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Edexcel GCE
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Unit 1: The Core Principles of Chemistry
Thursday 14 January 2010 – Morning Paper Reference
Time: 1 hour 30 minutes 6CH01/01

Candidates may use a calculator. Total Marks
Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• written communication
Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
will be assessed
– you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as
well as the clarity of expression, on these questions.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Keep an eye on the time.
• Try to answer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Check
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N35131A
©2010 Edexcel Limited.
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SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on
this section. For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with
a cross .
1 The isotopes of magnesium, 24 25

12Mg and 12Mg, both form ions with charge 2+. Which of
the following statements about these ions is true?
A Both ions have electronic configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2.

25
B 12Mg
2+
has more protons than 24 2+
12Mg .
C The ions have the same number of electrons but different numbers of neutrons.
D The ions have the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons.
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
2 Chlorine has two isotopes with relative isotopic mass 35 and 37. Four m/z values are
given below. Which will occur in a mass spectrum of chlorine gas, Cl2, from an ion
with a single positive charge?
A 35.5
B 36
C 71
D 72
Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
*N35131A0224*
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3 The human body contains around 0.025 g of iodine molecules, I2. Which of the
following shows the number of iodine atoms in 0.025 g of I2?
The Avogadro constant is 6.02 × 1023 mol–1.
0.025
A × 6.02 × 1023
126.9
0.025
B × 6.02 × 1023
253.8
253.8
C × 6.02 × 1023
0.025
126.9
D × 6.02 × 1023
0.025
4 Which equation represents the reaction for which the enthalpy change is the standard
enthalpy change of formation, ∆Hf○ , of sodium nitrate, NaNO3?
A 2Na(s) + N2(g) + 3O2(g) → 2NaNO3(s)

B Na(s) + ½N2(g) + 1½O2(g) → NaNO3(s)
C Na(s) + N(g) + 3O(g) → NaNO3(s)
D Na(g) + ½N2(g) + 1½O2(g) → NaNO3(g)
5 Which equation represents the reaction for which the enthalpy change, ∆H, is the mean
bond enthalpy of the C–H bond?
A ¼CH4(g) → ¼C(g) + H(g)

B CH4(g) → C(s) + 2H2(g)
C CH4(g) → C(g) + 4H(g)
D CH4(g) → C(g) + 2H2(g)
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6 The first ionization energies, in kJ mol–1, of four elements with consecutive atomic
numbers are shown below.
A 1680
B 2080
C 496
D 738
(a) Which element could be an inert gas?

(1)
A
B
C
D
(b) Which element could be X in a covalent compound with formula HX?

(1)
A
B
C
D
(c) Which element could be Y in an ionic compound with formula YH2?

(1)
A
B
C
D
(Total for Question 6 = 3 marks)
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7 The graph below shows the second ionization energy of a series of elements with
consecutive atomic numbers.
Second ionization A
energy / kJ mol–1
Atomic number increasing in steps of 1
Which element could be lithium?

A
B
C
D
8 The first five ionization energies, in kJ mol–1, of aluminium are

578 1817 2745 11 578 14 831
The orbitals from which the first five electrons are removed during ionization, starting
with the first electron, are
A 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
B 1s 1s 2s 2s 2p
C 3p 3s 2p 2s 1s
D 3p 3s 3s 2p 2p
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9 Going across the Periodic Table from sodium to aluminium,
A the melting temperature increases.
B the radius of the atom increases.
C the radius of the metal ion increases.
D the bonding in the element changes from metallic to covalent.
10 Going down Group 1 from lithium to rubidium
A the radius of the atom decreases.
B the radius of the ion decreases.
C the first ionization energy decreases.
D the polarizing power of the ion increases.

11 A drop of concentrated nickel(II) sulfate solution, which is green, is placed on moist

filter paper on a microscope slide and the ends of the slide are connected to a 24 V DC
power supply. After ten minutes,
A a blue colour has moved towards the negative terminal and a yellow colour
towards the positive terminal.
B a blue colour has moved towards the positive terminal and a yellow colour
towards the negative terminal.
C a green colour has moved towards the negative terminal but there is no other
visible change.
D a green colour has moved towards the positive terminal but there is no other
visible change.
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12 The bonding in magnesium oxide, MgO, is

A ionic.
B metallic and ionic.
C ionic and covalent.
D metallic and covalent.
13 Which of the following mixtures could not form when octane, C8H18, is cracked?
A propane + pentene
B butane + butene
C pentane + propene
D heptane + ethene
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14 This question is about the organic compounds with skeletal formulae as shown:
(a) Which compound is 2-methylpropane?

(1)
A
(b) Which compound has the molecular formula C5H12?

(1)
A
(c) Which compounds are isomers?

(1)
A compound A and compound C
B compound B and compound C

C compound B and compound D
D compound C and compound D
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(d) Which compound reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII) to form a diol?
(1)
A
15 The structural formula of 5-chloro-2,2-dimethylhexane is
H CH3
A CH3 C CH2 C H
Cl CH3
Cl CH3
B H C CH2 CH2 CH2 C CH3
Cl CH3
Cl CH3
C CH3 C CH2 CH2 C CH3
H CH3
Cl Cl
D CH3 C CH2 CH2 C CH3
CH3 CH3
TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS
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SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
16 Magnesium chloride can be made by reacting solid magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, with
dilute hydrochloric acid.
(a) Write an equation for the reaction, including state symbols.
(2)
(b) Give TWO observations you would make when the reaction is taking place.
(2)
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............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) In an experiment to make crystals of hydrated magnesium chloride, MgCl2.6H2O,

magnesium carbonate was added to 25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid with concentration
2.0 mol dm–3. The molar mass of magnesium carbonate is 84.3 g mol–1.
(i) How many moles of acid are used in the reaction?
(1)
(ii) What mass of magnesium carbonate, in grams, reacts with this amount of acid?
(1)
(iii) Suggest why slightly more than this mass of magnesium carbonate is used in
practice.
(1)
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............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) How would you separate the magnesium chloride solution from the reaction
mixture in (iii)?
(1)
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(v) The magnesium chloride solution was left to crystallise. The crystals were
separated and dried carefully. A sample of 3.75g of hydrated crystals,
MgCl2.6H2O, which have molar mass 203.3 g mol–1, was obtained.
Calculate the percentage yield of this reaction.
(2)
(vi) Give ONE reason why the yield of crystals is less than 100%, even when pure
compounds are used in the preparation.
(1)
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............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(d) Lattice energies can be measured using the Born-Haber cycle, or calculated from
electrostatic theory. Lattice energies of magnesium chloride and magnesium iodide
are shown below.
Lattice energy from Lattice energy from

Born-Haber cycle using electrostatic theory
Salt
experimental data
/ kJ mol–1 / kJ mol–1
MgCl2 –2526 –2326
MgI2 –2327 –1944
(i) What does this data indicate about the bonding in magnesium chloride?
(1)
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............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(ii) Explain why there is a greater difference between the experimental

(Born-Haber) and theoretical lattice energies for magnesium iodide, MgI2,
compared with magnesium chloride.
(2)
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............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(e) Blood plasma typically contains 20 parts per million (ppm) of magnesium, by mass.
(i) Calculate the mass of magnesium, in grams, present in 100 g of plasma.
(1)
(ii) Magnesium chloride can be used as a supplement in the diet to treat patients
with low amounts of magnesium in the blood. Suggest ONE property which
makes it more suitable for this purpose than magnesium carbonate.
(1)
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17 Sulfamic acid is a white solid used by plumbers as a limescale remover.

(a) Sulfamic acid contains 14.42% by mass of nitrogen, 3.09% hydrogen and
33.06% sulfur. The remainder is oxygen.
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of sulfamic acid.
(3)
(ii) The molar mass of sulfamic acid is 97.1 g mol–1. Use this information to deduce
the molecular formula of sulfamic acid.
(1)
(b) A solution of sulfamic acid contains hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ions react with
magnesium to produce hydrogen gas. In an experiment, a solution containing
5.5 × 10–3 moles of sulfamic acid was reacted with excess magnesium. The volume
of hydrogen produced was 66 cm3, measured at room temperature and pressure.
(i) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use to carry out this
experiment, showing how you would collect the hydrogen produced and
measure its volume.
(2)
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(ii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen, H2, produced in this reaction.
[The molar volume of a gas is 24 dm3 mol–1 at room temperature and pressure]
(1)
(iii) Show that the data confirms that each mole of sulfamic acid produces one mole
of hydrogen ions in solution.
(2)
(c) Plumbers use sulfamic acid powder for descaling large items such as boilers.
Sulfamic acid acts as a descaler because the hydrogen ions react with carbonate ions
in limescale.
(i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction of hydrogen ions with carbonate ions.
State symbols are not required.
(1)
(ii) Suggest ONE reason why sulfamic acid is considered less hazardous than
hydrochloric acid as a descaler.
(1)
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18 This question is about hexane, C6H14, and hex-1-ene, C6H12.

(a) What test would you use to distinguish between hexane and hex-1-ene? Give the
results of the test for each substance.
(2)
Test: ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Result with hexane: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Result with hex-1-ene: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Hex-1-ene has a number of isomers, including two stereoisomers of hex-2-ene.

(i) Complete the formula to show the structure of E-hex-2-ene.
(1)
C C
*(ii) Explain why stereoisomerism can occur in alkenes, and why hex-2-ene has
stereoisomers but hex-1-ene does not.
(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*N35131A01624*
16
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(c) The enthalpy change of combustion of hexane was measured using a spirit burner to
heat a known mass of water in a calorimeter. The temperature rise of the water was
measured. The results of the experiment are shown below.
Mass of hexane burnt 0.32 g

Mass of water in calorimeter 50 g
Initial temperature of water 22 °C
Final temperature of water 68 °C
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g–1 °C–1.

(i) Calculate the energy in joules produced by burning the hexane. Use the
expression
energy transferred = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of hexane. The mass of 1 mole of
hexane is 86 g.
Give your answer to TWO significant figures. Include a sign and units in your
answer.
(3)
(iii) The value for the enthalpy change of combustion in this experiment is different
from the value given in data books. Suggest TWO reasons for this difference.
(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*N35131A01724*
17
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(iv) A student suggested that the results would be more accurate if a thermometer
which read to 0.1°C was used. Explain why this would not improve the
accuracy of the result. A calculation is not required.
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Hex-1-ene can be converted to hexane in the following reaction.
C6H12(l) + H2(g) → C6H14(l)

(i) What catalyst is used in this reaction?
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) The enthalpy change of this reaction ∆Hreaction can be calculated from the
following enthalpy changes of combustion.
Enthalpy change of combustion

Substance
/kJ mol–1
Hex-1-ene, C6H12 –4003
Hydrogen, H2 –286
Hexane, C6H14 –4163
Complete the Hess cycle by adding labelled arrows. Use your cycle to calculate
the enthalpy change ∆Hreaction.
(3)
∆Hreaction
C6H12(l) + H2(g) C6H14(l)
6CO2(g) + 7H2O(l)
∆Hreaction = ........................................................................ kJ mol–1
*N35131A01824*
18
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(iii) The enthalpy change for the reaction of some other alkenes with hydrogen is
shown below.
Standard enthalpy change

Reaction
/ kJ mol–1
C3H6 + H2 → C3H8 –125
C4H8 + H2 → C4H10 –126
C5H10 + H2 → C5H12 –126
Explain why the values are so similar.

(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*N35131A01924*
19
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19 Chloroethane, C2H5Cl, can be made from either ethane or ethene.

(a) (i) What reagent and condition would be used to make chloroethane from ethane?
(2)
Reagent ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Condition..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) State the type of reaction and mechanism by which this reaction occurs.
(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) (i) What reagent would be used to make chloroethane from ethene?
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Show, in full, the mechanism for this reaction in which ethene is converted to
chloroethane.
(3)
*N35131A02024*
20
PMT
PMT
(c) Which method of making chloroethane has

(3)
• a higher atom economy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• a higher percentage yield?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Explain your answers.
Higher atom economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Higher percentage yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) The compound chloroethene, CH2 CHCl, forms an addition polymer.

(i) Draw a diagram, using dots or crosses, to show the arrangement of electrons in
chloroethene. Only the outer shell electrons need be shown.
(2)
(ii) Chloroethene can form an addition polymer. Write the displayed formula of
poly(chloroethene) showing two repeat units.
(1)
*N35131A02124*
21
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*(iii) Poly(chloroethene) is commonly known as PVC. Almost a quarter of the PVC

which is manufactured is used to make water pipes, which were formerly made
of metal.
Give TWO factors which have to be considered when deciding which material,
PVC or metal, contributes to more sustainable uses of resources in the long
term.
(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS
*N35131A02224*
22
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BLANK PAGE
*N35131A02324*
23
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*N35131A02424*
24
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Mark Scheme (Results)

January 2010
GCE
GCE Chemistry (6CH01/01)
Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750

Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH
PMT
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All the material in this publication is copyright
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PMT
General Marking Guidance
• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first
candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for what
they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their
perception of where the grade boundaries may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be used
appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners should
always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark scheme.
Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if the candidate’s response is
not worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the principles by
which marks will be awarded and exemplification may be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme to a
candidate’s response, the team leader must be consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it with an
alternative response.
Using the Mark Scheme

The mark scheme gives examiners:
• an idea of the types of response expected
• how individual marks are to be awarded
• the total mark for each question
• examples of responses that should NOT receive credit.
/ means that the responses are alternatives and either answer should receive full credit.
( ) means that a phrase/word is not essential for the award of the mark, but helps the examiner
to get the sense of the expected answer.
Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase or the actual word is essential to
the answer.
ecf/TE/cq (error carried forward) means that a wrong answer given in an earlier part of a
question is used correctly in answer to a later part of the same question.
Candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark. Make sure that the
answer makes sense. Do not give credit for correct words/phrases which are put together in a
meaningless manner. Answers must be in the correct context.
Quality of Written Communication

Questions which involve the writing of continuous prose will expect candidates to:
• write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation in order to make the
meaning clear
• select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and to complex subject
matter
• organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist vocabulary when appropriate.
Full marks will be awarded if the candidate has demonstrated the above abilities.
Questions where QWC is likely to be particularly important are indicated (QWC) in the mark
scheme, but this does not preclude others.
PMT
6CH01/01
Section A
Question Correct Answer Reject Mark

Number
1 C 1

Number
2 D 1

Number
3 A 1

Number
4 B 1

Number
5 A 1

Number
6 (a) B 1

Number
6 (b) A 1

Number
6 (c) D 1

Number
7 B 1

Number
8 D 1

Number
9 A 1

Number
10 C 1
PMT

Number
11 C 1
Number
12 A 1

Number
13 D 1

Number
14 (a) A 1

Number
14 (b) D 1

Number
14(c) B 1

Number
14 (d) B 1

Number
15 C 1
PMT
Section B
Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark

Number
16 (a) MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) →MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + 2
CO2(g)
ALLOW MgCO3(s) + 2H+(aq)→ Mg2+(aq) + CO2(g)
+H2O(l)
All formulae and balancing (1)
State symbols – mark independently; can be

given even if eg MgCl2 formula incorrect or for
H2CO3(aq)(1)
CO32-(s) + 2H+(aq)→ CO2(g) +H2O(l) (1 mark

max)
ALLOW 1 missing/incorrect state symbol

Number
16 (b) Any two from 2
Bubbles (of gas)/ fizzing/ effervescence (1) Carbon dioxide /gas

given off
Solid disappears/ disintegrates /gets smaller
/dissolves Precipitate forms (no
OR MgCO3 disappears (if given as solid in (i)) TE for MgCl2(s))
(1)
IGNORE clear solution forms
Mixture gets warmer/cooler OR Just “exothermic”

temperature change occurs/ heat change
occurs(1)

Number
16 (c) (i) Moles acid = ((25 x 2/ 1000)) = 0.05/0.050 / 1
5x10-2
Ignore units and sf

Number
16 (c) (ii) Mass Mg CO3 = ((0.05 x 84.3÷2)) = 2.1075/ 2.108 2 / 2.12(g) 1
/2.11/2.1 (g)
ALLOW TE from (c)(i) and (a)
ALLOW Moles acid x 84.3 ÷2 for TE(from (i) (1)

(4.2(15)) if factor of 2 missing for TE from (a))
Ignore sf except 1 sf
Ignore units
PMT

Number
16 (c) (iii) To ensure all acid reacts/ all acid is used up / All reactants used up 1
to ensure product is neutral/ it (HCl) is To ensure reaction is
neutralised complete (without
reference to HCl)
To ensure yield is high
To ensure magnesium
carbonate is in excess

Number
16 (c) (iv) Filter Sieve 1
Collect MgCl2 in filter
ALLOW centrifuge/ decant/ pour off / paper
(use) filter paper Use filter paper to dry
crystals
Evaporate
Ignore comments about heating solution first to
concentrate it

Number
16 (c) (v) 100% yield = (203.3 x 0.025) /5.08(25)g) (1) 2
yield = (3.75 x 100) = 74 % (1) 70

5.08
OR
Mol magnesium chloride = (3.75
203.3)
= 0.018445/0.01845/0.0184/0.018 (1 )
yield = (100 X 0.01845 )

0.025
= 74 % (1)
Second mark can be given as TE if expected

yield or number of moles is wrong.
ALLOW 73.82/73.78/73.8 /73.6 /other answers

rounding to 74 % from earlier approximations
/72 (from 0.018 moles)
Allow TE from (a) and or (c)(i) and or (c)(ii)

If the ratio HCl to MgCl2 is 1:1 ans 37 % (2)
If moles of HCl in (c)(i) are wrong (2)
If (a) and (c)(i) are correct 37 % scores (1)
If moles MgCO3 = 0.05 allow TE giving 37/ 36.9%
Ignore sf except 1 sf
PMT

Number
16 (c) (vi) Some stays in solution / losses on transferring Incomplete 1
from one container to another/ loss on filtering reaction/side reaction
/crystals left behind/some left on filter paper Lost as waste products
etc Lost to environment
Any one Lost in manipulation?
ALLOW correct answers with other comments Hydrolysis
which are not incorrect eg “there may be some Weighing errors
spillage and also …….” Just “spillage”

Number
16 (d)(i) Not 100% ionic /almost completely ionic Magnesium chloride is 1
OR covalent
(partial) covalent character/ almost no Magnesium chloride is
covalency partially ionic
OR
Discrepancy in BH values indicates polarisation Just “polarity of ions”
(of ions) (1)
Mark can be given if answer here refers to

bond strength and the answer above is included
in (ii)

Number
16 (d)(ii) QWC Size of atoms rather 2
I- larger (than Cl-) (1) than ions
I2 is larger than Cl2
so (ion) easier to polarise /distort (1)
I2 molecules are
nd
ALLOW for 2 mark polarised
increases covalent character / more covalent Mg2+ is polarised
than MgCl2 / converse for MgCl2 / description of
polarisation instead of the term Iodine more
electronegative than
If clearly ions, allow reference to iodine chlorine
instead of iodide (“iodine has a larger ion”)
Read in conjunction with (i). Direct comparison

not needed if (i) covers bonding in chloride.

Number
16 (e) (i) (100 x 20) = 2 x 10-3(g) 2 x 10-3 = 0.0002 1
106
ALLOW 0.002(g)
1/500 (g)
2 x 10-6 kg
IGNORE % as unit
PMT

Number
16 (e) (ii) (More) soluble (in water)/ (more) soluble in MgCl2 is a liquid 1
blood stream/ can be given as solution/ won’t MgCO3 is too reactive
produce gas in stomach / won’t react with
stomach acid/ doesn’t produce CO2
Converse answers for MgCO3
Or other valid answers
ALLOW can be given in liquid form

Number
17 (a) (i) Moles N =14.42 = 1.03 3
14
Moles H = 3.09
Moles S= 33.06 = 1.03 (1)
32.1
ALLOW Moles S= 33.06 = 1.03
32
Moles O = 49.43 = 3.09 (1)

16
(Ratio 1:3:1:3)
IGNORE sf/rounding for moles
NH3SO3 any order (1)
Correct answer, no working (3)
If O omitted, giving NH3S (2)

Number
17 (a) (ii) NH3SO3 (any order) 1
since molar mass = empirical formula mass/
since empirical formula mass =97/
with some other justification
TE from (i) N2H6S2, as empirical formula mass

=49, approx half molecular mass
PMT

Number
17 (b) (i) Look for workable method. Don’t penalise lack 2
of labels on simple equipment eg test tubes.
Workable way of making and collecting gas eg

flask or tube + connection/ below inverted
funnel with tube of water above
Labelling of reactants not needed (1)
Suitable (labelled) apparatus for measuring

volume eg Gas syringe/ inverted burette or
measuring cylinder containing water (1) Uncalibrated tubes

Number
17 (b) (ii) ( 66 ) = 2.75 x 10-3 / 0.00275 / 0.0028 0.003 1
24 000

Number
17 (b) (iii) 1 mol sulfamic acid → 0.5 mol H2 ratio sulfamic acid : 2
OR ratio sulfamic acid : hydrogen gas = 2:1 hydrogen ions = 2:1
OR 5.5 ( x 10-3)(moles) = (2 x 2.75 (x 10-3))
(moles)
OR TE using ratio calculated from (ii) (1)
Each H2 comes from 2 H+

(So 1 sulfamic acid → 1 H+ ) (1)
Number
17 (c) (i) 2H+ + CO32- → H2O + CO2 1
ALLOW
H+ + CO32- → HCO3-
2H+ + CO32- → H2CO3

Number
17 (c) (ii) Less easy to spill solid (in storage) Just “it is a solid” 1
OR doesn’t spread if spilt Less reactive (unless with
OR easy to sweep up if spilt comment on acid strength)
OR less corrosive/ less strongly acidic than HCl produces poisonous gas
HCl / Cl2
Less concentrated
ALLOW Weaker (acid) / HCl is a stronger acid Has higher pH
Just “HCl is
harmful/irritant/corrosive”
Just “sulfamic acid is not
harmful/irritant/corrosive”
PMT

Number
18 (a) Allow formulae throughout instead of names Smokiness of flame 2
Test : add bromine (water) /bromine solution Bromide

ALLOW bromine gas /bromination (1) Iodine
Result: no change with hexane / stays orange
brown/ stays red brown/ stays yellow
and
goes colourless with hex-1-ene(1) Goes clear
2nd mark cq on 1st
OR
Test : add (acidified) potassium
manganate((VII)) (solution) (1)
ALLOW potassium permanganate for potassium
manganate(VII)
Result: no change with hexane/stays purple
and
goes colourless / brown with hex-1-ene (1)
OR
Test : add alkaline potassium manganate((VII))
(solution) (1)
ALLOW potassium permanganate for potassium
manganate(VII)
Result: no change with hexane/stays purple
and
goes green with hex-1-ene (1)

Number
18 (b) (i) 1
CH3 H
C C
H C3 H7
ALLOW Partially or fully displayed as long as
the two H are trans
Allow bonds which go closer to the H than to C
of alkyl groups on l.h.s.
PMT

Number
18 (b) (ii) QWC 2
C=C restricts rotation/ C=C prevents twisting Alkenes can’t rotate
/C=C can’t rotate/ lack of free rotation round Double bond is fixed
C=C (so the groups can’t change position Bonds can’t rotate
relative to the bond) (1)
Hex–2-ene has different groups on the C at each Double bond is on first

end of C=C / hex-1-ene has 2 hydrogens on the carbon (unless further
C at one end of C=C / hex-1-ene doesn’t have explanation)
different groups on the C at one end of C=C /
hex-1-ene has no group which takes priority on
the C at one end of C=C (1)
(answer can be considered from either hex –1-
ene or hex-2-ene)

Number
18 (c) (i) ignore signs (50.32 x 46 x 4.18) = 1
(50 x 46 x 4.18) = 9614(J)/ 9676(J)
9.614 kJ (if converted to kJ units must be
stated)
ALLOW 9610 / 9600 /9.61 kJ /9.6 kJ
PMT

Number
18 (c) (ii) One mark each for 3
moles of hexane
energy change
sign, units, 2 sig figs (for energy change
calculated)
Moles hexane = 0.32/86 = (3.72 x 10-3) (1)

(9614/ 3.72 x 10-3) = 2584000 J/ 2584 kJ (1)
∆H = -2600 kJ mol-1 /-2 600 000 J mol-1 /
-2.6x106 J mol-1 (1)
Allow TE:
0.32g in (i) (gives 61.53J), ∆H = -17 kJ mol-1
/-17 000 J mol-1 /-1.7x104 J mol-1
50.32g in (i) (gives 9676J) ∆H = -2600 kJ mol-1

/-2 600 000 J mol-1 /-2.6x106 J mol-1
Rounding of moles to 4x10-3 gives –2400 kJ

mol-1 or-15 kJ mol-1 max 2 (loses moles mark)
Answer alone (3)

Max 2 if negative sign missing and/or more than
2 sf or error in units

Number
18 (c) (iii) Any 2 from: 2
• Heat losses (from calorimeter)/ poor Just “energy losses”
insulation
• Incomplete combustion/burning Not all hexane burns
• Incomplete transfer of heat/ loss by
convection Data books give
• Evaporation of fuel (after weighing) average values
• Heat capacity of calorimeter (not
included)/ heat absorbed by calorimeter Hexane is impure
• Measurements not carried out under
standard conditions /H2O is gas, not liquid, Human error
in this experiment
PMT

Number
18 (c) (iv) Error in reading temperature is less than the Using 0.1°C 1
effect of ignoring heat loss etc thermometer gives a
more precise reading
ALLOW but does not improve
Other errors are greater than error in accuracy
temperature reading /
Readings are within margins of error/
The accuracy with the thermometer is not
significantly different from other measurement
errors /
0.1°C is insignificant compared to temperature
change /
Using 0.1°C thermometer does not change
significant figures in final answer /
Using 0.1°C thermometer does not reduce
errors
Number
18 (d) (i) Nickel / Ni Zeolite 1
Finely divided nickel/ Raney nickel Carbon
ALLOW Platinum /Pt Hydrogen
Palladium/ Pd Uv light
Rhodium/ Rh
Accept one of the above answers combined

with a comment such as “at high temperature”,
“heat also needed”, “under pressure”, “lumps
of”, “powdered”
Accept combinations of above answers eg Pt

and Pd
PMT

Number
18 (d) (ii) Left hand arrow, pointing down, labelled ∆Hc 3
hex-1-ene + ∆Hc hydrogen/ -4003-286/-4289
OR
Pointing up with signs given above reversed (1)
Right hand arrow pointing down labelled ∆Hc

hexane / -4163
OR
Pointing up with signs given above reversed (1)
Ignore oxygen on both arrows
Arrows may be labelled ∆H1 etc if key given or

use of numbers in calculation makes this
obvious.
(∆Hreaction – 4163 = -4003 – 286 / or words

applying Hess’ law correctly)
∆Hreaction = -126 however obtained(1)
TE: If arrows point up and signs are not

reversed ∆Hreaction = +126 Max (1)
Number
18 (d) (iii) Same (number and type of) bonds are broken All are alkenes going 1
and made in each reaction / one C=C (and one to alkanes
H-H) are broken and two C-H made
ALLOW all have the same

reaction is –CH=CH- + H2 → -CH2-CH2- each time double bond which
reacts in the same
(Similar energy change) as in each case H2 way
reacts with C=C
Number
19 (a) (i) Reagent: chlorine/ Cl2 (1) Cl 2
Condition: uv/ sunlight (1) Just “heat”
ALLOW light
Mark independently
Ignore reference to temp and pressure if given
with uv light.
If answers reversed/both on one line 1 out of 2
Number
19 (a) (ii) (free) radical (1) 2
Substitution (1)
Mark independently
PMT

Number
19 (b) (i) Hydrogen chloride / HCl Hydrochloric acid 1
Chlorine
HCl (aq)
Cl2

Number
19 (b) (ii) Curly (not half headed) arrow from C=C to H (1) 3
Curly arrow from bond in H-Cl to Cl (1)
Curly arrow from Cl- to C+ (1)
Partial charges on HCl not required

Lone pairs on Cl- not required δ-
It should be clear if arrows are to/ from a bond or an Attack by Cl
atom, but give allowance for precise position or Cl loses 3rd
Correct intermediate without arrows (1) mark only
Correct addition of HBr max 2

Correct addition of HCl to propene max 2
Max 2 for addition of Cl2 instead of HCl (forming 1,2 - Correct free
dichloroethane) radical
Max 1 for addition of Cl2 instead of HCl forming mechanism
chloroethane from ethane
and chlorine
scores 0

Number
19 (c) Higher atom economy from ethene /by 3
electrophilic addition
Higher yield from ethene
Both correct for (1)
From ethene only one product / all atoms are

used making product /no unwanted products
(1)
For ethene yield high as no di-, tri- etc Not much product is
substituted products form /only one product / lost
no by-products
OR no side reactions occur
OR no C4 compounds can form (1)
[Or reverse argument]
PMT

Number
19 (d) (i) 2
Double bond and electrons around C correct (1)

Other electrons correct (1)
Can be all dots or all crosses
First mark can be given if C2H4 drawn correctly

Second mark can be given if C2H5Cl drawn
correctly
Don’t penalise if bonds shown as well as
electrons

Number
19 (d) (ii) Formula not displayed 1
One monomer unit
shown in bracket with
the number 2 outside
bracket
ALLOW
H and Cl below C chain; Cl on C2 and C3 or C1 Cl on C1 and C2
and C4; formula above with brackets at each Cl onC3 and C4
end and n outside end bracket
End bonds should be shown, but don’t penalise

if these don’t go through brackets
H atoms should be shown
PMT

Number
19 (d) (iii) QWC 2
Any 2
Answers could consider the following factors:
• energy for manufacture
• availability / abundance of raw materials
• lifetime of product/ how often will it need
to be replaced /metal rusts/plastic more
easily punctured etc
• ease of recycling /steel an excellent
recyclable material Ignore if other
• consequences of disposal / is it answers given:
biodegradable? cost
• Is it from a non-renewable resource? PVC biodegradable
• Atom economy in manufacture its carbon footprint
Is it environmentally
Allow answers comparing specific properties (if friendly?
correct) illustrating the relevant property
Examples Pollution comments
PVC will last longer than iron due to lack of without reference to
corrosion (1) resources needed to
PVC comes from oil which is non-renewable (1) clean up
PVC and metals come from non-renewable
sources (1)
Credit any two valid points
PMT
PMT
Further copies of this publication are available from

Edexcel Publications, Adamsway, Mansfield, Notts, NG18 4FN
Telephone 01623 467467

Fax 01623 450481
Email [email protected]
Order Code US022675 January 2010
For more information on Edexcel qualifications, please visit www.edexcel.com/quals
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Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London, WC1V 7BH
PMT

Surname Other names
Edexcel GCE
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary

Instructions
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
Information
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
written communication will be assessed
Advice
• Try toananswer
Keep eye on the time.
• Check your answers
every question.
• if you have time at the end.
Turn over
N37962A
*N37962A0124*
7/7/5/2/
PMT
SECTION A
a cross .
1 The compound butane has

A the empirical formula C4H10 and the molecular formula C2H5.
B the empirical formula C2H5 and the molecular formula C4H10.
C the empirical formula C2H5 and the molecular formula CnH2n+2.
D the empirical formula CnH2n+2 and the molecular formula C4H10.
2 For the oxidation of ammonia
a NH3 + b O2 oc NO + d H2O

the values of the coefficients in the balanced equation are
A a = 2, b = 3, c = 2 and d = 3
B a = 4, b = 7, c = 4 and d = 4
C a = 4, b = 5, c = 4 and d = 6
D a = 6, b = 7, c = 6 and d = 9
3 The Avogadro constant is 6.0 × 1023 mol–1. Therefore the number of atoms in 1 mol of
carbon dioxide is
A 2.0 × 1023
B 6.0 × 1023
C 1.2 × 1024
D 1.8 × 1024
2
*N37962A0224*
PMT
4 The equation for the complete combustion of octane is
2C8H18 + 25O2 o16CO2 18H2O
(a) The mass of 10 mol of octane is

(1)
A 0.66 kg
B 1.14 kg
C 2.10 kg
D 2.28 kg
(b) The volume of 1 mol of any gas (measured at room temperature and pressure)
is 24 dm3. Hence the volume of oxygen (measured at room temperature and
pressure) required for the complete combustion of 10 mol of octane is
(1)
A 240 dm3
B 300 dm3
C 3000 dm3
D 6000 dm3
5 The enthalpy change for the reaction
CH4(g) oC(g) + 4H(g)
is +1648 kJ mol–1. Hence the mean bond enthalpy for the C–H bond is
A +329.6 kJ mol–1
B +412.0 kJ mol–1
C +1648 kJ mol–1
D +6592 kJ mol–1
3
*N37962A0324* Turn over
PMT
6 The graph below represents the successive ionization energies of an element X plotted
against the number of the electron removed. X is not the symbol for the element.
4.5
Logarithm 4
ionization
energy 3.5
2.5
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Electron removed
(a) From this graph it is possible to deduce the group in the Periodic Table to which X
belongs. X is in
(1)
A Group 1
B Group 3
C Group 5
D Group 7
(b) From the graph it is possible to deduce that the most stable ion of X will be
(1)
A X3+
B X+
C X–
D X3–
4
*N37962A0424*
PMT
7 Element R is in Group 1 of the Periodic Table and element T is in Group 6. R and T

are not the symbols for the elements.
(a) The compound of R and T will have the formula

(1)
A RT
B RT6
C RT2
D R2T
(b) The compound of R and T will have bonding which is predominantly

(1)
A ionic.
B covalent.
C dative covalent.
D metallic.
(c) In terms of its electrical conductivity, the compound of R and T will

(1)
A conduct when solid and liquid.
B conduct when solid but not when liquid.
C conduct when liquid but not when solid.
D not conduct when solid or liquid.
5
PMT
8 Ethane reacts with chlorine when the substances are exposed to UV radiation.
(a) The equation for this reaction is

(1)
A C2H6 + Cl2 oC2H5Cl + HCl
B C2H6 + Cl2 oC2H4Cl2 + H2
C C2H6 + Cl2 o2CH3Cl
D C2H4 + Cl2 oC2H4Cl2
(b) The role of the UV radiation in the reaction is to

(1)
A break the Cl Cl bond forming Cl• free radicals.
B break the Cl Cl bond forming Cl+ and Cl– ions.
C break the C C bond in ethane forming CH3• free radicals.
D break a C H bond in ethane forming C2H5• free radicals.
(c) The overall reaction between ethane and chlorine is best described as
(1)
A addition.
B homolytic fission.
C heterolytic fission.
D substitution.
6
*N37962A0624*
PMT
9 This question concerns the following compounds
A B C D
Which of these compounds will show geometric (E–Z or cis/trans) isomerism?

A
B
C
D
10 The correct name for the compound shown below is
A 2-methylbut-3-ene
B 3-methylbut-2-ene
C 3-methylbut-3-ene
D 2-methylbut-2-ene
11 Most compounds of lead are insoluble, an exception being lead(II) nitrate. Therefore a
good method of preparing lead(II) sulfate is
A adding dilute sulfuric acid to lead metal.
B adding concentrated sulfuric acid to lead metal.
C adding dilute sulfuric acid to lead(II) nitrate solution.
D adding dilute sulfuric acid to solid lead(II) oxide.
7
PMT
12 Metals usually have high melting temperatures and boiling temperatures because there
are
A strong attractions between the ions.
B strong attractions between the delocalised electrons.
C strong attractions between the ions and the delocalised electrons.
D strong intermolecular forces.
13 In 2006, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was 382 ppm. This is
equivalent to
A 0.00382%
B 0.0382%
C 0.382%
D 3.82%
14 A hazard that is particularly associated with alkanes is that they are

A corrosive.
B flammable.
C toxic by inhalation.
D toxic by skin absorption.
8
*N37962A0824*
PMT
BLANK PAGE
9
PMT
SECTION B
15 The relative atomic mass of an element is determined using a mass spectrometer.
(a) Define the term relative atomic mass.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The mass spectrum of rubidium is shown below.
80 –
70 –
60 –
50 –
Relative
40 –
abundance
30 –
20 –
10 –
0–
–
84.5 85 85.5 86 86.5 87 87.5

Mass/charge ratio
(i) Explain why there are two peaks in the spectrum.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Use the spectrum to calculate the relative atomic mass of rubidium.
(2)
10
*N37962A01024*
PMT
16 (a) Coral reefs are produced by living organisms and predominantly made up of calcium
carbonate. It has been suggested that coral reefs will be damaged by global warming
because of the increased acidity of the oceans due to higher concentrations of carbon
dioxide.
(i) Write a chemical equation to show how the presence of carbon dioxide in water
results in the formation of carbonic acid. State symbols are not required.
(1)
(ii) Write the ionic equation to show how acids react with carbonates.
(2)
11
PMT
(b) One method of determining the proportion of calcium carbonate in a coral is to

dissolve a known mass of the coral in excess acid and measure the volume of
carbon dioxide formed.
In such an experiment, 1.13 g of coral was dissolved in 25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid
(an excess) in a conical flask. When the reaction was complete, 224 cm3 of carbon
dioxide had been collected over water using a 250 cm3 measuring cylinder.
(i) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus that could be used to carry out this
experiment.
(2)
(ii) Suggest how you would mix the acid and the coral to ensure that no carbon
dioxide escaped from the apparatus.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide collected in the experiment.
[The molar volume of any gas is 24 000 cm3 mol–1 at room temperature and
pressure.]
(1)
12
*N37962A01224*
PMT
(iv) Complete the equation below for the reaction between calcium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid by inserting the missing state symbols.
(1)
CaCO3(.............. ) + 2HCl(.......... . . . . ) o CaCl2(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + H2O(l) + CO2(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
(v) Calculate the mass of 1 mol of calcium carbonate.

[Assume relative atomic masses: Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16.]
(1)
(vi) Use your data and the equation in (iv) to calculate the mass of calcium carbonate
in the sample and the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in the coral.
Give your final answer to three significant figures.
(2)
(vii) When this experiment is repeated, the results are inconsistent. Suggest a reason
for this other than errors in the procedure, measurements or calculations.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
PMT
17 This question is about the element chlorine (atomic number = 17).
(a) Complete the electronic structure of chlorine.

(1)
1s2 2s2 ...................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Chlorine forms compounds with magnesium and with carbon.

(i) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the electronic structure of the compound
magnesium chloride (only the outer electrons need be shown).
Include the charges present.
(2)
(ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the electronic structure of the compound
tetrachloromethane (only the outer electrons need be shown).
(2)
14
*N37962A01424*
PMT
*(iii) Suggest why the melting temperature of magnesium oxide is higher than that of
magnesium chloride, even though both are almost 100% ionic.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Magnesium chloride may be prepared from magnesium by reaction with chlorine
or with hydrochloric acid. Compare these two preparations in terms of the atom
economies of the reactions. No calculation is required.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
PMT
BLANK PAGE
16
*N37962A01624*
PMT
18 Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons which, because of their reactivity, are important
industrial starting materials. Alkenes for industrial use are obtained by cracking alkanes.
(a) Write the equation for the cracking of decane (C10H22) to form 1 molecule of propene
as the only alkene.
(1)
(b) The carbon–carbon double bond in alkenes consists of a ı and a ʌ bond.

