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Principles of Communication Workbook p3 B

This document provides an overview of angle modulation transmission and compares amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) systems. It outlines the key advantages of FM over AM, such as FM being more noise immune, having higher power efficiency, and allowing noise reduction through increased frequency deviation rather than just increased power. It also notes some disadvantages of FM like higher bandwidth requirements and more complex equipment. The document then introduces angle modulation, distinguishing between frequency modulation, which varies carrier frequency linearly with the message signal, and phase modulation, which varies the carrier phase linearly with the message signal.

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Shaina Mabborang
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
52 views27 pages

Principles of Communication Workbook p3 B

This document provides an overview of angle modulation transmission and compares amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) systems. It outlines the key advantages of FM over AM, such as FM being more noise immune, having higher power efficiency, and allowing noise reduction through increased frequency deviation rather than just increased power. It also notes some disadvantages of FM like higher bandwidth requirements and more complex equipment. The document then introduces angle modulation, distinguishing between frequency modulation, which varies carrier frequency linearly with the message signal, and phase modulation, which varies the carrier phase linearly with the message signal.

Uploaded by

Shaina Mabborang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Republic of the Philippines

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY


COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

Module 3
Principles of Communication
CHAPTER 7
ANGEL MODULATION TRANSMISSION

• Textbook & Referencel


• Text Book-Wayne Tomasi (2004), Electronic Communication Systems,
5th Ed., Prentice Hall ,Chapter 7
• Reference Book- Roy Blake (2002), Electronic Communication
Systems, 2nd Ed., Delmar.
• Reference Book- Louis Frenzel (2014), Principles of Electronic
Communication Systems, 4th Ed,. McGraw Hill
• Leon W. Couch II, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 8th
edition, Pearson / Prentice,
• Signal Conditioning: An Introduction to Continuous Wave
Communication By Apurba Das, Chapter 5
• Contemporary Communication Systems, First Edition by M F Mesiya–
Chapter 5
• (http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0073380369/information_cen
ter_view0/)

Objective
The primary objective of this course appreciate basic ANGEL modulation and its
fundamental requirement for transmission

Learning Outcomes
After this course, the students are expected

• Define and mathematically describe Angle modulation,


• Explain the difference between Frequency and phase modulation
• Describe direct and indirect Frequency modulation
• Define derivation sensitivity
• Describe FM and PM waveform
1| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan
Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

• Define phase modulation and Modulation index


• Explain frequency deviation and percent modulation
• Compute Bandwidth Requirement of both FM and PM
• Describe commercial broadcast band of FM
• Compute power Distribution
• Describe direct FM transmitter
• Explain function and operation of AFC loop
• Describe indirect FM transmitter

Topics for Chapter 7


• 1. Introduction to Angel modulation and its over view
• 2. Mathematical analysis of Angle modulation
• 3. Derive Sensitivity
• 4.FM and PM wave form
• 5.Indexes modulation of FM and PM
• 6. Bandwidth Requirement of both FM and PM
• 7. Deviation ratio
• 8. commercial broadcast band of FM
• 9. Average power for Fm and Pm
• 10. Preemphasis and Deempahsis
• 11..Direct FM
• 12.Indirect Fm

Review from previous module in connection to the next


module

2| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

Topic1
Introduction to Angle Modulation and its overview

Both AM and FM system are used in commercial and non-commercial applications. Such
as radio broadcasting and television transmission. Each system has its own merits and
demerits. In a Particular application, an AM system can be more suitable than an FM
system. Thus the two are equally important from the application point of view.

3| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

• Comparision of Am and Fm Signals

• Advantage of FM systems over AM Systems


• The advantages of FM over AM systems are:

• The amplitude of an FM wave remains constant. This provides the system designers an
opportunity to remove the noise from the received signal. This is done in FM receivers
by employing an amplitude limiter circuit so that the noise above the limiting amplitude
is suppressed. Thus, the FM system is considered a noise immune system. This is not
possible in AM systems because the baseband signal is carried by the amplitude
variations it self and the envelope of the AM signal cannot be altered.

• Most of the power in an FM signal is carried by the side bands. For higher values of the
modulation index, mc, the major portion of the total power is contained is side bands,
and the carrier signal contains less power. In contrast, in an AM system, only one third
of the total power is carried by the side bands and two thirds of the total power is lost in
the form of carrier power.

• In FM systems, the power of the transmitted signal depends on the amplitude of
the unmodulated carrier signal, and hence it is constant. In contrast, in AM systems, the
power depends on the modulation index ma. The maximum allowable power in AM
systems is 100 percent when ma is unity. Such restriction is not applicable int case of FM
systems. This is because the total power in an FM system is independent of the
modulation index, mf and frequency deviation fd. Therefore, the power usage is
optimum in an FM system.

• In an AM system, the only method of reducing noise is to increase the transmitted
power of the signal. This operation increases the cost of the AM system. In an FM
system, you can increase the frequency deviation in the carrier signal to reduce the
noise. if the frequency deviation is high, then the corresponding variation in amplitude
of the baseband signal can be easily retrieved. if the frequency deviation is small, noise
'can overshadow this variation and the frequency deviation cannot be translated into its

4| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

corresponding amplitude variation. Thus, by increasing frequency deviations in the FM


signal, the noise effect can he reduced. There is no provision in AM system to reduce
the noise effect by any method, other than increasing its transmitted power.

