in sauces and ice creams Synthesized in the mammary glands to make less than half sweet that glucose. o LIPIDS Are all NON-POLAR MOLECULES. Fatty acid is the building block of lipids. They came from the Greek word “LIPOS” w/c means “fats”. They provide more energy rather than carbohydrates and protein. It insulate body temperature and signals in molecules. Difference between fats and oils: OIL Fatty acid molecules are predominantly unsaturated fatty acid. Liquid at room temperate. Obtained from plants FATS Fatty acid molecules are predominantly saturated fatty acid. Solid at room temperate. Obtained from animal sources o PROTIENS Are biomolecules that comprise most of the substances found in the body. The word Protein came from the Greek word “PROTEIOS” which means “first”.-Because WE ALL START IN PROTEINS (egg and sperm) It composed of four elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Amino acids is the building blocks of PROTEIN. Amino acids are joined together with a PEPTIDE BOND. Sometimes PROTEIN are called POPLYPEPTIDE.
o NUCLEIC ACIDS It was discovered by a twenty-four year old Swiss physician named Friedrich Miescher in 1868. Nucleotide is the building block of nucleic acid. Determines the inherit characteristics of every living organism. CELL TRANSPORT Cell transport is a biological process through which materials pass into and out of cells, crossing the membrane or “outer wall” in the process.
CELL MEMBRANE • It is also known as the plasma membrane. • A double layer of lipids and proteins that surrounds the cell. • It separates the cytoplasm from the external environment.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS Partially hydrophilic, partially hydrophobic phospholipid. Fatty acids are on the inside. Phosphate groups are on the both surfaces of the bilayer. Glycerol – a 3-carbon polyalcohol acting as backbone for the phospholipid. 2 fatty acids attached to the glycerol. Phosphate group which is attached to the glycerol. FLUID MOSAIC MODEL Proposed by Seymour Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicolson. According to this model, cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer and globular proteins which are embedded within lipid bilayer. PASSIVE TRANSPORT It is movement of molecules through the membrane in which no energy is required from the cell. Passive transport is movement of molecules through the membrane in which no energy is required from the cell Molecules move in response to a concentration gradient. A concentration gradient is a difference between the concentration on one side of the membrane and that on the other side.
Mechanisms of Passive Transport:
1. Diffusion
- movement of solute molecules from high solute concentration to low solute
concentration
Two types of diffusion
1. Simple Diffusion Substances pass directly through the cell membrane. The cell membrane has limited permeability to small polar molecules, water, and ions. The motion of water across the membrane is known as osmosis. 2. Facilitated Diffusion Substances must pass through transported proteins to get through the cell membrane The cell membrane is selectively permeable 2. Osmosis - movement of solvent water from high solvent concentration to low solvent concentration - In osmosis, only water is able to pass through membrane. SOLUTION A mixture, which is composed of solute and solvent. TYPES OF SOLUTION Osmosis or diffusion of water across permeable membrane greatly affects the cell size. If cell absorbs too much water, cell might become stout and if cell releases too much water, cell might shrink. HYPOTONIC SOLUTION The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell. (Low solute; High water) Cytolysis is the bursting out of cell. HYPERTONIC SOLUTION The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low water) Plasmolysis is the shrinking of cell. ISOTONIC SOLUTION The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell. Dynamic equilibrium.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT Transport mechanism of the cell which requires energy. Opposes the movement of concentration gradient. The movement is from lower to higher concentration. It requires carrier or transport proteins.
IMPORTANCE OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Makes the uptake of energy-rich molecules and other essential nutrients from the environment. It allows various substances to be removed from the cell. It enables the cell to maintain constant, optimal internal concentration of required ions.
Carrier proteins used in active transport include:
Uniporters – move one molecule at a time
Symporters – move two molecules in the same direction
Antiporters – move two molecules in opposite directions
SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP
Used by animal cells to maintain a high internal concentration of K + ions and a low internal concentration of Na+ ions. An active transport antiport mechanism. Uses an antiporter to move 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell. ATP energy is used to change the conformation of the carrier protein
TWO TYPES OF MOVEMENT ACROSS THE MEMBRANE
1. ENDOCYTOSIS
Occurs when the plasma membrane envelops food particles and liquids.
1. phagocytosis – the cell takes in particulate matter
2. pinocytosis – the cell takes in only fluid
3. receptor-mediated endocytosis – specific molecules are taken in after they bind to
a receptor
2. EXOCYTOSIS
Occurs when material is discharged from the cell.
1. Vesicles in the cytoplasm fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents to the exterior of the cell
2. Used in plants to export cell wall material
3. Used in animals to secrete hormones, neurotransmitters, digestive enzymes