(i) Explain, using diagrams, the difference between the ı and the ʌ bond in the
carbon–carbon double bond of an alkene.
(4)
Diagrams
Explanation
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) State the type and mechanism involved in the typical reaction of alkenes.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
PMT
*(iii) By considering the strength and structure of the ʌ bond, explain why alkenes are
more reactive than alkanes.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) When propene reacts with hydrogen bromide, there are two possible products.
(i) Draw a displayed formula of each of these products and label the major product.
(2)
(ii) Give the mechanism for the reaction of propene with hydrogen bromide which
forms the major product.
(3)
18
*N37962A01824*
PMT
(iii) Explain, by referring to the mechanism, why the major product is formed.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) The polymer poly(propene) is manufactured from propene.

(i) Write an equation for the polymerization, drawing the displayed formula of the
repeat unit of poly(propene).
(3)
(ii) UV radiation causes poly(propene) to degrade. Suggest one advantage and one
disadvantage of this.
(2)
Advantage ............................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disadvantage ....................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
PMT
BLANK PAGE
20
*N37962A02024*
PMT
19 The enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol was determined using the apparatus
shown in the diagram below. In the experiment, the temperature increase of the water in
the beaker is measured when a known mass of the ethanol is burned.
beaker water
spirit burner
(a) The results of the experiment are summarised in the table below.
Mass of water in the beaker 250.00 g

Mass of spirit burner + contents (initial) 63.21 g
Mass of spirit burner + contents (final) 62.47 g
Temperature of water (initial) 21.0 °C
Temperature of water (final) 31.5 °C
(i) Calculate the heat energy produced by the combustion of the alcohol using the
equation
heat energy produced (J) = mass of water × 4.18 × temperature change
(1)
21
PMT
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of ethanol burned in this experiment (the formula
of ethanol is C2H5OH).
(3)
(iii) Use the equation below to calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of
ethanol in kJ mol–1. Give the value an appropriate sign.
¨H = heat energy produced ÷ number of moles
(2)
(b) The data book value for the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol
is –1370 kJ mol–1.
(i) Calculate the percentage error in the value calculated in (a)(iii) in comparison
with the data book value.
(1)
22
*N37962A02224*
PMT
(ii) List three ways in which the design of the experiment causes the results to be
so different from the data book value. (You should be specific but detailed
explanations are not required.)
(3)
1 . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Use the data book values for enthalpy changes of combustion given in the table
below to calculate the enthalpy change of formation of ethanol.
(3)
Enthalpy change of combustion

Substance
/ kJ mol–1
C(s, graphite) –394
H2(g) –286
C2H5OH(l) –1370

23
*N37962A02324*
PMT
24
*N37962A02424*
PMT

January 2011
GCE

PMT
If you have any subject specific questions about the content of this Mark Scheme that
require the help of a subject specialist, you may find our Ask The Expert email service
helpful.

Alternatively, you can speak directly to a subject specialist at Edexcel on our dedicated
Science telephone line: 0844 576 0037
January 2011

© Edexcel Ltd 2011
6CH01/01
1101
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Section A (multiple choice)
Question Correct Answer Mark

Number
1 B 1

Number
2 C 1

Number
3 D 1

Number
4 (a) B 1

Number
4 (b) C 1

Number
5 B 1

Number
6 (a) B 1

Number
6 (b) A 1

Number
7 (a) D 1

Number
7 (b) A 1

Number
7 (c) C 1

Number
8 (a) A 1
6CH01/01
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Number
8 (b) A 1

Number
8 (c) D 1

Number
9 B 1

Number
10 D 1

Number
11 C 1

Number
12 C 1

Number
13 B 1

Number
14 B 1
6CH01/01
1101
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Section B

Number
15 (a) Average/mean mass of an atom/isotopes (1) “weight” instead of 2
(1/12 mass of an atom of) carbon–12 (1) mass
First mark: mention of mean or average mass of

either an atom/isotopes mean or average mass
IGNORE “weighted” before average or mean of an element...
IGNORE any mention of “moles” in definition without prior mention
of either an atom or
isotopes
Second mark: any mention of carbon-12
IGNORE any reference to “moles” or “1 mole” at

any stage
IGNORE 12 g with reference to carbon-12
Mark the two points independently

Number
15 (b) (i) (Rubidium/it has) two isotopes 1
ALLOW (Rubidium/it has) “different isotopes”
ALLOW abbreviations such as formulae of

rubidium atoms or cations with isotopic masses

Number
15 (b) (ii) 2
85 x 72 + 87 x 28 (1) Calculation of simple
100 arithmetic mean of
= 85.56 or 85.6 (1) 85 + 87 = 86 scores
Correct answer with no working (2) zero
NOTE: Rounding error giving answer 85.5 scores

(1)
IGNORE any units (for example, g/g mol—1/%)
NOTE: If 71% abundance used for 85Rb and 29% for

87
Rb, answer = 85.58 or 85.6 scores (1)
Second mark awarded if answer CQ correct on

wrong abundances and /or wrong isotopic masses.
6CH01/01
1101
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Number
16 (a) (i) H2O + CO2 H2CO3 1
(Allow atoms in H2CO3 in any order)
Or H2O + CO2 H+ + HCO3―
Or H2O + CO2 2H+ + CO32―
Or H3O+ in place of H+
IGNORE STATE SYMBOLS EVEN IF INCORRECT

Number
16 (a) (ii) 2H+ + CO32― H2O + CO2 H2CO3 as a product 2
LHS (1) RHS (1)
OR H+ + CO32― HCO3―
2H3O+ + CO32― 3H2O + CO2
LHS (1) RHS (1) Any other ions
including spectator
IGNORE STATE SYMBOLS, EVEN IF INCORRECT ions (e.g. Ca2+, Cl―) in
IGNORE ⇌ arrows the equation scores
zero

Number
16 (b) (i) 2
If collection over
water is not somehow
evident
Conical flask and a delivery tube leaving the

conical flask (1)
IGNORE “heat” beneath conical flask
Inverted measuring cylinder with collection over

water shown and cylinder above mouth of
delivery tube (1)
ALLOW collection over water to be

shown/implied in the diagram without labels or
other annotation
6CH01/01
1101
PMT

Number
16 (b) (ii) Any method which is likely to bring the reactants Method suggesting 1
into contact after the apparatus is sealed mixing the reactants
and then putting bung
in flask very quickly

Number
16 (b) (iii) (224 ÷ 24000 =) 0.009333/9.333 x 10—3 (mol) “0.009” as answer 1
Ignore SF except 1 SF
Ignore any incorrect units

Number
16 (b) (iv) CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g/aq) 1
ALL FOUR state symbols must be correct for this

mark

Number
16 (b) (v) (Mass of 1 mol CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + 3 x 16) = 100 g 1
ALLOW just “100”

ALLOW any incorrect units
ALLOW “100.1 g ” OR just “100.1” (Reason: this

uses the Periodic Table value of Ar = 40.1 for Ca)

Number
16 (b) (vi) (Mass of CaCO3 = 100 x 0.009333) = 0.9333 (g) (1) 2
IGNORE sig figs including 1 sf here
NOTE: Moles of CaCO3 consequential on answers

to (b)(iii) and (b)(v)
[NOTE: if Ar = 40.1 used for Ca, then the

answer = 0.9339 (g)]
Percentage of CaCO3 in the coral Final % answer is not

= 100 x 0.9333 /1.13 = 82.6% (1) given to 3 sf
NOTE: If mass CaCO3 used is 0.93, final answer is

82.3%
[NOTE: if Ar = 40.1 used for Ca, then the

answers = 0.9339 (g) and 82.7%]
6CH01/01
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Number
16 (b) (vii) (Different samples of) coral have different Answers that do not 1
amounts of CaCO3 /different proportions of CaCO3 include any mention
/ different “levels” of CaCO3 of CaCO3
ALLOW “calcium carbonate” for CaCO3 References to

solubility of CO2 in
OR water
Only one sample of coral (was) used References to

repeating the
experiment at a
different temperature
6CH01/01
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Number
17 (a) (1s2 2s2) 2p6 3s2 3p5 (ignore repetition of 1s2 2s2) 287 1
ALLOW subscripts, correct use of px, py and pz

orbitals or normal font for electrons

Number
17 (b) (i) XX Covalent bonding (0) 2
X X
● CI- X
XX
Mg2+
XX
X X
● CI- X
XX
Correct number of outer electrons (ignore Incorrect numbers of

whether dots and / or crosses) drawn and also electrons in inner
ratio of magnesium : chloride ions is 1:2 (1) shells if drawn for
first mark
Correct formulae and charges of the ions shown “MG2+ ” and/or “CL―”
somewhere for second mark
(1)
NOTE: Diagram for Mg2+ showing the outermost

shell with 8e— (dots and/or crosses) and/or Cl―
shown with a 2 in front or 2 as a subscript would
also score both marks
6CH01/01
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Number
17 (b) (ii) 4 shared pairs of electrons around the carbon Ionic bonding (0) 2
labelled C
(1)
ALL outer electrons, including lone pairs, are
correctly shown on each of the four chlorine
atoms labelled Cl
(1)
ALLOW versions without circles
IGNORE lines between the shared electrons
Mark two points independently

Number
17 (b) (iii) (Comparison of) charges: O2― ions whereas Cl― Use of term chlorine 3
ions and/or oxygen
“atoms” or
OR “molecules”
(0) for answer overall
Statement to the effect that oxide ion has a
greater (negative) charge / greater charge
density than the chloride ion
(1)
(so the force of) attraction between ions is
stronger in MgO (than MgCl2) / stronger ionic
bonding in MgO (than MgCl2)
(1)
More energy is required to separate the ions in “More bonds need to

MgO (than MgCl2) / more energy is required to be broken”
break (ionic) bonds in MgO (than MgCl2) / (1)
Mark the above three points independently
NOTE ALTERNATIVE ANSWER WITH A MAXIMUM OF

TWO MARKS:-
O2― (ions) smaller (than Cl— ions) (1) (0) for answer overall
if mentions
so (force of) attraction between ions is stronger “intermolecular
in MgO (than MgCl2) /stronger ionic bonding in forces”
MgO (than MgCl2) (1)
Ignore ANY references to polarization of ions /

covalent character / degree of covalency.
Mark the above two points independently
6CH01/01
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Number
17 (c) First Mark: 2
EITHER
Magnesium reacts with chlorine to form only
magnesium chloride/
magnesium reacts with chlorine to form only one

product /
magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to form

hydrogen (as well as magnesium chloride) /

more than one product /

a waste product
OR
Both equations Mg + Cl2 MgCl2 and

Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
IGNORE state symbols, even if incorrect

(1)
Second Mark:
EITHER
The reaction with chlorine has an atom economy
which is higher /100%
ALLOW “high”
OR
Any mention of numbers comparing 100 % v.

97.9%
(1)
IGNORE any comments about yield
6CH01/01
1101
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Number
18 (a) C10H22 C7H16 + C3H6 1
ALLOW structural or displayed formulae instead

of molecular formulae
IGNORE any state symbols, even if incorrect
6CH01/01
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Number
18 (b) (i) diagram for the σ-bond 4
e.g.
First Mark:
EITHER
Diagram shows overlap of any-shaped orbitals along the line Just a line
between the two nuclei between the
OR two nuclei
Mentions/implies rotation around a sigma/single bond
(1)
Second Mark: Any written mention, or clear evidence from the

diagram (e.g. shading), of the resultant (high)
electron density (along the line) between the two nuclei
(1)
diagram for the π-bond
e.g.
EITHER
OR
Third Mark:
EITHER
Just curved
Diagram shows two dumb-bell shaped (p-) orbitals(these can be
lines above and
separate dumb-bells or the diagram
below the two
can show the p-orbitals overlapping sideways)
nuclei
OR
Restricted /lack of /no rotation about a pi/double bond
(1)
Fourth Mark: Any written mention, or clear evidence from the
diagram (e.g. shading), of the resultant (high)
electron density above and below (the line between) the two
nuclei
(1)
6CH01/01
1101
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Number
18 (b) (ii) Electrophilic addition 1
BOTH words needed
ALLOW “heterolytic” before electrophilic addition

Number
18 (b) (iii) π bond weaker than σ (bond) / less energy 2
needed to break π bond
ALLOW
π bond weak(er) / π bond easy to break
(1)
π – electrons / π bonds (more) accessible (to

electrophilic attack)
ALLOW
high/higher/more electron density in π bond
(so alkenes more susceptible to electrophilic
attack)
(1)

Number
18 (c) (i) H Br H H H H 2
H C C C H H C C C Br CH3 not
fully
displayed
H H H and H H H
(main product)
both DISPLAYED structures, with ALL bonds and atoms shown
(1)
major product identified or shown as product in (c)(ii) if NOT Incorrect

identified in (c)(i) name of
(1) isomer
for 2nd
mark
NOTE: if only one isomer of C3H7Br is named, assume this is the

required “labelling” of the major product
6CH01/01
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Number
18 (c) (ii) H3C H 3
H3C H
H C C H
H C C H
H (1) for carbocation
H
(1) for arrow
Br (:) Br
(1) for both arrows
H3C H
H C C H
Br H
1st mark: half

Curly arrows must start from the bonds NOT the atoms arrow-
heads
3rd mark:
Bromide ion must clearly have a 1⎯ charge to get this mark Br∂-
NOTE: The arrow from the bromide ion can start from anywhere
on the Br– ion (including the minus sign) or from a lone pair on
Br– if shown
Curly arrow can go to the C or the + sign on the intermediate
TE for mechanism on the isomer identified in (c)(i) or either

mechanism if no major product has been identified in (c)(i)
Mark the three points independently
6CH01/01
1101
PMT

Number
18 (c) (iii) Secondary carbocation (named or described or Answers just in terms 2
drawn) of Markownikoff’s rule
(1)
more stable (than primary) (1)
NOTE: Zero awarded if primary carbocation

thought to be more stable

Number
18 (d) (i) H 3
H
H C H
C C
nC3H6 H H n
Two “n’s” in the equation and a correct formula

(molecular or structural) for propene on left hand “x” instead of “n”
side of the equation (1)
Correct repeating unit, with a methyl branch

shown (1)
ALLOW CH3 fully displayed or just as CH3
Continuation bond at each end (with or without

bracket shown in equation) (1)
Unsaturated polymer scores max (1)
6CH01/01
1101
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Number
18 (d) (ii) (Advantage): “Can be recycled” (0) 2
polypropene will decompose (naturally) for first scoring point
ALLOW “rot” or “break down”
OR Biodegradable for 1st

mark
polypropene will not require landfill (as it can
decompose in sunlight)
OR
no need to incinerate /burn
IGNORE “good for environment” / “no pollution”

(1)
(Disadvantage):
poly(propene) cannot be used when exposed to Answers which do not
(bright) sunlight / UV / outdoors imply exposure to
UV/sunlight
OR
cannot be recycled / cannot be reused Biodegradable for 2nd

(1) mark
6CH01/01
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Number
19 (a) (i) (q = 250 x (31.5 ― 21.0) x 4.18 =) 10972.5 (J) 10000 (J) 1
IGNORE sf except 1 sf
IGNORE units even if incorrect
IGNORE any sign at this stage
ALLOW 10.97 (kJ)

Number
19 (a) (ii) (Mr ethanol) = 46 (1) 3
(Mass ethanol burned = 63.21 ― 62.47 =) 0.74 (g)
ALLOW 63.21 ― 62.47 as alternative to 0.74

(1)
(Amount of ethanol = 0.74 ÷ 46 =) 0.0161 (mol) 0.02 (mol) ethanol

(1)
NOTE: Moles of ethanol are CQ on molar mass and

/or mass of ethanol burned
NOTE: Correct answer with no working /limited

working scores (3)

Number
19 (a) (iii) Answer (i) ÷ (1000 x answer (ii)) (1) 2
NOTE: Be aware of numbers held in calculator

not corresponding to what is written in answer
Value and negative sign (1)
NOTE: Answer consistent with (a)(i) and (a)(ii)

with no working scores (2)
E.g. 10.9725 ÷ (0.74 ÷ 46) = ― 682 (kJ mol–1)
ALLOW Just kJ as the units
NOTE: If correct answer is given in J mol—1, the Correct answer in J

units of J mol—1 must be clearly given for the instead of J mol—1
second mark to be awarded.
6CH01/01
1101
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Number
19 (b) (i) 100 x (1370 ― Answer to (iii)) ÷ 1370 = value Incorrect rounding of 1
e.g. 100 x (1370 ― 682) ÷ 1370 = 50.2 % final answer (0)

Number
19 (b) (ii) Any three from: 3
Heat loss (from the beaker)/beaker not More accurate

insulated/heat loss as no lid on beaker thermometer
(containing the water) /no stirring
(1) Just “experimental
/human error”
Incomplete combustion (of the
alcohol)/formation of soot (on beaker) (1) Experiment carried
out at a different
Not all of the energy from the flame is used to (laboratory)
heat the beaker and/or the water temperature
OR
Too large a distance between flame and beaker /

no draught excluder
(1)
Heat capacity of the beaker is neglected/beaker

absorbs heat/glass absorbs heat (1)
Evaporation of the (hot) alcohol (1)
Evaporation of the (hot) water (1)
6CH01/01
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Number
19 (b) (iii) 2 C(s) + 3H2(g) + ½ O2(g) C2H5OH(l) 3
È È
2CO2 + 3H2O
UHf = 2 x (–394) + 3 x (–286) ― (―1370)
= ― 276 (kJ mol–1)
Correct expression or cycle (1)
Evidence for both doubling ∆Hθc [C] and trebling

∆Hθc [H2] (1)
Correct sign and answer (1)
Correct answer with no working scores (3)
Correct answer with an incorrect cycle (3)
Alternatively the following answers score as

shown even with incorrect cycle or incorrect
units
NOTE:
(+)276 with or without working scores (2)
−690 with or without working scores (1)
REMINDER IF ANY OTHER ANSWER IS GIVEN:

ALL WORKING MUST BE CHECKED TO SEE IF ANY
MARKS CAN BE AWARDED
6CH01/01
1101
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Fax 01623 450481

6CH01/01
1101
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Surname Other names
Edexcel GCE
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Friday 13 January 2012 – Afternoon Paper Reference

Instructions
t Use black ink or ball-point pen.
t Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
t Answer all questions.
t Answer the questions in the spaces provided
Information
t The total mark for this paper is 80.
t – use this asfora guide
The marks each question are shown in brackets
as to how much time to spend on each question.
t written
communication will be assessed
t A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
t Keep
Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
t Try toananswer
eye on the time.
t Check your answers
every question.
t if you have time at the end.
Turn over
P39295A
©2012 Pearson Education Ltd.
*P39295A0124*
7/7/5/3/
PMT
SECTION A
a cross .
1 A molecule is
A a group of atoms bonded by ionic bonds.
B a group of atoms bonded by covalent bonds.
C a group of ions bonded by covalent bonds.
D a group of atoms bonded by metallic bonds.
2 The relative atomic mass is defined as

A the mass of an atom of an element relative to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12
atom.
B the mass of an atom of an element relative to the mass of a hydrogen atom.
C the average mass of an element relative to 1/12 the mass of a carbon atom.
D the average mass of an atom of an element relative to 1/12 the mass of a
carbon-12 atom.
2
*P39295A0224*
PMT
3 The definition of the mole is

A the amount of any substance which occupies a volume of 24 dm3 at room
temperature and pressure.
B the amount of any substance containing the same number of identical entities as
there are in exactly 12 g of the carbon-12 isotope.
C the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of the carbon-12 isotope.
D the number of molecules in exactly 2 g of hydrogen at room temperature and
pressure.
4 The concentration of blood glucose is usually given in millimoles per dm3 or

mmol dm–3. A reading of 5.0 mmol dm–3 is within the normal range. Glucose has a
molar mass of 180 g mol–1. What mass of glucose dissolved in 1 dm3 of blood would
give this normal reading?
A 0.090 g
B 0.18 g
C 0.90 g
D 9.0 g
5 In an experiment performed to measure the enthalpy change for the reaction
Cu2+DT=QVĺ&XV=Q2+(aq)

3.0 g of zinc powder (an excess) was added to 30.0 cm3 of copper(II) sulfate solution
of concentration 1.00 mol dm–3. The temperature rise of the mixture was 47.6 K.
Assuming that the heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 J K–1 g–1, the enthalpy change for
the reaction is given by
A ǻH íîî·
B ǻH íîî·
C ǻH íîîî
D ǻH íîîî
3
*P39295A0324* Turn over
PMT
6 7KHHQWKDOS\FKDQJHRIDWRPL]DWLRQRILRGLQHLVWKHYDOXHRIǻH for the process

A I2(s)oI2(g)
B I2(s)o2I(g)
C I2(g)o2I(g)
D ½I2(s)oI(g)
7 The enthalpy change for the reaction
C(s, graphite) + ½O2(g)oCO(g)

cannot be measured directly since some carbon dioxide is always formed in the reaction.
It can be calculated using Hess’s Law and the enthalpy changes of combustion of
graphite and of carbon monoxide.
C(s, graphite) + O2(g)oCO2JǻH íN-PRO–1
CO(g) + ½O2(g)oCO2JǻH íN-PRO–1
The enthalpy change for the reaction of graphite with oxygen to give carbon monoxide
is
A íN-PRO–1
B N-PRO–1
C íN-PRO–1
D N-PRO–1
4
*P39295A0424*
PMT
8 7KHPRODUHQWKDOS\FKDQJHRIFRPEXVWLRQRIVRPHDONDQHVLVJLYHQEHORZLQN-PRO–1.
C3H8 í
C4H10 í
C5H12 í
C6H14 í
$QRWKHUDONDQHZDVIRXQGWRKDYHDQHQWKDOS\FKDQJHRIFRPEXVWLRQRIíN-PRO–1.
7KHDONDQHLV
A C7H16
B C8H18
C C9H20
D C10H22
9 If the mean C H bond enthalpy is +x, which of the following represents a process with
an enthalpy change of +4x?
A C(g) + 4H(g)oCH4(g)
B CH4(g)oC(g) + 4H(g)
C CH4(g)oC(s, graphite) + 2H2(g)
D C(s, graphite) + 2H2(g)oCH4(g)
10 7KHILUVWHLJKWLRQL]DWLRQHQHUJLHVRIDQHOHPHQWDUHLQN-PRO–1):

789, 1577, 3232, 4356, 16091, 19785, 23787, 29253.
The element is in
A Group 1
B Group 2
C Group 3
D Group 4
5
PMT
11 Which of the graphs shows (from left to right) the trend in the ionic radius of the
isoelectronic ions N3–, O2–, F–, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+?
A B
Ionic Ionic
radius radius
N3– O2– F– (Ne) Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ N3– O2– F– (Ne) Na+ Mg2+ Al3+
C D
Ionic Ionic
radius radius
N3– O2– F– (Ne) Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ N3– O2– F– (Ne) Na+ Mg2+ Al3+
6
*P39295A0624*
PMT
12 Oxygen can be prepared using several different reactions. Which of those given below
has the highest atom economy by mass?
A NaNO3oNaNO2 + ½O2
B H2O2oH2O + ½O2
C Cl2 + H2Oo2HCl + ½O2
D PbO2oPbO + ½O2
13 The ionic radii in nm of some ions are given below.
Li+ 0.074 F– 0.133

Ca2+ 0.100 Cl– 0.180
O2– 0.140
S2– 0.185
(a) Which of the following compounds has the most exothermic lattice energy? They all
have the same crystal structure.
(1)
A LiF
B LiCl
C CaO
D CaS
(b) Which of the following compounds will show the greatest difference between the
experimental (Born-Haber) lattice energy and that calculated from a purely ionic
model?
(1)
A LiF
B Li2O
C CaO
D CaS
7
PMT
14 Which of the following is the correct order for the processes used to obtain petrol from
petroleum (crude oil)?
A Petroleumofractional distillationoreformingoFUDFNLQJopetrol.
B Petroleumoreformingofractional distillationoFUDFNLQJopetrol.
C PetroleumoFUDFNLQJoreformingofractional distillationopetrol.
D Petroleumofractional distillationoFUDFNLQJoreformingopetrol.
15 In the reaction between ethene and bromine, the bromine molecule acts as an
electrophile.
CH2 CH2 + Br2 oBrCH2CH2Br
Which of the following statements is true?
A Ethene acts as a nucleophile because it is polar.
B Ethene acts as a nucleophile because it can donate a pair of electrons to
bromine.
C Ethene is not a nucleophile in this reaction.
D Ethene acts as a nucleophile because it donates a single electron to bromine.
16 1DPHWKHDONHQHVKRZQEHORZ
H3C CH2CH2CH3
C C
H CH2CH3
A Z-4-ethylhex-4-ene
B E-3-ethylhex-2-ene
C Z-3-ethylhex-2-ene
D E-3-propylpent-2-ene
8
*P39295A0824*
PMT
17 If propene, CH3CH CH2, is reacted with aqueous acidified potassium manganate(VII)

the organic product is
A CH3CH(OH)CH2OH
B CH3CH(OH)CH3
C HOCH2CH2CH2OH
D CH3CH2CH2OH
18 How many compounds have the formula C5H12?

A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
19 An organic compound reacts with chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet light. The
relative molecular mass of the product has increased by 34.5 compared with the original
compound. What is the reaction mechanism?
A Free radical substitution
B Electrophilic substitution
C Nucleophilic substitution
D Free radical addition
9
PMT
SECTION B
20 (a) An impure sample of sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3, of mass 0.227 g, was

reacted with an excess of hydrochloric acid. The volume of carbon dioxide evolved
was measured at room temperature and pressure and found to be 58.4 cm3.
NaHCO3 + HCloNaCl + H2O + CO2
The molar volume of any gas at the temperature and pressure of the experiment is
24 dm3 mol–1. The molar mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate is 84 g mol–1.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide given off.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate present in the impure sample.
(2)
(iii) Calculate the percentage purity of the sodium hydrogencarbonate. Give your
answer to two significant figures.
(2)
10
*P39295A01024*
PMT
(b) (i) The total error in reading the gas syringe is ±0.4 cm3. Calculate the percentage
error in measuring the gas volume of 58.4 cm3.
(1)
(ii) Suggest why the carbon dioxide should not be collected over water in this
experiment.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
PMT
21 (a) On strong heating, calcium carbonate decomposes to calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide:
CaCO3(s)oCaO(s) + CO2(g)
Owing to the conditions under which the reaction occurs, it is not possible to
measure the enthalpy change directly.
An indirect method employs the enthalpy changes when calcium carbonate and
calcium oxide are neutralized with hydrochloric acid.
(i) Write the equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.
[ǻH1 is the enthalpy change for this reaction]
(1)
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ǻH1
(ii) The reaction of calcium oxide with hydrochloric acid is
CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq)oCaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) ǻH2

Use the equations in parts (i) and (ii) to complete the Hess’s Law cycle below
to show how you could calculate the enthalpy change for the decomposition of
FDOFLXPFDUERQDWHǻHreaction. Label the arrows in your cycle.
(3)
ǻHreaction
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
12
*P39295A01224*
PMT
LLL &RPSOHWHWKHH[SUHVVLRQIRUǻHreaction in terms of ǻH1 and ǻH2.

(1)
ǻHreaction =
(b) Suggest two reasons why the value obtained by carrying out these two experiments
DQGXVLQJWKHHTXDWLRQJLYHVDYDOXHGLIIHUHQWWRWKHGDWDERRNOHWYDOXHIRUWKH
decomposition reaction of calcium carbonate.
(2)
1 . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
PMT
BLANK PAGE
14
*P39295A01424*
PMT
22 (a) State how the following processes are achieved in a mass spectrometer.
(i) Ionization of the sample.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Acceleration of the ions.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Deflection of the ions.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) State how you could find the molecular mass of a substance from its mass spectrum.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F/LYLQJWKLQJVWDNHXSWKHUDGLRDFWLYHLVRWRSHFDUERQIURPWKHDWPRVSKHUH
In recent years a particular linen cloth was shown, using mass spectrometry, to
have been made from flax grown in the early 14th century. Suggest how mass
spectrometry can be used to estimate the age of the cloth.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
PMT
*23 The melting temperatures of the elements of Period 3 are given in the table below. Use
these values to answer the questions that follow.
P S
Element Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar
(white) (monoclinic)
Melting
371 922 933 1683 317 392 172 84
temperature / K
(a) Explain why the melting temperature of sodium is very much less than that of
magnesium.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Explain why the melting temperature of silicon is very much greater than that of
white phosphorus.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
*P39295A01624*
PMT
(c) Explain why the melting temperature of argon is the lowest of all the elements of
Period 3.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Explain why magnesium is a good conductor of electricity whereas sulfur is a

non-conductor.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
PMT
24 (a) Briefly describe an experiment, with a diagram of the apparatus you would use,
which shows that there are oppositely charged ions in copper(II) chromate(VI),
CuCrO4. Describe what you would expect to see.
Formula of ion Colour

Cu2+(aq) blue
CrO42–(aq) yellow
(4)
Diagram
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The ions in an ionic lattice are held together by an overall force of attraction.
(i) Describe the forces of attraction in an ionic lattice.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Suggest two forces of repulsion which exist in an ionic lattice.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
*P39295A01824*
PMT
(c) Part of the Born-Haber cycle for magnesium oxide, MgO, is shown below.
E
2+
Mg (g) + O(g)
Mg2+(g) + ½O2(g)
C
F
Mg(g) + ½O2(g)
Mg(s) + ½O2(g)
A
MgO(s)
(i) Complete the empty box with the appropriate formulae and state symbols.
(2)
(ii) Identify the enthalpy changes represented by the letters A and C.
(2)
A . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C . . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Give the expression for the enthalpy change F in terms of the other enthalpy
changes A to E.
(1)
F=
19
PMT
(d) The lattice composed of the ions Mg2+ and O2– is stronger than a lattice composed of
the ions Mg+ and O– .
(i) Explain, in terms of the charges on the ions and the size of the cations, why this
is so.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Suggest how the lattice energy of Mg2+O2– would differ from that of Mg+O–.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
*P39295A02024*
PMT
25 Chloroethane can be made from ethane and chlorine in the gas phase in the presence of
ultraviolet light. The equation for the reaction is
CH3CH3 + Cl2oCH3CH2Cl + HCl
(a) Complete the mechanism for the reaction. Two of the steps have been given for you.
(4)
Initiation: Cl2o2Cl·
Propagation (two steps)

(i)
(ii)
Termination (three steps)

2Cl·oCl2
(iii)
(iv)
(b) This reaction gives a poor yield of chloroethane. Give the structural formula and
name of another organic product, not included in your mechanism for part (a), which
could be produced in the reaction.
(2)
Formula
Name ...................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
PMT
(c) Chlorine gas is extremely toxic and is therefore a significant hazard. The preparation
PXVWEHSHUIRUPHGVRDVWRPLQLPLVHWKHULVNWRWKHH[SHULPHQWHU
(i) Explain the difference between hazard and risk.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LL *LYHRQHSUHFDXWLRQWKDW\RXZRXOGXVHLQWKLVH[SHULPHQWWRPLQLPLVHWKHULVN
other than the use of a laboratory coat and safety goggles.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
*P39295A02224*
PMT
26 D7KHDONHQHVKDYHWKHJHQHUDOIRUPXOD&nH2n. However, a compound with this

JHQHUDOIRUPXODLVQRWQHFHVVDULO\DQDONHQH6XJJHVWZK\WKLVLVVR
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E*LYHWKHHTXDWLRQXVLQJVNHOHWDOIRUPXODHIRUWKHUHDFWLRQRISURSHQHZLWKHDFKRI
the following.
(i) Hydrogen:
(1)
(ii) Hydrogen bromide to form the major product:

(2)
(c) Give the mechanism for the reaction of propene with hydrogen bromide, HBr, to
form the major product.
(3)

23
*P39295A02324*
PMT
24
*P39295A02424*
PMT

January 2012
GCE Chemistry (6CH01) Paper 01

The Core Principles of Chemistry
PMT
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If you have any subject specific questions about this specification that
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January 2012

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PMT
• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must

mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the
last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be

rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather than penalised
for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according

to their perception of where the grade boundaries may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme

should be used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded.

Examiners should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the
answer matches the mark scheme. Examiners should also be
prepared to award zero marks if the candidate’s response is not
worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the

principles by which marks will be awarded and exemplification may be
limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark

scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader must be
consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has

replaced it with an alternative response.
• Mark schemes will indicate within the table where, and which strands
of QWC, are being assessed. Questions labelled with an asterix (*)
are ones where the quality of your written communication will be
assessed.
6CH01_01
1201
PMT
Examiners should look for qualities to reward rather than faults to

penalise. This does NOT mean giving credit for incorrect or inadequate
answers, but it does mean allowing candidates to be rewarded for
answers showing correct application of principles and knowledge.
Examiners should therefore read carefully and consider every response:
even if it is not what is expected it may be worthy of credit.

/ means that the responses are alternatives and either answer should
receive full credit.
( ) means that a phrase/word is not essential for the award of the mark,
but helps the examiner to get the sense of the expected answer.
Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase or the
actual word is essential to the answer.
ecf/TE/cq (error carried forward) means that a wrong answer given in an
earlier part of a question is used correctly in answer to a later part of the
same question.
Candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the
mark. Make sure that the answer makes sense. Do not give credit for
correct words/phrases which are put together in a meaningless manner.
Answers must be in the correct context.