• In an FM signal, the adjacent FM channels are separated by guard bands. In an FM
system there is no signal transmission through the spectrum space or the guard band.
Therefore, there is hardly any interference of adjacent FM channels. However, in an AM
system, there is no guard band provided between the two adjacent channels. Therefore,
there is always interference of AM radio stations unless the received signalis strong
enough to suppress the signal of the adjacent channel.
• The disadvantages of FM systems over AM systems
• · There are an infinite number of side bands in an FM signal and therefore the
theoretical bandwidth of an FM system is infinite. The bandwidth of an FM system is
limited by Carson's rule, but is still much higher, especially in WBFM. In AM systems, the
bandwidth is only twice the modulation frequency, which is much less than that of
WBFN. This makes FM systems costlier than AM systems.

• The equipment of FM system is more complex than AM systems because of the
complex circuitry of FM systems; this is another reason that FM systems are costlier AM
systems.

• The receiving area of an FM system is smaller than an AM system consequently

received anywhere in the world. An FM system transmits signals through line of sight
propagation, in which the distance between the transmitting and receiving antenna
should not be much. in an AM system signals of short wave band stations are
transmitted through atmospheric layers that reflect the radio waves over a wider area.

Angle Modulation.

The other type of modulation in continuous-wave modulation is the Angle Modulation.


Angle Modulation is the process in which the frequency or the phase of the carrier
varies according to the message signal. This is further divided into frequency and
phase modulation.
 Frequency Modulation is the process of varying the frequency of the carrier
signal linearly with the message signal.
5| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan
Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

 Phase Modulation is the process of varying the phase of the carrier signal
linearly with the message signal.
Let us now discuss these topics in greater detail.

Frequency Modulation
In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier varies. But in Frequency
Modulation (FM), the frequency of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
The amplitude and the phase of the carrier signal remains constant whereas the
frequency of the carrier changes. This can be better understood by observing the
following figures.

6| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

The frequency of the modulated wave remains constant as the carrier wave frequency
when the message signal is at zero. The frequency increases when the message
signal reaches its maximum amplitude.
Which means, with the increase in amplitude of the modulating or message signal, the
carrier frequency increases. Likewise, with the decrease in the amplitude of the
modulating signal, the frequency also decreases.

Mathematical Representation

Let the carrier frequency be fc


The frequency at maximum amplitude of the message signal = fc + Δf
The frequency at minimum amplitude of the message signal = fc − Δf
The difference between FM modulated frequency and normal frequency is termed
as Frequency Deviation and is denoted by Δf.
The deviation of the frequency of the carrier signal from high to low or low to high can
be termed as the Carrier Swing.
Carrier Swing = 2 × frequency deviation
= 2 × Δf
7| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan
Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

Equation for FM WAVE

The equation for FM wave is −


$$s(t) = A_ccos[W_ct + 2\pi k_fm(t)]$$
Where,
Ac = the amplitude of the carrier
wc = angular frequency of the carrier = 2πfc
m(t) = message signal
FM can be divided into Narrowband FM and Wideband FM.

Narrowband FM

The features of Narrowband FM are as follows −


 This frequency modulation has a small bandwidth.
 The modulation index is small.
 Its spectrum consists of carrier, USB, and LSB.
 This is used in mobile communications such as police wireless, ambulances,
taxicabs, etc.

Wideband FM

The features of Wideband FM are as follows −


 This frequency modulation has infinite bandwidth.
 The modulation index is large, i.e., higher than 1.
 Its spectrum consists of a carrier and infinite number of sidebands, which are
located around it.
 This is used in entertainment broadcasting applications such as FM radio, TV,
etc.

Phase Modulation
In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier varies. But in Phase Modulation
(PM), the phase of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal.

8| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

The amplitude and the frequency of the carrier signal remains constant whereas the
phase of the carrier changes. This can be better understood by observing the following
figures.

The phase of the modulated wave has got infinite points where the phase shift in a
wave can take place. The instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, changes
the phase of the carrier. When the amplitude is positive, the phase changes in one
direction and if the amplitude is negative, the phase changes in the opposite direction.

9| Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

Relation between PM and FM


The change in phase, changes the frequency of the modulated wave. The frequency of
the wave also changes the phase of the wave. Though they are related, their
relationship is not linear. Phase modulation is an indirect method of producing FM. The
amount of frequency shift, produced by a phase modulator increases with the
modulating frequency. An audio equalizer is employed to compensate this.

Equation for PM Wave

The equation for PM wave is −


$$s(t) = A_ccos[W_ct + k_pm(t)]$$
Where,
Ac = the amplitude of the carrier
wc = angular frequency of the carrier = 2πfc
m(t) = message signal
Phase modulation is used in mobile communication systems, while frequency
modulation is used mainly for FM broadcasting.

Discussion

10 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

11 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

12 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

13 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

14 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

15 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

16 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

17 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

18 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

Topic 2 .
• Mathematical analysis of Angle modulation

19 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

20 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

21 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

22 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

Topic 3
Derive Sensitivity

23 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

24 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

25 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

26 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus
Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Carig, Tuguegarao City

27 | Prepared by: Engr. Pinky C. Tumaliuan


Faculty, EC Dept. College Engineering, CSU -Carig Campus

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