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Circuit 2: Phasor: I. The Phasor Form of Impedance

The document discusses phasor representation of impedance in electric circuits. It explains that: 1) Phasors can represent the amplitude and phase of sinusoidal voltages and currents, with magnitude being amplitude and angle being phase difference. 2) Resistance is the real part of impedance. Inductive reactance is the imaginary part, leading current by 90 degrees. Capacitive reactance is also imaginary, lagging voltage by 90 degrees. 3) Impedance is a complex number combining resistance and reactance. Its phase angle depends on the ratio of reactances to resistance.

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Shaina Mabborang
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86 views

Circuit 2: Phasor: I. The Phasor Form of Impedance

The document discusses phasor representation of impedance in electric circuits. It explains that: 1) Phasors can represent the amplitude and phase of sinusoidal voltages and currents, with magnitude being amplitude and angle being phase difference. 2) Resistance is the real part of impedance. Inductive reactance is the imaginary part, leading current by 90 degrees. Capacitive reactance is also imaginary, lagging voltage by 90 degrees. 3) Impedance is a complex number combining resistance and reactance. Its phase angle depends on the ratio of reactances to resistance.

Uploaded by

Shaina Mabborang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CIRCUIT 2: PHASOR

I. THE PHASOR FORM OF IMPEDANCE


PHASOR

A brief look at the voltage and current sinusoids in the


preceding examples shows that the amplitudes and phase
differences are the two principal concerns. A directed line
segment, or phasor, such as that shown rotating in a
counterclockwise direction at a constant angular velocity
𝜔(rad/s) in Fig. 1, has a projection on the horizontal which
is a cosine function. The length of the phasor or its
magnitude is the amplitude or maximum value of the
cosine function. The angle between two positions of the
phasor is the phase difference between the corresponding
points on the cosine function.

Figure 1. Retrieved from Ref [1]


PHASOR

Consider the examples shown in Table 1. Observe that the


phasors, which are directed line segments and vectorial in
nature, are indicated by boldface capitals, for example, V, I.
The phase angle of the cosine function is the angle on the
phasor. The phasor diagrams here and all that follow may
be considered as a snapshot of the counterclockwise-
rotating directed line segment taken at 𝑡 = 0 . The
frequency f (Hz) and 𝜔(rad/s) generally do not appear but
they should be kept in mind, since they are implicit in any
sinusoidal steady-state problem.

Table 1. Retrieved from Ref [1]


PHASOR

Phasors can be treated as complex numbers. When the horizontal axis is identified as the real axis of a complex
plane, the phasors become complex numbers and the usual rules apply. In view of Euler’s identity, there are three
equivalent notations for a phasor.

Polar form 𝑉 = 𝑉∠𝜃


Rectangular form 𝑉 = 𝑉(cos 𝜃 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
Exponential form 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑒 𝑗𝜃

The exponential form suggests how to treat the product and quotient of phasors. Since
(𝑉1 𝑒 𝑗𝜃1 ) 𝑉2 𝑒 𝑗𝜃2 = 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑒 𝑗(𝜃1 +𝜃2 )

𝑉1 ∠𝜃1 𝑉2 ∠𝜃2 = 𝑉1 𝑉2 ∠(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )

And, since (𝑉1 𝑒 𝑗𝜃1 )/ 𝑉2 𝑒 𝑗𝜃2 = (𝑉1 /𝑉2 )𝑒 𝑗(𝜃1 −𝜃2)

𝑉1 ∠𝜃1
= 𝑉1 /𝑉2 ∠(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )
𝑉1 ∠𝜃2
Example. A series combination of 𝑟 = 10 Ω and 𝑙 = 20 𝑚𝐻 has a current 𝑖 = 5.0cos(500𝑡 + 10𝑜 ) (A).
Obtain the voltages 𝑣 and 𝑉, the phasor current 𝐼 and sketch the phasor diagram.
Example. Given 𝑉1 = 2.50∠143.13𝑜 and 𝑉2 = 11.2∠26.57𝑜 , find the ration 𝑉1 /𝑉2 and the sum 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 .
EXERCISE

Answer:
THE PHASOR FORM OF IMPEDANCE

RESISTANCE INDUCTIVE REACTANCE


➢ Is the real part of impedance ➢ Imaginary part of impedance
➢ 𝑅 = 𝑅∠0 ➢ 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐿 ∠90𝑜

CAPACITIVE REACTANCE INDUCTIVE REACTANCE


➢ Imaginary part of impedance ➢ It’s a complex number compose
➢ 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶 ∠ − 90𝑜 of resistance and reactance
➢ 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗(𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )
𝑋 −𝑋
➢ 𝑍 = 𝑍∠𝜑, where 𝜑 = tan−1 ( 𝐿 𝑅 𝐶)
Example. Find for the current of a simple circuit whose resistance is 2.2kohms and the
applied emf is v(t)=3.96sin(2000t+50).?
Example. Find for the current of a simple circuit whose resistance is 2.2kohms and the
applied emf is v(t)=3.96sin(2000t+50).?
From the above problem, what is the value of current if a 2kohms capacitance is
connected in series with the capacitor?
Example. Find for the current of a simple circuit whose resistance is 2.2kohms and the
applied emf is v(t)=3.96sin(2000t+50).?
If instead of capacitive reactance, an inductive reactance of 2kohmsis rather connected
in series with the resistance, what is the new value of current?
HOMEWORK

1. It is said theoretically that for an inductive reactance, it has a +90 degrees phase shift from
the x axis. Also it is said that for inductive circuit, the voltage leads by 90 degrees from the
current. Show the proof of such statement using phasor derivation and representation.

2. From the instantaneous values below find for the RMS values and the impedance of the
circuit.
v(t)=311sin(2500t+170)
i(t)=15.5sin2500t-145)

3. A 20 ohms resistance and 0.02H inductor is connected in series. The total impedance is
40∠Ø. Determine the angle of the impedance and the frequency of the circuit.
REFERENCES

[1] Nahvi, M. & Edminister, J. A. (2003). Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Electric Circuits (4th
Edition). USA: The McDraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

[2] Hambley, A. R. (2011). Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications (5th Edition). USA: Pearson
Education, Inc.

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