Questions which involve the writing of continuous prose will expect
candidates to:
• write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation in
order to make the meaning clear
• select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and to
complex subject matter
• organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist vocabulary
when appropriate.
Full marks will be awarded if the candidate has demonstrated the above
abilities.
Questions where QWC is likely to be particularly important are indicated
(QWC) in the mark scheme, but this does not preclude others.
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
1 B 1

Number
2 D 1

Number
3 B 1

Number
4 C 1

Number
5 A 1

Number
6 D 1

Number
7 C 1

Number
8 C 1

Number
9 B 1

Number
10 D 1

Number
11 A 1

Number
12 B 1
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
13(a) C (1)
13(b) D (1) 2

Number
14 D 1

Number
15 B 1

Number
16 C 1

Number
17 A 1

Number
18 C 1

Number
19 A 1
6CH01_01
1201
PMT
Section B

Number
20(a)(i) (Amount CO2 = 0.0584 dm3 ÷ 24 1
dm3 mol – 1)
= 0.0024333/2.4333 x 10−3 (mol) 0.002/2 x 10−3
or any other
value
IGNORE sf except 1
No working needed WRONG units
Mark final answer with correct
numerical
answer scores
(0)

Number
20(a)(ii) First mark: 2
amount CO2 = amount NaHCO3
OR
use of candidate’s answer to (a)(i)
stated (or implied by final answer
given)
(1)
Second mark:
∴ mass NaHCO3 = 0.0024333 (mol) x
84 (g mol – 1)
= 0.2044 (g)
ALLOW 0.2 (g)
This mark is for evidence of

multiplying their moles of NaHCO3 by
84
(1)
IGNORE sf including 1 sf
Correct answer with no working

scores (2)
ALLOW consequentially from (i).
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
20(a)(iii) % purity = (0.2044 g x 100) ÷ 2
0.227g = 90.04 % (1)
= 90% (1) (2 sf only) Answers not to 2
sf or answers
ALLLOW consequentially from (i) and incorrectly
(ii) rounded up do
not score 2nd
NOTE: mark
The second mark to be awarded for
2sf answers less than a 100% Answers > 100%
(e.g. 10% scores (1). This is the score (0) overall
percentage impurity)

scores (2)
Can score both marks via moles

rather than masses

Number
20(b)(i) 0.4 / 58.4 x 100 = (±) 0.68493(%) (±) 1.37 (%) 1
IGNORE sf (including 1 sf so (±) 0.7 etc., as the
(%) is OK here) uncertainty
should NOT be
doubled
Answers
incorrectly
rounded (e.g.
0.684 / 0.67 /
0.68492)

Number
20(b)(ii) Any one of:- “CO2 not the only 1
CO2 dissolves /soluble (in water) gas given off”
CO2 reacts (with water) / CO2 forms
carbonic acid / CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
CO2 diffuses/is
ALLOW lost/mixes with
CO2 absorbed (by water) water
IGNORE suggestions to use a gas “Water is also a

syringe product of the
experiment”
“Suck-back”
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
21(a)(i) CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 H2CO3 instead of 1
ALLOW multiples “H2O + CO2” on
No other species to be allowed right hand side
IGNORE state symbols even if of equation
incorrect

Number
21(a)(ii) 3
∆Hreaction
( CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

)
(2HCl) ∆H1 ∆H2 (2HCl)
CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Mark each point independently
First mark:
All three formulae in box, ignoring state
symbols (even if incorrect)
This mark is stand alone, NOT to be Any other

marked CQ on answer to (a)(i) formulae
(1)
Second mark:
Two arrows, BOTH pointing downwards
(1)
Third mark:
Left hand arrow labelled as ∆H1 AND right
hand arrow labelled ∆H2 (whatever the
direction of the arrows) (1)

Number
21(a)(iii) (∆Hreaction) = ∆H1 – ∆H2 Any other 1
This is a stand alone answer NOT to expression
be marked CQ on (a)(ii) and/or
(a)(i)
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
21(b) Any two from: “Incomplete reaction” 2
Heat /energy loss
OR “Incomplete
Heat /energy loss to combustion”
surroundings
OR “Inaccuracy of
Heat /energy loss to apparatus equipment/apparatus”
(1)
“Human error”
Measured under non-standard
conditions (1) CO2 escapes
Specific heat capacity of solutions Bond enthalpies

is approximate (1)
Impurity of reactants
Density of solution assumed to
be 1 g cm−3/same as (pure) Transfer losses
water
(1) Side-reactions
Large relative error in

temperature measurement (1)
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
22(a)(i) The mark is for the idea of 1
impact by high energy electrons
Any ONE of:

High-energy electrons High-density
Bombard with electrons electrons
Fast electrons (fired at sample)
Accelerated electrons (fired at
sample)
(High-energy) electrons fired (at
sample)
(Sample) blasted with electrons
Electron gun
ALLOW “beam of electrons”
IGNORE any comments (correct or

incorrect) re subsequent ionization of
the sample

Number
22(a)(ii) Electric field /electrostatic field / Positively- 1
charged plates /voltage plates charged
plates /electronic
field /electric
current /(electro)
magnetic field /
electric coil

Number
22(a)(iii) Magnetic field/magnet / “Negative 1
electromagnet /magnetic plates/ magnetic field”/
electromagnetic field negatively-
charged magnet
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
22(b) (Molecular mass of a substance is) Highest peak/ 1
that of the molecular ion/parent ion tallest peak/
OR comments about
(m/e value for) peak/ion of largest determination of
mass relative atomic
OR mass
(m/e value for) peak/ion furthest to
the right
ALLOW “last peak”/“peak at the

end”

Number
22(c) Mark independently: 2
First mark:
Any mention of (determination of)

amount /mass/abundance of 14C (in
cloth)
ALLOW
Any mention of (determination of)
concentration/content/percentage of 14C
(in cloth)
OR
find proportion of 12C : 14C (in cloth)
(1)
Second mark:
Any mention of any one of the

following:-
(Use) half-life of 14C / amount of 14C

mention that amount of 14C (in cloth) (in cloth)
decreases (over time) / increases
14
C decays over time / (over time)
comparison of amount of 14C in living
systems /
comparison of amount of 14C in modern
materials /
compare with 12C : 14C in living
systems (1)
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
*23(a) ALLOW reverse arguments in each 3
case
Any three from:-
• sodium atoms/sodium ions

are larger (than magnesium
atoms/ions)
NOTE:
Allow symbols (eg Na or Na+ ) (1)
• sodium ions are Na+ whereas

magnesium ions are Mg2+ OR
Na+/sodium ions have smaller
charge (density) than Mg2+/
magnesium ions (1)
[NOTE:
It follows that the statement that “Na+
ions are larger than Mg2+ ions” would
score the first two scoring points
above)]
• sodium has fewer delocalized Attraction between

electrons (than magnesium) nucleus and
(1) (delocalized)
electrons
• attraction between the positive
ions and (delocalized) electrons
is weaker in sodium (than
magnesium) (1)
• sodium is not close-packed (but

magnesium is close-packed)
(1)
• less energy needed (to break Mention of

bonds) (1) intermolecular
forces/molecules
negates the energy
mark
NOTE:
Arguments based on
ionization energies
OR suggestion of
removal of outer
shell electrons as
part of the melting
process scores (0)
overall
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
*23(b) First mark: 3
Idea of (breaking) covalent bonds Intermolecular
in silicon (1) forces broken in
silicon/ covalent
bonds broken in
phosphorus
Second and third marks:
ANY TWO FROM
• Silicon is giant covalent / “silicon giant

giant atomic/giant molecular/ ionic”/“silicon
macromolecular/giant giant metallic”
structure/giant lattice
IGNORE just “giant” (1)
• Phosphorus made up of simple

molecules /small molecules/ P4
molecules /phosphorus is
molecular covalent
/molecular/simple covalent
IGNORE just “simple”/”simple
structure” (1)
• Between phosphorus
molecules: weak forces/weak
intermolecular forces/weak
London forces/weak van der
Waals’ forces/weak dispersion
forces/weak induced-dipole
forces (1)
[ALLOW “weak bonds” if implies Weak bonds

between phosphorus molecules] between
phosphorus
atoms
• More energy needed (to break

bonds in silicon) (1)
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
*23(c) IGNORE any references to 1
“energy” in this part of the
question
Argon monatomic/argon (composed Any suggestion

of) single atoms that argon is
NOTE: This must be stated in words, molecular
not just by use of its symbol Ar
Argon having a
IGNORE any comments about argon giant structure
atoms having a full outer shell or (of atoms)
argon being a noble gas
IGNORE any comment about

forces/bonds between argon particles

Number
*23(d) First mark: 2
Mg has mobile electrons/delocalized Mg has free

electrons/free electrons/sea of ions/Mg has
electrons (to carry the charge) mobile ions
ALLOW Mg2+ instead of Mg or

magnesium (1)
Second mark:
Sulfur’s electrons are fixed (in Sulfur has ‘no

covalent bonds)/sulfur’s electrons free ions’/sulfur
are involved in bonding/sulfur’s has delocalized
electrons are not free (to move)/no electrons/just
delocalized electrons in sulfur/no “sulfur has
mobile electrons in sulfur (1) covalent bonds”/
just “sulfur is not
a metal”
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
24(a) First mark: 4
Diagram showing U-tube OR filter
paper on a microscope slide OR
electrodes in a beaker OR other feasible
set-up such as
but a + and a — sign must be

shown somewhere on the diagram
by signs or words, positive and
negative.
NOTES
If set-up in the picture above is used, in
addition to the + and — signs a bridge
between the two beakers must also be
shown.
External circuits do not have to be
complete (e.g. wires can be shown
attached to a slide, provided the + and
— labels included).
If the words cathode and/or anode are

included, for the first mark to be
awarded the cathode must be shown as
—ve and/or the anode as +ve
If a battery symbol
shown, IGNORE any incorrect polarities,

that is
+
IGNORE any electrode materials

EXCEPT Cu2+ and/or CrO42— (1)
6CH01_01
1201
PMT
Just ions are

Second mark: attracted to the
Description to include the idea that the electrodes of
ions move/ions are mobile/ions opposite
migrate charge
MUST BE IN WORDS
ALLOW if description focuses on the

movement of one of the ions to the
oppositely-charged electrode (1)
Third mark:
Yellow ion/yellow (colour)/CrO42—
moves towards the/+ve (electrode)/
anode (1)
Fourth mark:
Blue ion/blue (colour)/Cu2+ moves
towards cathode /—ve (electrode) (1)
Mark CQ on candidate’s cathode and

anode signs for the 3rd and 4th marks

Number
24(b)(i) (Forces of attraction between) Just ionic bonds/ 1
oppositely-charged ions/positive and Just “electrostatic
negative ions/cations and anions forces of
IGNORE comments about electron attraction”
transfer

Number
24(b)(ii) First mark: 2
Ions of the same charge (repel)/ “Magnetic
positive ions (repel)/negative ions repulsion”
(repel) (1) negates first
mark
Second mark:
Nuclei (of the ions repel) ALLOW
‘protons’ (in the ions repel) “Electrons repel
OR nuclei”
Electron clouds
OR
electrons (in the ions repel) (1)
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
24(c)(i) Mg2+(g) (1) 2
O2− (g) (1)
Penalise missing /incorrect state

symbols once only
Max 1 if include “2e−”

Number
24(c)(ii) (A is enthalpy change of) formation “(enthalpy 2
(of MgO) (1) change of)
ALLOW just “∆Hf” reaction”
ALLOW (enthalpy change of)
combustion of magnesium
(C is) (sum of) first plus second Just “ionization

ionization energies (of Mg) / energy”/ “second
IE1 + IE2 (for Mg) (1) ionization
energy” (of Mg)
ALLOW “first and second ionization

energies (of Mg)”
IGNORE references to “standard”

Number
24(c)(iii) (F =) A – B – C – D – E 1
NOTE: These letters may be in any
order, but the signs MUST be correct
ALLOW answers when the enthalpy

changes are identified correctly in
words or symbols in lieu of the
letters
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
24(d)(i) First mark: Any mention of 2
Mg2+ AND O2− higher charge / ‘intermolecular
Mg2+ AND O2− higher charge forces’ scores (0)
density (than Mg+ and O−) overall for this
NOTE: both ions needed question
(1)
Second mark:
Mg2+ smaller (than Mg+) (1)
IGNORE comparisons of the relative

sizes of O− with O2− even if
INCORRECT
IGNORE any references to

polarization (of ions) and/or
covalent character

Number
24(d)(ii) (Lattice energy of Mg2+O2- is) 1
more exothermic/more negative “energy
required”
ALLOW greater/increased/higher/ OR
more/larger/bigger Lower/less/
smaller
IGNORE “stronger lattice”
6CH01_01
1201
PMT
N.B. Throughout, ALLOW C2H6 for CH3CH3 and C2H5Cl for CH3CH2Cl and
C2H5● for CH3CH2● and C4H10 for CH3CH2CH2CH3 etc
If CH4 used instead of CH3CH3 max (1) mark overall for (a)(i) and (a)(ii)
taken together
Then mark (a)(iii) and (a)(iv) CQ as for CH4
IGNORE positions of the dots in free radicals; dots must be shown in each
radical

Number
25(a)(i) CH3CH3 + Cl → CH3CH2 + HCl 1
OR
CH3CH2 + Cl2 → CH3CH2Cl + Cl

Number
25(a)(ii) CH3CH2 + Cl2 → CH3CH2Cl + Cl 1
OR
CH3CH3 + Cl → CH3CH2 + HCl
N.B. different answers for (i) and (ii)

needed

Number
25(a)(iii) 2CH3CH2 → CH3CH2CH2CH3 Cl + Cl → Cl2 1
OR
CH3CH2 + Cl → CH3CH2Cl

Number
25(a)(iv) CH3CH2 + Cl → CH3CH2Cl 1
OR
2CH3CH2 → CH3CH2CH2CH3
N.B. different answers for (iii) and

(iv) needed
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
25(b) First mark: Butane /C4H10 / 2
Structural formula (enough to see CH3CH2CH2CH3 /
the structure) of any chlorobutane /
polyhalogenated ethane hexane /
derivative chloromethane
OR
any polyhalogenated methane
derivative
ALLOW correct displayed or skeletal

formula (1)
Second mark:
If first mark awarded the name
must be consequentially correct
IGNORE any missing or incorrect

numbering in name (e.g.
“dichloroethane” scores the mark)
IGNORE missing or incorrect

hyphens
If first mark NOT awarded then only

ALLOW correct name of any
polyhalogenated ethane or
polyhalogenated methane
derivative (1)
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
25(c)(i) 1st mark for HAZARD: 2
This mark is for the idea of: Just “causes
(substance or procedure that) can harm”/just “is
cause harm/may cause harm/has the a danger”
potential to do harm/can be
dangerous
ALLOW references to specific hazards

such as toxic/flammable /harmful/
irritant /corrosive /oxidizing/
carcinogenic for the mark (1)
2nd mark for RISK:

This mark is for the idea of
likelihood/probability/chance that
harm will result (from the use of a
substance or a procedure) (1)

Number
25(c)(ii) fume cupboard Just ‘open 1
OR windows’/Just
gloves well-ventilated
OR lab/Just ‘gas
u.v. goggles mask’/Just “use
of smaller
quantities”/close
d system/closed
experiment
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
26(a) (CnH2n could be a) 1
ring / cyclic (compound)
ALLOW identification of any specific
cyclic compound (e.g. cyclohexane)
IGNORE any reference to “fewer

hydrogen atoms”

Number
26(b)(i) 1
All must be correct for the mark

Number
26(b)(ii) 2
First mark:-
An equation with the reactants shown
correctly and EITHER 2-bromopropane
OR 1-bromopropane shown as the
product
NOTE: The C-Br bond MUST be shown

in the skeletal formula for the first
mark
(1)
Second mark (stand alone, even if

no equation attempted or left-hand
side of equation incorrect):-
Correct skeletal formula of

2-bromopropane (1)
Penalise lack of skeletal formulae once

only in (b)(i) and (b)(ii) when taken
together
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Number
26(c) H3C 3
H
H3C H
C C H C C H + Br
H H H
H
carbocation (1)
Br
both arrows (1)
H 3C H 3C
H H
H C C H H C C H
H Br H
(:)Br
attack of bromide ion (1)
First mark:
Curly arrow from C=C to H (in H-Br) AND curly Full +
arrow from bond in H-Br to the Br and –
IGNORE polarity of HBr even if incorrect (1) charges
on HBr
Second mark:
Structure of correct secondary carbocation (1) Extra /
spare
bond
dangling
from the
C+
carbon
Third mark:
Curly arrow from anywhere on the bromide ion
towards the C+ on the carbocation
NOTE: The bromide ion must have a full negative δ− on

charge, but the lone pair of electrons on the Br− bromide
NEED NOT be shown ion
instead
of Br−
NOTE: A correct mechanism leading to the
formation of 1-bromopropane scores the first and
third marks only (so max (2))
Skeletal formulae can be used
6CH01_01
1201
PMT
If but-2-ene is the starting alkene, only 3rd mark

can be awarded
If but-1-ene is the starting alkene, 2nd and 3rd

marks can be awarded
If single-headed arrows used throughout but

all else correct, then max (2) can be awarded
for mechanism
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

International Regional Offices at www.edexcel.com/international
For more information on Edexcel qualifications, please visit

www.edexcel.com
Alternatively, you can contact Customer Services at

www.edexcel.com/ask or on + 44 1204 770 696
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with its registered office at Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex CM20 2JE
6CH01_01
1201
PMT

Surname Other names
Edexcel GCE
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary

Instructions
Information
t written
Advice
t Keep
t Try toananswer
eye on the time.
every question.
Turn over
P41212A
*P41212A0124*
7/6/5/5/4/5/
PMT
SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes
on this section. For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
a cross .
1 When aqueous solutions of barium chloride and potassium sulfate are mixed, a white
precipitate forms. The ionic equation for the reaction is
A K+(aq) + Cl− (aq) o KCl(s)
B K2+(aq) + 2Cl− (aq) o KCl2(s)
C Ba+(aq) + SO4− (aq) o BaSO4(s)
D Ba2+(aq) + SO42− (aq) o BaSO4(s)
2 Which of the following processes has the highest atom economy?

A Making poly(ethene) from ethene.
B Making ethene from eicosane, C20H42.
C Making chloromethane from methane.
D Making magnesium chloride from magnesium and hydrochloric acid.
3 How many molecules are present in 16 g of oxygen gas, O2(g)?

[Avogadro constant = 6 × 1023 mol−1]
A 96 × 1023
B 12 × 1023
C 6 × 1023
D 3 × 1023
2
*P41212A0224*
PMT
4 Nickel(II) sulfate is prepared by adding an excess of nickel(II) carbonate to 0.010 mol

of dilute sulfuric acid.
NiCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) o NiSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Solid nickel(II) sulfate crystals are produced with a 20% yield. How many moles of
nickel(II) sulfate crystals are obtained?
A 0.001
B 0.002
C 0.010
D 0.050
5 When 0.635 g of copper (relative atomic mass, RAM = 63.5) is added to an excess of
silver nitrate solution, 2.158 g of silver (RAM = 107.9) form. The ionic equation for the
reaction is
A Cu(s) + Ag2+(aq) o Cu2+(aq) + Ag(s)
B Cu(s) + Ag+(aq) o Cu+(aq) + Ag(s)
C 2Cu(s) + Ag2+(aq) o 2Cu+(aq) + Ag(s)
D Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) o Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
6 In an experiment to measure the enthalpy change of a reaction involving gases,

which of the following conditions must always be kept constant?
A Pressure
B Temperature
C Volume
D Temperature and pressure
3
PMT
7 In an endothermic reaction in aqueous solution, which of the following is correct?
Temperature Sign of enthalpy change
A Increases Positive
B Increases Negative
C Decreases Positive
D Decreases Negative
8 The enthalpy change for the reaction to form hydrated sodium thiosulfate crystals
cannot be measured directly.
The following Hess cycle can be used.
ǻHr
Na2S2O3(s) + 5H2O(l) o Na2S2O3.5H2O(s)
+aq ǻH1 ǻH2 +aq
Na2S2O3 (aq)
The enthalpy change for the reaction, ǻHr , is equal to
A ǻH1 + ǻH2
B ǻH1 − ǻH2
C −ǻH1 − ǻH2
D −ǻH1 + ǻH2

4
*P41212A0424*
PMT
9 When 10 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid is reacted with

10 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution, the temperature change is ǻT.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) o NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
When the reaction is repeated with 50 cm3 of each solution, the temperature change is
A ǻT
B 5 × ǻT
1
C × ǻT
5
D 10 × 2 × ǻT
10 An isotope of an element, atomic number z, has mass number 2z + 4. How many

neutrons are in the nucleus of the element?
A z+4
B z+2
C z
D 4
11 When an Al4+ ion is formed from an Al atom, the fourth electron is lost from the
A 1s sub-shell.
B 2s sub-shell.
C 2p sub-shell.
D 3s sub-shell.

5
PMT
12 Metals are good conductors of electricity because

A metal atoms are arranged in a regular lattice.
B metal ions are very close to each other.
C metal ions are free to move through the lattice.
D electrons are free to move through the lattice.
13 Which of the following statements is evidence for the existence of ions in ionic
compounds?
A Ionic compounds, in the solid state, conduct electricity.
B When any ionic compound in solution is electrolysed, the migration of ions
can be seen.
C In electron density maps for ionic compounds, there is no single line
representing electron density that surrounds both cations and anions.
D In electron density maps for ionic compounds, there are some single lines
representing electron density that surround both cations and anions.
14 White phosphorus consists of

A a giant structure of atoms.
B a giant structure of ions.
C small molecules.
D single atoms.
15 Isomers have different

A empirical formulae.
B molecular formulae.
C skeletal formulae.
D molar masses.
6
*P41212A0624*
PMT
BLANK PAGE
7
PMT
16 Four of the reactions of propene are shown on the diagram below.
CH3CH2CH3
Reaction 1 Hydrogen / catalyst
CH3CH(OH)CH2OH CH3CH CH2 CH3CHBrCH2Br

Reaction 4 Reaction 2
Reaction 3 HBr
Compound A
(a) Nickel is often used as the catalyst for Reaction 1. Use your Periodic Table to
select which of the following metals can be used instead of nickel to catalyse
Reaction 1.
(1)
A Potassium
B Calcium
C Gallium
D Palladium
(b) The name of the reagent and the product for Reaction 2 are
(1)
Reagent Product
A bromine water dibromopropane
B bromine dibromopropane
C bromine water 1,2-dibromopropane
D bromine 1,2-dibromopropane
8
*P41212A0824*
PMT
(c) What is formed in Reaction 3?

(1)
A Only 1-bromopropane
B Only 2-bromopropane
C A mixture of bromopropanes containing mainly 2-bromopropane
D A mixture of bromopropanes containing mainly 1-bromopropane
(d) A mixture of dilute sulfuric acid and which of the following reagents is needed for
Reaction 4?
(1)
A KOH
B KMnO4
C H2O2
D O2
(e) The reaction of propene in Reaction 4 can be classified both as

(1)
A addition and reduction.
B addition and oxidation.
C free radical substitution and reduction.
D free radical substitution and oxidation.
9
PMT
SECTION B
17 This question is about the preparation of the alum, potassium aluminium sulfate,
KAl(SO4)2t12H2O. It is a double salt consisting of potassium ions, aluminium ions and
sulfate ions, and water of crystallization.
(a) The first step of the preparation involves adding an excess of aluminium foil to 10 cm3
of 2 mol dm−3 potassium hydroxide to form potassium aluminate.
The equation for this reaction is
2Al(s) + 2KOH(aq) + 2H2O(l) o 2KAlO2(aq) + 3H2(g)
(i) Write a balanced ionic equation for this reaction.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of potassium hydroxide used.

(1)
(iii) Hence state the number of moles of aluminium that react with the potassium
hydroxide.
(1)
(iv) Use your answer to (iii) to calculate the mass of aluminium that reacts with the
potassium hydroxide. Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
(1)
10
*P41212A01024*
PMT
(v) Calculate the total mass of aluminium added to the potassium hydroxide if a
10% excess of aluminium is required.
(1)
(vi) Identify two hazards in this first step of the preparation.

(2)
Hazard 1 ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hazard 2 ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The second step of the reaction is the addition of a slight excess of 1 mol dm−3
sulfuric acid.
(i) Balance the following equation for the reaction
(1)
KAlO2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) o KAl(SO4)2(aq) + H2O(l)
(ii) Calculate the volume of the 1 mol dm−3 sulfuric acid that reacts with the
potassium aluminate.
(1)
(iii) State how you would show that the acid had been added in excess.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
PMT
*(iv) State and explain the steps necessary to obtain pure, dry crystals from the
mixture.
(4)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(v) Suggest the colour of the crystals.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(vi) Suggest the formula of another metal ion which could form an alum, in
combination with potassium and sulfate ions.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
*P41212A01224*
PMT
18 This question is about lithium iodide, an ionic salt.

(a) Draw dot and cross diagrams for the lithium and iodide ions. Show all the
electrons in the lithium ion but only outer shell electrons in the iodide ion.
(2)
(b) On the Born-Haber cycle below, fill in the missing formulae (including state
symbols) and the missing enthalpy change.
(3)
ǻHlat[LiI(s)]
.......................... + ......................... LiI(s)
Em1[Li(g)] Eaff1[I(g)]
Li(g) .........................
¨Hf[LiI(s)]
¨Hat[Li(s)] . . . . . . . . . . ...............
......................... + .........................
13
PMT
(c) Calculate the electron affinity of iodine, Eaff1[I(g)], using the data below.
ǻH/kJ mol−1
Lattice energy for lithium iodide, ¨Hlat −759
Enthalpy change of atomization of lithium, ¨Hat +159
Enthalpy change of atomization of iodine, ¨Hat +107
First ionization energy of lithium, Em1 +520
Enthalpy change of formation of lithium iodide, ¨Hf −270
(2)
(d) The experimental lattice energy for lithium iodide is −759 kJ mol−1. The
theoretical lattice energy is different from this value.
Will the experimental lattice energy be more negative or less negative than the
theoretical lattice energy? Justify your answer.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
*P41212A01424*
PMT
(e) State and explain how electron affinity values change as you go down Group 7
from chlorine to iodine.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
PMT
19 Hydrogen has three isotopes, 1H, known as protium, 2H, deuterium, and 3H, tritium.
(a) In terms of sub-atomic particles, give the similarities and differences between
atoms of these three isotopes of hydrogen.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) When a nitrogen atom collides with a high energy neutron, one atom of tritium
and one atom of another element are formed. Complete the equation below.
(1)
14
7
N + 1
0
n o 3
1
H + ...........................
(c) Tritium-deuterium gas, consisting of molecules each containing one deuterium

atom and one tritium atom, is used in some nuclear warheads. Typically, each
warhead has about 4.0 g of the gas added.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of tritium-deuterium in 4.0 g.
(2)
(ii) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of 4.0 g of tritium-deuterium gas.

[Molar volume of a gas under these conditions = 24 000 cm3 mol–1]
(1)
16
*P41212A01624*
PMT
(d) Tritium is not usually included in calculations of the relative atomic mass of
hydrogen, because it is radioactive and has a relatively short half-life.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of hydrogen with the following isotopic
composition. Give your answer to four decimal places.
(2)
Isotope Mass number Relative abundance

1
H 1.0078 99.9850
2
H 2.0141 0.0150
(e) The electronic energy levels in hydrogen are shown below.
n=∞
n=4
n=3
n=2
n=1
(i) Mark on the energy level diagram, with an arrow, the transition that
represents the ionization energy of hydrogen.
(1)
17
PMT
(ii) In some versions of the Periodic Table, hydrogen is placed in the same group
as sodium. Give the electronic configurations for both a hydrogen atom and a
sodium atom, using the s and p notation.
Use these electronic configurations to suggest why this is a reasonable
grouping.
(2)
H . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
N a . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(f ) Which element in the Periodic Table has the highest first ionization energy? Justify
your answer.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
*P41212A01824*
PMT
20 This question is about the gas ethane, C2H6, and its reactions.
(a) Write the equation, including state symbols, which represents the reaction taking
place when the standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethane is measured.
(2)
(b) Ethane can react with chlorine to form chloroethane and hydrogen chloride.
C2H6(g) + Cl2(g) o C2H5Cl(g) + HCl(g)
Bond Bond enthalpy/kJ mol–1

C—H 413
C—C 347
C—Cl 346
H—Cl 432
Cl—Cl 243
Rewrite this equation using displayed formulae.

Use the equation you have written, together with the bond enthalpy data, to
calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction.
(4)
19
PMT
(c) This reaction takes place in a number of steps, some of which are shown below.
Step 1 Cl2 o$Mt
Step 2 CH3CH3$Mto HCl + CH3CH2t
(i) State the type of reaction occurring in step 1 and the conditions needed for
this step.
(2)
Type .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
Conditions ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Complete the equation below for the third step of the reaction, and show the
movement of electrons using the appropriate arrows.
(3)
CH3CH2t$M–Cl o
(iii) Write equations for two termination steps in this reaction.

(2)
(d) Ethane can be cracked in industry. Write an equation for the cracking of ethane.
(1)
(e) Suggest two reasons why cracking of larger alkane molecules is important in
industry.
(2)
Reason 1: ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reason 2: ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20
*P41212A02024*
PMT
BLANK PAGE
21
*P41212A02124*
PMT
BLANK PAGE
22
*P41212A02224*
PMT
BLANK PAGE
23
*P41212A02324*
PMT
24
*P41212A02424*
PMT
January 2013

PMT
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January 2013
PMT

last.

rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather than
penalised for omissions.




limited.

consulted.

of QWC, are being assessed. The strands are as follows:
i) ensure that text is legible and that spelling, punctuation and

grammar are accurate so that meaning is clear
ii) select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose
and to complex subject matter
iii) organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist
vocabulary when appropriate
PMT
Examiners should look for qualities to reward rather than faults to penalise. This
does NOT mean giving credit for incorrect or inadequate answers, but it does mean
allowing candidates to be rewarded for answers showing correct application of
principles and knowledge. Examiners should therefore read carefully and consider
every response: even if it is not what is expected it may be worthy of credit.

/ means that the responses are alternatives and either answer should receive full
credit.
( ) means that a phrase/word is not essential for the award of the mark, but helps
the examiner to get the sense of the expected answer.
Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase or the actual word is
essential to the answer.
ecf/TE/cq (error carried forward) means that a wrong answer given in an earlier
part of a question is used correctly in answer to a later part of the same question.
Candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark. Make
sure that the answer makes sense. Do not give credit for correct words/phrases
which are put together in a meaningless manner. Answers must be in the correct
context.

• write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation in order to
make the meaning clear
• select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and to complex
subject matter
• organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist vocabulary when
appropriate.
Questions where QWC is likely to be particularly important are indicated (QWC) in
the mark scheme, but this does not preclude others.
PMT

Number
1 D 1

Number
2 A 1

Number
3 D 1

Number
4 B 1

Number
5 D 1

Number
6 A 1

Number
7 C 1

Number
8 B 1

Number
9 A 1

Number
10 A 1

Number
11 C 1

Number
12 D 1

Number
13 C 1
PMT

Number
14 C 1

Number
15 C 1

Number
16(a) D 1
(b) D 1
(c) C 1
(d) B 1
(e) B 1

PMT
Section B

Number
17 (a) 1
(i) 2Al(s) + 2OH−(aq) +2H2O(l) 2AlO2−(aq) + 3H2(g) 2022-(aq)

Number
17 1
(a)(ii) 2 x 10 = 0.02 / 2 x 10−2
1000
Ignore trailing zeroes

Number
17 1
(a)(iii) 0.02 / 2 x 10−2
Accept TE answer to (ii)

Number
17 Other 1
(a)(iv) 0.02 x 27.0 = 0.54 / 5.4 x 10−1 (g) unit
TE answer to (iii) OR (ii) x 27.0
Ignore sf except 1

Number
17 (1.1 x 0.54) = 0.59(4) / 5.9(4) x 10−1(g) 1
(a)(v)
TE answer to (iv) x 1.1
Ignore sf except 1
Only penalise sf once
PMT

Number
17 Toxic, 2
(a)(vi) Potassium hydroxide / KOH (solution) is carcinogenic,
corrosive / burns / caustic alone or in
OR combination
with correct
KOH damages / harms / is harmful to / answer
dissolves / reacts with skin / eye(s) (1)
OR
KOH in eye(s) (1)
Ignore Harmful, irritant, highly reactive
alone
Hydrogen / H2 is flammable / explodes /
Burns alone
explosive (1)
Allow mention of both potassium hydroxide

Additional
and hydrogen alone scores (1)
chemicals
Allow Al foil can cut your skin (1)
Correct answer with additional incorrect

chemistry e.g. KOH is oxidising so corrosive
scores (0)

Number
17 1
(b)(i) KAlO2(aq) + 2H2SO4(aq) KAl(SO4)2(aq) +
2H2O(l)
Allow multiples

Number
17 1
(b)(ii) 2 x 1000 x 0.02 =40 (cm3)
1
Allow 0.04(0) dm3
TE answer to (a)(ii) x 2000 and TE
from (b)(i)
PMT

Number
17 2
(b)(iii) Litmus (paper / solution) (1)
Red / pink (in acid) (1)
OR
any other named acid-base indicator
including universal indicator (1) with a
correct acidic colour (1)
NB phenolphthalein must be spelt correctly
to score (1) and no mark for colour
Notice that other indicators only require
recognisable spellings
Red litmus turns blue scores for the indicator
(1)
OR
pH meter / universal indicator (1) with
value < 7 (1)
NB measure pH alone (0) pH < 7 (1)
OR
add a (metal) carbonate / suitable metal eg
Mg (1) bubbles / fizzing (1)
Calculation of amounts / moles of both
reactants (1 maximum)
PMT

Number
17 4
(b)(iv) Each point must be made in full
The second and final scoring points,
which are asterisked, can only be
gained through these statements.
Two further marks can be scored for
any two of the other four points.
1 Filter (to remove any aluminium /
impurities) (1)
NB This mark can only be awarded if it is
the first action and the mixture is
subsequently heated.
2 *Boil / heat / evaporate to reduce the Leave in the
volume of water (1) sun
NB boil / heat to remove water only gets If boiled to dry

the mark if it is clear, subsequently, that stop marking
some solution is left here
3 Cool / set aside / leave to allow crystals
to form (1)
4 Filter
OR
pick out / remove / take out crystals (to Heat in oven
separate) (1)
5 Wash with a little/cold water (1)
6 *Place between filter papers / dab with
paper towel / use dessicator (to dry) (1)

Number
17 Any other 1
(b)(v) White / colourless colours with or
Ignore clear / transparent / cloudy / without white
opaque e.g. accept clear and colourless
PMT

Number
17 1
(b)(vi) Cr3+/ Fe3+/ Sc3+ / Ga3+ 3+
Al
Accept any feasible triply positive metal ion and anything
else
Allow B3+
Allow any name or symbol for a Group 3
Group 3
element
element with
Allow named existing transition metal ions incorrect
with (III) after the name (if they exist) charge
Fully correct formula for an alum or

intermediate starting entity
Eg KGa(SO4)2 / KGaO2
PMT

Number
18 (a) 2
xx −
+
[:Li] (1) xx l xx
xx
(1)
Accept all or mixture of dots and

crosses
Check inner electrons present
on lithium
If no element symbols but fully
correct with Li first give 1 max
If no / incorrect charge(s) if the
electrons are correct 1 max
If arrow drawn from third / outer shell
electron on lithium to join electrons in
iodine / iodide with correct charges
scores 1 max
Brackets are not essential

Number
18 (b) 3
Li(s) and Li+(g) and I−(g) (1)
½I2(s) and I(g) (1)
(ΔHat )[½I2(s)] (1)
Notice the square brackets are
essential for this mark
If wrong state for iodine element ie if
½I2(g/l) and consistent (ΔHat)[½I2(g/l)]
allow third mark
If I(s) given for element and (ΔHat) [I(s)]
allow third mark
If wrong state with monatomic
iodine both the last two marks lost
If Li+(g) + e appears ignore
electron
PMT

Number
18 (c) 2
First mark for one of:
−270 = + 159 + 107 + 520 +
electron affinity − 759
Or
Electron affinity =
−270 − (159 + 520 + 107 − 759)
(1)
OR Electron affinity =
−270 - 159 - 520 - 107 + 759 (1)
Second mark for:
(Electron affinity =)
−297 (kJ mol−1) (1)
Wrong unit
−297 (kJ mol−1) alone scores (2) e.g. J
NB providing method is
recognisable with one transcription
error eg 795 for 759 and the final
answer is consistent 1 max
NB (+) 297 (kJ mol−1) 1 max
PMT

Number
18 (d) 3
(Experimental lattice energy is) more Greater / less
negative / exothermic (1) Increase /
OR decrease
alone
Theoretical lattice energy is less negative /
exothermic (1)
OR
Recognition that more energy released
(1)
Irrespective of first answer then, any two
from:
Due to a degree of covalency (1)
Deviation from pure ionic model
(in experimental value)
OR
The theoretical model is pure ionic bonding
(1)
Polarization / distortion of the iodide /
negative ions (by the lithium ion). Can be
shown by diagram (1)
Iodine/ I / I2 ion is not acceptable but
iodine / I anion is allowed
Note I2 anion is not allowed

Number
18 (e) 2
Electron affinities become less negative / less Greater / less
exothermic / more positive (going down / Increase /
Group 7) (1) decrease
alone
As (added) electron further from the Any indication

nucleus of ionization/
removing an
OR
electron
More shielding / shielded (from the nucleus)
(1)
Second mark stands alone
Ignore larger (ionic) radius / atom / ion /
charge density
PMT

Number
19 (a) All have the same number of electrons / all All have one p 3
have one (s) electron / same electron electron
configuration (1)
All have the same number of protons / all
have one proton (1)
The first has no neutrons, the second one Different
neutron and the third two neutrons number of
neutrons alone
Allow deuterium has one more neutron,
tritium two more neutrons (1)
Ignore references to same atomic number
and different mass numbers

Number
19 (b) 1
( + +)
Numbers can be on either side or

both sides

Number
19 2
(c)(i) Molar mass / M(r) / 3+2 / 2+3
= 5 (g mol−1) (1)
Number of moles = 4/5
Penalise
= 0.8 (1)
incorrect units
O.8 with correct working, with wrong
working, or with no working (2)
Allow internal TE if Molar mass clearly
indicated and incorrect eg
Molar mass / M(r) = 6 (g mol−1) (0)
Number of moles = 4/6
= 0.67 (1)
PMT

Number
19 1
(c)(ii) 24 000 x 0.8 = 19 200 (cm3) Incorrect units
Allow 19.2 dm3
Allow TE from (c)(i)

Number
19 (d) 2
1.0078 x 99.9850 + 2.0141 x 0.0150
100
OR
1.0078 x 99.9850 + 2.0141 x 0.0150
99.9850 + 0.0150
(1)
Notice this working must be shown in full to

score first mark.
(= 1.007951)
= 1.0080 (1)
1.008 max 1 with or without Incorrect units

working e.g. g
Correct answer no working (2)

Only give second mark for correct answer to
4 decimal places
Ignore g mol-1

Number
19 1
(e)(i) Single arrow upwards from lowest line to More than one
infinity line (allow above or very close below) line
Allow double headed arrow
PMT

Number
19 2
(e)(ii) Hydrogen 1s1
and
Sodium 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 (1) 1s2 2s1
Electron numbers may be on lines
or subscript.
Both have one (s) electron in the outer shell half filled s
/ orbital / sub shell outer shell
OR
same
same number of electrons / same
electron(ic)
electron(ic) configuration in outer shell /
configuration
orbital / sub shell
alone
OR
Both have an/one unpaired electron in their
outer / last shell / orbital / sub shell (1)
Second mark depends on one outer shell s
electron shown for each electronic
configuration

Number
19 (f) Any other 3
Helium (1) elements
Any two from the following points:
Electron removed is closest / close to the
nucleus (1)
Little shielding, allow no shielding (1)
More protons / higher nuclear charge than
hydrogen. Allow higher effective nuclear
charge (1)
NB second and third marks can be gained if
hydrogen is given:
Electron removed is close / closest to the
nucleus (1)
No shielding (1)
PMT

Number
20(a) 2
C2H6(g) + 3½O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
Formulae and states (1)

Balancing of correct entities (1)
Multiples

Number
20(b) 4
Notice the first mark is for the equation and
there are 3 separate additional marks for the
calculation
H H H H
| | | |
H-C-C-H + Cl-Cl H-C-C-Cl + H-Cl
| | | |
H H H H (1)
Check all bonds displayed especially Cl-Cl and
H-Cl
Incorrect /
no sign and /
Calculation marks: or incorrect
+413 + 243 (1) (−)(346 + 432) (1) units
OR 656 (1) (−) 778 (1)

= −122 (kJ mol-1) (1)
Fully correct answer to calculation with no

working (3)
Extra 5x413 and 347 may be included on both
sides, giving 3068 and (-)3190
Allow other same values(s) missing from both
sides
Incorrect
Bonds breaking (1) units loses
this mark
Bonds making (1)
[Bonds breaking - bonds making] to give
correct answer with sign (1)
PMT

Number
20 2
(c)(i) Initiation (1) Free radical
Allow homolysis / atomization / homolytic substitution
(fission) alone
Ignore any reference to free radical Photolysis

substitution
UV / (sun)light (1)
Ignore reference to high temperature
PMT

Number
20 3
(c)(ii) CH3CH2• + Cl-Cl CH3CH2Cl + Cl•
OR
CH3CH2• + Cl-Cl C2H5Cl + Cl•
Both products correct including dot
(1)
Two half headed arrows showing homolytic
breaking of Cl-Cl bond (1)
Half headed arrow from radical to pair with a Cl
arrow
OR
One arrow from chlorine bond clearly to ethyl
radical (1)
Arrows must be single-headed
The two dots in the covalent bond do

not have to be shown
PMT

Number
20 2
(c)(iii) Cl• + Cl• Cl2 (1)
•CH2CH3 + •CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH3 / C4H10 C4H12
CH3CH2CH3CH2
(1)
•CH2CH3 + Cl• CH3CH2Cl (1)
Penalise missing dots once
Allow •C2H5 for •CH2CH3
Di and tri substitution steps

Number
20 (d) 1
C2H6 C 2H4 + H2
Allow 2C2H6 C2H4 + 2CH4
PMT

Number
20 (e) 2
Any two from:
(It) produces (more) petrol / gasoline / Points based
diesel / jet fuel / LPG / liquid petroleum gas on atom
/ fuel (1) economy /
renewable
fuels alone
Short chain alkanes / lighter fractions are
Easier to
more useful products (1)
transport /
store
Demand is greater for shorter chain alkanes

/ lighter fractions / smaller molecules OR
converts surplus of low demand fractions
(1)
Short chain
It produces ethane / short chain alkenes for alkenes /
making poly(ethene) / ethane-1,2-diol / ethene more
ethanol / plastics / polymers (1) useful alone
Smaller alkanes give less pollution/burn

more efficiently (1)
Recycles waste products (1) Recycles alone
As a source of hydrogen (1)

NB examiners need to look carefully at the
vowel in the middle of alkane / alkene /
ethane / ethene if not clear do not give BOD
TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60

PMT


Fax 01623 450481
For more information on Edexcel qualifications, please visit our website

www.edexcel.com

PMT

Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Time: 1 hour 30 minutes WCH01/01

Instructions
Information
t written
Advice
t Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
t Keep an eye on the time.
t Try to answer every question.
t Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over
P42986A
*P42986A0124*
6/6/6/6/2/2/
PMT
SECTION A
a cross .
1 Which of the following ions would be deflected least in a mass spectrometer?

35
A Cl+
35
B Cl2+
37
C Cl+
37
D Cl2+
2 The mass spectrum of an element is shown below.
60
Relative abundance 40
20
69 71
Mass/charge ratio
The relative atomic mass of the element is

A 69.4
B 69.8
C 70.0
D 70.2
2
*P42986A0224*
PMT
3 In a mass spectrometer, positive ions are accelerated by

A bombarding them with fast-moving electrons.
B bombarding them with fast-moving protons.
C passing them between charged plates.
D passing them through a magnetic field.
4 The number of unpaired electrons in a nitrogen atom in its ground state is

A 0
B 1
C 2
D 3
3
PMT
5 Four sequences of ionization energies of elements, in kJ mol–1, are shown below.

A 590 1145 4912 6474 8144
B 520 496 419 403 376
C 1000 1251 1521 419 590
D 631 658 650 653 717
(a) The sequence giving the first ionization energies of elements going down a
Group in the Periodic Table is
(1)
A
B
C
D
(b) The sequence showing the first five ionization energies of calcium is
(1)
A
B
C
D
(c) The sequence showing the first ionization energy of successive elements, in which
atomic number increases by one each time, starting with an element in Group 6 is
(1)
A
B
C
D
4
*P42986A0424*
PMT
6 Which of the following ions has the smallest ionic radius?

