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Class XI First Lecture 4 Oct Photometry

1. Photometry is the branch of physics dealing with the measurement of light. It studies both light sources that emit their own light, such as the sun, and non-luminous sources that reflect light, such as the moon. 2. Key terms in photometry include luminous flux, which is the amount of light emitted per second and is measured in lumens, and luminous intensity, which is the luminous flux emitted per unit solid angle and is measured in candelas. 3. Other important terms are illuminance, which is the luminous flux incident per unit area and is measured in lux, and luminance, which is the luminous flux reflected per unit area and is measured in can

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130 views6 pages

Class XI First Lecture 4 Oct Photometry

1. Photometry is the branch of physics dealing with the measurement of light. It studies both light sources that emit their own light, such as the sun, and non-luminous sources that reflect light, such as the moon. 2. Key terms in photometry include luminous flux, which is the amount of light emitted per second and is measured in lumens, and luminous intensity, which is the luminous flux emitted per unit solid angle and is measured in candelas. 3. Other important terms are illuminance, which is the luminous flux incident per unit area and is measured in lux, and luminance, which is the luminous flux reflected per unit area and is measured in can

Uploaded by

Bhuwan Ghimire
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© © All Rights Reserved
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GEOMETRICAL OPTICS

1. Photometry
2. Reflection at Plane and Curved Surfaces
3. Refraction at Plane Surfaces
4. Refraction through Prisms
5. Lenses
6. Dispersion of Light
7. Optical Instruments

Photometry
Introduction:
Photometry is the branch of physics which deals the
measurements of physical quantity of light. Light is either
emitted from a source or is reflected from the object. Most of the
objects are seen after reflection of light but some objects such as
electric lamp, stars, sun, etc are seen by light emitted
themselves.
Light:
Light is the form of energy that doesn’t require any medium to
travel one place to another place. Light travel faster in gases
than through liquids and solids.

Source of Light:
A body which emits light in all directions is source of light.
 Luminous sources are objects that emit their own light.
Example:- Sun ,Stars, Firefly, Fire etc.
 Non-luminous sources are objects that cannot
emit light energy by themselves. Example:- Moon,
planets, Book etc.

Optical Medium:
The substance through which light propagates is optical
medium.
(i) Transparent Medium:- light can propagate easily. Eg:-
Water, Glass, etc.
(ii) Translucent Medium:- light can propagate partially. Eg:-
Paper, Fur, etc.
(iii) Opaque Medium:- light cannot propagate. Eg:- wood,
steel, copper, etc.
Some terms related to Photometry:
(i) Total Radiant Flux:-
Total Light energy radiated by a source per unit time is called
total radiant flux.
 Unit in SI system is Watt (W).

(ii) Luminous Flux:-


The amount of light energy emitted by a source per second is
called luminous flux.
 It is denoted by ϕ.
 Its unit is lumen (lm).
 1 lumen = 1/685 Watt
(iii) Solid Angle:-
The solid angle is 3D angle subtended by a surface at a point by
joining its periphery points to that point.
 It is a measure of how big something appears.
 It is denoted by Ω.
 Unit is steradian (Sr)
Figure:- Solid angle of sphere.
 The solid angle subtended by the surface of sphere at its
centre, Ω = = = 4π steradian

 For hemi sphere, Ω = = = 2π steradian

(iv) Luminous Intensity:-


The luminous flux emitted by a source per unit solid angle is
called luminous intensity.
 It is denoted by I.
 I=
 For sphere, I =
 SI unit is lumen/ steradian
 Or candela(cd)

(v) Illuminance:-
The luminous flux incident normally on the unit area of surface
is called illuminance.
 Also called intensity of illuminance.
 It is denoted by E.
 E=
 For sphere of radius r,
 E=
 E= ,I=
 SI unit is Lux.(lx) or lm/
 CGS unit is Phot.
 1 Phot = 10

(vi) Luminance:-
The luminous flux reflected by unit area of the surface is called
luminance.
 Luminance of the smooth and white surface is greater
than that of rough and black surfaces.
 SI unit is lm/ .
 Luminance = illuminance * reflection coefficient.

(vii) Luminous Efficiency:-


The ratio of total luminous flux to the total radiant flux of a
source is called luminous efficiency.
 It is denoted by K.
 SI unit is lumen/ watt
 K of electric light, K = luminous flux/ input power

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