Principles of Communication Workbook p3 B
Principles of Communication Workbook p3 B
Module 3
Principles of Communication
CHAPTER 7
ANGEL MODULATION TRANSMISSION
Learning Outcomes
After this course, the students are expected
Topic1
Introduction to Angle Modulation and its overview
Both AM and FM system are used in commercial and non-commercial applications. Such
as radio broadcasting and television transmission. Each system has its own merits and
demerits. In a Particular application, an AM system can be more suitable than an FM
system. Thus the two are equally important from the application point of view.
• The amplitude of an FM wave remains constant. This provides the system designers an
opportunity to remove the noise from the received signal. This is done in FM receivers
by employing an amplitude limiter circuit so that the noise above the limiting amplitude
is suppressed. Thus, the FM system is considered a noise immune system. This is not
possible in AM systems because the baseband signal is carried by the amplitude
variations it self and the envelope of the AM signal cannot be altered.
•
• Most of the power in an FM signal is carried by the side bands. For higher values of the
modulation index, mc, the major portion of the total power is contained is side bands,
and the carrier signal contains less power. In contrast, in an AM system, only one third
of the total power is carried by the side bands and two thirds of the total power is lost in
the form of carrier power.
•
• In FM systems, the power of the transmitted signal depends on the amplitude of
the unmodulated carrier signal, and hence it is constant. In contrast, in AM systems, the
power depends on the modulation index ma. The maximum allowable power in AM
systems is 100 percent when ma is unity. Such restriction is not applicable int case of FM
systems. This is because the total power in an FM system is independent of the
modulation index, mf and frequency deviation fd. Therefore, the power usage is
optimum in an FM system.
•
• In an AM system, the only method of reducing noise is to increase the transmitted
power of the signal. This operation increases the cost of the AM system. In an FM
system, you can increase the frequency deviation in the carrier signal to reduce the
noise. if the frequency deviation is high, then the corresponding variation in amplitude
of the baseband signal can be easily retrieved. if the frequency deviation is small, noise
'can overshadow this variation and the frequency deviation cannot be translated into its
received anywhere in the world. An FM system transmits signals through line of sight
propagation, in which the distance between the transmitting and receiving antenna
should not be much. in an AM system signals of short wave band stations are
transmitted through atmospheric layers that reflect the radio waves over a wider area.
Angle Modulation.
Phase Modulation is the process of varying the phase of the carrier signal
linearly with the message signal.
Let us now discuss these topics in greater detail.
Frequency Modulation
In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier varies. But in Frequency
Modulation (FM), the frequency of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
The amplitude and the phase of the carrier signal remains constant whereas the
frequency of the carrier changes. This can be better understood by observing the
following figures.
The frequency of the modulated wave remains constant as the carrier wave frequency
when the message signal is at zero. The frequency increases when the message
signal reaches its maximum amplitude.
Which means, with the increase in amplitude of the modulating or message signal, the
carrier frequency increases. Likewise, with the decrease in the amplitude of the
modulating signal, the frequency also decreases.
Mathematical Representation
Narrowband FM
Wideband FM
Phase Modulation
In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier varies. But in Phase Modulation
(PM), the phase of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal.
The amplitude and the frequency of the carrier signal remains constant whereas the
phase of the carrier changes. This can be better understood by observing the following
figures.
The phase of the modulated wave has got infinite points where the phase shift in a
wave can take place. The instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, changes
the phase of the carrier. When the amplitude is positive, the phase changes in one
direction and if the amplitude is negative, the phase changes in the opposite direction.
Discussion
Topic 2 .
• Mathematical analysis of Angle modulation
Topic 3
Derive Sensitivity