A Ca2+
B K+
C S2–
D Cl–
7 A liquid, which conducts electricity, continues to conduct when it is cooled and

solidified. Which of the following could it be?
A Mercury
B Bromine
C Molten sodium chloride
D Tetrachloromethane
8 Calculate the number of atoms in one mole of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2.

[The Avogadro constant, L = 6.0 × 1023 mol–1]
A 1.5 × 1023
B 6.0 × 1023
C 1.2 × 1024
D 2.4 × 1024
9 When 0.1 mol of atoms of an element reacts with chlorine, there is an increase in
mass of 7.1 g.
The element could be

A carbon.
B sodium.
C magnesium.
D aluminium.
5
PMT
10 Magnesium nitrate is decomposed by heat in the following reaction.

2Mg(NO3)2(s) o 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
In an experiment, 0.10 mol of magnesium nitrate was heated. What is the maximum
volume of gas, measured in dm3 at room temperature and pressure, which could be
obtained?
[Molar volume of a gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 at room temperature and pressure]
A 0.24
B 2.4
C 4.8
D 6.0
11 Ammonia gas decomposes when heated.
2NH3(g) o N2(g) + 3H2(g)
In an experiment, a sample of 500 cm3 of ammonia was heated and 20% decomposed.
The total volume of gas present at the end of the experiment, in cm3, was
A 200
B 400
C 600
D 1000
6
*P42986A0624*
PMT
12 The standard enthalpy change for the formation of ethene, C2H4, is +52.2 kJ mol–1 and
that of ethane, C2H6, is –84.7 kJ mol–1.
Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction below, in kJ mol–1.
C2H4(g) + H2(g) o C2H6(g)
A –32.5
B –136.9
C +136.9
D This cannot be calculated using only the data above.
13 Which of the following equations represents a reaction for which the enthalpy
9
change is the standard enthalpy change of formation of water, ¨H f,298 ?
A H+(aq) + OH–(aq) o H2O(l)
B H2(g) + ½O2(g) o H2O(l)
C H2O(g) o H2O(l)
D H2O(s) o H2O(l)
14 Consider the following bond enthalpy values.
Bond Bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1

CO in carbon monoxide +1077
O=O +498
C=O in carbon dioxide +805
The enthalpy change for the reaction
CO(g) + ½O2(g) o CO2(g)
in units of kJ mol–1 is
A –284
B +35
C +521
D +770
7
PMT
15 (a) Which of the following represents the equation for the reaction between ethane
and chlorine in the presence of UV radiation?
(1)
A C2H6 + Cl2 o C2H4Cl2 + H2
B C2H6 + Cl2 o C2H5Cl + HCl
C C2H6 + Cl2 o 2CH3Cl
D C2H6 + 2Cl2 o 2CH3Cl + 2HCl
(b) The UV radiation initially causes the formation of

(1)
–
A Cl ions.
B Cl+ ions.
C ClƔ free radicals.
D C2H5Ɣ free radicals.
(c) Once it has started, the reaction can proceed for a time without UV light because
(1)
A a chain reaction is occurring.
B initiation is occurring.
C a substitution reaction is occurring.
D termination steps cannot occur without UV light.
16 Which of the following is the systematic name for the hydrocarbon shown below?
A 5-ethyl-4-methylhexane
B 2-ethyl-3-methylhexane
C 4,5-dimethylheptane
D 3,4-dimethylheptane
8
*P42986A0824*
PMT
SECTION B
17 This question is about some of the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
(a) (i) An atom of silicon has mass number 29. Complete the table below showing
the numbers of sub-atomic particles in this atom of silicon. Use the Periodic
Table as a source of data.
(1)
Sub-atomic particles present in
Number
one atom of 29Si
protons
electrons
neutrons
(ii) Complete the electronic configuration of silicon.

(1)
1s2. . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(b) Explain the following, referring to differences in structure and bonding.

(i) Silicon has a higher melting temperature than phosphorus.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Magnesium has a higher melting temperature than sodium.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
PMT
(c) Suggest why the atomic radius decreases going across the Periodic Table from
sodium to silicon.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) At room temperature, silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4, is a liquid that does not conduct
electricity.
Draw a dot and cross diagram illustrating the bonding in silicon chloride. Show
only the outer electron shells of the atoms. Use crosses to represent the electrons
from silicon and dots to represent the electrons from chlorine.
(2)
10
*P42986A01024*
PMT
(e) The diagram below shows the values of the first ionization energies of sodium
and magnesium.
1200
1000
800
First
ionization
energy / 600
kJ mol–1
400
200
0
Na Mg Al Si
(i) On the diagram, add crosses to mark the approximate positions for the values
of the first ionization energies of the elements Al and Si.
(1)
*(ii) Justify your suggested values in terms of the atomic structure and electronic
configuration of the elements.
(2)
Aluminium ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Silicon.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
PMT
18 Barium chloride can be made by reacting solid barium carbonate with dilute
hydrochloric acid in the following reaction.
BaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) o BaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(a) (i) Write the ionic equation for the reaction of solid barium carbonate with
hydrogen ions from the hydrochloric acid. State symbols are not required.
(1)
(ii) State two observations you would make while the reaction is taking place. No
change of colour occurs.
(2)
Observation 1 ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Observation 2 ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) In an experiment to prepare crystals of hydrated barium chloride, BaCl2.2H2O, a

volume of 25.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, was transferred to a
beaker and solid barium carbonate, BaCO3, was added until it was in excess.
(i) How many moles of acid were used in the reaction?
(1)
(ii) What mass of barium carbonate, in grams, reacts with this amount of acid?
The molar mass of barium carbonate is 197.3 g mol–1.
(1)
(iii) Why was an excess of barium carbonate used in the experiment?

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
*P42986A01224*
PMT
(iv) How would you separate the barium chloride solution from the reaction
mixture in part (iii)?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(v) The barium chloride solution was left to crystallize. The crystals were
separated and dried carefully. A sample of 5.35 g of hydrated crystals,
BaCl2.2H2O, which has molar mass 244 g mol–1, was obtained. Calculate the
percentage yield of this reaction.
(2)
(vi) Give one reason why the yield of crystals is less than 100%, even when the
reactants contain no impurities.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
PMT
(c) The diagram below, which is not drawn to scale, shows how the lattice energy of
barium chloride can be calculated using the Born-Haber cycle.
2+
Ba (g) + 2Cl(g)
_____________
X
2+
A Ba (g) + 2Cl–(g)
_____________
Ba2+(g) + Cl2(g)
____________
+
Ba (g) + Cl2(g)
___________
E
C
Ba(g) + Cl2(g)
___________
D
Ba(s) + Cl2(g)
___________
BaCl
______
2
(s)
(i) Using the letters A to F, complete the table below by matching each letter to
its corresponding energy change.
(3)
(ii) The energy change X is –697.6 kJ mol–1.
In the table, add the name of the enthalpy change which is occurring in this
stage of the cycle.
(1)
Energy change Letter ¨H / kJ mol–1

Lattice energy of barium chloride
Enthalpy change of atomization of barium 180.0
Enthalpy change of atomization of Cl2(g) to 2Cl(g) 243.4
First ionization energy of barium 503
Second ionization energy of barium 965
2 × (–348.8)
X
= –697.6
Enthalpy change of formation of barium chloride –858.6
14
*P42986A01424*
PMT
(iii) Use the data to calculate the lattice energy of barium chloride.
(2)
Answer = … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . kJ mol–1
*(iv) Lattice energies can be calculated from electrostatic theory (theoretical
values) as well as by Born-Haber cycles (experimental values).
What can you deduce from the fact that the experimental and theoretical
values for the lattice energy of barium chloride are very close?
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
PMT
BLANK PAGE
16
*P42986A01624*
PMT
19 This question is about the flammable liquid, methanol, CH3OH.

(a) Methanol starts to have toxic effects when it is present in blood at levels of above
200 mg in 1000 g.
Express this concentration in parts per million.
(1)
(b) The enthalpy change of combustion of methanol was measured using a spirit
burner to heat a known mass of water in a calorimeter. The temperature increase
of the water in the calorimeter was measured when a known mass of methanol
was burned.
(i) Write an equation for the complete combustion of methanol, CH3OH, under
standard conditions. Include state symbols in the equation.
(2)
(ii) Identify two other products that could form if the combustion was
incomplete.
(1)
1 . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
PMT
(c) The results of the experiment are summarised in the table below.
Mass of water in the calorimeter 150.0 g

Mass of spirit burner + contents (initial) 52.24 g
Mass of spirit burner + contents (final) 51.60 g
Temperature of water (initial) 21.4qC
Temperature of water (final) 37.2 qC
(i) Calculate the heat energy produced in this experiment using the equation
Heat energy produced (J) = mass of water × 4.18 × temperature change

(1)
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of methanol burned in this experiment.

(1)
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of methanol in kJ mol–1. Give

your answer to three significant figures.
(2)
18
*P42986A01824*
PMT
(iv) The experimental result differs from the true value for the enthalpy change of
combustion of methanol.
State one factor in the experimental method, other than heat losses or
incomplete combustion, which causes the result to differ from the true value.
Explain the effect this factor has on the magnitude of the experimental value
compared to the true value.
(2)
Factor ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explanation ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) The value of the enthalpy change for the combustion of methanol can be
calculated from the mean bond enthalpies of the substances in the reaction.
Give two reasons why this value differs from the value obtained in the
experiment, even after corrections are made for experimental error.
(2)
Reason 1 ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reason 2 ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
PMT
20 This question is about the chemistry of alkenes, which are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
(a) State what is meant by the term unsaturated as applied to a hydrocarbon.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) An organic compound, X, is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with molecular formula

C4H8.
(i) Draw the displayed formulae and give the names of two unbranched
molecules with molecular formula C4H8 which are E/ Z isomers.
(3)
Isomer 1 Isomer 2
Name: Name:
(ii) Both isomers react with a solution of acidified aqueous potassium

manganate(VII).
State the colour change that you would observe when this reaction is carried
out.
(1)
From ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... to ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
*P42986A02024*
PMT
(iii) Draw the structure of the organic product of this reaction with either one of
these isomers.
(1)
(iv) Compounds such as C4H8 are formed when fractions of crude oil are cracked.
State what is meant by the term cracking when applied to processing a
fraction obtained from crude oil.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(v) Write an equation to show the cracking of the hydrocarbon octane into C4H8
and a saturated hydrocarbon as the only products.
(1)
21
PMT
(c) Another alkene is propene, C3H6.

Describe the mechanism for the addition reaction of propene with bromine, Br2,
to form C3H6Br2.
In your answer you should include:
Ɣ the name for the type of addition which occurs
Ɣ the name of the product
Ɣ the mechanism using curly arrows to show the movement of electron pairs.
(5)
Type of addition ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Name of product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mechanism
22
*P42986A02224*
PMT
(d) Propene can polymerize to form poly(propene).

(i) State, with a reason, the atom economy for this reaction.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Draw a section of this polymer, showing two repeat units.

(1)
(iii) Poly(propene) is used to make synthetic fibres which are extremely light and
act as good insulators.
Comment on the sustainability of this use of poly(propene).
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23
*P42986A02324*
PMT
24
*P42986A02424*
PMT
January 2014
IAL Chemistry (WCH01/01)

PMT
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students at: www.pearson.com/uk
January 2014
Publications Code IA037624
PMT
 All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the
first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last.
 Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for

what they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
 Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their
 There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be

used appropriately.
 All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners
should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the
mark scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if the
candidate’s response is not worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
 Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the principles
by which marks will be awarded and exemplification may be limited.
 When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme
to a candidate’s response, the team leader must be consulted.
 Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it
with an alternative response.
 Mark schemes will indicate within the table where, and which strands of
QWC, are being assessed. The strands are as follows:
i) ensure that text is legible and that spelling, punctuation and grammar are
accurate so that meaning is clear
ii) select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and to
iii) organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist vocabulary
when appropriate
PMT

 an idea of the types of response expected
 how individual marks are to be awarded
 the total mark for each question
 examples of responses that should NOT receive credit.
credit.
context.

 write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation in order to
 select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and to complex
subject matter
 organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist vocabulary when
appropriate.
PMT

Number
1 C 1

Number
2 B 1

Number
3 C 1

Number
4 D 1

Number
5(a) B 1

Number
5(b) A 1

Number
5 (c) C 1

Number
6 A 1

Number
7 A 1

Number
8 D 1

Number
9 C 1

Number
10 D 1
PMT

Number
11 C 1

Number
12 B 1

Number
13 B 1

Number
14 A 1

Number
15(a) B

Number
15(b) C 1

Number
15(c) A 1

Number
16 D 1
PMT
Section B

Number
17(a)(i) 14p,14e,15n
All correct 1

Number
17(a)(ii) (1s2) 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
Fully correct
ALLOW
Subscripts rather than superscripts
SPD in capitals
2px2 2py2 2pz2 and 3px1 3py1 for 2p and 3p
IGNORE
1s2 written again before 2s2 1
PMT

Number
*17(b)(i) First mark: Structure of silicon
 Silicon is giant covalent / Silicon “giant ionic”

giant atomic / giant molecular / / silicon “giant
macromolecular / giant structure / metallic”
giant lattice
(1)
IGNORE JUST ‘GIANT’ OR JUST ‘LATTICE’
Second mark: Structure of phosphorus
 Small molecules / simple molecules /

P4 molecules / molecular covalent /
simple covalent / molecular
(1)
IGNORE JUST ‘SIMPLE’ /’SIMPLE
STRUCTURE’
Third mark: Interactions overcome on

melting
BOTH
 (Breaking strong) covalent bonds in Intermolecular

silicon forces broken in
silicon
AND
 Between phosphorus molecules: weak Covalent bonds

forces / (weak) intermolecular forces broken in
/ (weak) London forces / (weak) van phosphorus / weak
der Waals’ forces / (weak) dispersion bonds between
forces / (weak) induced-dipole forces phosphorus atoms
(1) / weak covalent
bonds
[ALLOW “weak bonds” IF implies between
phosphorus molecules]
3
PMT

Number
*17(b)(ii) ALLOW reverse arguments in each case
PENALISE
Omission of ‘atoms’ or ‘ions’ / mis-use of

‘atom’ or ‘ion’ ONCE only where relevant
ANY TWO FROM:
 Magnesium atoms / magnesium ions

are smaller (than sodium
atoms/ions) (1)
NOTE:
Allow symbols (e.g. Mg or Mg2+)
 Magnesium ions are Mg2+ whereas

sodium ions are Na+
OR
Mg2+ /magnesium ions have a higher
charge (density) than Na+/sodium
ions (1)
IGNORE
References to (effective) nuclear
charge
 Magnesium has more delocalised

electrons (than sodium) /magnesium
has more electrons (than sodium) in
its sea of electrons (1)
 Attraction between positive ions and Attraction “between

(delocalised) electrons is stronger in nucleus and
magnesium (than in sodium) (1) (delocalised)
electrons”
IGNORE
References to JUST ‘more energy needed’ Mention of
(to break bonds in magnesium) “intermolecular
forces” or
“molecules” scores
(0) overall for this
question 2
PMT

Number
17(c) 1st mark:
More protons / increasing nuclear charge / ‘Increasing charge

increasing effective nuclear charge densities’
(1)
IGNORE ‘increasing atomic number’
2nd mark:
Same shielding (of outermost electrons) /

same number of (occupied) shells
OR
(Outermost) electrons in same shell (Outermost)

electrons in same
OR sub-shell
Greater attraction between nucleus and

(outermost) electrons (1) 2

Number
17(d)
Outer shell of Si with total of 8 electrons

(1)
Each Si electron sharing with one electron
from an outer shell of 7 in chlorine (1)
Comment
Do not penalise if dots and crosses are
reversed
MAX 1 if all dots or all crosses 2
PMT

Number
17(e)(i) Al: level of cross between Na and Mg
(actual value 578)
Si: level of cross anywhere above Al and

Mg (actual value 789)
Both needed for the mark 1

Number
17(e)(ii) Al: (3p) electron/e− (lost is) If e− lost from a 2p
from higher energy (level) / (more) shielded orbital / if states
(by 3s electrons) / further from nucleus / that Al has higher
from p orbital / from 3px (1) ionization energy
than Mg
Si: more protons / extra proton / greater

nuclear charge (compared to Al)
(1) 2
Total for Question 17 = 14 marks

PMT

Number
18(a)(i) BaCO3 + 2H+  Ba2+ + CO2 + H2O Cl− remains on both
IGNORE state symbols even if wrong sides of equation,
IGNORE charges Ba2+CO32− unless crossed out /
“Ba2+ + CO32−“ on
left-hand side 1

Number
18(a)(ii) Effervescence / fizzing / bubbles (of gas) Just “Gas given
(1) off”
Solid disappears /dissolves (1)

IGNORE
Tests on gas / just ‘vigorous reaction’ / any
references to temperature change 2

Number
18(b)(i) (25 x 2.00/1000) = 0.05 / 5 x 10-2 (mol)
Ignore sf 1

Number
18(b)(ii) (0.5 x (5 x 10-2 x 197.3))
= 4.9325 / 4.933 / 4.93 / 4.9 (g)
TE from (b)(i)
Ignore SF except 1 1

Number
18(b)(iii) So that all acid was neutralized / all acid So that reaction is
reacted / all acid used up / all H+ used up complete /to get
maximum reaction
/ “So that all the
BaCO3 is used up”
/ Just “to
neutralize the acid”
/ “To make sure all
the solid reacts” 1
PMT

Number
18(b)(iv) Filtration/ centrifuging Decanting 1

Number
18(b)(v) Theoretical yield = (244 x 5 x 10−2 x 0.5) 4.93 x 100%
= 6.1(0) (g) 5.35
(1)
TE from (b)(i) (244 x ans to b(i) x 0.5) = 92% (0)
% yield = (5.35 x 100 /6.10) = 87.70492 197.3 x 100%

= 87.7/88% 244
(1) = 80.9% (0)

OR
Moles of crystals = (5.35/244 =) 0.02193
(1)
% yield = ((0.02193x100/0.025) =) 87.7049 87% (as rounding
= 87.7/88% error)
[NB If use moles crystals 0.0219 ans=87.6%]
(1)
TE for mol crystals/answer to (b)(i),
so 43.9% etc gets (1)
Correct final answer with no working shown

scores both marks
Ignore SF except 1 2
PMT

Number
18(b)(vi) ANY ONE OF: Incomplete
reaction /
Not all solid/product crystallizes
Equilibrium
Some barium chloride/product remains in reaction /
solution
‘side products’ /
Product lost during filtration ‘side reactions’ /
‘loss of reactants
Product/crystals left on filter paper during transfer’ /
‘reactants left on
ALLOW apparatus’ /
‘Transfer losses’ / ‘loss during the ‘vapourisation of
process’ BaCl2’
Product left on apparatus / product left
on glass rod / product left on beaker
IGNORE
Spillages / ‘blunders’
NOTE:
‘Loss of products during transfer and
incomplete reaction’ scores (0) as
+1 – 1 = 0
1
PMT

Number
18(c)(i) Lattice energy for barium chloride
E
Enthalpy change of atomization of barium
D
Enthalpy change of atomization of Cl2 to 2Cl
A
First ionization energy of barium
C
Second ionization energy of barium
B
Enthalpy change of formation of barium chloride
F
All correct (3)

4 or 5 correct (2)
2 or 3 correct (1)
CHECK TO SEE IF ANSWERS ANNOTATED
ON SCRIPT AT TOP OF PAGE 14 3

Number
18(c)(ii) Twice the (first) electron affinity If mention of
OR Cl2 /chloride
(First) electron affinity (of chlorine/Cl) / Cl− 1

Number
18(c)(iii) 180 + 243.4 + 503 + 965 – 697.6 + lattice energy 335.2 /
= −858.6 −335.2 /
OR −162.5
F=D+C+B+A+X+E score (0)
OR overall
E=F–D–C–B–A−X
(1)
Lattice energy = −2052.4/−2052/−2050 (kJ mol-1)
(1)
Correct answer, with or without working scores 2

Correct method with incorrect final answer
scores (1)
+2052.4/+2052/+2050 (kJ mol-1) (1) 2
PMT

Number
18(c)(iv) 1st mark:
Bonding is (almost) 100% ionic / bonding is
(almost) purely ionic /there is no covalent
character / little covalent character
(1)
2nd mark:
(Chloride) ion(s) are not polarized / (both) Just “no
ions are spherical / charge density of Ba2+ too polarization is
low (to polarize anion) taking place” /
(1) “no polarization of
ALLOW the bond” / “little
‘Very little distortion of (electron) cloud by distortion from
Ba2+ ion’ / electric cloud” /
‘Very little polarization of chloride (ion)’ “barium and
chlorine are not
easy to polarize” /
just “not much
distortion” / use
of Ba or Cl (as
implies atoms) 2

PMT

Number
19(a) 200 / 2 x 102 (ppm) 1

Number
19(b)(i) CH3OH(l) + 3/2O2 (g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) CH3OH(aq) / (g)
/ 2H2O(g)
Formulae (1)
Balancing and state symbols (1)
Allow multiples
2nd mark dependent on 1st 2

Number
19(b)(ii) Carbon / C / soot AND carbon monoxide / CO Graphite
Both needed 1

Number
19(c)(i) (150 x 4.18 x 15.8) = 9906.6 / 9907 / kJ mol−1
9910 (J) / 9.9066 kJ
Ignore sf except 1 sf / Ignore signs here 1

Number
19(c)(ii) (0.64/32) = 0.02(00) (mol) 1

Number
19(c)(iii) (9.9066/0.0200) = 495.33
H = -495 (kJ mol1)
Value (1)
Sign and 3sf (1)
Allow TE from (c)(i) and / or (c)(ii)

(answer to (c)(i) in kJ/ answer to (c)(ii))
No 2nd mark if units given are incorrect
e.g. kJ mol or kJ/mol−1 2
PMT

Number
19(c)(iv) Mark the two points independently Weighing errors /
Other equipment
1st mark: errors (eg
Evaporation of alcohol (from burner) / alcohol distance between
is volatile /CH3OH is volatile calorimeter and
spirit burner)
ALLOW
H2O forms as steam, not water
IGNORE
Water evaporates (from apparatus)
(1)
2nd mark:
(Actual) mass/moles (methanol) burned is Any answers that

less and (so) enthalpy change will be less suggest lab value
negative/less exothermic / less / smaller more exothermic
/ greater value of
OR enthalpy change
Estimate of mass/moles (methanol) burned is
too high and (so) enthalpy change will be less
negative/less exothermic / less / smaller
OR
Temperature rise will be less than it should be
and (so) enthalpy change will be less
negative/less exothermic / less / smaller
(1)
IGNORE
Any mention of specific heat capacity
2
PMT

Number
19(d) Mark each point independently
1st mark:
ANY ONE OF:
Bond enthalpies vary with environment
Mean bond enthalpies do not equal actual

bond enthalpies (for these reactants) / mean
bond enthalpies are not exact values
Bond enthalpies used are average values

(from a range of compounds)
(1)
2nd mark:
ANY ONE OF:
Bond enthalpies refer to gases
OR
Bond enthalpies refer to gaseous bonds
OR
Methanol is a liquid
OR
Water is a liquid (under standard conditions)
(1)
IGNORE
References to ‘non-standard conditions’ /
‘incomplete combustion’ / ‘not in same state’

PMT

Number
20(a) Any ONE of :
Contains a carbon-carbon double bond / Just ‘carbon double
C=C bond’ /
OR Just ‘contains a
Contains a carbon-carbon triple bond double bond’ /
OR ‘contains a double
Does not contain the maximum number of bond between
hydrogen atoms/hydrogen(s) carbon
OR molecules’/’contains
Can undergo addition reactions more than one
carbon-carbon
double bond’ 1
PMT

Number
20(b)(i) CH3 CH3 CH3 H
If propene is
drawn (0)
C C C C overall
H H H CH3
Z-but-2-ene E-but-2-ene
IGNORE references to cis-trans isomerism
BOTH correct structures drawn (1)
E-isomer and Z-isomer correctly identified (1)
but-2-ene written for each isomer (1)

IGNORE missing hyphens
Allow angles shown as right angles
CH3 does not have to be displayed in full
Allow for E:
CH3
H C C H
CH3
OR
H
CH3 C C CH3
Allow for Z:
H C C H
CH3 CH3
OR
CH3 C C CH3
H H
H atoms must be shown 3
PMT

Number
20(b)(ii) From purple/ (pale) pink to colourless Clear for
Both needed colourless/violet for
Accept to brown purple 1

Number
20(b)(iii)
CH3 CH3 OR CH3 H
HO C  C OH HOC  COH
H H H CH3
Ignore bond angles and orientation 1

Number
20(b)(iv) Breaking a C-C bond/ Any mention of
breaking the molecule into a smaller ‘breaking down into
molecule/ fractions’ / forms
breaking the hydrocarbon into a smaller branched
hydrocarbon molecules /
splitting of crude
ALLOW oil (into smaller
Any mention of ‘breaking’ or ‘splitting’ molecules)
(molecule or compound or hydrocarbon) or
‘large to small’
IGNORE
Just ‘cracking to form an alkane and an
alkene’
1

Number
20(b)(v) C8H18 → C4H8 + C4H10
OR
Equations with correct structural or
displayed formulae
IGNORE
State symbols, even if incorrect
Names, even if incorrect 1
PMT

Number
20(c) Electrophilic (addition) (1)
IGNORE ‘heterolytic’
Name of final product = 1,2-dibromopropane

(1)
No TE on naming a product shown incorrectly in
equation.
Both curly arrows in first step (1)
The structure of the intermediate carbocation

CH3CH+CH2Br (1)
Allow CH3CHBrCH2+ as intermediate
Curly arrow from Br− to C+ If curly

(1) arrow from
Br− to a C+
Partial (δ+ and δ-) charges are not required with a Br
Lone pair on bromide ion not required already
attached to
it 5

Number
20(d)(i) 100% as only one product / Just “atom
100% as no by product(s) / economy is high” /
100% as addition reaction / no mention of
100% as no waste product (formed) 100% 1
PMT

Number
20(d)(ii) H H Just repeating unit
  / one repeating unit
 CH2 C  CH2  C  drawn with an ‘n’ or
a ‘2’ next to it
 
CH3 CH3
CH3 groups may be on C2 and C4 OR C1 and

C3
IGNORE
brackets
IGNORE
‘n’
1
BOTH continuation bonds are essential

Number
20(d)(iii) Not sustainable as poly(propene) not made
from a renewable resource /
Not sustainable as made from non-

renewable resource / not sustainable as
made from crude oil.
Not sustainable as crude oil is not

renewable/
Not sustainable as crude oil finite resource
ALLOW
Is sustainable if linked to recycling
IGNORE
References to non-biodegradability /
long-lasting in use 1

PMT

PMT

Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Wednesday 7 January 2015 – Morning Paper Reference

Instructions
Information
t written
Advice
t Keep
t Try toananswer
eye on the time.
every question.
Turn over
P45041A
*P45041A0124*
6/6/6/6/2/
PMT
SECTION A
a cross .
1 A solution contains 33 ppm of solute. The mass of solute dissolved in 1 kg of this
solution is
A 33 g
B 0.33 g
C 0.033 g
D 0.000033 g
2 The Avogadro constant is equal to the number of

A grams of an element which contains 6.02 × 1023 atoms of that element.
B atoms contained in one mole of any element.
C atoms contained in one mole of any monatomic element.
D particles (atoms, ions or molecules) required to make one gram of a
substance.
3 A hydrocarbon contains, by mass, 82.7% carbon and 17.3% hydrogen.

The molecular formula of the hydrocarbon is
A CH3
B C2H6
C C2H5
D C4H10
2
*P45041A0224*
PMT
4 An ion, X–, contains 36 electrons.

In which block of the Periodic Table would element X be found?
A s
B p
C d
D f
5 Consider the following data:
C(s) + O2(g) o CO2(g) ǻH 9 = –394 kJ mol–1

Pb(s) + ½O2(g) o PbO(s) ǻH 9 = –217 kJ mol–1
PbO(s) + CO(g) o Pb(s) + CO2(g) ǻH 9 = –66 kJ mol–1
Calculate the value of the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, for the following reaction.
C(s) + ½O2(g) o CO(g)
A –243
B –111
C +111
D +243
6 Which of the following enthalpy changes cannot be measured directly by

experiment?
The enthalpy change of
A formation of methane.
B combustion of hydrogen.
C formation of carbon dioxide.
D combustion of carbon monoxide.
3
PMT
7 Which of the following equations represents a step that is not involved in the
Born-Haber cycle for lithium iodide, LiI?
A Li(s) + ½I2(s) ĺ LiI(s)
B ½I2(s) ĺ I(g)
C Li(s) ĺ Li(g)
_
D I(g) ĺ I+(g) + e
8 Which of the following results in the most polarizing cation?
Cation radius Cation charge
A small small
B small large
C large small
D large large
9 Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute nitric acid as follows:
CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) o Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
0.05 mol of calcium carbonate was added to a solution containing 0.08 mol of
nitric acid.
Which of the following statements is true?
A 0.05 mol of carbon dioxide is produced.

B 0.08 mol of calcium nitrate is produced.
C Calcium carbonate is in excess by 0.01 mol.
D Nitric acid is in excess by 0.03 mol.
4
*P45041A0424*
PMT
10 In which of the following pairs does each gas occupy the same volume?
All volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure.
A 2 g of hydrogen and 14 g of nitrogen.
B 32 g of methane and 88 g of carbon dioxide.
C 7 g of carbon monoxide and 16 g of oxygen.
D 10 g of hydrogen chloride and 10 g of sulfur dioxide.
11 Consider the reaction below.
2NO(g) + O2(g) ĺ 2NO2(g)

What is the maximum volume, in dm3, of nitrogen dioxide that could be obtained
in the reaction occurring when 1 dm3 of nitrogen monoxide is mixed with 2 dm3 of
oxygen, under suitable conditions?
All measurements are made at the same temperature and pressure.
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4

5
PMT
12 Which of the following graphs, not drawn to scale, best represents the trend in the
melting temperatures of the elements across Period 3, from sodium to argon?
A Melting
temperature
Atomic number
Melting
B temperature
Atomic number
C Melting
temperature
Atomic number
Melting
D
temperature
Atomic number
6
*P45041A0624*
PMT
13 In an experiment, 3.425 g of lead oxide was reduced to form 3.105 g of lead.

The empirical formula of the lead oxide is
A PbO
B Pb3O2
C Pb3O4
D Pb4O3
14 Which one of the following ions has the smallest radius?
A F–
B Mg2+
C Na+
D O2–
15 Phenol, C6H5OH, is converted into trichlorophenol (known as TCP), C6H2Cl3OH,

according to the equation below.
C6H5OH + 3Cl2 ĺ C6H2Cl3OH + 3HCl
If 50.0 g of phenol produces 97.6 g of TCP, what is the percentage yield of the TCP?
[Molar masses: phenol = 94 g mol–1; TCP = 197.5 g mol–1]
A 47.6%
B 49.4%
C 51.2%
D 92.9%
16 Which of the following contains a dative covalent bond?

A N2
B NH3
–
C NH2
D NH4+
7
PMT
17 If the price of one tonne (1000 kg) of sulfur, S, is £160, what is the cost (to the nearest
pound) of the sulfur needed to make one tonne of sulfuric acid, H2SO4?
A £52
B £98
C £160
D £490
18 Potassium combines with iodine to form potassium iodide.
Which of the following describes the bonding in the three substances?
Potassium Iodine Potassium iodide
A ionic covalent ionic
B metallic ionic covalent
C covalent covalent ionic
D metallic covalent ionic

8
*P45041A0824*
PMT
19 Which of the following does not represent the structure of the compound
2-methylpent-2-ene?
CH3
A C CH
CH3 CH2 CH3
CH3
B CH C
CH3 CH2 CH3
CH3
C C CH CH2 CH3
CH3
CH3 CH3
D CH2 CH C
CH3
20 Ions with the same electronic configuration are said to be isoelectronic.

Which of the following compounds is made up of isoelectronic ions?
A CaO
B CaBr2
C Na2O
D LiF
9
PMT
SECTION B
21 Crude oil is a source of alkanes.

(a) Name the process by which the hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The alkane X is composed of straight-chain molecules, each with nine carbon atoms.
(i) Give the molecular formula of X.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Y is a branched-chain isomer of X.

Y has eight carbon atoms in a straight-chain with one methyl group as a side-chain.
Draw the skeletal formula of one possible structure for Y.
Give the name of the structure that you have drawn.
(2)
Skeletal formula:
Name:
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
*P45041A01024*
PMT
(c) A reaction called cracking occurs when the alkane pentadecane, C15H32, is heated
in the presence of a catalyst.
(i) Give an equation to show the cracking of one molecule of C15H32 to form
one molecule of ethene and a molecule of one other product.
(1)
(ii) In practice, cracking pentadecane forms a large number of products.

Suggest why this is so.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) In the petroleum industry, some straight-chain alkanes are processed to form
cyclic hydrocarbons.
When octane is processed, each molecule of octane produces one molecule of a
cyclic hydrocarbon, C8H12, and three molecules of hydrogen as the only products.
(i) Complete the skeletal formula of one of the possible cyclic hydrocarbons.
(1)
(ii) Suggest why the petroleum industry processes straight-chain alkanes to form
cyclic hydrocarbons.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
PMT
22 For some reactions, the enthalpy change can be determined by experiment.

(a) Define the term enthalpy change of reaction.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) An equation for the reaction between the two solids ammonium thiocyanate, NH4CNS,
and barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2, is shown below.
2NH4CNS(s) + Ba(OH)2(s) ĺ Ba(CNS)2(s) + 2H2O(l) + 2NH3(g)

The following apparatus was set up in order to determine the enthalpy change for
the reaction.
boiling tube
thermometer
100.0 g of water
reaction mixture of
beaker NH4CNS and Ba(OH)2
In the experiment, 15.22 g of NH4CNS was reacted with an excess of Ba(OH)2. The
reaction absorbed heat energy from the surroundings. The temperature of the
100.0 g of water fell from 22.0 oC to 16.5 oC.
12
*P45041A01224*
PMT
(i) Calculate the heat energy absorbed, in joules, during the reaction.
Use the equation
Heat energy absorbed (J) = mass of water × 4.2 × temperature change
(1)
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of NH4CNS used in the experiment.

(1)
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, in kJ mol–1, to two significant
figures. Include a sign in your answer.
2NH4CNS(s) + Ba(OH)2(s) ĺ Ba(CNS)2(s) + 2H2O(l) + 2NH3(g)

(3)
13
PMT
(c) Standard enthalpy changes of reaction can also be calculated using mean bond
enthalpies.
(i) What is meant by the term mean bond enthalpy?
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Describe the bonding in a C C double bond in terms of the different ways in
which the orbitals overlap.
You may draw a diagram if you wish.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Space for diagram:
14
*P45041A01424*
PMT
(iii) Suggest why the mean bond enthalpy of a C C bond is less than twice the
mean bond enthalpy of a C C bond.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Use the mean bond enthalpy data in the table, and the equation given below, to
calculate a value for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of propene.
(3)
Bond Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1

C C 612
C C 347
C H 413
O O 498
C O 805
O H 464
H H H
H C C C + 4½O O 3O C O + 3H O H
H H
Answer = ............................................................................. kJ mol–1
15
PMT
*(v) The Data Booklet value for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of
propene is –2058 kJ mol–1.
Explain why the value calculated in (c)(iv) is less exothermic than the Data
Booklet value.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
*P45041A01624*
PMT
23 Iodine monochloride, ICl, is an interhalogen compound. Molecules of

iodine monochloride have a permanent dipole. Alkenes react with ICl, under suitable
conditions, in a similar way to the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen chloride, HCl.
(a) Propene reacts with ICl to form two possible organic products.
One of these products is 2-chloro-1-iodopropane.
(i) Complete the mechanism below, by adding curly arrows and the intermediate
species.
(3)
H CH3 H CH3
C C H C C H
H H
į+ I I CI
į– CI
(ii) Classify the type and mechanism for the reaction in (a)(i).
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Draw the structure of the other possible organic product of the reaction of
propene with ICl.
(1)
17
PMT
(b) Methane reacts with ICl, under suitable conditions, to form many products. Two
of these products are iodomethane and hydrogen chloride.
The reaction between methane and ICl is similar to that between methane and
chlorine, Cl2.
(i) Suggest the essential condition needed for this reaction.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(ii) The mechanism for the reaction between methane and ICl involves three
stages. One of these is the third and final stage, called termination.
Describe the mechanism of the reaction to form iodomethane and
hydrogen chloride.
In your answer, include:
Ɣ the type of reaction and mechanism
Ɣ the type of bond fission occurring
Ɣ the name and equation for the first stage of the mechanism
Ɣ the name and equations for the second stage of the mechanism
Ɣ one equation for a termination step
Curly (half-) arrows and state symbols are not required in your equations.
(7)
Type of reaction and mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................................................... ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Type of bond fission occurring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. ............................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
*P45041A01824*
PMT
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
PMT
24 A model of the atom describes a nucleus containing protons and neutrons

surrounded by electrons in energy levels.
(a) Complete the table below.
(3)
Sub-atomic particle Relative mass Relative charge

proton
neutron
electron
(b) State, in terms of the sub-atomic particles present, the meaning of the term isotopes.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The element rubidium exists as the isotopes 85Rb and 87Rb.
(i) Explain how gaseous atoms of rubidium are ionized in a mass spectrometer.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) In a sample of rubidium, the isotope 85Rb has an abundance 2.5 times greater
than that of 87Rb.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of rubidium in this sample. Give your
answer to one decimal place.
(3)
Relative atomic mass = ............................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
*P45041A02024*
PMT
(d) The diagram below illustrates a model of the metallic bonding in rubidium.
Write appropriate labels in the two empty boxes in order to complete the
diagram.
(2)
21
PMT
25 Ionization energies provide evidence for the arrangement of electrons in atoms.

(a) (i) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the second ionization
energy of magnesium.
(2)
*(ii) Give two reasons why the second ionization energy of magnesium is greater
than the first ionization energy of magnesium.
(2)
1 . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Complete the table by suggesting a value for the third ionization energy of
magnesium.
(1)
Ionization number First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Ionization energy
/ kJ mol–1 738 1450 10 500 13 600
22
*P45041A02224*
PMT
(b) (i) Give the electronic configurations of phosphorus and of sulfur in s, p and d
notation.
(2)
Phosphorus (atomic number 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................................... ......................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sulfur (atomic number 16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................... .......................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) By reference to your answer in (b)(i), explain why the first ionization energy of
sulfur is lower than that of phosphorus.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23
*P45041A02324*
PMT
24
*P45041A02424*
PMT
January 2015
Pearson Edexcel International

Advanced Subsidiary in Chemistry
(WCH01) Paper 01
PMT
occupational and specific programmes for employers. For further information,
please visit our website at www.edexcel.com.
Our website subject pages hold useful resources, support material and live feeds
from our subject advisors giving you access to a portal of information. If you have
any subject specific questions about this specification that require the help of a
subject specialist, you may find our Ask The Expert email service helpful.
www.edexcel.com/contactus

every kind of learning, for all kinds of people, wherever they are in the world.
We’ve been involved in education for over 150 years, and by working across 70
countries, in 100 languages, we have built an international reputation for our
commitment to high standards and raising achievement through innovation in
www.pearson.com/uk
January 2015
Publications Code IA040461
PMT
 All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark
the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last.
 Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be
for omissions.
 Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to
their perception of where the grade boundaries may lie.
 There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme
 All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded.
answer matches the mark scheme. Examiners should also be prepared
to award zero marks if the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit
according to the mark scheme.
 Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the
limited.
 When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark
scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader must be consulted.
 Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has

ii) select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and
to complex subject matter
WCH01_01
1501
PMT
does NOT mean giving credit for incorrect or inadequate answers, but it does
mean allowing candidates to be rewarded for answers showing correct application
of principles and knowledge. Examiners should therefore read carefully and
consider every response: even if it is not what is expected it may be worthy of
credit.

credit.
( ) means that a phrase/word is not essential for the award of the mark, but
helps the examiner to get the sense of the expected answer.
Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase or the actual word
is essential to the answer.
part of a question is used correctly in answer to a later part of the same
question.
Candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark.
Make sure that the answer makes sense. Do not give credit for correct
words/phrases which are put together in a meaningless manner. Answers must
be in the correct context.

 write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation in order
to make the meaning clear
 select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and to
appropriate.
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
1 C 1

Number
2 C 1

Number
3 D 1

Number
4 B 1

Number
5 B 1

Number
6 A 1

Number
7 D 1

Number
8 B 1

Number
9 C 1

Number
10 B 1

Number
11 A 1

Number
12 A 1

Number
13 C 1
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
14 B 1

Number
15 D 1

Number
16 D 1

Number
17 A 1

Number
18 D 1

Number
19 B 1

Number
20 C 1
WCH01_01
1501
PMT
Section B

Number
21(a) Fractional distillation 1
Both words needed

Number
21(b)(i) C9H20 1

Number
21(b)(ii) Correct skeletal formula (1) Structural or 2
displayed formula
Correct name for the structure drawn
providing that the structure is a
branched-chain isomer of C9H20
NO TE for name if skeletal formula is

incorrect
ALLOW
Correct name, even if structural or
displayed formula has been drawn
(1)
EXAMPLES of correct skeletal formulae
and names
2-methyloctane
3-methyloctane
4-methyloctane
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
21(c)(i) C15H32 → C13H28 + C2H4 1
IGNORE
ALLOW
Correct structural OR displayed OR
skeletal OR mixture of these (as long as
unambiguous)

Number
21(c)(ii) Any carbon-carbon bond (in the chain) 1
can break
OR
The carbon chain can break/split in
different places
OR
Carbon chain is cracked in many places /
different places
OR
C13H28 / product will break down further
IGNORE
‘Molecule can break anywhere’ /
‘It breaks into smaller molecules’ / ‘large
number of C atoms’ / ‘bonds break
randomly’ / ‘hydrocarbon chain is long’
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
21(d)(i) Two double bonds anywhere If any other 1
on the RING (allow them to be adjacent). incorrect structure
e.g. is included with
the final answer
Any 5-valent C
atom in structure
scores (0)
ALLOW
One triple bond (instead of two double
bonds) BUT not adjacent to a methyl
group
ALLOW: If the methyl

(ie double bond(s) on side-chain) groups are joined
by a bond
(0)
Benzene ring
(0)
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
21(d)(ii) NOTE 1
The answer must relate to combustion or
burning
To promote efficient combustion

OR
To increase octane number
OR
To reduce knocking
OR
Pre-ignition less likely ‘Ignition less likely’
(0)
ALLOW
To allow smoother burning
OR
More efficient fuels
OR
Better burning / fuels easier to burn
OR
Combust more easily
OR
Improves combustion
ALLOW
Reverse argument for straight-chain
hydrocarbons
IGNORE
References to:
‘less pollution’ / ‘burning more cleanly’ /
‘better fuels’ / ‘to form alkenes’ / ‘to
form more useful products’ /’branched
chains form’ /
boiling point / volatility / ‘to form H2’
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
22(a) 1st mark – idea of moles / amounts ‘One mole of 2
specified reactants’ /
‘One mole of
(Enthalpy change when) the number of products’ for 1st
moles of reactants mark
ALLOW
(Enthalpy change when) the number of
moles of products or substances / just
molar quantities / just amounts / just
moles
(1)
2nd mark – idea of an equation
(react as specified in the balanced)

equation (1)
IGNORE
references to
(standard) conditions /
just ‘enthalpy change that occurs during
a reaction’

Number
22(b)(i) (Heat energy absorbed = 1
100 x 4.2 x 5.5 =) 2310 (J)
ALLOW
2.3(10) kJ
IGNORE sign and sf except one sf

Number
22(b)(ii) (Moles NH4CNS = 15.22 =) 0.2(00) (mol) 1
76.1
IGNORE sf
ALLOW
Mr = 76 for NH4CNS to give 0.200(3) (mol)
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
22(b)(iii) ∆Hreaction = +2.3(10) x2 = +23.1 (kJ mol-1) 3
0.2(00)
= +23 (kJ mol—1) to 2 sf
First mark – correct computation

of ∆Hreaction:
2 x [answer to (b)(i) in kJ ÷ answer to

(b)(ii) in mol]
(1)
Second mark – stand alone, for correct
rounding:
A final answer to two sf

(1)
Third mark – stand alone, for giving a +
sign for endothermic reaction: Incorrect
units given
+ sign in front of final answer by the
(1) candidate
NOTE: (no 3rd
+12 (kJ mol—1) scores (2) scoring
(i.e. the 2nd and 3rd marks) point)

Number
22(c)(i) (Average amount of) energy/enthalpy Energy/enthalpy 2
required to break one mole of released
(covalent) bonds OR
‘Bonds
ALLOW formed/made’
Energy change/enthalpy change to break OR
one mole of (covalent) bonds 1 mol of
(1) compound
for 1st mark
(in the) gas / gaseous (state)

(1)
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
22(c)(ii) For a pi/-bond: 2
Sideways overlap of p-orbitals / overlap of p-
orbitals above and below
stated or drawn on a diagram (1)
For a sigma/-bond:
Head-on overlap of any orbitals, stated or drawn
on a diagram
(1)
MAX (1) if it is not specified/clear which type of
overlap relates to which type of bond
IGNORE
Incorrect diagram
NOTE
JUST 1st diagram below scores (1) whereas
JUST 2nd diagram below scores (2)
 -bond
C C C C
 -bond
 -bond
OR
 -bond
C C C C
 -bond
NOTE: For the -bond, allow any form of ‘end-on’

overlap of orbitals
MAX (1) if only an UNLABELLED but otherwise

correct diagram is given (ie also no words)
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
22(c)(iii) -bond is weak(er) -bond is stronger 1
OR than the -bond
-bond is strong(er) OR
OR C=C bond weaker
The sideways overlap is less effective than C-C bond
than the head-on overlap
ALLOW
The two bonds in the (C=C) double bond
are not the same strength
IGNORE
References to C=C bond more reactive
than C-C bond / ‘restricted rotation’

Number
22(c)(iv) [FIRST, check the answer on the answer line 3
IF answer = −1936 (kJ mol—1) award (3)
marks; +1936 (kJ mol—1) scores (2)]
Bonds broken
(6 x (C−H) = 6 x 413
+
1 x (C−C) = 1 x 347
+
1 x (C=C) = 1 x 612
+
4½ x (O=O) = 4½ x 498 =) (+)5678 (1)
Bonds made
(6 x (C=O) = 6 x −805
+
6 x (O−H) = 6 x −464
=) (−)7614 (1)
∆Hreaction = bonds broken + bonds made

= (+)5678 + (−)7614 = −1936 (kJ mol—1)
(1)
NOTE
3rd mark CQ on answers calculated for bonds
broken and bonds made
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
22(c)*(v) Under standard conditions/298 K water is 2
a liquid
OR
(Calculations involving) bond energies
refer to (water in) gaseous state
(1)
Energy released/given out on changing
from gas to liquid
OR
Energy absorbed/taken in on changing
from liquid to gas (1)
ALLOW max (1) if state that ‘bond

energies are average values (from a
range of compounds)’
IGNORE
References to ‘heat losses’ / ‘incomplete
combustion’
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
23(a)(i) Curly arrow from double bond towards 3
iodine atom AND curly arrow from the
I—Cl bond to the chlorine atom
(1)
H CH3
C C
H H

I

Cl
Carbocation intermediate (1)
H CH3
δ+ for +
H C C H
+
II
Curly arrow from the chloride ion to the
correct C+ in the intermediate
(1)
H CH3
δ− for – on Cl−
+
H C C H
-
(:)Cl −
Cl
II
NOTE
Curly arrow can originate from anywhere
on the Cl— ion in the final step.
Do not have to have a lone pair of e− on
the Cl− ion
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
23(a)(ii) Electrophilic (1) 2
Addition (1)
ALLOW answers in either order
IGNORE
‘heterolytic’

Number
23(a)(iii) H CH3 1
H C C H
Cl II
ALLOW
Correct structural OR displayed OR
skeletal formula OR mixture of these (so
long as unambiguous)
Eg CH2ClCHICH3
IGNORE
Any name given, even if incorrect

Number
23(b)(i) Ultraviolet / UV Mention of a 1
OR ‘catalyst’
Sun (light)
OR
Light
ALLOW
High temperature / 300oC (minimum)
IGNORE
Just heat / just radiation / rays
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
23(b)*(ii) First mark: 7
(Free) radical substitution (1)
Second mark:
Homolytic (fission) (1) Heterolytic

(fission)
Third mark:
Initiation
AND
ICl → I● + Cl● (1)
BOTH needed for the 3rd mark
Fourth mark:
Propagation (1)
Fifth and sixth marks:
CH4 + Cl● → CH3● + HCl (1) H● (the fifth and

sixth marks
CH3● + ICl → CH3I + Cl● (1) cannot be
awarded if H●
IGNORE appears in either
CH4 + I● → CH3● + HI propagation step)
CH3● + ICl → CH3Cl + I●
Seventh mark:
CH3● + I● → CH3I
OR
Cl● + Cl● → Cl2
OR
CH3● + Cl● → CH3Cl
OR
CH3● + CH3● → C2H6
OR
I● + Cl● → ICl
ALLOW
I● + I● → I2 (1)
IGNORE
Any INCORRECT termination step(s)
IGNORE
Curly arrows / half curly arrows, even if
incorrect
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
24(a) 3
(Sub- (Relative (Relative
atomic mass) charge)
particle)
Just “+” for
(proton) 1 +1/1+ proton charge
Just “neutral” for

(neutron) 1 0 neutron charge
1/2000 to —1/1— Just “—” for

(electron) 1/1800 electron charge
or
‘negligible’ “Zero” /”0” for
or 0.0005 to mass of an
0.00056 electron
(1) for each correct row
MAX (1) if only one COLUMN correct

IGNORE any masses in g or kg
IGNORE any charges in coulombs

Number
24(b) Atoms with the same number of protons “Element(s) with 2
(1) the same number
of protons”
IGNORE same number of electrons
(but) different numbers of neutrons

(1)
IGNORE
References to atomic number /
mass number / ‘nucleons’ /
JUST ‘atoms of the same element’

Number
24(c)(i) Electron gun / high-speed electrons / Just ‘electrons’ / 2
high-energy electrons / ‘Highly-charged’
fast-moving electrons / bombardment electrons
with electrons
(1)
Knock-out / remove electron(s) (1)
IGNORE
References to ionizing / forming ions /
just equations such as
Rb(g) → Rb+(g) + e− / other stages in
the process of mass spectrometry
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
24(c)(ii) [FIRST, check the answer on the answer 3
line
IF answer = 85.6 award (3) marks]
1st mark:
85 x 2.5 + 87 x 1
OR
85 x 71.4 + 87 x 28.6 (1)
2nd mark:
÷3.5 (can ÷7 if ratio given as 5:2)
OR
÷100
ALLOW TE using incorrect % abundances
or ratios
(1)
3rd mark – stand alone for correct

rounding (TE only if value calculated
is between 85 and 87)
(= 85.57, but ‘accurate’ answer depends

on rounding)
Final answer rounded to
85.6 (ie 1 dp)
Ignore units even if incorrect.
(1)
NOTE
85.5 without working scores (0)

Number
24(d) (Left-hand box) Just ‘electrons’ 2
Delocalised electron(s) ‘Negatively-
BOTH these words needed charged ions’
(1)
(Right-hand box)
Positive ion(s) / cation(s) / Rb+ ‘nuclei’ / ‘nucleus’
/
ALLOW ‘positive atoms’
metal ion(s) (1) ‘positively-charged
lattice’
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
25(a)(i) Mg+(g) → Mg2+(g) + e(—) “MG” for first mark 2
OR
Mg+(g) − e(—) → Mg2+(g)
OR
Mg+(g) + e(—) → Mg2+(g) + 2e(—)
1st mark
Correct species for reactants and
products
(1)
2nd mark
Correct state symbols
This mark can only be awarded if
first mark has already been awarded.
(1)
NOTE
Award state symbols mark if ‘X+(g)’ OR
‘MG’ used instead of ‘Mg’
Mg(g) → Mg2+(g) + 2e(—)

scores (0)
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
25(a)*(ii) Any TWO from: 2
Electron (in Mg+) is being removed from “Mg+ has more

a positive ion (1) protons than Mg”
scores (0) overall
Electron being removed is closer to the
nucleus (in Mg+) / Mg+ is smaller (than Electron is being
Mg) (1) removed from a
new
Proton: electron ratio greater (in Mg+) / shell/different
remaining e− more tightly held (in Mg+) shell / 2nd shell
(1) scores (0) overall
Greater (force of) attraction between

nucleus and (outermost) electron (in
Mg+) (1)
Electron repulsion is less in Mg+ (than

Mg) (1)
IGNORE
References to “effective nuclear charge
(ENC)” / high charge-density in Mg+ /
references to shielding

Number
25(a)(iii) Any value in range 1
5000 to 9000 (kJ mol—1)
NOTE
Actual value is 7730 (kJ mol—1)
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Number
25(b)(i) (Phosphorus) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 2
ALLOW
px, py, pz notation / upper case
(1)
(Sulfur) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
ALLOW
px, py, pz notation / upper case
(1)
ALLOW
Noble gas core: [Ne] for 1s2 2s2 2p6

Number
25(b)(ii) 1st mark – idea of paired e− in S 2
In sulfur, spin-pairing has occurred / two

electrons in the same orbital / paired e−
Note: Just 3p4 stated for S does not gain
this mark.
ALLOW
an ‘electrons-in-box’ diagram, showing
two electrons in the same orbital
(1)
2nd mark – idea of repulsion
(resultant increase in) repulsion (1)
ALLOW
Just phosphorus has a half-filled sub-
shell which is more stable (max (1))

WCH01_01
1501
PMT

with its registered office at 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL
WCH01_01
1501
PMT

Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary

Instructions
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
Information
• – usemarks
• written
Advice
• Keep
• Try toananswer
eye on the time.
every question.
Turn over
P46937A
*P46937A0124*
6/6/6/6/
PMT
SECTION A
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

a cross .
1 Which row in the table shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in a
fluoride ion, F–?
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
Protons Neutrons Electrons

A 8 9 9
B 9 9 10
C 9 10 9

D 9 10 10
2 A sample of oxygen contains the isotopes 16O, 17O, 18O.
How many peaks would there be for the O2+ ions in the mass spectrum of this sample
of oxygen?
A 3
B 5
C 6
D 9
(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark) DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
3 2000 g of a solution contains 0.015 g of solute.

In the solution, the concentration of the solute in parts per million (ppm) is
A 3.0
B 7.5
C 30
D 75
2
*P46937A0224*
PMT
4 What is the concentration, in mol dm–3, of a solution of 10.6 g of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3,
in 250 cm3 of solution?
A 0.40
B 0.25
C 0.10
D 0.025
5 An enthalpy level diagram for a reaction is
Y
Enthalpy
Progress of reaction
Which row in the table shows the correct terms for X and Y and the enthalpy change
for this reaction?
X Y Enthalpy change
A products reactants endothermic
B products reactants exothermic
C reactants products endothermic
D reactants products exothermic

3
PMT
6 The table shows the mean bond enthalpies for some covalent bonds.

Covalent bond C C C C Br Br C Br C H
Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1 347 612 193 290 413
What is the approximate enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, for the reaction shown?
H H H H
C=C + Br Br o H C C H
H H Br Br
A −225
B −122
C +122
D +225

7 The first six ionization energies, in kJ mol–1, of an element are
1086, 2353, 4621, 6223, 37832, 47278

In which group of the Periodic Table is this element?
A 2
B 3
C 4
D 5

Use this space for rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
4
*P46937A0424*
PMT
8 Each diagram shows the trend in the ionic radius for four sequences of ions.
The diagrams are not to scale.
A B
Ionic Ionic
radius radius
Ions Ions
C D
Ionic Ionic
radius radius
Ions Ions
(a) Which diagram shows the trend in the ionic radius for the sequence
Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+?
(1)
A
B
C
D
(b) Which diagram shows the trend in the ionic radius for the sequence
Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Si4+?

(1)
A
B
C
D
5
PMT
9 Some energy changes involved in a Born-Haber cycle are

A electron affinity

B lattice energy
C standard enthalpy change of atomization
D standard enthalpy change of formation
(a) Which enthalpy or energy change is represented by p?
K(s) o K(g)
9
ǻH = p
(1)
A
B
C
D

(b) Which enthalpy or energy change is represented by q?
K(s) + ½Cl2(g) o KCl(s)

9
ǻH = q
(1)
A
B
C
D
(c) Which enthalpy or energy change is represented by r?
½Cl2(g) o Cl(g)
9
ǻH = r
(1)
A
B
C
D
6
*P46937A0624*
PMT
10 The diagram, which is not drawn to scale, shows the Born-Haber cycle for
potassium chloride. The energy changes given are in kJ mol–1.
K+(g) + Cl(g) + e–
+ 122
– 349
K+(g) + ½Cl2(g) + e–
K+(g) + Cl–(g)
+ 419
K(g) + ½Cl2(g)
W
– 711
K(s) + ½Cl2(g)
– 437
KCl(s)
What is the value for W, in kJ mol–1?

A í956
B í82
C +82
D +956

7
PMT
11 Which row in the table shows the lattice energies, in kJ mol–1, of calcium fluoride,
potassium fluoride and potassium iodide?

Calcium fluoride Potassium fluoride Potassium iodide
A –2630 –817 –651
B –2630 –651 –817
C –651 –817 –2630
D –817 –2630 –651
12 The experimental value for the lattice energy of beryllium iodide is í2800 kJ mol–1
and the theoretical value is –2653 kJ mol–1.
The best explanation for the difference is that the
A beryllium ion is large and polarizes the iodide ion.

B beryllium ion is small and polarizes the iodide ion.
C iodide ion is large and polarizes the beryllium ion.
D iodide ion is small and polarizes the beryllium ion.
13 Carbon (diamond) and oxygen both form covalent bonds between their atoms in the
element.
What is the best reason for the fact that diamond has a much higher melting
temperature than oxygen?
A Diamond is a solid but oxygen is a gas at room temperature.
B Diamond has a giant atomic structure but oxygen has a simple molecular
structure. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
C The covalent bonds between carbon atoms in diamond are stronger than
those between oxygen atoms.
D There is a single covalent bond between carbon atoms in diamond but a
double covalent bond between oxygen atoms.
8
*P46937A0824*
PMT
14 The bonding in solid ammonium chloride is

A ionic only.
B ionic and covalent only.

C ionic and dative covalent only.
D ionic, covalent and dative covalent only.
15 One of the isomers with the formula C4H8 is
CH3 CH3
C C
H H
Possible names for this isomer are
A cis-but-2-ene and E-but-2-ene.

B cis-but-2-ene and Z-but-2-ene.
C trans-but-2-ene and E-but-2-ene.
D trans-but-2-ene and Z-but-2-ene.
16 An electrophile is a species that

A can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.
B can donate a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.
C always has a negative charge.
D always has a positive charge.

9
PMT
17 Alkenes react with hydrogen gas in the presence of a nickel catalyst.

0.2 mol of an alkene reacted completely with 19.2 dm3 of hydrogen gas at room

How many C C bonds are there in a molecule of this alkene?
[The molar volume of a gas is 24.0 dm3 mol–1 at room temperature and pressure]
A 4
B 3
C 2
D 1

10
*P46937A01024*
PMT
SECTION B
18 (a) The relative atomic masses of elements can be determined using a mass spectrometer.
(i) Define the term relative atomic mass.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Describe fully how positive ions are formed from gaseous atoms in a
mass spectrometer.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
PMT
(iii) The following data were obtained from the mass spectrum of a sample of strontium.

Mass / charge ratio % abundance
84.0 0.56
86.0 9.86
87.0 7.02
88.0 82.56
Calculate the relative atomic mass of strontium in this sample.

Give your answer to three significant figures.
(2)

(b) In which block of the Periodic Table is strontium found?

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
*P46937A01224*
PMT
(c) Draw the dot and cross diagram for strontium chloride.
Show outer electrons only.
(2)
(d) A solution of strontium nitrate was prepared from strontium oxide and dilute nitric acid.
Write the equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
(2)
(e) A compound of strontium contains 49.9% strontium, 13.7% carbon and 36.4% oxygen,
by mass.
Calculate the empirical formula for this compound.
[Use relative atomic masses: Sr = 87.6, C = 12.0, O = 16.0]
(3)
13
PMT
19 The first ionization energies for the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table are

Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
First ionization energy
496 738 578 789 1012 1000 1251 1521
/ kJ mol–1
(a) (i) Complete the electronic configuration of phosphorus, using the electrons-in-boxes
notation.
Write the symbols for the sub-shells on the dotted lines.
(2)
np
1s ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................ ................. ................................................

*(ii) The first ionization energies generally increase from left to right across the
period.
Explain why the first ionization energy of sulfur is lower than that of
phosphorus.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(iii) Write an equation, with state symbols, to show the third ionization energy of
phosphorus.
(2)
14
*P46937A01424*
PMT
*(b) (i) Explain why the first ionization energy of nitrogen is greater than the
first ionization energy of phosphorus.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of nitrogen.
(2)
(c) Solid white phosphorus exists as P4 molecules.

Calculate the number of molecules in 24.8 g of white phosphorus.
[The Avogadro constant, L = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1]

(2)
15
PMT
20 Compound X has the molecular formula C5H12.

(a) Draw the displayed formulae of the three structural isomers of C5H12.

(2)

(b) C5H12 reacts with chlorine to form a mixture of products.
(i) Classify the type and mechanism of this reaction.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Write the equations for the two propagation steps for this mechanism. Use the
molecular formula, C5H12, in your first equation. Curly arrows are not required.
(2)
(iii) Write the equation for one termination step for this mechanism. Curly arrows
are not required.
(1)
16
*P46937A01624*
PMT
(c) An experiment was carried out to determine the enthalpy change of combustion
of compound X, C5H12.
100.0 g of water was heated by burning 0.144 g of compound X.

The temperature rise of the water was 14.5°C.
(i) Calculate the energy transferred, in kJ, in this experiment.
Use the equation
heat energy produced (J) = mass of water × 4.18 × temperature change
(1)
energy transferred = ........................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of compound X used in this experiment.

(1)
moles of X = .................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of compound X. Include a sign
and units in your answer.
(2)
enthalpy change of combustion = .................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
PMT
(iv) The Data Book values for the enthalpy changes of combustion of the three
structural isomers with the formula C5H12 are:

–3509.1 kJ mol–1
–3503.4 kJ mol–1
–3492.5 kJ mol–1
The experimental value calculated in (c)(iii) is very different from these values.
Give two reasons, other than heat loss, for this large difference.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(v) Explain why it is not possible to deduce which of the isomers is compound X
by comparing this experimental value and the Data Book values.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
*P46937A01824*
PMT
*(d) Complete the Hess cycle and use it to calculate the enthalpy change of
combustion of C5H12 from the following data.
Show all of your working.
Standard enthalpy change of formation of C5H12(l) –173.2 kJ mol–1
Standard enthalpy change of combustion of H2(g) –285.8 kJ mol–1
Standard enthalpy change of combustion of carbon(s, graphite) –393.5 kJ mol–1
(4)
C5H12(l) + 8O2(g) 5CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

.................................................. + . ................................................. + ..................................................

19
PMT
21 This question is about alkenes.

(a) (i) Give the molecular formula of this alkene.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain why the alkene in (a)(i) exhibits geometric isomerism.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Propene reacts with three different reagents.
H H
C=C H
H C
H H
HBr
KMnO4
Reaction
/dilute
H H H 2 H H H
H2SO4
H C C C H H C C C H
Br OH H Organic H Br H
product
A
(i) Give the reagent needed for Reaction 1.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
*P46937A02024*
PMT
(ii) Identify, by name or formula, the organic product A formed in Reaction 2.

(1)
(iii) State the colour change that you would see when Reaction 2 is carried out.
(1)
From ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................... to ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Give the mechanism for Reaction 3. Use curly arrows and show any relevant
dipoles and lone pairs.
(4)
21
PMT
(c) But-2-ene polymerizes to form poly(but-2-ene).

Draw a section of this polymer, showing two repeat units.

(1)

22
*P46937A02224*
PMT
(d) Cyclohexanol forms cyclohexene in the following reaction.

OH
+ H2O
(i) Calculate the percentage atom economy by mass for the production of
cyclohexene.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the percentage yield if 10.20 g of cyclohexanol produced 6.15 g of

cyclohexene.
(2)

23
*P46937A02324*
PMT
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
*P46937A02424*
24
PMT
January 2016

Advanced Level in Chemistry (WCH01)
Paper 01 – The Core Principles of
Chemistry.
PMT
For further information, please visit our website at www.edexcel.com.
Our website subject pages hold useful resources, support material and live
feeds from our subject advisors giving you access to a portal of information.

international reputation for our commitment to high standards and raising
achievement through innovation in education. Find out more about how we
can help you and your students at: www.pearson.com/uk
January 2016
Publications Code IA043122*
PMT
 All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must

mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark
the last.
 Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not
according to their perception of where the grade boundaries may
lie.
 There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark
scheme should be used appropriately.
 Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide
the principles by which marks will be awarded and
exemplification may be limited.
 When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the
mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader must
be consulted.
 Mark schemes will indicate within the table where, and which
strands of QWC, are being assessed. The strands are as follows:

ii) select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to
purpose and to complex subject matter
PMT


same question.

candidates to:
 write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation in
 organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist vocabulary
when appropriate.
abilities.
PMT

Number
1 D 1

Number
2 B 1

Number
3 B 1

Number
4 A 1

Number
5 C 1

Number
6 B 1

Number
7 C 1

Number
8(a) A 1

Number
8(b) D 1

Number
9(a) C 1

Number
9(b) D 1

Number
9(c) C 1
PMT

Number
10 C 1

Number
11 A 1

Number
12 B 1

Number
13 B 1

Number
14 D 1

Number
15 B 1

Number
16 A 1

Number
17 A 1
(Total for Section A = 20 marks)
PMT
Section B

Number
18(a)(i) First mark average 3
Weighted mean mass weight
ALLOW
(Weighted) average (atomic) mass (1)
Second mark
(Mass) of atom(s) (of an element) atom of an
isotope
ALLOW
(Mass of all) the isotopes (of an element) (1) Mole(s) of
atoms
Third mark
Divided by / compared with 1/12th the mass
of (an atom of) 12C / C-12
OR
On a scale in which 12C / C-12 = 12 (g) (1)

Number
18(a)(ii) (Beam of) high energy electrons / Just ‘electron 2
accelerated electrons / electrons from gun’ /
electron gun / high speed electrons / ‘electron(s)’
ALLOW highly
Electron beam charged
OR electrons
Electrons bombard / hit / blast the (gaseous)
atoms
OR
Electrons are fired at the (gaseous) atoms
(1)
Knock off / liberates an electron(s) / leads to

loss/removal of electron(s) (from the Just ‘takes an
gaseous atoms) (1) electron(s)’
IGNORE
References to ionising / forming (positive)
ions / just an equation
e.g. M(g) → M+(g) + e
PMT

Number
18(a)(iii) Correct answer with or without working 2
scores both marks
((84.0 x 0.56) + (86.0 x 9.86) + (87.0 x

7.02) +(88.0 x 82.56))/100 (1)
= 87.7 (must be to 3 SF) (1)
NOTE 87.71/ 87.710/87.7102 score (1) with

or without working
IGNORE g or g mol-1, but wrong units, eg %,

lose the second mark

Number
18(b) s (block) Any number in front of 1
the s e.g. 4s
ALLOW S (block)
Any other group number
IGNORE group 2 / period 5 / period number

Number
18(c) covalent 2
bonding (0)
First mark
Correct dot and cross diagrams with 2+
charge on Sr and − charge on Cl (1)
ALLOW no electrons or 8 electrons on outer

shell of Sr
ALLOW dots or crosses for electrons
ALLOW diagrams without square brackets
Second mark
Ratio of 1 strontium and 2 chloride (ions)
ALLOW this shown as 2 in front of a chloride

ion or subscript 2 after the ion (1)
IGNORE any inner shell electrons
ALLOW max 1 for incorrect symbol(s)

PMT

Number
18(d) SrO(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Sr(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) H2 scores 2
(0)
OR
SrO(s) + 2H+(aq) → Sr2+(aq) + H2O(l)
Correct formulae and balancing
ALLOW multiples (1)
State symbols (1)
If no other mark awarded, ALLOW

Ionic equation given as
O2-(s) + 2H+(aq) → H2O(l) (1)

Number
18(e) SrC2O4 with or without working scores 3 marks If all 3
Ar/%,
Sr C O scores (0)
% 49.9 13.7 36.4 (1) overall
Ar 87.6 12.0 16.0
If all
divide 0.57 1.14 2.28 %/atomic
by 0.57 0.57 0.57 number,
smaller scores (0)
overall
ratio 1 2(.004) 4/3.993 (1)
empirical formula SrC2O4 (1) Incorrect

symbol(s)
ALLOW symbols in any order
ALLOW use of 87.7 instead of 87.6
ALLOW TE for MP2 and 3, if one slip in MP1 or

MP2

PMT

Number
19(a)(i) 2
Arrows correct
ALLOW half-headed arrows/ 3p electrons all

pointing downwards (1)
Labels correct
OR
2px, 2py, 2pz and 3px, 3py, 3pz (1)
IGNORE numbers as superscripts

Number
19(a)(ii) Mark independently 2
First mark (idea of paired electrons in S)

In sulfur: spin-pairing has occurred (in the 3p
orbital / sub-shell)/ there are paired electrons
(in a 3p orbital / sub-shell )
OR
there are two electrons in the same (3p) orbital Sub-shell

/ there is a full (3p) orbital (1) / shell
Note – Just stating 3p4 does not get this mark
Second mark (idea of repulsion)

(Resultant increase in) repulsion (allows electron
to be removed more easily) (1)
Note – if no correct reference to sulfur
ALLOW
Phosphorus has a half-filled sub-shell which is
(more) stable (1)
IGNORE any reference to nuclear attraction /

atomic radius / shielding
PMT

Number
19(a)(iii) P2+(g) → P3+(g) + e(-) Incorrect 2
symbol for
ALLOW first mark
P2+(g) — e(-) → P3+(g) only
ALLOW +2/+3 for 2+/3+ or additional electrons

provided the equation balances
Correct symbols (1)
Both (g) (1)
Mark independently
IGNORE state symbol on the electron / IE in

equation

Number
19(b)(i) Mark independently 3
First mark (number of shells) Mention of

N has fewer (electron) shells than P molecules
Just ‘lower
ALLOW atomic number’
The outer electron is in a shell closer to the / ‘N is smaller
nucleus in N than P’
OR
In N the atomic radius/size is less (1) Ionic radius
Second mark (shielding)

(Outermost electron in N) has less shielding
(1)
Third mark (attraction)

(Even though N has a lower nuclear charge/ N has a higher
fewer protons) nuclear charge
(there is a) greater (force of) attraction than P
between the nucleus and the (outer)
electron/ greater effective nuclear charge
OR
outer electron is held more strongly by the
nucleus (1)
IGNORE N has a greater charge density
ALLOW
Reverse argument for phosphorus / trend
down the group
PMT

Number
19(b)(ii) 2
OR
ALLOW all dots, all crosses or any other symbol for

the electrons
First Mark
Three pairs of electrons between the nitrogen
atoms
ALLOW
Two or three of the 3 pairs of electrons circled to
show sharing as part of triple bond (1)
Second Mark
Lone pair on each nitrogen atom
ALLOW
2 unpaired electrons (1)

Number
19(c) Correct answer with or without working scores 2
both marks
Number of moles = 24.8

31.0 x 4 (1)
= 0.2(00) (mol)
Number of molecules of P4
= 0.2 x 6.02 x 1023
= 1.204 x 1023 / 1.20 x 1023 / 1.2 x 1023 (1)
TE on number of moles
IGNORE SF except 1SF

PMT

Number
20(a) Missing H once 2
only
Only structural or
skeletal formulae
once only
All 3 correct (2)

Any 2 correct (1)
ALLOW CH3 groups
If no other marks are scored, ALLOW

3 correct isomers as structural, skeletal or
any other combination of formulae except
molecular for (1) mark
IGNORE bond angles and bond lengths
IGNORE structural or skeletal formulae in

addition to displayed formulae / names,
even if incorrect
If 4 or more isomers drawn, max 1

PMT

Number
20(b)(i) (Free) radical (1) Heterolytic 2
/electrophilic
/nucleophilic
Substitution (1)
IGNORE homolytic fission/ initiation /

propagation /termination

Number
20(b)(ii) C5H12 + Cl• → C5H11• + HCl (1) Missing dots once 2
only in (b)(ii) and
C5H11• + Cl2 → C5H11Cl + Cl• (1) (b)(iii)
ALLOW equations in either order / Additional incorrect

displayed formulae / structural equations once only
formulae
Formation of H•
NO TE on incorrect free radical scores (0) overall
IGNORE size and position of dot / any

type of curly arrows

Number
20(b)(iii) Any one from Additional incorrect 1
equation
Cl• + Cl• → Cl2
Cl• + C5H11• → C5H11Cl
C5H11• + C5H11• → C10H22
IGNORE any type of curly arrows

PMT

Number
20(c)(i) Correct answer with or without working scores 6 / 6061 (kJ) 1
the mark
100.0 x 4.18 x 14.5 (= 6061 J)

= 6.061/6.06/6.1 (kJ)
ALLOW 6061 J
IGNORE sign (+/-) / kJ mol-1
Question Acceptable Answers Mark

Number
20(c)(ii) Correct answer with or without working scores the mark 1
number of moles = 0.144 = 0.002 / 2x10-3

72
ALLOW correct working with no answer written

Number
20(c)(iii) Correct answer with or without working scores 2
both marks
enthalpy change of combustion

= answer to (c)(i)
answer to (c)(ii)
= −3030.5/−3031 kJ mol-1
Or
−3030500/−3.0305 x 106/−3031000/−3.031 x 106
J mol-1
Correct number (1)
Correct sign and units consistent with number (1) Incorrect

unit e.g.
Mark independently kJ/mol-1
or kJ mol-
ALLOW
−3030/−3050 kJ mol-1 and equivalent answers in
J mol-1 score both marks
ALLOW units as kJ/mol or kJ or J/mol or J

mol mol

ALLOW TE from (c)(i) and (c)(ii)
PMT

Number
20(c)(iv) First mark 2
Incomplete combustion
ALLOW incomplete reaction (1)
IGNORE not enough oxygen / not all the fuel

has reacted
Second mark
Evaporation of the alkane / fuel / reactant /
compound
ALLOW alkane is volatile /

heat capacity of/heat absorbed by
container/apparatus was not included (1)
IGNORE
Heat loss to the surroundings /
Not measured at standard conditions /
Mention of heat capacity/density of water /
Evaporation of water /
Error in thermometer/balance /
Alkane is impure
If average bond enthalpies is mentioned, max

(1)

Number
20(c)(v) The experimental errors are greater than the Average 1
differences in the Data Book values bond
enthalpies
OR
The experimental value is much lower than all

the Data Book values/ the Data Book values are
all much more exothermic than the experimental
value
ALLOW
The three Data Book values are (too) close
together
IGNORE
Answer to (c)(iii)/ experimental value is very
different to the Data Book values
PMT

Number
20(d) C5H12(l) + 8O2(g) → 5CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) 4
5C(s, graphite) + 6H2(g) + 8O2(g)
Cycle 2 marks
5C(s, graphite) + 6H2(g) + 8O2(g)
OR
5C(s) + 6H2(g) + 8O2(g)
Correct species, multiples and all state symbols

needed (1)
Both arrows upwards
ALLOW two arrows from elements to products of

combustion /downward arrows provided they are
labelled with correct value or symbol (1)
IGNORE additional curved arrows as part of

working
Calculation 2 marks Mark independently of

arrows on cycle
Correct answer with or without working scores

both marks
∆Hc = (5x−393.5) + (6x−285.8) −(−173.2) (1)
= −3509.1/−3509 (kJ mol-1) (1)
IGNORE kJ as unit Other

incorrect
ALLOW TE from incorrect multiple of C and H2 unit

PMT

Number
21(a)(i) C7H14 C7H14 1
ALLOW H14C7
IGNORE any working/ names

Number
21(a)(ii) First mark the molecule/ 2
Restricted/barrier to rotation (around C=C/ pi hydrocarbon
bond) cannot rotate
ALLOW no rotation (around C=C/ pi bond/ the

double bond) (1)
IGNORE
Just ‘groups/atoms attached to C=C are in
fixed positions ‘
Second mark
(Two) different groups/atoms (with different compounds/
priorities/masses) on both/each of the carbon molecules/
atoms (of C=C) branches
OR for groups
(Two) different groups on either side of C=C
OR
There are three different groups/atoms around 4 different
the C=C bond groups/atoms
ALLOW two clear diagrams/structures showing

the two different groups in each isomer (1)

Number
21(b)(i) bromine water/ aqueous bromine /Br2(aq) Just 1
‘bromine/Br2’/
Br2(l)/ BrOH
PMT

Number
21(b)(ii) propane-1,2-diol 1,2-dipropanol 1
ALLOW Correct name with

propan-1,2-diol/ 1,2-propanediol/ 1,2- incorrect formula
propandiol or vice versa
IGNORE missing/ additional hyphens in

name
OR
O-H-C...
OH-C...
OHC...
...C-H-O
... C-HO
...CHO
ALLOW
Structural formula, skeletal formula or a
combination of these
IGNORE
Molecular formula/ C3H8O2

Number
21(b)(iii) (From) purple/ pink (to) colourless 1
Both colours correct for the mark

PMT

Number
21(b)(iv) Clearly 4
half-headed
arrows
once only
Missing H
on
structures
once only
Correct dipole on HBr (1)
Curly arrow from C=C to H of HBr and curly arrow

from H-Br bond to Br (1)
Correct intermediate with + charge (1) δ+
(At least one) lone pair on Br− and curly arrow

from Br− to C+ Brδ−
(1)
ALLOW curly arrow from anywhere on Br, including
the – sign
If mechanisms are given for 1-bromopropane and

2-bromopropane, ignore the mechanism for 1-
bromopropane
If final product is 1-bromopropane only,

mechanism can score marks 1, 2 and 4
PMT

Number
21(c) 1
ALLOW CH3 groups above or below the chain
ALLOW fully displayed formula
IGNORE brackets and n/ 2
IGNORE bond angles and bond lengths
IGNORE working before final structure

Number
21(d)(i) Correct answer with no working scores the 82.4(%) 1
mark (incorrect Mrs of
84 and 102 used
(percentage atom economy) = 82.0 x 100
100.0 80 (1 SF)
= 82(.0) (%)
PMT

Number
21(d)(ii) Correct answer with no working scores both 6.15 x 100 2
marks 10.2
= 60.3%
First mark scores (0)
moles of cyclohexanol
= 10.2 = 0.102
100.0
ALLOW TE on incorrect Mr in (i) (1)
Second mark 70 for the

EITHER second mark
moles of cyclohexene produced
= 6.15 = 0.075
82.0
% yield = 0.075 x 100

0.102
= 73.529/ 73.53/ 73.5/ 74 (%) (1)
ALLOW TE on incorrect mol of cyclohexanol

and cyclohexene or incorrect Mr in (i)
OR
theoretical mass of cyclohexene

= 0.102 x 82.0 = 8.364 g
% yield = 6.15 x 100

8.364
= 73.529/ 73.53/ 73.5/ 74 (%) (1)
ALLOW TE on mol of cyclohexanol, mass of

cyclohexene or incorrect Mr
IGNORE SF except 1 SF

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary

Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centre
Information
• written
Advice
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over
P48367A
6/5/6/6/
*P48367A0124*
SECTION A

a cross .

A atoms in one mole of any element.
B atoms in one mole of any monatomic element.
C atoms in one mole of any compound.
D ions in one mole of an ionic compound.
2 When ethane reacts with chlorine, a mixture of products forms. Which product is the
best evidence for a free radical mechanism?

A HCl
B C4H10
C C2H5Cl
D C2H4Cl2
3 What is the systematic name for the compound shown below?
A E-3-methylpent-2-ene DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
B E-3-methylpent-3-ene
C Z-3-methylpent-2-ene
D Z-3-methylpent-3-ene

2
*P48367A0224*
4 How many straight chain isomers have the molecular formula C3H5Cl?
A 3
B 4
C 5
D 6
5 100 cm3 of methane, CH4, is completely burned in 400 cm3 of oxygen.

What is the final volume of the gas mixture, in cm3, when all volumes are measured at
room temperature and pressure?
A 100
B 200
C 300
D 400
6 In the United Kingdom, the limit for gaseous hydrocarbons in vehicle exhaust gases is
200 ppm.
What is the maximum volume of gaseous hydrocarbons allowed in 10 mol of exhaust

gases, at room temperature and pressure?
[Molar volume = 24 dm3 mol–1]
A 24 cm3
B 48 cm3
C 96 cm3
D 480 cm3

3
7 Which of these statements is the best evidence for the existence of ions in
sodium chloride?

A Solid sodium chloride conducts electricity.
B When an electric current is passed through a solution of sodium chloride, the
movement of the coloured ions is observed.
C Sodium chloride crystals have a regular shape.
D There is good agreement between theoretical and experimental lattice energies
for sodium chloride.
8 Which ion has the smallest ionic radius?

A Cl−
B Ca2+
C K+

D S2−
9 Which quantity is exothermic?

A Enthalpy change of atomisation of sulfur.
B First ionisation energy of sulfur.
C First electron affinity of sulfur.
D Second electron affinity of sulfur.

4
*P48367A0424*
10 Which diagram best represents the electron densities in lithium iodide?

–
+
A
–
+
B
–
+
C
+
–
D

11 Which equation represents the lattice energy of magnesium nitride, Mg3N2?

A 3Mg(s) + N2(g) oMg3N2(s)
B 3Mg(g) + 2N(g) oMg3N2(s)
C 3Mg2+(g) + 2N3−(g) oMg3N2(g)
D 3Mg2+(g) + 2N3−(g) oMg3N2(s)
12 In which pair are the ions isoelectronic?

A Li+ and O2−
B Na+ and Cl−
C Mg2+ and S2−
D Al3+ and F−

5
13 The following statements give information about the thermodynamic stability of

magnesium chlorides.

Ɣ MgCl is stable with respect to chlorine and magnesium.
Ɣ MgCl is unstable with respect to MgCl2 and Mg.
Ɣ MgCl3 is unstable with respect to chlorine and magnesium.
Which signs of the standard enthalpy changes of formation of MgCl and MgCl3 are
correct?
ǻH f9 [MgCl(s)] ǻH f9 [MgCl3(s)]
A negative negative
B positive negative
C negative positive
D positive positive

14 In the electrolysis of copper(II) chromate(VI) solution, the colour that develops around
the positive electrode (anode) is
A orange.
B yellow.
C green.
D blue.
15 When 10 cm3 of a nitric acid solution reacts with 20 cm3 of a sodium hydroxide
solution, the temperature rise is ǻT. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
Repeating the reaction with 15 cm3 of the same nitric acid solution and 30 cm3 of the
same sodium hydroxide solution would give a temperature rise of
A 0.5 ǻT
B 0.67 ǻT
C ǻT
D 1.5 ǻT
6
*P48367A0624*
16 How many moles of ions are present in 30 cm3 of 0.025 mol dm–3 barium hydroxide
solution, Ba(OH)2(aq)?
A 0.00075
B 0.00150
C 0.00225
D 0.00450
17 When 1.270 g of copper (Ar = 63.5) is added to excess silver nitrate solution, 4.316 g of
silver (Ar = 107.9) forms.
The ionic equation for the reaction is:
A Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) oCu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
B 2Cu(s) + Ag2+(aq) o2Cu+(aq) + Ag(s)
C Cu(s) + Ag2+(aq) oCu2+(aq) + Ag(s)
D Cu(s) + Ag+(aq) oCu+(aq) + Ag(s)
18 The process with the highest atom economy is the production of

A propene by cracking eicosane, C20H42.
B 1-chloropropane from propane and chlorine.
C cyclohexene by reforming hexane.
D poly(propene) by polymerising propene.

7
19 Which hazard symbol must be displayed on a bottle containing hexane?

A

D
20 Which is a free radical?

A OH
B OH−
C OH2
D OH+3
8
*P48367A0824*
BLANK PAGE
*P48367A0924*
9
Turn over
SECTION B

21 This question is about cyclohexene which can be used to show the reactions of the alkenes.
Cyclohexene
Data: Boiling temperature = 83 qC Density = 0.81 g cm−3
(a) (i) 1 cm3 of bromine water is shaken with 2 cm3 of cyclohexene in a test tube
and the mixture allowed to stand.
Describe what you would see before and after shaking.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Draw the skeletal formula of the major organic product of this reaction.
(1)
10
*P48367A01024*
(b) Draw the skeletal formula and give the name of the organic product formed when
cyclohexene reacts with potassium manganate(VII) mixed with dilute sulfuric acid.
(2)
Skeletal formula
Name ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............................................................

(c) Suggest the skeletal formula of the polymer that would be formed if cyclohexene
polymerised. Show two repeat units.
(2)
11
22 This question is about a preparation of hydrated zinc sulfate crystals.

An excess of powdered zinc is added to 20 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid.

(a) (i) State two observations you would make during this reaction.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Write the ionic equation for this reaction. Include state symbols.
(2)

*(b) When the reaction is complete, a solution of zinc sulfate is formed. Some unreacted
zinc is left.
Describe how pure dry crystals of hydrated zinc sulfate may be obtained from this mixture.
(4)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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12
*P48367A01224*
(c) (i) The formula of the hydrated zinc sulfate crystals is ZnSO4.7H2O.
Calculate the molar mass of ZnSO4.7H2O.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of sulfuric acid in 20.0 cm3 of a 1.0 mol dm–3

solution.
(1)
(iii) 4.00 g of hydrated zinc sulfate crystals form.

Calculate the percentage yield of hydrated zinc sulfate.
Give your answer to two significant figures.
(2)
13
23 This question is about the gases propane, C3H8, and butane, C4H10.
(a) (i) Propane and butane are both alkanes. Alkanes are said to belong to the same

‘homologous series’.
Give two characteristics associated with homologous series.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) Butane has a structural isomer but propane does not.

State what is meant by a structural isomer and explain why butane has a
structural isomer but propane does not.
(2)

Structural isomer
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Explanation
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Bottled propane is used as the fuel for the burners in hot air balloons. A hot air
balloon carries 80 kg of liquefied propane.

(i) Write the equation for the complete combustion of propane in air under
standard conditions. State symbols are not required.
(2)
14
*P48367A01424*
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of propane in 80 kg.

(2)
9
(iii) The standard enthalpy change of combustion of propane, ǻH c,298 = −2220 kJ mol–1.
Calculate the heat energy, in joules, given out when 80 kg of propane burns completely.
(1)
(iv) The burners have a maximum power rating of 4800 W. (1 W = 1 J s–1)

Calculate the maximum time, in hours, that the balloon’s fuel would last if the
burners are used continuously on full power with 80 kg of fuel.
(1)
15
(v) A student suggests that butane would be a better fuel for hot air balloons
than propane because it has a more negative enthalpy change of combustion,
9
ǻH c,298 = −2880 kJ mol–1.

Suggest two reasons why butane is not a better fuel than propane for hot air
balloons.
(2)
Reason one ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Reason two ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16
*P48367A01624*
(c) The standard enthalpy changes of atomisation of propane and butane can be
calculated. The calculation requires their standard enthalpy changes of formation
and the standard enthalpy changes of atomisation of carbon and hydrogen.
(i) Complete the Hess cycle for the calculation of the standard enthalpy change
of atomisation of propane.
(1)
3C(s, graphite) + 4H2(g) oC3H8(g)
(
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........... ) + ........................... (........... )
(ii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of atomisation of propane,

9
ǻH at,298[C3H8(g)]
Use the data below.
9
ǻH f,298[C3H8(g)] = −104.5 kJ mol–1
9
ǻH at,298[½H2 (g)] = +218 kJ mol–1
9
ǻH at,298[C(s, graphite)] = +716.7 kJ mol–1
(3)
17
(iii) The standard enthalpy change of atomisation of butane can be calculated

using the same method as for propane. This value, together with the
carbon-hydrogen bond energy, can be used to calculate the carbon-carbon

bond energy
ǻH at,298[C4H10(g)] = +5173.3 kJ mol–1.
E(C–H) = +412.3 kJ mol–1
Calculate the carbon-carbon bond energy.
(2)

(iv) Suggest why your answer differs from the mean bond energy for the
carbon-carbon bond given in data books.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
*P48367A01824*
24 This question is about the alkali metal potassium and the salt potassium chloride.
(a) (i) A sample of potassium is known to consist of isotopes with
mass numbers 39 and 41.

For each isotope, complete the table below to show the numbers of protons,
neutrons and electrons.
(2)
Isotope mass Number of Number of Number of

number protons neutrons electrons
39
41
(ii) Explain the meaning of the term isotope, using the information from the table
in (a)(i).
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) The relative atomic mass of this sample of potassium is 39.1.

Calculate the percentage abundance of each isotope.
(2)
19
(b) The chart below shows the successive ionisation energies of potassium.

Successive ionisation energies of potassium Z = 19
6.0
5.5
5.0
log (IE kJ mol–1)
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5

2.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ionisation number
(i) Estimate the 1st ionisation energy and the 19th ionisation energy of
potassium. Use data from the graph and your calculator.
(1)
(ii) Explain why the logarithm of the ionisation energy is used in plotting this
graph rather than the ionisation energy.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
*P48367A02024*
(iii) Write the equation for the first ionisation energy of potassium.
(2)
*(iv) Explain why there is a general rise in the value of the successive ionisation
energies.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(v) Explain each of the three sharp rises in the graph.
You should include details of the subshell from which the electron is removed
at each sharp rise.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
(c) (i) Draw a dot and cross diagram for potassium chloride.
Only show the electrons in the outer shell of both ions.

(2)
(ii) Compare the electrical conductivity of potassium metal and potassium chloride.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Describe two similarities in the structure and bonding of potassium metal and
potassium chloride.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Give one difference between the structures of potassium metal and
potassium chloride.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22
*P48367A02224*
BLANK PAGE
*P48367A02324*
23
*P48367A02424*
24
January 2017
Pearson Edexcel
International Advanced Subsidiary Level
in Chemistry (WCH01)
Paper 01 The Core Principles of Chemistry

January 2017
Publications Code WCH01_01_MS_1701*

the last.
lie.
be consulted.



( ) means that a phrase/word is not essential for the award of the
mark, but helps the examiner to get the sense of the expected
answer.
ecf/TE/cq (error carried forward) means that a wrong answer given in
an earlier part of a question is used correctly in answer to a later part of
the same question.

candidates to:
 write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation
in order to make the meaning clear
 select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and
 organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist
vocabulary when appropriate.
abilities.

Number
1 A is incorrect because elements may be diatomic 1
B is the correct answer
C is incorrect because compounds contain two or
more elements
D is incorrect because ionic compounds contain two
or more elements

Number
2 B is the correct answer 1
Though A, C, and D are products of the reaction they
do not indicate the mechanism

Number
3 A is the correct answer 1
Only this answer gives correct priorities and
positions with the double bond taking precedence
over the branch.

Number
There are three different points of attachment for
chlorine, one of which has geometric, cis-trans
isomers.

Number
5 C is the correct answer 1
100 cm3 of carbon dioxide form and 200 cm3 of
oxygen are left. Water is not a gas at room

Number
10 x 200 x 10-6 x 24 x 1000 = 48 cm3

Number
7 A is untrue 1
B is untrue
C is true but is not the best evidence for ions – it
merely shows particles are arranged regularly
D is the correct answer

Number
All ions in the responses have the same number of
electrons, so the smallest is the ion with the most
positive charge.

Number
A, B, and D are incorrect because they all have
positive values.

Number
B is incorrect because positive ion is never distorted
C is incorrect because no ion distortion
D is incorrect because negative ion is too small and
distorted in the wrong direction

Number
11 A is incorrect because this is the enthalpy change of 1
formation
B is incorrect because neither reactant is ionized
C is incorrect because the state of the product is
incorrect

Number
12 A is incorrect because the oxide ion has more 1
electrons
B is incorrect because the chloride ion has more
electrons
C is incorrect because the sulfur ion has more
electrons

Number
13 A is incorrect because the second value is positive 1
B is incorrect because the first value is negative and
the second positive
C is the correct answer
D is incorrect because the first value is negative

Number
Because the chromate(VI) ion is negative and
coloured yellow under these conditions

Number
Because the same proportions of solutions of the
same concentration are used

Number
Because 30 x 0.025/1000 x 30 = 0.00225

Number
B is incorrect because silver is not divalent in this
reaction
C is incorrect because silver is not divalent in this
reaction
D is incorrect because copper is not monovalent in
this reaction

Number
18 D is the correct answer 1
Because all the other processes produce additional
products

Number
B is incorrect because it is not an oxidant
C is incorrect because it is not corrosive
D is incorrect because it is not poisonous

Number
B is incorrect because it is a hydroxide ion
C is incorrect because it is water
D is incorrect because it is an oxoniun ion
And none of these have an unpaired electron
(TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS)

Section B

Number
21(a)(i) (Before shaking) 3
yellow/brown solution (and Red
colourless liquid)
ALLOW
red-brown/orange (1)
(After shaking the aqueous layer) turns

turns colourless clear/transparent
OR OR
Decolourises solid forms

/bubbles/fizzing/
ALLOW effervescence
Bromine colour fades/disappears

(1)
Two layers form
OR
Mention of a layer (1)
IGNORE
Incorrect name of product in this

part

Number
21(a)(ii) 1
The OH and Br must be on two

adjacent carbon atoms in either
order on a six membered ring
IGNORE
Point of attachment of OH.
Attempt to show stereochemistry eg

bonds at odd angles

Number
21(b) 2
(1)
Comment
IGNORE
Point of attachment of OH; even if

–H-O
Attempt to show stereochemistry
Name
Cyclohexan(e)-1,2-diol
/1,2-dihydroxycyclohexane
/1,2-diolcyclohexane
IGNORE punctuation
(1)
Mark name and formula

independently
ALLOW TE for hexan(e)-n,(n+1)-diol

with corresponding formula max1
Otherwise NO TE from incorrect

formula

Number
21(c) First mark 2
Correct structure
ALLOW
Separated joining bond provided it points to both

carbons
IGNORE curious bond angles (1)
Second mark
Extension bonds
ALLOW
Two cyclic monomers, neither of which may be

correct, joined together can score 1 max for
extension bonds on adjacent carbons
Fused rings with extension bonds on the adjacent

carbons can score 1 max
Separated extension bonds, where there is a gap

between the bond and a cyclic structure are
allowed if they are pointing to the carbons
adjacent to the joining bond
Second mark for any 12 carbon structures (which

may be linear) with extension bonds
IGNORE
Brackets and numbers or letters after brackets eg

n, 2, n/2
More than two units (1)
(TOTAL FOR QUESTION 21 = 8 MARKS)


Number
22(a)(i) Any two from 2
(Some) zinc reacts / disappears (to

give a colourless solution)
ALLOW zinc / solid dissolves /

disappears
(1)
Bubbles (of gas forming) Incorrect gas

effervescence/fizzing (1)
(excess Zn) solid seen at the Crystals / white solid

bottom (of the container) (1) forming
Temperature increases / mixture

warms (1)
IGNORE
Hydrogen gas forming

Number
22(a)(ii) Zn(s) + 2H+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + H2(g) 2
OR
Zn(s) + 2H3O+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + H2(g) +2H2O(l) (2)
OR
LHS correct with state symbols (1)
RHS correct with state symbols (1)
Correct ionic equation without state symbols or incorrect

state symbols (1)
ALLOW
Sulfate ions on both sides for 1 max
IGNORE full equation if ionic equation subsequently given


Number
*22(b) MP1 4
Filter (to remove excess zinc) (1)
IGNORE impurities
MP2
Evaporate to crystallisation point
ALLOW
Boil to remove (some) water / reduce (excess) …to remove all

volume / heat to concentrate (the solution) solvent / water
(1)
MP3
(Cover and) cool / wait for crystals to form
And
Filter/decant / pick out the crystals (from

supernatant liquid) (1)
IGNORE washing
MP4
Dry crystals with filter papers / dry crystals Just ‘dry’

with tissue paper / in a desiccator / in an
oven at ≤ 50oC (1)
The last key point mark awarded should only

be given if sequence is correct.

Number
22(c)(i) 287.5 (g mol-1) 1
ALLOW 287.4 (g mol-1)

Number
22(c)(ii) (20 x 1.00 =) 0.0200 (mol) 1
1000

Number
22(c)(iii) COMMENT 2
Please use calculator to check use of unexpected

molar masses
Method 1
Expected mass 0.0200 x 287.5 (= 5.75 (g)) (1)
Yield = 4.00 x 100 (= 69.5652)= 70% (1)

5.75
Method 2
4/287.5 (= 0.01391 (mol)) (1)
0.01391/0.02 x 100 = 70% (1) Answer

not to
ALLOW TE from (i) and (ii) 2SF
ALLOW TE from first mark to second mark
191.5 x 0.02 = 3.83  100% (to 2 SF)
223.5 x 0.02 = 4.47  89%
161.5 x 0.02 = 3.23 120%
Correct answer no working scores (2)
(TOTAL FOR QUESTION 22 = MARKS)


Number
23(a)(i) Any two from: 2
 The same general formula Same empirical

formula / same
ALLOW example of any general formula molecular
alone formula
 Each member differs by CH2 / by a

mass of 14
 Contains the same functional group

or have similar / same chemical
properties
 Smooth gradation of / gradual

change / trend in physical properties
IGNORE
Same physical properties / same

properties

Number
23(a)(ii) Structural isomers have the same 2
molecular formulae but different structural
formulae / structures / displayed formulae
/ skeletal formula
ALLOW
Just ‘different arrangement of same

atoms’
IGNORE
General formula (1)
When the last carbon atom is added to the

chain, in butane there are two possible
points of attachment but in propane there
is only one.
ALLOW
Butane can form a branched chain / but

propane cannot form a branched chain
OR
Two isomers of C4H10 correctly drawn

(alone)
There is only one way of arranging the

atoms in propane but two ways in butane
(1)
IGNORE
More (carbon) atoms in butane
Any other comments providing it is

non-contradictory

Number
23(b)(i) C3H8 + 5O2  3CO2 + 4H2O 2
Correct reactants and products

(1)
Balancing (1)
2nd mark dependent on first
BUT ALLOW one mark for correctly balanced

equation for C3H6
IGNORE state symbols even if incorrect


Number
23(b)(ii) Molar mass of propane = 2
(3 x 12 + 8 x 1 =) 44 (1)
80 x 1000 = 1818 (mol) (1)

44
ALLOW TE from first to second mark
Correct answer no working 2 marks
IGNORE SF except 1

Number
23(b)(iii) 1818 x 2220 1
= 4.04 x 106(kJ)
= 4036363000 / 4.04 x109 (J)
TE from (ii) e.g. 1.8 give 3996(kJ)
IGNORE sign even if incorrect / IGNORE

SF

Number
23(b)(iv) 4036363000 = 8.41 x 105 s 1
4800
=1 4000 min = 234 hours
Ignore SF
ALLOW 230 – 234 (early rounding)
TE from (iii)

Number
23(b)(v) Both marks can be awarded in either space 2
Any two from
MP1
For butane 80 kg produces 3.97 X 106 kJ

whereas propane produces 4.04 X106 kJ
OR
Butane has a higher molar mass so energy per

g/kg is about the same (slightly less)
(values propane 50 J g-1, Butane 48 J g-1) (1)
MP2
Incomplete combustion more likely for butane
ALLOW
Butane needs more oxygen for complete

combustion
OR
Butane does not burn as easily / quickly /

efficiently
ALLOW
Butane / longer hydrocarbon is less efficient
Butane takes longer to burn

(1)
MP3
Butane may not vaporise at high altitudes / if it

is cold / butane is less volatile
OR
Butane has higher boiling temperature (1)
IGNORE
More carbon dioxide formed / butane has

greater density
More energy required for burning


Number
23(c)(i) 3C(g) + 8H(g) 1

Number
23(c)(ii) 3 x 716.7 + 8 x 218 –(-104.5) 3
(2)
(2 150.1 + 1 744) + 104.5
= (+)3 998.6 (kJ mol-1) (1)
Ignore SF and units even if

incorrect
(+)1039.2 scores 1 mark

(missing both multiples)
(+)2472.6 scores 2 marks

(missing x 8)

(missing x 3)
-3998.6 scores 2 marks (Hess

wrong way round)

(-104.5)

(x 2 instead of x 8)
-2690.6 scores 1 mark

(x 2 instead of x 8, Hess wrong
way round)

(x 4 instead of x 8)
-3126.6 scores 1 mark

(x 4 instead of x 8, Hess wrong
way round )

Number
23(c)(iii) 3 X E(C−C) = 5 173.3 – 10 X E(C−H) 2
= 1050.3 (1)
E(C−C) = (+) 350.1(kJmol-1) (1)
IGNORE SF except 1

Number
23(c)(iv) Bond energies vary with 1
environment (whereas bond
energies in data book values are
mean bond energies)
ALLOW
Bond energies averaged over (many

/ different) compounds


Number
24(a)(i) 2
Isotope Number of Number of Number of

mass protons neutrons electrons
number
39 19 20 19
41 19 22 19
Each correct row (1)

Number
24(a)(ii) Isotopes OR atoms OR they OR elements OR species 1
that have the same numbers of protons (and electrons)
/ 19 protons but different numbers of neutrons / 20
and 22 neutrons
Must mention both protons and neutrons

Number
24(a)(iii) 39x + 41(100 - x) = 39.1 2
100
ALLOW
39x + 41y = 39.1 (1)

100
-2x = 3 910 -4 100 = - 190
x = 95
39 – 95%
41 – 5% (1)
Both correct with no working 2


Number
24(b)(i) 102.6 = 398 ± 40 (kJ mol-1) 1
ALLOW
Any value between 250 - 550 (kJ mol-1)
OR
105.7 = 501 000 ± 50 000 (kJ mol-1)
ALLOW
Any value between 250,000 – 760,000 (kJ mol-1)
IGNORE
units even if incorrect
e2.6 etc

Number
24(b)(ii) The large range (of numbers from 398 to 1
500 000 is too big a range to plot directly)
OR
to fit numbers onto graph
OR
(Taking logarithms) makes the numbers

manageable to plot
ALLOW
Ionisation energies too large


Number
24(b)(iii) K(g) - e(−)  K+(g) 2
OR
K(g)  K+(g) + e(−)
States, dependent on correct electron

transfer (1)
Rest of the equation correct (1)

Number
24*(b)(iv) Any two from 2
Electrons removed from (more) positive ion

each time / proton : electron ratio increases
ALLOW
greater effective nuclear charge (1)
So the ion is smaller / has less electrons /

has less electron repulsion / electron (to be
removed) is closer to nucleus (1)
so greater electrostatic attraction / greater

attraction between nucleus and electron
(1)
IGNORE
Shielding increasing
Nuclear charge increasing


Number
24*(b)(v) Any three from 3
 Each rise is caused by removing an

electron from an inner (quantum)
shell / energy level
OR
shell / energy level which is closer to

the nucleus
 The first sharp increase is when a 3p

electron is removed (for the first
time / rather than a 4s electron)
 The second sharp increase is when a

2p electron is removed (for the first
 The third sharp increase is when a 1s

electron is removed (for the first

Number
24(c)(i) 2
(1) (1)
OR
No electrons around the potassium ion
IGNORE the absence of empty ring

around the potassium
IGNORE inner electrons
ALLOW 1 for two correct electronic

structures with no charges

Number
24(c)(ii) Potassium conducts when solid (or 2
molten)
ALLOW potassium conducts in all states

(1)
Whereas potassium chloride (only)

conducts when molten / in (aqueous)
solution
(1)
Question Reject Mark

Number
24(c)(iii)* Both solids are held together by forces of 2
(electrostatic) attraction
OR
Both have positive and negative particles Both

(1) have
positive
and
negative
ions
(In both solids positive ions) are in fixed
positions / in a lattice / regular
arrangement
OR
both have regular 3D shape / arrangement
OR
lattice structures
IGNORE
Giant structures
(1)

Number
24(c)(iv)* In metal electrons are free to move / 1
delocalised electrons
OR
In KCl electrons are not free to move /

not delocalised
OR
In ionic solid negative ions are in fixed

positions
OR
KCl contains anions and cations
and
(only) cations in K / K does not contain

anions
(TOTAL FOR QUESTION 24) =21 MARKS


with its registered office at 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL, United Kingdom
Surname Other names
Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary

Candidates must have: Scientific calculator Total Marks
Instructions
• centre
Answer
Information
• written
Advice
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate. Turn over
*P50704A0124*
P50704A
6/5/5/1/1/1/

SECTION A

a cross .
1 The diagram shows a mass spectrometer.
sample vaporised
+ B
C
recorder

amplifier
ions are detected
and recorded
D
r
la
The region of the mass spectrometer in which ions are accelerated is
FpT
(1)
A A
B B
C C
em
A
D D

exR
2 The electronic configuration of the nitride ion, N3−, is

A 1s22s2
B 1s22s22p1
D
D
C 1s22s22p3
D 1s22s22p6

2
*P50704A0224*

3 W, X, Y and Z represent four elements in the Periodic Table. These are not the symbols
for the elements.
W Z
Y
X
(a) Which is a p block element with only two electrons in its outer p subshell?
(1)
A W
B X
C Y
D Z
(b) Elements W and Z form a compound WZ. The types of bonding in W, Z and WZ are
(1)
W Z WZ
ar
A ionic covalent ionic
B metallic covalent ionic

pTl
C metallic covalent covalent
D metallic ionic covalent

mF

xReA
De
3

4 Alstonite is a rare salt with the formula, BaCa(CO3)2. It reacts with hydrochloric acid.
Data: molar mass of alstonite = 297.4 g mol−1

L = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1
(a) The percentage by mass of oxygen in alstonite is

(1)
A 16.1%
B 26.9%
C 32.3%
D 34.3%
(b) What is the total number of ions in one mole of alstonite?

(1)
A 6.02 × 1023
B 1.20 × 1024

C 1.81 × 1024
D 2.41 × 1024
r
(c) What is the number of moles of hydrochloric acid required for complete reaction
la
with one mole of alstonite?
FpT
(1)
A one
B two
C three
D four
em
A

exR
D
4
*P50704A0424*

5 Phosphorus reacts with iodine to produce phosphorus(III) iodide:

P4 + 6I2 → 4PI3
What is the minimum mass of iodine required to produce 1 kg of phosphorus(III) iodide

when the phosphorus is in excess?
Data: molar mass of phosphorus(III) iodide = 411.7 g mol−1
A 0.616 kg
B 0.925 kg
C 2.466 kg
D 3.700 kg
6 Sulfur reacts with chlorine to produce disulfur dichloride:

S8 + 4Cl2 → 4S2Cl2
What is the maximum mass of disulfur dichloride that could be produced from the
reaction of 0.100 mol of sulfur, S8, with 0.394 mol of chlorine?
Data: molar mass of disulfur dichloride = 135.2 g mol−1
ar
A 13.32 g
B 13.52 g
pTl
C 53.27 g
mF
D 54.08 g

xReA
7 Which of these Period 2 elements has the highest melting temperature?

A Lithium
B Boron
C Nitrogen
D Neon
De

5

8 Chlorine can be prepared by the reaction between concentrated hydrochloric acid
and concentrated sodium chlorate(I).
Chlorine is a hazardous substance and the risk due to the chlorine is best lowered by

A using a fume cupboard.
B wearing gloves.
C wearing goggles.
D working in groups.
9 Metallic bonding is best described as the electrostatic attraction between

A cations and anions.
B cations and delocalised electrons.
C nuclei and shared pairs of electrons.

D nuclei and two electrons from one atom.

r
10 The ionic equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and
la
aqueous sodium hydroxide is
FpT
A H+(aq) + OH−(aq) → H2O(l)
B Cl−(aq) + Na+(aq) → NaCl(aq)
C H+(aq) + Cl−(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH−(aq) → Cl−(aq) + Na+(aq) + H2O(l)
em
A
D H+(aq) + Cl−(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH−(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

exR
D
6
*P50704A0624*

11 Methane reacts with chlorine in the presence of UV radiation to produce chloromethane:
CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl

methane chlorine chloromethane hydrogen chloride

Molar mass 16 71 50.5 36.5
/ g mol−1
(a) What is the atom economy by mass for the production of chloromethane in
this reaction?
(1)
A 29%
B 42%
C 58%
D 71%
(b) When 3.20 g of methane reacted with excess chlorine, 5.05 g of chloromethane
was made. What was the percentage yield?

(1)
A 10%
ar
B 20%
C 50%
pTl
D 63%
mF
(c) A methyl free radical forms in this reaction. The dot-and-cross diagram for the
methyl free radical is
(1)
xReA
A H B H
H C H C
H H
C H D H
H H H
De
C C
H H

7

12 Hess’s law can be used to determine enthalpy changes, such as the formation of
carbon monoxide from carbon and oxygen, which cannot be obtained directly.

ΔH1
C(s) + ½O2(g) CO(g)
ΔH2 ΔH3
½O2(g) ½O2(g)
CO2(g)
From Hess’s law
A ΔH1 = ΔH2 − ΔH3
B ΔH1 = ΔH2 + ΔH3
C ΔH1 = ½ΔH2 − ½ΔH3

D ΔH1 = ½ΔH2 + ½ΔH3

r
13 Consider the bond enthalpy values given in the table.
la
FpT
Bond Bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1
N≡N +945
H−H +436
N−H +391
em
A
For the reaction
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

the enthalpy change, in kJ mol−1, is

exR
A +1080
B +852
D
D
C −93
D −529

8
*P50704A0824*

14 The enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol was determined by using a spirit burner
containing ethanol to heat 250 cm3 of water in a copper calorimeter.
The experimental value obtained was less exothermic than the Data Booklet value.
Which is the least likely reason for this difference in the enthalpy values?
A Heat loss from the copper calorimeter

B Incomplete combustion of the ethanol
C Use of non-standard conditions
D Loss of ethanol by evaporation
15 A drop of copper(II) sulfate solution was placed at the centre of a damp piece of filter
paper covering a microscope slide. A direct current was passed through the paper
and after a short time the following observations were noted:
Moving towards the anode Moving towards the cathode

A blue colour nothing visible

B blue colour yellow colour
ar
C yellow colour blue colour
D nothing visible blue colour
pTl

mF

xReA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
De
9

SECTION B

16 This question is about alkanes and their use as fuels.
Crude oil is a mixture of alkanes which can be processed in various ways.
(a) Fractional distillation is the method used to separate crude oil into fractions
containing similar sized alkanes.
B: petrol / gasoline
heated crude oil

(i) On what physical property does the separation of alkanes using
r
fractional distillation depend?
(1)
la
FpT
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Suggest the name of an alkane that would be present in the fraction
labelled A.
em
(1)
A
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) State why fractions in addition to B are also processed to produce petrol.
exR
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D
D
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10
*P50704A01024*

(b) Substances obtained from crude oil can be processed by cracking to obtain
alkanes and alkenes.
(i) Industrial catalysts are used for the cracking process. What other condition
is required?
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) The kerosene fraction contains the hydrocarbon, C12H26, which can be cracked
to produce octane and ethene only.
Write the equation for this cracking reaction. State symbols are not required.
(2)
(c) Substances obtained from crude oil can be processed by reforming to produce
branched-chain alkanes from straight-chain alkanes.
(i) State the advantage of using petrol containing branched-chain alkanes.

(1)
ar
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using skeletal formulae, write an equation for the reforming of hexane into
(ii)
an alkane with a single branch as the only product. Name your product.
pTl

(3)
mF
Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Reforming can also produce cyclic alkanes from straight-chain alkanes.
Complete the equation for the reforming of nonane into propylcyclohexane.
(1)
De
→ + ........................

11

(d) Pentane, C5H12, is used as a fuel.
(i) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced at room temperature and

pressure (r.t.p.) from the complete combustion of 10.0 cm3 of liquid pentane.
Data: one mole of any gas occupies 24 000 cm3 at r.t.p.
density of liquid pentane = 0.626 g cm−3
C5H12 + 8O2 → 5CO2 + 6H2O
(4)

r
la
(ii) Write an equation for the incomplete combustion of pentane to form
FpT
carbon monoxide and water only. State symbols are not required.
(1)
*(e) Crude oil is a non-renewable resource and some chemists are of the opinion that,
em
because its use causes climate change, other energy sources should be used.
A
Explain the meaning of the term ‘non-renewable’ and how the use of crude oil
causes climate change.
(2)

exR
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D
D
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12
*P50704A01224*

17 This is a question about the structure and chemical properties of alkenes.

(a) The carbon-carbon double bond consists of both a sigma (σ) bond and a pi (π) bond.
Describe two differences in the orbital overlap of a sigma bond and in the
(i)
orbital overlap of a pi bond between carbon atoms.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ar
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) What feature of a pi bond can result in E-Z isomers?

(1)
pTl
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mF
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
De
13

(iii) Not all alkenes exhibit E-Z isomerism.
For the molecular formula C4H8

•
draw the displayed formula of the E isomer and of the Z isomer
•
draw the displayed formula and give the name of one alkene which does
not exhibit E-Z isomerism. Name this alkene.
(4)
E isomer Z isomer
Alkene with no E-Z isomerism

r
la
FpT
Name .................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) (i) Complete the reaction scheme for propene using structural formulae for the
em
A
organic products.
(3)
....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CH3CH2CH3

exR
Br2
............................................... and .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CH3CH CH2
D
D
KMnO4 / H+
. . . . . . .........................................

14
*P50704A01424*

(ii) Draw the repeat unit of the polymer formed from propene.
(1)
(c) Draw the mechanism for the reaction between hydrogen bromide and propene
to form the major product.
•
Use curly arrows and show any relevant dipoles and lone pairs of electrons
•
State the name of the reaction mechanism
•
Give the name of the major product.

(6)
ar
pTl
mF
Reaction mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

De
Name of major product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

18 Ionisation energies provide evidence for the electronic structures of atoms.
(a) Complete the definition of the term first ionisation energy.

(2)
The energy required to remove one electron from each atom . .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Explain why ionisation is an endothermic process.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The sketch below shows the first ionisation energies of nine successive elements.

r
la
FpT
First
ionisation
energy
em
A
Atomic number

Circle all the crosses on the sketch which represent electrons being removed
(i)
exR
from an s orbital.
(2)
D
16
*P50704A01624*

(ii) Draw the shape of a single p orbital.

(1)
*(d) Describe the trend in the values of the first four ionisation energies for the
element aluminium. Hence show that aluminium is in Group 3 of the Periodic Table.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ar
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pTl
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) Why are orbitals of the same sub shell occupied singly by electrons, before pairing
mF
of electrons occurs?
(1)
xReA
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

De
17

19 The following data can be used in a Born-Haber cycle for calcium oxide, CaO.

Letter Enthalpy change Value / kJ mol−1
A Enthalpy change of atomisation of calcium +178
B First ionisation energy of calcium +590
C Second ionisation energy of calcium +1145
D Enthalpy change of formation of calcium oxide −635
E Enthalpy change of atomisation of oxygen (½O2(g) → O(g)) +249
F First electron affinity of oxygen −141
G Second electron affinity of oxygen +798
(a) Complete the Born-Haber cycle for calcium oxide by adding

•
letters in the boxes for the ionisation energies of calcium and the
electron affinities of oxygen

•

any relevant chemical species and electrons on the blank lines
•
arrow heads to indicate enthalpy change direction
(3)
r
Ca2+(g) + O2−(g)
la
FpT
+ +
+ +
em
A
+ +

Lattice energy
exR
Ca(g) + O(g)
E
D
Ca(g) + ½O2(g)
D
A
Ca(s) + ½O2(g)
D
CaO(s)

18
*P50704A01824*

(b) Use the data to calculate a value for the lattice energy of calcium oxide.
Give a sign and units in your answer.
(2)
*(c) The numerical value for the calcium oxide lattice energy based on the
Born-Haber cycle and the theoretical value based on calculation are very similar.
However, there is an 8% difference between the values for calcium iodide, with
the Born-Haber cycle value being more negative.
Compare the bonding in calcium oxide with that of calcium iodide and explain
fully why there is a significant difference between the experimental and
theoretical lattice energy values for calcium iodide.

(4)
ar
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pTl
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mF
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xReA
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
De
19

(d) The reaction between calcium oxide and water to produce calcium hydroxide is
exothermic, and is used to warm canned drinks. A typical arrangement is shown
in the diagram.

ring pull
drink
insulation
divider
CaO
water
separator
button

The enthalpy change of reaction is −65.1 kJ mol−1
Assume that the energy transferred to the drink is given by the following equation:
r
energy (J) = volume of drink (cm3) × 4.18 (J cm−3 °C−1) × temperature change (°C)
la
(i) Calculate the mass of calcium oxide that would be required to raise the
FpT
temperature of 200 cm3 of drink by 40 °C.

(3)
em
A

exR
Give two reasons why this drink can is insulated.

(ii)
(2)
D
D
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20
*P50704A02024*

(iii) Complete the enthalpy level diagram for the reaction between calcium oxide
and water. Include state symbols, the value for the enthalpy change and a
label for the y axis.
(2)
CaO(s)
ar
Reaction path
pTl
mF

xReA

De
21
*P50704A02124*
D
22
exR
A
em
FpT
la
BLANK PAGE
r
*P50704A02224*
D
De
xReA
mF
pTl
BLANK PAGE
ar
*P50704A02324*
23
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
D
*P50704A02424*
r
la
FpT
em
A
exR
24
D
January 2018

Advanced Level In Chemistry (WCH01)
Paper 01 The Core Principles Of
Chemistry
Edexcel and BTEC qualifications are awarded by Pearson, the UK’s largest awarding
body. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational,
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you and your students at: www.pearson.com/uk
January 2018
Publications Code WCH01_01_1801_MS
 All candidates must receive the same

treatment. Examiners must mark the first candidate in
exactly the same way as they mark the last.
 Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates
must be rewarded for what they have shown they can do
rather than penalised for omissions.
 Examiners should mark according to the mark
scheme not according to their perception of where the
grade boundaries may lie.
 There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the
mark scheme should be used appropriately.
 All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be
awarded. Examiners should always award full marks if
deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark
scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero
marks if the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit
 Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will
provide the principles by which marks will be awarded and
 When examiners are in doubt regarding the
application of the mark scheme to a candidate’s response,
the team leader must be consulted.
 Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the
candidate has replaced it with an alternative response.

Number
1 The only correct answer is B (1)
A is not correct because this area is for ionisation
C is not correct because this area is for deflection
D is not correct because this area is for detection

Number
2 The only correct answer is D (1)
A is not correct because this is for the +3 ion
B is not correct because this is for the +2 ion
C is not correct because this is for the atom

Number
3(a) The only correct answer is C (1)
A is not correct because this is an s block element
B is not correct because this is a d block element
D is not correct because this has 4 electrons in its p

subshell

Number
3(b) The only correct answer is B (1)
A is not correct because W bonding type is incorrect
C is not correct because WZ does not have covalent

bonding
D is not correct because Z is not ionic and WZ is not

covalent
Number
A is not correct because this percentage is only for 3

oxygen atoms
B is not correct because this percentage is only for 5

oxygen atoms
D is not correct because this percentage uses 279.4

instead of 297.4

Number
4(b) The only correct answer is D (1)
A is not correct because this is only for one ion
B is not correct because this is only for two ions
C is not correct because this is only for three ions

Number
4(c) The only correct answer is D (1)
A is not correct because there are two moles of

carbonate requiring neutralisation and not ½ mol
B is not correct because there are two moles of

carbonate requiring neutralisation and not one mol
C is not correct because there are two moles of

carbonate requiring neutralisation and not 1½ mol

Number
A is not correct because the 4:6 ratio has been omitted
C is not correct because the wrong ratio of 4:1 has

been used
D is not correct because the ‘4’ of the 4:6 ratio has not
been used
Number
6 The only correct answer is C (1)
A is not correct because the number of moles 0.394 has

been incorrectly divided by four and then used
B is not correct because the wrong number of moles,

0.100, has been used
D is not correct because 0.100 has been multiplied by

four to give 0.400 and then used instead of the limiting
0.394 mol

Number
A is not correct because lithium has weaker bonding

than boron
C is not correct because nitrogen is a gas
D is not correct because neon is a gas

Number
8 The only correct answer is A (1)
B is not correct because gloves do not lower the risk of

a gas
C is not correct because goggles do not lower the risk

of a gas
D is not correct because this is not the best way to

reduce the risk but exposes more to it

Number
A is not correct because this is ionic bonding
C is not correct because this is covalent bonding
D is not correct because this is dative covalent bonding

Number
B is not correct because these are the spectator ions
C is not correct because this equation includes the

spectator ions
D is not correct because this equation includes the

spectator ions

Number
A is not correct because this is 50.5 as a percentage of

all of the molar masses in the equation
B is not correct because this is the atom economy for

the production of hydrogen chloride instead of
chloromethane
D is not correct because this is 50.5 divided by the

molar mass of chlorine

Number
11(b) The only correct answer is C (1)
A is not correct because this is the number of moles of

the product times by one hundred
B is not correct because this is the number of moles of

the reactant times by one hundred
D is not correct because this is the reactant mass as a

percentage of the product mass
Number
11(c) The only correct answer is A (1)
B is not correct because there is no unpaired electron

on the carbon
C is not correct because this is the methane molecule
D is not correct because this is the methyl anion

Number
B is not correct because the ΔH3 should be subtracted

not added
C is not correct because the enthalpy values should

not be halved
D is not correct because enthalpy values should not be

halved nor added

Number
A is not correct because this is the use of only 3xN-H

instead of 6x
B is not correct because this is the use of 2xN≡N instead

of 1x
D is not correct because this is the use of only 2xH-H

instead of 3x

Number
A is not correct because there will be significant heat

loss
B is not correct because there will be significant heat

loss
D is not correct because there will be significant heat

loss
Number
A is not correct because the blue copper ions move

towards the cathode
B is not correct because the blue copper ions move

towards the cathode and there are no yellow ions
C is not correct because the sulfate ions are colourless

and not yellow

Section B

Number
16(a)(i) (Different) boiling temperatures / boiling points (1)
IGNORE
Chain length/intermolecular forces/ mass of alkane

Number
16(a)(ii) Methane/ethane/propane/butane/methylpropane (1)
ALLOW
Formulae CH4/ C2H6/ C3H8 /C4H10
If name and formula given then both must be correct
IGNORE
Refinery gas / natural gas / fuel gas / LPG

Number
16(a)(iii) Insufficient petrol obtained (from fractional distillation)/ (1)
Not enough petrol is obtained to meet demand /
other fractions are surplus to requirements
ALLOW
There is a high demand for petrol /
other fractions are less useful
IGNORE
Higher yield / references to cost

Number
16(b)(i) High temperature / Heat Warm (1)
UV light
ALLOW High
Any value(s) ≥150°C Melting /
boiling
IGNORE temp
Pressure / steam / exclusion of oxygen /
just ‘temperature’
Number
16(b)(ii) C12H26 → C8H18 + 2C2H4 (2)
Correct formulae (1)
Balancing of correct formulae (1)
IGNORE
State symbols even if incorrect / any conditions above arrow

Number
16(c)(i) Burns more ‘smoothly’/ (1)
reduces/prevents ‘knocking/pinking/pre-ignition’
OR
Has a higher octane rating
ALLOW
Burns more efficiently / burns more easily
IGNORE
references to incomplete combustion /less flammable /
cleaner combustion / releases more energy

Number
16(c)(ii) (3)
MP1
Skeletal formula for hexane (1)
MP2
Skeletal formula for 2-methylpentane or 3-methylpentane (1)
MP3
Correct product name (1)
ALLOW
One mark for MP1 and MP2 if non-skeletal formulae used

Number
16(c)(iii) (+) H2/H−H 2H / (1)
2H2 /
IGNORE 3H2
State symbols, even if incorrect etc.
Number
16(d)(i) MP 1 (multiplication by 10) (4)
m(C5H12) =0.626 x 10 = 6.26 (g) (1)
MP 2 (division by 72)
n(C5H12) = 6.26 ÷ 72 = 0.08694…. (mol) (1)
MP 3 (multiplication by 5)
n(CO2) = 5 x 0.08694….= 0.43472… (mol) (1)
MP 4 (multiplication by 24000 and to 3SF)

V(CO2) = 0.43472… x 24000 = 10433.333 cm3
= 10400 (cm3) / 10.4 dm3
Answer must be to 3SF (1)
Correct answer without working scores (4)
TE throughout

Number
16(d)(ii) C5H12 + 5½O2 → 5CO + 6H2O (1)
Allow multiples
IGNORE
State symbols even if incorrect
Number
*16(e) Non-renewable means that it is a finite Only be (2)
resource/it takes millions of years to produce/ it used once
will ‘run out’ / being used up faster than it is
made
ALLOW
Not a sustainable resource (1)
IGNORE
Just ‘it’s not renewable’ / ‘can’t be made again’
Impact on climate change: ozone

(Increase in) global warming due to (increase layer
in) CO2 emissions
OR UV light
(Increased) CO2 causes stated effect of global absorption
warming, e.g. melting of polar ice caps/rise in
sea levels/disrupted weather patterns CO /
OR carbon
(Increased) CO2 absorbs infrared / traps heat monoxide
(1)
IGNORE
Reference to acid rain / references to water
Reference to methane production / greenhouse
effect

Number
17(a)(i) A sigma bond has a single area of orbital overlap and a (2)
pi bond has two areas of orbital overlap (1)
A sigma bond has axial/end-on/head-on

/direct/horizontal overlap and a pi bond has
lateral/sideways/parallel overlap (1)
These points can be awarded for suitable labelled

diagrams for example
ALLOW two correct statements from the list above about

either sigma or pi bonds for (1)
IGNORE
Reference to the extent of overlap

Number
17(a)(ii) Lack of rotation (about the bond)/ Lack of (1)
restricted rotation (about the bond)/ molecular
barrier to rotation (about the bond) rotation
ALLOW
No rotation (about the bond)
IGNORE
References to the groups attached to the double bond
Number
17(a)(iii) E isomer Z isomer (4)
(1) (1)
Either
But-1-ene
OR OR
(2-)methylpropene (2-)methylprop-2-ene
ALLOW
(1)
(2-)methylprop-1-ene (1)
ALLOW
Skeletal formulae
Non-displayed CH3/CH3CH2/C2H5
Award one mark out of two if E-Z isomers are drawn

the wrong way round
ALLOW
MP4 can be awarded for the name of correct
structure with minor error in MP3 e.g. missing H
atom / extra H atom
MP4 can be awarded for the correct name if no
structure has been drawn for MP3
Number
17(b)(i) Answers reading clockwise from top left: (3)
ALLOW
Skeletal/displayed formulae
CH3CHBrCH2Br (1) CH2BrCH2CH2Br
H2 and Ni/ Pt
OR
Hydrogen and Nickel/Platinum (1)
CH3CH(OH)CH2OH (1) CH2OHCH2CH2OH
IGNORE
Names for organic species even if incorrect

Number
17(b)(ii) (1)
ALLOW
The methyl group can be displayed, given on either

carbon of the repeat unit and drawn either on the
top or the bottom
Two or more correct repeat units

Number
17(c) Reaction mechanism, e.g. (6)
MP1 Curly arrow from C=C in correctly drawn propene to

(s+)H (1)
MP2 H−Br dipole and curly arrow from H−Br bond to Br or

just beyond (1)
MP3 Structure of carbocation (1) ‘Spare’

bond on
C+
MP4 Curly arrow from lone pair on bromide ion to C+ and

correct structure of product (1)
MP5 Reaction mechanism: Electrophilic addition (1)
MP6 Name of product: 2-bromopropane (1)
Penalise formation of minor product 1-bromopropane in MP3

only

Number
18(a) In one mole (of atoms) / per mole (of atoms) (1) (2)
In the gaseous state
ALLOW
Reference to gaseous ions (1)
IGNORE
Any equations

Number
18(b) To overcome the (electrostatic) attraction/force of (1)
the nucleus/protons for the electron(s)
IGNORE
Just ‘energy is needed’
Just ‘overcome the attraction’
Number
18(c)(i) Sketch encircled, e.g. (2)
Circle of the last cross to the right (1)
Circles of the first two crosses on the left
ALLOW
One circle around both crosses on the left (1)
Three correct circles and one incorrect scores one.

Number
18(c)(ii) Single figure of eight shape in any orientation, 2 or 3 (1)
e.g. orbitals
on the
same
diagram
IGNORE
Any axes given

Number
*18(d) (Gradual) increase in first three ionisation (2)
energies (1)
Big jump from third to fourth ionisation energy

(so it is in Group 3) (1)
Number
18(e) Electrons (in the same orbital) repel each other/ (1)
repulsion is minimised
ALLOW
To avoid/prevent repulsion / so there is no
repulsion (between electrons)
OR
(Electron) pairing causes repulsion
IGNORE
Just ‘energetically more favourable’
Just ‘Hund’s Rule’

Number
19(a) Diagram similar to: (1)
Arrows upwards for first and second ionization energies for

calcium and correct labels B and C in boxes (1)
Arrow downwards for first electron affinity of oxygen and arrow

upwards for second electron affinity of oxygen and correct
labels F and G in boxes (1)
Correct entities and state symbols on horizontal lines
ALLOW
Omission of negative sign on electrons / inclusion of (g) for
electrons (1)
Number
19(b) (U = −(635+178 +249+590+1145−141+798=) −3454 kJ mol-1 (2)
Correct answer scores (2)
ALLOW one mark for

−2184 kJ mol-1
OR
−3736 kJ mol-1
OR
(+)3454 kJ mol-1

Number
*19(c) (Theoretical lattice energies are calculated using an ionic (4)
model)
The bonding in CaO is (almost purely/100%) ionic (1)
The bonding in CaI2 is partially covalent (1) Just

‘covalent’
The iodide (anion) is larger (than the oxide anion) (1) Atomic
radius
The iodide (anion) is (more) polarised (by the calcium ion) / Weaker
the electron cloud is (more easily) distorted bond
(by the calcium ion, resulting in a more negative lattice
energy)
ALLOW
So the bonding is stronger than expected (in CaI2) (1)
Number
19(d)(i) MP1 (calculation of Q) 3
Q =(200 x 4.18 x 40=) 33440 (J)
ALLOW
33.44 kJ (1)
IGNORE
Any sign given
MP2 (division by enthalpy change)

n= (33440 ÷ 65100=) 0.51367 …… (mol) (1)
MP3 (multiplication by molar mass)

m = (0.51367 … x 56.1=) 28.817 …/28.82/ 28.8 (g)
(1)
Correct answer with or without working scores (3)
IGNORE
SF except 1 SF but penalise once only
ALLOW TE throughout

Number
19(d)(ii) To keep the drink at the required temperature/to (2)
minimise heat loss
ALLOW
To keep the drink hot/warm (1)
To allow the can to be handled safely

ALLOW
To prevent hands from being burnt (1)
Number
19(d)(iii) Enthalpy level diagram such as (2)
Reaction path
There are four requirements for the two marks:
 Arrow downwards with −65.1 (kJ mol−1)

ALLOW
Double-ended arrow/arrow that goes down but does
not go exactly from the reactant line to the product
line
IGNORE
Activation energy hump and labels even if incorrect
 Y axis label Enthalpy

ALLOW change /
Energy for enthalpy ∆H / heat
 Reactant and product formulae Additional

compounds
 Reactant and product state symbol
4 correct scores 2 marks

2 or 3 correct scores 1 mark
1 correct scores 0 mark
(TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS)

Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Wednesday 9 January 2019

Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WCH11/01
Chemistry
International Advanced Subsidiary
Unit 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
Ruler
Instructions
• centre
• – there may
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
be more space than you need.
Information
• – use this asfora guide
Advice
• Checkallyouryouranswers
Show working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
Turn over
P60789A
2/2/2/1/
*P60789A0124*
SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section.

You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.
For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
a cross .
1 The hydroxide ion, OH−, has a total of 9 protons.

How many neutrons and electrons are there in this ion?
Number of neutrons Number of electrons

A 8 8
B 8 10
C 9 8

D 9 9
2 A sample of silicon contains the following isotopes.
Isotope Percentage abundance

28
Si 81.21
29
Si 14.10
30
Si 4.69
What is the relative atomic mass of silicon, to one decimal place, in this sample?
A 28.0

B 28.2
C 29.0
D 29.8
2
*P60789A0224*
3 Which is the electronic configuration of a carbon atom in its ground state?
1s 2s 2p
4 What is the maximum number of electrons in the 3p subshell, and in the

third quantum shell of an atom?
Maximum number of Maximum number

electrons in the of electrons in the

3p subshell third quantum shell
A 2 8
B 2 18
C 6 8
D 6 18

3
5 The first six ionisation energies of an element, in kJ mol−1, are shown.
578 1817 2745 11 578 14 831 18 378

Which group of the Periodic Table includes this element?
A Group 2
B Group 3
C Group 4
D Group 5
6 The diagram shows the first ionisation energy for the elements from sodium to silicon.
1100
1000

900
First 800
ionisation
700
energy
/ kJ mol−1 600
500
400
300
11 12 13 14 15
Atomic number
What is the approximate first ionisation energy, in kJ mol−1, of phosphorus

(atomic number 15)?
A 400
B 500 DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

C 700
D 1000
4
*P60789A0424*
7 Which is the dot-and-cross diagram for magnesium chloride?
Only outer shell electrons are shown.
A Mg Cl
B Cl Mg Cl
+ −
C Mg Cl
− 2+ −
D Cl Mg Cl
8 Metallic bonding is the strong electrostatic attraction between
A anions and cations

B atoms and delocalised electrons
C ions and delocalised electrons
D two nuclei and a shared pair of electrons

5
9 The ionic radius of Al3+ is smaller than that of N3−.
This is because Al3+ has

A fewer protons but more electrons than N3−
B more protons but fewer electrons than N3−
C more protons than N3− but the same number of electrons as N3−
D the same number of protons as N3− but fewer electrons
10 Which ion has the greatest polarising power?

A Cl−
B Mg2+
C Na+
D S2−

11 Which species is not tetrahedral?

A CCl4
B CH4
C ICl4−
D NH4+
12 Members of the homologous series of alkanes have the same

A boiling temperature
B density DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
C empirical formula
D general formula
6
*P60789A0624*
13 An electrophile
A accepts a pair of electrons
B always has a negative charge

C always has a positive charge
D donates a pair of electrons
14 What is the total number of structural isomers with the molecular formula C6H14?
A 4
B 5
C 6
D 7
15 What is the systematic name of compound X?
Cl
Compound X
A E-2-chlorobut-2-ene
B Z-2-chlorobut-2-ene
C E-3-chlorobut-2-ene
D Z-3-chlorobut-2-ene

7
16 Ethene reacts with hydrogen in the presence of a heated nickel catalyst to form ethane.

H H H H
C C + H2 H C C H
H H H H
Which types of bond are broken and formed in this reaction?
Bonds broken Bonds formed

A ı only ʌ only
B ʌ only ı only
C ı and ʌ ı only
D ı and ʌ ʌ only

17 Calcium reacts with dilute nitric acid to form calcium nitrate and hydrogen.
Which is the balanced equation for this reaction?
A Ca + 2HNO3 o Ca(NO3)2 + H2
B Ca + H2NO3 o CaNO3 + H2
C Ca + 2H2NO3 o Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2
D 2Ca + 2HNO3 o 2CaNO3 + H2
18 What mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate is needed to make 50.0 cm3 of a

0.0800 mol dm−3 solution of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3?
[Ar values: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0] DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
A 0.332 g
B 0.424 g
C 5.30 g
D 8.48 g
8
*P60789A0824*
19 A sample of air, with a mass of 5.0 kg, contained carbon monoxide with a
concentration of 12 parts per million by mass.
What is the mass of carbon monoxide in this sample of air?

A 6.0 × 10−2 g
B 6.0 × 10−5 g
C 2.4 × 10−6 g
D 2.4 × 10−9 g
20 What is the maximum volume of hydrogen formed, at room temperature and

pressure (r.t.p.), when 0.207 g of lithium is added to excess water?
2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) o 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)
[Ar Li = 6.9 Molar volume of gas at r.t.p. = 24.0 dm3 mol−1]

A 0.36 dm3
B 0.72 dm3
C 1.44 dm3
D 2.48 dm3

9
SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.
21 Heptane, C7H16 , is one of the compounds present in crude oil.

(a) When heptane is reformed, the products include 2,2,3-trimethylbutane and cycloheptane.
(i) Give a reason why petrol should not contain a high proportion of heptane.
(1)
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(ii) Draw the skeletal formula of 2,2,3-trimethylbutane.

(1)

(iii) Write the equation for reforming heptane into cycloheptane.
Use molecular formulae.
(1)
(iv) When petrol is burned in a car engine, oxides of nitrogen are formed.
Explain how these compounds result in damage to trees. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
(2)
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10
*P60789A01024*
(b) Heptane reacts with chlorine in sunlight.
(i) Chlorine radicals are formed in the first step in the mechanism.
Cl2 o 2Cl•
Name this step in the mechanism.

(1)
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(ii) Give the two propagation steps for the formation of chloroheptane.
Use molecular formulae. Curly arrows are not required.
(2)
(iii) Give the termination step which forms a hydrocarbon.

(1)
(iv) Explain how some dichloroheptane, C7H14Cl2 , also forms during this reaction.
You may include equation(s) in your answer.
(2)
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11
22 This question is about nitrogen.
(a) The table shows the successive ionisation energies of nitrogen.

Ionisation energy
Ionisation number log (ionisation energy)
/ kJ mol−1
1 1 402 3.15
2 2 856 3.46
3 4 578 3.66
4 7 475 3.87
5 9 445 3.98
6 53 268
7 64 362

(i) Complete the table.
(1)
(ii) Plot a graph of log (ionisation energy) against ionisation number.
(3)
12
*P60789A01224*
(iii) Give a reason why the logarithm of the ionisation energy, rather than just the
ionisation energy, is used to plot this graph.
(1)
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(iv) Explain what can be deduced from the graph about the electronic structure
of nitrogen.
(3)
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.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(v) Explain why the first ionisation energy of oxygen is lower than that of nitrogen.
(3)
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.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
(b) Nitrogen gas consists of nitrogen molecules.
(i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of nitrogen.

(1)
(ii) Calculate the number of nitrogen atoms in 5.60 g of nitrogen gas.

[Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1]
(2)

14
*P60789A01424*
(iii) A sample of nitrogen gas occupied 108 cm3 at a temperature of 25 °C and a
pressure of 1.36 × 105 Pa.
Using the ideal gas equation, calculate the number of moles of nitrogen gas in
this sample.
[pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1]
(4)
15
23 This question is about the alkene 2-methylpropene.
The formulae show two different ways of representing a molecule of 2-methylpropene.

H CH3
C C
H CH3
formula 1 formula 2
(a) Give the empirical formula of 2-methylpropene.

(1)
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(b) Give a reason why 2-methylpropene does not show geometric isomerism.
(1)
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.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Draw the mechanism for the reaction between 2-methylpropene and bromine, Br2.
Include curly arrows, and relevant lone pairs and dipoles.
Use formula 1 to represent 2-methylpropene.
(4)
16
*P60789A01624*
(d) Two reactions of 2-methylpropene are shown.
reagent A reagent B
organic product Q
Br
major product
(i) In Reaction 1 the reagent A is acidified potassium manganate(VII).

Give the skeletal formula of organic product Q.
(1)
(ii) Give the colour change seen during Reaction 1.

(1)
From ..................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Identify, by name or formula, reagent B in Reaction 2.

(1)
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17
(iv) Explain why 2-bromo-2-methylpropane is the major organic product in Reaction 2.
(2)

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.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) Draw two repeat units of poly(2-methylpropene).
H CH3

C C
H CH3
2-methylpropene
(2)
18
*P60789A01824*
(f ) A sample of 2-methylpropene was prepared from 2-methylpropan-2-ol.
+ H2O
OH
2-methylpropan-2-ol 2-methylpropene
Mr = 74.0 Mr = 56.0
The yield of this reaction was 58.2%.

Calculate the mass of 2-methylpropene formed from 6.85 g of 2-methylpropan-2-ol.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
(4)
19
24 This question is about compounds containing chlorine.
(a) A precipitate of silver chloride is formed when silver nitrate solution reacts with

sodium chloride solution.
A student wrote an ionic equation for the reaction.
Ag2+(l) + 2Cl−(l) o AgCl2(s)
Explain why this equation is incorrect, even though it is balanced.

(2)
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.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) A sample of a compound is analysed and found to contain only 3.09 g carbon,
0.26 g hydrogen and 9.15 g chlorine.
The molar mass of the compound is 97.0 g mol−1.
Calculate the molecular formula of this compound.
You must show your working.
(3)
20
*P60789A02024*
(c) Nitrogen trichloride has the formula NCl3.
(i) A sample of nitrogen trichloride contained only nitrogen atoms with mass
number 14, and chlorine atoms with mass numbers 35 and 37.
Give the formula and mass/charge ratio for each of the four ions responsible
for the molecular ion peaks in the mass spectrum of nitrogen trichloride.
(2)
(ii) Complete the table to predict the shape and Cl N Cl bond angle in
nitrogen trichloride.
(3)
Number of bonding pairs of electrons on nitrogen
Number of lone pairs of electrons on nitrogen

Shape of molecule
Cl N Cl bond angle
21
(d) Aluminium chloride exists as an ionic lattice in the solid state and as a covalent
dimer, Al2Cl6, in the gas phase, just above its boiling temperature.

(i) Explain why aluminium chloride in the solid state has significant covalent character.
(2)
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.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Describe how two AlCl3 molecules are joined together in the dimer.
Include a diagram in your answer.
(2)
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22
*P60789A02224*
23
*P60789A02324*
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*P60789A02424*
24
January 2019

Advanced Subsidiary Level
In Chemistry (WCH11)
Paper 01 Structure, Bonding and Introduction
to Organic Chemistry
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January 2019
 All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners

must mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the
last.
for omissions.
according to their perception of where the grade boundaries may lie.
Examiners should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer
matches the mark scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award
zero marks if the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit according
to the mark scheme.
limited.
mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader must be
consulted.
Examiners should look for qualities to reward rather than faults to penalise. This does
NOT mean giving credit for incorrect or inadequate answers, but it does mean allowing
candidates to be rewarded for answers showing correct application of principles and
knowledge. Examiners should therefore read carefully and consider every response: even
if it is not what is expected it may be worthy of credit.

credit.
( ) means that a phrase/word is not essential for the award of the mark, but helps the
examiner to get the sense of the expected answer.
ecf/TE/cq (error carried forward) means that a wrong answer given in an earlier part of a
Candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark. Make sure
that the answer makes sense. Do not give credit for correct words/phrases which are put
together in a meaningless manner. Answers must be in the correct context.

 write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation in order to make
the meaning clear
subject matter
appropriate.
Questions where QWC is likely to be particularly important are indicated (QWC) in the
mark scheme, but this does not preclude others.
Section A (Multiple Choice)
Question Answer Mark

number
1 (1)
The only correct answer is B (8 neutrons and 10 electrons)
A is incorrect because in a negative ion the number of electrons should be more than the number of protons
C is incorrect because the numbers of neutrons and electrons are incorrect
D is incorrect because oxygen has 8 neutrons and hydrogen has 0

number
2 (1)
The only correct answer is B (28.2)
A is incorrect because this is the mass number of the most abundant isotope
C is incorrect because this is the average of the mass numbers without considering their abundances
D is incorrect because the percentages have been mixed up

number
3 (1)
The only correct answer is D

A is incorrect because the 1s and 2s electrons should be paired
B is incorrect because the 2s electrons should be paired
C is incorrect because the 2p electrons should not be paired
number
4 (1)
The only correct answer is D (3p subshell 6, third quantum shell 18)
A is incorrect because 2 is the number of electrons in a 3p orbital and the 3d electrons have been omitted from the
third quantum shell
B is incorrect because 2 is the number of electrons in a 3p orbital
C is incorrect because the 3d electrons have been omitted from the third quantum shell

number
5 (1)
The only correct answer is B (Group 3)
A is incorrect because the biggest jump is after the third ionisation energy not after the second
C is incorrect because the biggest jump is not after the fourth ionisation energy
D is incorrect because the biggest jump is not after the fifth ionisation energy

number
6 (1)
The only correct answer is D (1000)
A is incorrect because this is less than the first ionisation energy of sodium and phosphorus has 4 more protons
B is incorrect because this is less than the first ionisation energy of aluminium and phosphorus has 2 more protons
C is incorrect because this is less than the first ionisation energy of silicon and phosphorus has 1 more proton
number
7 (1)
The only correct answer is D
A is incorrect because magnesium chloride has ionic bonding

B is incorrect because magnesium chloride has ionic bonding
C is incorrect because the charges are incorrect

number
8 (1)
The only correct answer is C (ions and delocalised electrons)
A is incorrect because this is ionic bonding

B is incorrect because atoms do not attract delocalised electrons
D is incorrect because this is covalent bonding

number
9 (1)
The only correct answer is C (more protons than N3− but the same number of electrons as N3− )
A is incorrect because Al3+ has more protons and the same number of electrons as N3−
B is incorrect because Al3+ has the same number of electrons as N3−
D is incorrect because Al3+ has more protons and the same number of electrons as N3−
number
10 (1)
The only correct answer is B (Mg2+)
A is incorrect because anions are polarised and do not cause polarisation

C is incorrect because Na+ has less polarising ability than Mg2+ as it has a larger radius and a lower charge
D is incorrect because anions are polarised and do not cause polarisation

number
11 (1)
The only correct answer is C (ICl4−)
A is incorrect because CCl4 is tetrahedral

B is incorrect because CH4 is tetrahedral
D is incorrect because NH4+ is tetrahedral

number
12 (1)
The only correct answer is D (general formula)
A is incorrect because boiling temperature increases as the number of carbon atoms increases
B is incorrect because density increases as the number of carbon atoms increases
C is incorrect because the alkanes have different empirical formulae
number
13 (1)
The only correct answer is A (accepts a pair of electrons)
B is incorrect because electrophiles never have a negative charge

C is incorrect because not all electrophiles have a positive charge
D is incorrect because nucleophiles donate a pair of electrons

number
14 (1)
The only correct answer is B (5)
A is incorrect because there are 5 structural isomers – hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-
dimethylbutane and 2,3-dimethylbutane
C is incorrect because there are 5 structural isomers
D is incorrect because there are 5 structural isomers

number
15 (1)
The only correct answer is A (E-2-chlorobut-2-ene)
B is incorrect because the two highest priority groups are opposite to each other
C is incorrect because chlorine is on the second carbon atom
D is incorrect because chlorine is on the second carbon atom and the two highest priority groups are opposite to each
other
number
16 (1)
The only correct answer is C (bonds broken σ and π, bonds made σ only)
A is incorrect because a π bond also breaks in ethene and only σ bonds are made
B is incorrect because a σ bond also breaks in hydrogen
D is incorrect because only σ bonds are made

number
17 (1)
The only correct answer is A (Ca + 2HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2)
B is incorrect because the formulae of nitric acid and calcium nitrate are incorrect
C is incorrect because the formula of nitric acid is incorrect
D is incorrect because the formula of calcium nitrate is incorrect

number
18 (1)
The only correct answer is B (0.424 g)
A is incorrect because this is the answer using a molar mass of 83 g mol−1 from NaCO3
C is incorrect because this is the answer just using the volume and a concentration of 1 mol dm-3
D is incorrect because this is the answer just using the concentration and not the volume
number
19 (1)
The only correct answer is A (6.0 x 10−2 g)
B is incorrect because 12 x 10−6 has been multiplied by 5 instead of 5000

C is incorrect because 12 x 10−6 has been divided by 5 instead of multiplied by 5000
D is incorrect because 12 x 10−6 has been divided by 5000 instead of multiplied

number
20 (1)
The only correct answer is A (0.36 dm3)
B is incorrect because the 2:1 mole ratio has not been used
C is incorrect because the mole ratio has been used as 1:2 instead of 2:1
D is incorrect because the mass has not been converted to moles
Section B
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
21(a)(i) An answer that makes reference to the following: Allow burns for combusts and vice versa (1)
 Heptane / petrol containing heptane: Allow reverse argument e.g. petrol burns
burns less efficiently / smoothly more efficiently with no / small amount of
(than branched chains / cycloalkanes) heptane
or
does not combust efficiently Allow the octane number would be low /
or zero
causes pre-ignition / knocking
Ignore:
It does not ignite / burn easily
It is difficult / harder to combust
Just ‘less efficient’ without reference to
combustion
Amount of CO2 produced
Causes auto-ignition
References to toxicity and flammability
Question
Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
21(a)(ii)  Ignore bond lengths and bond angles (1)
Ignore structural or displayed formulae as

working
Ignore skeletal formula with any CH3 groups

specified
number
21(a)(iii) Example of equation: (1)
 correct equation C7H16 → C7H14 + H2
Allow multiples
Ignore any other type of formulae

number
21(a)(iv) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: Ignore any reference to oxides of sulfur / sulfur (2)
dioxide / sulfuric acid in answer
 (oxides of nitrogen / these compounds)
Allow moisture / rain / clouds for water
dissolve in / react with / combine with / mix
Ignore react with air / oxygen
with water (1)
 (to form nitric / nitrous)
acid(s) / acidic solution / acid rain (1) Allow decreases pH of solution / rain

number
21(b)(i) Allow initiating (step) (1)
 initiation (step /
Ignore free radical / homolytic / chain / initial
reaction)
(step)
Do not award heterolytic
number
21(b)(ii) Allow propagation steps in either order (2)
Allow • anywhere on correct species

 C7H16 + Cl• → C7H15• + HCl (1)
Ignore curly arrows, even if incorrect
 C7H15• + Cl2 → C7H15Cl + Cl• (1)
Do not award • on species that are not
radicals
Penalise omission of • or incorrect number

of hydrogens in heptane once only in b(ii),
b(iii) and b(iv)

number
21(b)(iii) TE on alkyl radical in (b)(ii) (1)
 C7H15• + C7H15• → C14H30
Do not award product written as 2C7H15 /
C7H15C7H15
number
21(b)(iv) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: TE on alkyl radical in (b)(ii) (2)
 chlorine(free) radical / atom / Cl• removes another hydrogen Allow

(atom in the product / chloroheptane ) (1) C7H15Cl + Cl• → C7H14Cl• + HCl
Ignore Cl• substitutes a H atom
 (this free) radical reacts with another chlorine molecule / Cl2 (to Allow
form dichloroheptane) C7H14Cl• + Cl2 → C7H14Cl2 + Cl•
or or
(this free) radical reacts with a chlorine radical / atom / Cl• (to C7H14Cl• + Cl• → C7H14Cl2
form dichloroheptane) (1)
Ignore just ‘further substitution’
Ignore
C7H16 + 2Cl2 → C7H14Cl2 + 2HCl
Any answer that shows 2Cl substituted
in one step
number
22(a)(i) (1)
 two correct values (6) (53 268) 4.73
(7) (64 362) 4.81
Both numbers correct and must be to 2 d.p.

number
22(a)(ii) Example of graph: (3)
Allow
 axes correct way round

and
Labels:
linear scale and
Allow log(IE / kJ mol−1)
points covering at least half the grid horizontally
Do not award log(IE) / kJ mol−1
(1)
 both axes labelled (1) Points:

TE on values in table for 6th and 7th log(IE)
Allow ±1 small square
 points plotted correctly (1) Allow points joined by lines / bar chart
Ignore lines drawn from x axis to each point
Do not award a best fit straight line
Do not award lines joined to the origin
number
22(a)(iii) An answer that makes reference to the following: Allow: (1)
A (very) long y axis would be needed (Some of)
 the range of numbers / 1402 to 64362 is too large (to fit the numbers are too large
on a graph / axis) The difference between the ionisation energies is
too large
or
So the numbers will fit on the graph
logarithms make it easier to plot the numbers
Allow logs give smaller (range of) numbers

number
22(a)(iv) An explanation that makes reference to the following Penalise use of orbitals instead of shells once only (3)
points:
Allow any answer relating the jump / large increase
 the (large) jump (between ionisations 5 and 6) shows to two (quantum) shells
the start of a new (quantum) shell (1) Allow jump linked to 1s and 2s sub-shells
Do not award jump between incorrect numbers
Allow there are two electrons in the inner (quantum)

 there are two electrons that are harder to remove shell
and they are closer to the nucleus (1)
Allow there are five electrons in the outer (quantum)
 there are five electrons that are easier to remove and shell / five valence electrons
they are further from the nucleus
(1)
number
22(a)(v) An explanation that makes reference to the following Penalise mention of incorrect orbital e.g. 3p once (3)
points: only
Ignore any reference to nuclear charge / numbers of

protons / shielding / atomic radius
Allow M1 and M2 from diagrams showing electrons

in boxes
Oxygen
 oxygen (atom) loses a paired electron Allow oxygen has a pair of electrons in a (2)p orbital
(from a 2p orbital / 2p sub-shell) or
or oxygen there is spin pairing in oxygen in a (2)p orbital
electron is lost from a full (2p) orbital (1)
Nitrogen
Allow nitrogen has no paired electrons in the (2)p
 nitrogen (atom) loses an electron from a singly-
sub-shell / (2)p orbitals
occupied orbital
or
or nitrogen
nitrogen only has 1 electron in each (2)p orbital / has
loses an electron from a half-filled subshell
3 unpaired (2)p electrons / has a half-filled (2)p sub-
(1)
shell / has half-filled (2)p orbitals
Do not award just ‘nitrogen has a half-filled p orbital’
Repulsion
 there is (more) repulsion between paired electrons
(than between electrons in different orbitals so less
energy is required to remove the electron in oxygen)
(1)
number
22(b)(i) Example of dot-and-cross diagram: (1)
 dot-and-cross diagram
Allow overlapping circles
Allow all dots / all crosses
Allow dots and crosses in any order in the triple

bond
Allow the dots and crosses side-by-side in the triple

bond e.g.
xo
xo
xo
Allow the non-bonded electrons on each N shown

separately
Ignore inner shell electrons, even if incorrect
Ignore lines as bonds e.g.
xxx
ooo
number
22(b)(ii) Example of calculation: (2)
 calculation of moles of nitrogen atoms (1) mol N2 = 5.60 = 0.20

28
and
mol N atoms = 0.20 x 2 = 0.40
or
5.60 = 0.40
14
 calculation of number of nitrogen atoms (1)
number of N atoms = 0.40 x 6.02 x 1023
=2.408 x 1023 / 2.41 x 1023 /2.4 x 1023
TE on moles of nitrogen
Ignore SF except 1SF

number
22(b)(iii) Example of calculation: (4)
 conversion of volume to m3 (1) volume of N2 = 108 = 1.08 x 10−4 m3

1 x 106
 conversion of temperature to K (1) temperature = 25 + 273 = 298 K
 rearrangement of ideal gas equation (1) n = pV

RT
or
n = 1.36 x 105 x 1.08 x 10−4
8.31 x 298
TE on volume and temperature
 evaluation to give n (1) n = 5.9312 x 10−3 / 0.0059312 (mol)

Conditional on correctly rearranged equation in M3
Correct answer with no working scores full marks

number
23(a) Allow H2C (1)
 CH2 Ignore CnH2n / C4H8
Do not award C3H6

number
23(b) Allow there are two identical (functional) (1)
 there are two hydrogens / both hydrogens on one of the groups / atoms on each carbon (in C=C)
carbons (in C=C)
Allow there is not CH3 and H on each carbon (in
or C=C)
there are two / both methyl / CH3 groups on one of the Allow there are not 2 different (functional)
carbons (in C=C) groups / atoms on each carbon (in C=C)
Do not award two identical groups on the top /

bottom of the double bond
Do not award molecule or radical for

((functional) groups / atoms
number
23(c) Example of mechanism: (4)
 dipole on bromine molecule

and
final product (1)
 curly arrow from C=C to Br

and
curly arrow from Br-Br to, or just beyond, Br
(1)
Allow intermediate with positive charge on other carbon atom
 intermediate (1)
 lone pair on Br−

and
curly arrow from lone pair to positive charge
(1)
Allow full marks for using formula 2 / any combination of
structural and displayed formula
Penalise half arrow heads once only
Do not award δ+ on intermediate in M3
Do not award δ- on Br in M4
number
23(d)(i) Example of skeletal formula: (1)
 skeletal formula
Ignore bond lengths and bond angles
Do not allow O-H-C horizontally

number
23(d)(ii) Both colours needed for the mark (1)
 (From)purple (to) colourless
Allow pink or violet for purple
Ignore clear

number
23(d)(iii) Ignore state symbols (g) / (l) / (aq) / (s) (1)
 hydrogen bromide / HBr
Do not award bromine
number
23(d)(iv) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: (2)
 (2-bromo-2-methylpropane is formed from a) Allow a description of a tertiary carbocation

tertiary carbocation / tertiary intermediate (1)
Do not award secondary carbocation for M1
Allow primary carbocation is less stable than

tertiary
 (tertiary carbocation / intermediate)
is more stable than primary (carbocation) Allow secondary carbocation is more stable
or than primary, if secondary carbocation
a tertiary carbocation is the most stable (1) identified in M1
Ignore just ‘tertiary carbocation is more

stable’
Ignore any explanation of why one cation is

more stable than another
Ignore any reference to Markovnikov’s rule
Do not award tertiary product is more stable

(than primary)
number
23(e) Example of repeat units: (2)
Allow any combination of structural and displayed

formulae or skeletal formulae
Do not award 1, or more than 2, repeat units / 2

 4 carbon atoms linked by single bonds separate repeat units in M1
and Penalise one or both extension bonds missing in M1
both extension bonds (1) only
 rest of structure correct (1) M2 is conditional on M1 or 1 or more than 2 repeat

units / 2 separate repeat units
Allow both methyl groups on carbons one and three or

two and three or one and four
Ignore any brackets and any ‘n’s or numbers
Ignore bond lengths and bond angles
Ignore connectivity of CH3 groups

number
23(f) Example of calculation: (4)
 calculation / working of mol of alcohol (1) mol alcohol used = 6.85 = 0.092568 / 9.2568 x 10−2
74
 calculation / working of mol of alkene if 58.2% mol alkene if 58.2% = 0.092568 x 58.2
(1) 100
= 0.053874 / 5.3874 x 10−2
TE on mol alcohol
 calculation / working of mass of alkene (1) mass alkene = 0.053874 x 56 = 3.017 (g)
TE on mol alkene
 answer given to 2 or 3 SF (1) answer to 2 or 3 SF = 3.0 / 3.02 (g)

Conditional on working involving 74 and 56
Correct answer to 2 or 3SF with or without working scores

(4)
Alternative method for M2 and M3 Alternative method for M2 and M3

 calculation / working of theoretical mass of mass alkene if 100% = 0.092568 x 56 = 5.1838 (g)
alkene (1) TE on mol alcohol
 calculation / working of actual mass of alkene mass alkene if 58.2% = 5.1838 x 58.2 = 3.017 (g)
(1) 100
TE on theoretical mass

number
24(a) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: (2)
 (l) is incorrect because the solutions are aqueous Allow silver nitrate and sodium chloride are
or the aqueous
ions are (in the) aqueous (state) or
the state symbols should be (aq) instead of (l) (1) Do not award if incorrect state symbol for
one of the species in the equation e.g. Ag is
(s) / AgCl is (aq)
 silver ions should have one positive charge / Ag+

or Ignore just the charge on the silver ion is
silver chloride is AgCl (1) incorrect / the formula of silver chloride is
incorrect
number
24(b) Example of calculation: (3)
C : H : Cl
 calculation of mol of C, H and Cl (1) mol 3.09 : 0.26 : 9.15
12 1 35.5
= 0.2575 : 0.26 : 0.2577
 calculation of empirical formula (1) (ratio 1 : 1 : 1)

Empirical formula is CHCl
 calculation of molecular formula (1) molar mass CHCl = 12 + 1 + 35.5 = 48.5
molar mass (CHCl)n = 97 = 2

molar mass CHCl 48.5
Molecular formula is C2H2Cl2

Allow symbols in any order
Do not award 2CHCl
Ignore SF in mol and ratio
Correct molecular formula with some working scores (3)
Alternative method scores (3)

no. C atoms = 3.09 x 97 = 2 / 1.9982
12.5 x 12
no. H atoms = 0.26 x 97 = 2(.0176)

12.5 x 1
no. Cl atoms = 9.15 x 97 =2

12.5 x 35.5
molecular formula is C2H2Cl2

number
24(c)(i) Example of answer: (2)
 all 4 ion formulae (1) ions m/z
35 +
N( Cl)3 119
 all 4 (corresponding) m / z values (1)
N(35Cl)237Cl+ 121
35 37 +
N Cl( Cl)2 123
37 +
N( Cl)3 125
Allow any other unambiguous way of representing

the formulae e.g. in words
Allow (1) for any two m / z values with

corresponding ion formulae
Ignore missing / incorrect charge on ion
Ignore mass number on N
Ignore bonds or + between Cl atoms / order of

atoms
e.g. N-35Cl-35Cl-35Cl
number
24(c)(ii) Example of table: (3)
 number of bonding pairs Number of bonding 3
and pairs of electrons on
nitrogen
number of lone pairs (1)
Number of lone pairs 1
on electrons on
 shape (1) nitrogen
Shape of molecule trigonal pyramidal
 bond angle (1) Bond angle 107o
Shape:
Allow 3-dimensional drawing e.g.
There must be at least 1 dotted/dashed line or

wedge for 3-d
Allow just ‘pyramidal’
Allow pyramid for pyramidal
Do not award tetrahedral
Bond angle:
Allow any number in the range 106-108o
Ignore missing °
number
24(d)(i) An explanation that makes reference to one of the following pairs Marks must come from the same route (2)
of points: – maximum 1 mark if one point from
one route and one point from the other
route
Polarisation route
 an aluminium ion / cation is (very) small and highly charged Allow the aluminium ion has a high
or charge density
Al3+ has a small ionic radius / is small (1)
 so it polarises / distorts the chloride ion / Cl− / anion (1) Allow a description of polarisation
Allow chlorine anion / ion
Ignore the aluminium chloride is

polarised
Ignore size of chloride ion

Allow
Electronegativity route
 there is a (relatively) small difference in electronegativity between
aluminium and chlorine (1)
 so the electrons are (partially) shared (1)

number
24(d)(ii) A description including the following points: Example of diagram: (2)
Allow dot-and-cross diagram

 diagram showing two AlCl3 molecules joined through two chlorine
atoms (1) Ignore missing arrow heads and lone
pairs from diagram
Do not award diagram with Al-Al / Cl-Cl

bond(s)
 dative (covalent) bonds Allow dative covalent bonds labelled on

or diagram / shown as arrows from Cl to
coordinate bonds (1) Al
Allow description of dative bonds
Allow M2 even if only 1 dative bond

shown / mentioned
Do not award M2 if dative bonds

starting from aluminium
Do not award M2 for any answer that

mentions ions / ionic bonds


Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Wednesday 9 January 2019

Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary

Ruler
Instructions
• centre
• – there may
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
be more space than you need.
Information
• written communication will
be assessed
Advice
• Checkallyouryouranswers
Show working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
Turn over
P54457A
2/2/2/2/
*P54457A0124*
SECTION A

a cross .
1 The European Union limit for nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere is 0.0209 cm3 in 1 m3.
In units of parts per million (ppm) this is
A 2.09 × 10−5
B 2.09 × 10−2
C 20.9
D 2.09 × 104
2 A sample of blood plasma contains 3.10 mg of sodium ions in 1 cm3.

The concentration, in mol dm−3, of sodium ions in the plasma is
A 1.35 × 10−1
B 2.82 × 10−1
C 1.35 × 10−4
D 2.82 × 10−4
3 Dilute sulfuric acid is mixed with a solution of barium chloride.

The reaction that occurs is
A displacement.
B neutralisation.

C precipitation.
D redox.
2
*P54457A0224*
4 How many atoms are there in 120 cm3 of ammonia gas at room temperature and
pressure (r.t.p.)?
[Molar volume of gas at r.t.p. = 24 000 cm3 mol−1 Avogadro constant = 6.0 × 1023 mol−1]
A 3.0 × 1021
B 1.2 × 1022
C 1.5 × 1022
D 1.2 × 1025
5 The reaction of magnesium chloride with silver nitrate gives a precipitate of silver chloride.
MgCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) o Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
A solution containing 0.001 mol of magnesium chloride reacts with excess silver nitrate.
What is the mass of the precipitate formed?
[Molar mass / g mol−1: AgCl = 143.4]

A 0.072 g
B 0.143 g
C 0.287 g
D 0.574 g
6 When 0.127 g of copper is added to excess silver nitrate solution, the following
reaction occurs.
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) o Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
What mass of silver is formed?
[Molar masses / g mol−1: Cu = 63.5 Ag = 107.9]
A 0.216 g
B 0.254 g
C 0.432 g
D 0.863 g
3
7 The molecular formula of phosphorus(V) oxide is P4O10.
What is the percentage by mass of phosphorus in this oxide?

[Molar masses / g mol−1: O = 16.0 P = 31.0]
A 28.6%
B 42.9%
C 43.7%
D 56.3%
8 Aluminium reacts with hydrochloric acid.

2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) o 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)
What is the maximum volume of hydrogen at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.)
that can be formed from 0.135 g of aluminium?

[Molar volume of gas at r.t.p. = 24 000 cm3 mol−1 Molar mass Al = 27.0 g mol−1]

A 60 cm3
B 80 cm3
C 120 cm3
D 180 cm3
9 150 cm3 of ethane is mixed with 700 cm3 of oxygen. The equation for the reaction is
C2H6(g) + 3½O2(g) o 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
What is the total volume of gas when the reaction is complete?
All gas volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure.
A 150 cm3

B 300 cm3
C 325 cm3
D 475 cm3
4
*P54457A0424*
10 In an experiment to determine the enthalpy change for the reaction between zinc
and copper(II) sulfate, a cooling curve was used to estimate the temperature change.
The zinc was added to the copper(II) sulfate solution at 3½ minutes and the results
were plotted on a graph.
80 –
70 –
60 –
50 –
Temperature / °C
40 –
30 –
20 –
10 –
0–
–
–
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time / min
What is the temperature change?

A 45°C
B 48°C
C 65°C
D 68°C
5
11 The enthalpy changes of two reactions are
9
2Fe(s) + 1½O2(g) o Fe2O3(s) ¨H = −824 kJ mol−1

9
C(s) + ½O2(g) o CO(g) ¨H = −110 kJ mol−1
For the reaction
Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) o 2Fe(s) + 3CO(g)
the enthalpy change is
A −494 kJ mol−1
B +494 kJ mol−1
C −714 kJ mol−1
D +714 kJ mol−1
12 Which change would have a negative ¨H value?

A Cl(g) + e− o Cl−(g)
B Cl2(g) o 2Cl(g)
C Na(s) o Na(l)
D Na(g) o Na+(g) + e−
6
*P54457A0624*
13 The combustion of magnesium may be represented by two equations.
Mg(s) + ½O2(g) o MgO(s) (1)
2Mg(s) + O2(g) o 2MgO(s) (2)

The units of ¨H for equation (1) are kJ mol−1. The units of ¨H for equation (2) are
A kJ mol−1
B (kJ mol−1) ÷ 2
C (kJ mol−1) × 2
D (kJ mol−1)2
14 Which of the species, Ne, F− and Na+, have the electronic structure 1s2 2s2 2p6?
A Ne only
B Ne and F− only
C Ne and Na+ only

D Ne, F− and Na+
7
15 The graph shows the variation of first ionisation energy with atomic number for
successive elements in the Periodic Table.

X
First ionisation energy / kJ mol–1
Y
Atomic number
The elements X, Y and Z are

A alkali metals.
B alkaline earth metals.
C halogens.
D noble gases.
16 The electrostatic interactions involved in a covalent bond are electron-electron,

nucleus-nucleus and electron-nucleus.
What types of interaction occur?
electron-electron nucleus-nucleus electron-nucleus
A attraction attraction repulsion
B repulsion repulsion attraction


C attraction repulsion attraction
D repulsion attraction attraction
8
*P54457A0824*
17 What is the name of the organic compound with the structure shown?
Cl
A 2-chloro-1,1-dimethylpropane
B 2-chloro-3,3-dimethylpropane
C 2-chloro-3-methylbutane
D 1-chloro-2,3-dimethylbutane
18 Methane is considered a better fossil fuel than coal because methane
A is not a greenhouse gas.

B is mainly obtained from renewable sources.

C produces less carbon dioxide per kWh of power generated.
D has no effect on the ozone layer.
19 How many ı bonds are there in the organic compound with the skeletal structure shown?
A 2
B 3
C 10
D 11
9
20 But-2-ene reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII) at room temperature.
The organic product of this reaction is

A butane-1,2-diol.
B butane-1,3-diol.
C butane-1,4-diol.
D butane-2,3-diol.

10
*P54457A01024*
SECTION B
21 Mass spectrometry is used to determine the relative atomic masses of elements.

The diagram shows the main features of a mass spectrometer.
+
R S
T
vaporised
sample
to vacuum
pump
detector
(a) After vaporisation, the sample passes through three stages before reaching the detector.
(i) The first stage is ionisation, which occurs at R. Describe fully the ionisation
process for the element nickel, Ni, writing an equation to illustrate it.
(2)
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(ii) Describe the processes occurring at S and T.

(2)
S ................................. ............................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...................................... ............................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
T ............................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...................................... ............................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
(iii) Explain why the sample needs to be ionised.
(1)

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(b) The tallest peak in a mass spectrum (called the base peak) is given a height of 100 and the
heights of all the other peaks are given relative to the base peak. A sample of the element
nickel is analysed in a mass spectrometer and found to have two significant peaks.
m/e Relative peak height

58 100
60 39.8
(i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of nickel in this sample.

Give your answer to one decimal place.
(2)
12
*P54457A01224*
(ii) Use the relative peak heights to calculate the percentage abundance of the
two isotopes in the sample.
(2)

(iii) The mass spectrum of this sample of nickel had a very small peak at m / e = 29.
Identify the species responsible for this peak.
Write an equation to show how it is formed.
(2)
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(c) Mass spectrometry is also used to identify chemical compounds.

State one application for this use of the technique.
(1)
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13
22 Enthalpy changes of combustion are very important in thermochemistry because
they can be used to determine enthalpy changes that cannot be measured directly.

(a) Define standard enthalpy change of combustion.
(2)
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(b) A class of students used the apparatus below to determine the enthalpy change
of combustion for some alcohols.
thermometer

water
alcohol
One student obtained the following results for ethanol.


Measurement Value
Mass of water / g 250.00
Mass of ethanol used / g 0.55
Temperature rise / °C 9.5
14
*P54457A01424*
(i) Calculate the energy transferred in the student’s experiment.
(1)
Use the expression

Energy transferred (J) = mass of water × 4.18 × temperature change
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol.

Give a sign and units with your answer.
(3)
(c) Most of the students obtained similar results for the enthalpy change of
combustion of ethanol. The class mean was −840 kJ mol−1 compared with the
Data Book value of −1367 kJ mol−1.
(i) Calculate the percentage error in the mean value obtained by the class
compared to the Data Book value.
(1)
15
*(ii) One student suggested that the difference between the students’ values and the
Data Book value was due to the uncertainties in measuring the masses and temperatures.
Explain why this suggestion is incorrect.

No calculation is required.
(2)
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*(iii) Suggest one factor that could have caused the difference between the
students’ values and the Data Book value. Justify your answer.

(2)
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.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
*P54457A01624*
(d) The standard enthalpy change of formation of propan-1-ol cannot be measured directly.
(i) Complete the Hess cycle below, which may be used to calculate the standard
enthalpy change of formation of propan-1-ol. Add missing enthalpy changes,

arrows and species. Include state symbols.
(3)
9
¨Hc {propan-1-ol}
C3H8O(l) + 4½O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
9
3 × ¨Hc {C(s)}
.......................... ( ) + .......................... ( ) + .......................... ( )

(ii) Use your completed cycle in (d)(i) and the data in the table, to calculate the
standard enthalpy change of formation of propan-1-ol.
(2)
9
Substance ¨Hc / kJ mol−1
carbon −394
hydrogen −286
propan-1-ol −2021
17
23 This question is about the bonds that chlorine forms in its chemical compounds.
(a) Chlorine forms a covalent bond in its compound with hydrogen.

(i) Give the electronic configuration of chlorine using the s p d notation.
(1)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of hydrogen chloride, showing outer electrons only.
(1)

(iii) Describe fully the formation of the covalent bond in hydrogen chloride in
terms of orbital overlap.
(3)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
*P54457A01824*
(b) Chlorine forms ionic bonds with metals such as sodium and silver. The lattice
energies of ionic compounds provide information about their bonds. The table
below shows the experimental and calculated values for the lattice energy of
sodium chloride and silver chloride.
Lattice energy / kJ mol−1

Compound
Experimental Calculated
sodium chloride −780 −770
silver chloride −905 −833
(i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of sodium chloride, showing outer electrons only.
(1)
*(ii) Explain why the experimental and calculated values for the lattice energy of
sodium chloride are similar whereas those for silver chloride differ significantly.
(3)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
24 The diagram summarises some of the processes involved in the production of alkanes
from crude oil, and their uses.

A B
Crude oil naphtha fraction octane + ethene
C D
cyclooctane poly(ethene)
(a) Name the processes shown in the diagram.

(4)
A.............. ............................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . .
B.......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .
C.............. ............................................................................. . . . . . . . . . .
D.......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) State what happens to the compounds present in crude oil during process A.
Identify the property of the compounds which allows this process to work.
(2)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(c) The naphtha fraction comprises alkanes with a minimum of four and a maximum
of ten carbon atoms. Write an equation for the formation of octane and ethene in
process B. State symbols are not required.
(2)
20
*P54457A02024*
(d) (i) Write an equation for the reaction occurring in process C.
(1)
(ii) Octane is converted into cyclooctane on a large scale.

Explain why cyclooctane is added to petrol.
(2)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) Using displayed formulae, write a balanced equation for process D.

(2)
21
25 Alkanes and alkenes react with halogens.
(a) The reaction of methane with chlorine is a free radical substitution.

CH4 + Cl2 o CH3Cl + HCl
(i) State the essential condition for this reaction.
(1)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) The first stage in the mechanism of this reaction is the formation of the
chlorine free radical.
Cl Cl 2Clx
Explain fully what a curly half-arrow represents in this equation.

(2)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Write the two equations of the propagation stage of the reaction.
Curly half-arrows are not required.
(2)
22
*P54457A02224*
(iv) Chloromethane is also formed in the termination stage of the reaction.
Explain why the amount of chloromethane formed in the propagation stage is
very much greater than the amount formed in the termination stage.
(3)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Bromine reacts with propene in normal laboratory conditions.

(i) State the type and mechanism of this reaction.
(1)
.................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Draw the structure of the product of this reaction.

(1)

23
*P54457A02324*
*P54457A02424*
24
January 2019

Paper 01 Core Principles in Chemistry
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January 2019
 All candidates must receive the same treatment.

Examiners must mark the first candidate in exactly the
same way as they mark the last.

must be rewarded for what they have shown they can
do rather than penalised for omissions.
 Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme

not according to their perception of where the grade
boundaries may lie.


deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark scheme.
Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks
if the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit

provide the principles by which marks will be awarded
and exemplification may be limited.
 When examiners are in doubt regarding the application

of the mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team
leader must be consulted.

does NOT mean giving credit for incorrect or inadequate answers, but it does
mean allowing candidates to be rewarded for answers showing correct
application of principles and knowledge. Examiners should therefore read
carefully and consider every response: even if it is not what is expected it may be
worthy of credit.

/ means that the responses are alternatives and either answer should receive
full credit.
Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase or the actual
word is essential to the answer.
part of a question is used correctly in answer to a later part of the same
question.
words/phrases which are put together in a meaningless manner. Answers must
be in the correct context.

Questions which involve the writing of continuous prose will expect candidates
to:
 write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation in order
to make the meaning clear
appropriate.
abilities.
Questions where QWC is likely to be particularly important are indicated (QWC)
in the mark scheme, but this does not preclude others.

Number
1 The only correct answer is B 1
A is not correct because it is based on 1 m3 = 109 cm3
C is not correct because it is based on 1 m3 = 103 cm3
D is not correct because 0.0209 has just been multiplied by 106

Number
2 The only correct answer is A 1
B is not correct because the mass in g has been divided by the

atomic number of Na
C is not correct because the mass in mg has been divided by the

molar mass of Na
D is not correct because the mass in mg has been divided by the

atomic number of Na

Number
3 The only correct answer is C 1
A is not correct because displacement is a term sometimes used

for a redox reaction and this is not redox
B is not correct because the reaction produces hydrochloric acid

so no neutralisation occurs
D is not correct because this reaction is not redox

Number
A is not correct because it does not take into account that there
are four atoms in a molecule of ammonia
C is not correct because it uses the formula NH4 for ammonia

and hence five atoms per molecule.
D is not correct because molar volume = 24 dm3 has been used

Number
A is not correct because the moles of silver chloride have been

halved not doubled
B is not correct because the moles of silver chloride have not been
doubled
D is not correct because the moles of silver chloride have been

doubled twice

Number
A is not correct because the mass of silver has not been doubled
B is not correct because this is the mass of copper doubled
D is not correct because the amount of Ag has been doubled twice

Number
A is not correct because this is the percentage of phosphorus

atoms in the molecule
B is not correct because this has been calculated using atomic

numbers rather than molar masses
D is not correct because this is the percentage by mass of oxygen

in the compound
Number
8 The only correct answer is D 1
A is not correct because the number of moles of hydrogen

formed has been taken as 1 rather than 3
B is not correct because the amount of aluminium has been

multiplied by 2/3 rather than 3/2
C is not correct because a 1:1 reacting ratio has been used

Number
A is not correct because the volume of CO2 has not been doubled
and the excess oxygen has been omitted
B is not correct because the excess oxygen has been omitted
C is not correct because the volume of CO2 has not been doubled

Number
A is not correct because this is the difference between the

maximum measured temperature and the starting temperature
C is not correct because this is the maximum measured

temperature
D is not correct because this is the extrapolated temperature at

3½ min not the temperature difference
Number
A is not correct because ∆Ho has been calculated for the reverse
reaction
C is not correct because ∆Ho has been calculated for the reverse
reaction and using only 1 mol of carbon
D is not correct because ∆Ho has been calculated using only 1 mol
of carbon

Number
B is not correct because atomisation is always endothermic
C is not correct because melting is always endothermic
D is not correct because ionisation is always endothermic

Number
B is not correct because the units of ∆H are kJ mol−1
C is not correct because the units of ∆H are kJ mol−1
D is not correct because the units of ∆H are kJ mol−1

Number
A is not correct because all three species have the electronic

structure 1s2 2s2 2p6
B is not correct because all three species have the electronic

C is not correct because all three species have the electronic

Number
A is not correct because alkali metals have the lowest ionisation

energy in each period
B is not correct because alkaline earth metals never have the

highest ionisation energy in a period
C is not correct because halogens always have a lower ionisation

energy than the noble gas in the same period.

Number
A is not correct because electrons repel electrons, nuclei repel

nuclei and nuclei attract electrons
C is not correct because electrons repel electrons
D is not correct because nuclei repel nuclei

Number
A is not correct because the longest carbon chain has four

carbon atoms so it is a butane
B is not correct because the longest carbon chain has four carbon
atoms so it is a butane. (Also the numbering of the methyl groups
would be incorrect.)
D is not correct because there is not an extra carbon atom

between the chlorine and the carbon chain

Number
A is not correct because methane is a greenhouse gas
B is not correct because methane is a fossil fuel
D is not correct because while true, this is also the case for other
fossil fuels

Number
A is not correct because this is the number of carbon-carbon

single bonds.
B is not correct because this is the number of carbon-carbon

bonds.
C is not correct because this omits the carbon-carbon σ bond in

the double bond

Number
A, B and C are not correct because the double bond is oxidised

and therefore the OH groups bond to C2 and C3
Section B
Question Acceptable Answer Reject Mark

Number
21(a)(i) The (gaseous) atom is struck by a high molecule 2
energy electron (removing an electron
and forming a positive ion)
ALLOW
Nickel / vapour is bombarded / struck by
high energy / high speed electron(s)
(1)
IGNORE
Just ‘electron gun /beam’
Ni + e(−) → Ni+ + 2e(−) Ni → Ni+ + e(−)
ALLOW
Any symbol in place of Ni (1)
IGNORE
Number
21(a)(ii) S: Acceleration and by an electric field Electron /electronic 2
ALLOW field
Focusing / collimating the ion stream Electric charge
and by a series of slits (1) Potential difference
IGNORE
Charged plates
Reference to velocity of ions
T: Deflection and by a magnetic field

ALLOW
magnet / electromagnet (1)
If no other mark is scored

acceleration and deflection score (1)
OR
electric field and magnetic field /
magnet / electromagnet score (1)
IGNORE use of incorrect or general

symbols for the ion

Number
21(a)(iii) Neutral atoms / molecules are not 1
affected by electric and magnetic fields
OR
Only charged particles are affected by
electric and magnetic fields
ALLOW
So that it can be accelerated /
deflected
OR
So that it is affected by the electric /
magnetic field
Only ions register on the detector

OR
A neutral particle would not register on
the detector
Number
21(b)(i) MP1 (Expression for Ar) 2
58 x 100 + 60 x 39.8
= 𝐴r
100 + 39.8
(1)
MP2 (evaluation to 1 dp)
= 58.569 = 58.6 58.7

81.9
TE on
58 x 60.2 + 60 x 39.8
= 𝐴r
100
= 58.8 (1)
Correct answer to 1 dp with no working

scores (2)
IGNORE
Units
Number
21(b)(ii) The mass numbers do not need to be 2
linked to the percentages but if they are
used they must be correct
Algebraic method
58
Ni + 60Ni = 100
60
Ni/58Ni = 39.8/100 = 0.398 (1)
60
Ni = 0.398 x 58Ni
1.398 58Ni = 100; 58Ni = 71.53
58
Ni = 71.53(%)
60
Ni = 28.47(%) (1)
Simple method
139.8 is 100% So
39.8 x 100
39.8 𝑖𝑠 139.8
= 28.47% (1)
58
Ni = 71.53(%)
60
Ni = 28.47(%) (1)
Correct answers with no working scores(2)
ALLOW
Just the correct percentages without
identifying the isotopes
Use of Ar (instead of peak heights)
58𝑥 + 60(100 − 𝑥)
𝐴𝑟 = ⌊ ⌋
100
e.g.
Ar = 58.5694 gives 71.53 & 28.47 (2)
= 58.569 gives 71.55 & 28.45 (2)
= 58.6 gives 70 & 30 (1)
= 58.8 gives 60 & 40 (1)
Number
58
21(b)(iii) Ni2+ (1) 2
(58)
Ni+ + e(−) → (58)Ni2+ + 2e(−)
ALLOW
(58)
Ni+ → (58)Ni2+ + e(−)
OR
(58)
Ni → (58)Ni2+ + 2e(−)
OR
(58)
Ni+ - e(−) → (58)Ni2+
OR
(58)
Ni - 2e(−) → (58)Ni2+ (1)
Any of these equations including the

mass number on the RHS scores (2)

Number
21(c) In sport to detect the (illegal) use of measurement of 1
drugs isotope
concentrations
To measure blood alcohol levels
radio isotope
dating
In the pharmaceutical industry to pharmacists

EITHER
establish whether a desired compound
has been formed
OR
Test the purity of a sample
ALLOW
Any valid application of the
identification of chemical compounds
IGNORE
Just ‘to identify chemical compounds’
Generalisations e.g. ‘space research’
Drug testing

Number
22(a) This is (the enthalpy / heat / energy 2
change / produced / released) Required
when 1 mol of a substance is burned /
combusted
ALLOW atom
‘compound / reactant / element’ for
‘substance’ (1)
completely / in excess oxygen

and
under standard conditions
OR
1 atm / 1.0 x 105 Pa and a stated
temperature / 298 K / 25°C
ALLOW
‘air’ for ‘oxygen’ (1)
IGNORE
r.t.p / s.t.p.

Number
22(b)(i) ∆E = 250 x 4.18 x 9.5 1
-1 -1
= 9927.5 (J) / 9.9275 kJ J mol / kJ mol
ALLOW
∆E = 250 x 4.2 x 9.5
= 9975 (J) / 9.975 kJ
IGNORE signs
Number
22(b)(ii) ALLOW 3
Any value for ∆E
Molar mass of ethanol = 46 (1)

Amount of ethanol = 0.55/46
= 0.011957 mol
(1)
9927.5
Enthalpy of combustion = −
0.011957
= −830300 J mol−1
/ −830.3 kJ mol−1
(1)
Correct answer including sign & units

without working scores (3)
(+)830300 / (+)830.3 scores (2)
COMMENT
Do not penalise premature correct
rounding (e.g. 0.012 for 0.011957 which
gives −827 kJ mol−1)
Here and throughout the paper allow

kJ mol− for kJ mol−1

Number
22(c)(i) 100 x (1367 − 840) 1
Percentage error =
1367
= 38.552 (%)
Number
*22(c)(ii) Uncertainties in measurement result in 2
random variations above and below the
expected value
ALLOW
Just ‘uncertainties are random’ (1)
(Almost) all the values obtained by the

students must have been below the
Data Book value indicating a systematic
error
ALLOW
Just ‘the error is systematic’ (1)
If no other mark is scored

‘Uncertainties are too small to account
for the difference’ scores (1)
Number
*22(c)(iii) Any of these pairs 2
Heat loss (to the surroundings) (from

any part of the apparatus) (1)
This energy does not heat up the water

(1)
OR
Incomplete combustion (of ethanol)
(1)
The ethanol produces less energy

(1)
OR
Evaporation of ethanol (1)
The ethanol (apparently) produces less

energy (per g) (1)
OR
The calculation does not take into
account heating of the container /
apparatus (1)
This energy does not heat up the water

(1)
IGNORE
So the measured energy / temperature
change is too low
Explanations of cause, eg, ‘no

insulation’, ‘lack of stirring’
Number
22(d)(i) ∆Hco 3
C3H8O(l) + 4½O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
∆Hfo(C3H8O(l)) [3x∆Hco(C(s))] 4x∆Hco(H2(g))
3C(s, graphite)) + 4H2(g) + 5O2(g)
All three substances in box

ALLOW
C(s) (1)
All three states and coefficients in box (1)
Enthalpy changes with arrows (species & states

not required but if given must be correct) Omission
of
ALLOW standard
symbol
∆Hfo (H2O(l)) for ∆Hco(H2(g)) (1)
IGNORE
∆Ho coefficients even if incorrect
omission of second arrow on RHS
Number
22(d)(ii) ∆Hfo(C3H8O(l)) 2
= 3x∆Hco(C(s)) + 4x∆Hco(H2(g)) − ∆Hco(C3H8O(l))
= 3x−394 + 4x−286 –(−2021) (1)
= −305 (kJ mol−1) (1)

Incorrect
(+)305 scores (1) units
Omission of coefficient (3x and 4x) gives

(+)1341 scores (1)
COMMENT
Omission of any one term from the calculation
scores (0)

Number
23(a)(i) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 1
OR
1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 3px2 3py2 3pz1
ALLOW
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Number
23(a)(ii) x x 1
x x
H Cl
o x
x x
ALLOW
Any symbols for electrons
Bond pair side by side
Omission of circles
Inclusion of a horizontal line for the bond
Non-bonding electrons unpaired
IGNORE
Inner shell electrons even if incorrect
Number
23(a)(iii) Any three from four: 3
MP1
The (half-filled) 1s orbital of hydrogen

(1)
MP2
and a (half-filled) 3p orbital of chlorine
(1)
In MP1 and MP2 penalise the omission of
principal quantum number (1/3) once only
Penalise the use of subshell for orbital
once only
MP3
overlap of the orbitals along the axis
between the atoms
ALLOW
Head-on overlap
OR
Bond formed is a σ bond
OR
A diagram
e.g.
H Cl
ALLOW
Diagram with one 3p lobe (1)
MP4
Producing a region of high electron
density (between the two nuclei) (1)
Number
23(b)(i) _ 1
x o
o o
x x
o o x Cl x
Na
o o
o o x x
ALLOW
Any symbols for electrons
Na+ with no electrons
Brackets omitted
Any relative size for ions
IGNORE
Inner shell electrons even if incorrect
Number
*23(b)(ii) 3
Sodium chloride is (almost) 100% ionic (1)
Silver chloride is partly / significantly
covalent (1)
EXPLANATION 1
silver ion / Ag+ is polarising
silver / Ag
ALLOW polarising
has a high(er) charge density
silver ion has a
OR high(er) charge
chloride ion / Cl− is polarised / distorted Ag2+ / Ag3+
(by Ag+)
IGNORE
Chlorine / Cl
Just ‘polarisation occurs’ polarised
OR
there is orbital overlap between silver and
chloride ions
EXPLANATION 2
large electronegativity difference between
Reference to
Na and Cl
electronegativit
and y differences
small(er) electronegativity difference between ions
between Ag and Cl (1)
ALLOW
Reverse arguments
IGNORE
Reference to radius of Ag+

Number
24(a) A is fractional distillation 4
or
fractionation (1)
IGNORE
Just ‘distillation’
B is cracking
OR
catalytic cracking
OR
thermal cracking (1)
C is reforming forming /
OR formation/
reformation deforming /
OR dehydrogenation/
catalytic reforming elimination
OR
catalytic reformation (1)
D is polymerisation
OR
addition polymerisation
OR
Polymerising (1)
Number
24(b) The compounds evaporate / boil 2
and
condense
OR
evaporation / boiling and condensation
ALLOW
Liquefy for condensation (1)
The separation/process depends on melting

(differences in) boiling temperature / temperature /
boiling point / melting point
boiling temperature range
OR density
All the compounds in the naphtha
fraction boil at similar temperatures /
over a narrow range of temperature (1)
Number
24(c) C10H22 → C8H18 + C2H4 2
OR
Displayed / skeletal / structural formulae or
any combination
LHS (1)
RHS (1)
Correct equations with an alkane reactant

with more than 10 carbons but forming
octane and more than one molecule of
ethene score (1)
e.g.
C12H26 → C8H18 + 2C2H4
Balanced correct equations with an alkane

reactant with more than 10 carbons and a
product other than octane score (0)
e.g.
C12H26 → C10H22 + C2H4
IGNORE

Number
24(d)(i) C8H18 → C8H16 + H2 1
OR
Displayed / skeletal / structural
formulae or any combination
IGNORE
Number
24(d)(ii) (because) it has a high(er) octane rating / 2
number (than octane)
OR
to increase the octane rating / number (of
petrol)
ALLOW RON (Research Octane Number)
for octane number (1)
(this gives) smoother / more efficient

combustion (of the petrol)
OR
reduces engine knocking
OR
prevents pre-ignition (1)
IGNORE
So petrol burns more easily / faster
prevents auto-ignition
Any reference to energy produced

Number
24(e) Repeat unit 2
with C>2
n
Repeat unit of poly(ethene), ie, brackets and

n omitted (1)
Everything else (1)

suffix ‘n’ on
LHS of
equation

Number
25(a)(i) Ultraviolet / UV radiation 1
ALLOW
Ultraviolet / UV light
Ultraviolet / UV rays
Ultraviolet / UV
Sunlight sun
light

Number
25(a)(ii) a single / one / an electron (1) 2
IGNORE
unpaired electron
transferring / moving from the bond to

one of the (chlorine) atoms joined by the to each chlorine
bond atom
ALLOW
transferring / moving from a bond to an
atom (1)
IGNORE
Reference to / description of homolytic /
heterolytic bond fission
Number
CH4 + Cl∙ → CH3∙ + HCl

25(a)(iii) 2
(1)
CH3∙ + Cl2 → CH3Cl + Cl∙ (1)
ALLOW
Equations in either order
Penalise omission of the unpaired

electron or extra unpaired electron once
only
Penalise use of Br once only

Number
25(a)(iv) MP1 3
In propagation one (chlorine) radical
produces one molecule of
chloromethane and a new radical in each
sequence
ALLOW
In propagation free radical(s) are
regenerated (1)
MP2
So the propagation stage keeps
repeating (until radicals are removed in
the termination stage) (1)
IGNORE
Just ‘chain reaction occurs’
MP3
In termination two radicals / a methyl
radical and a chlorine radical form one
molecule of chloromethane and no other
product
ALLOW
In termination two radicals form one
product (1)
If no other mark is scored, ‘the

termination forming chloromethane is
one of three possible terminations’
scores (1)
IGNORE
Just ‘termination removes free radicals’
Reference to other terminations
Equations
Number
25(b)(i) Electrophilic addition (reaction) 1
OR
Heterolytic electrophilic addition
ALLOW
Electrophile addition

Number
25(b)(ii) any bromoalcohol 1
ALLOW
Any correct formula that clearly shows
the Br atoms on C1 and C2
IGNORE
Names even if incorrect
Reaction equations
Mechanisms

PMT
PMT

Surname Other names
Edexcel GCE
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Wednesday 3 June 2009 – Morning Paper Reference

Instructions
• centrethe
Information
will be assessed
Advice
Check
Turn over
H34471A
*H34471A0128*
7/7/3/
PMT
PMT
SECTION A
a cross .
1 The nucleus of a 23
11
Na atom contains
A 11 protons and 12 neutrons.
B 11 protons and 12 electrons.
C 23 protons and 11 neutrons.
D 23 protons and 11 electrons.
2 The mass spectrum for a sample of a metal is shown below.
relative
abundance
70
30
63 65
mass/charge ratio
The relative atomic mass of the metal is

A 63.2
B 63.4
C 63.6
D 64.0
2
*H34471A0228*
PMT
PMT
3 Some mean bond enthalpy values are given in the table below.
Bond Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1

H H +436
I I +151
H I +299
What is the enthalpy change for the reaction shown below in kJ mol–1?
H2(g) + I2(g) → 2HI(g)

A +436 + 151 – 299 = +288
B –436 – 151 + 299 = –288
C +436 +151 – (2 × 299) = –11
D –436 – 151 + (2 × 299) = +11
4 A compound was analysed and found to contain

1.45 g carbon 0.482 g hydrogen 1.69 g nitrogen
[Relative atomic masses: C = 12; H = 1; N = 14]
The empirical formula of the compound is
A CH3N
B CH4N
C CH5N
D C2H4N
3
*H34471A0328* Turn over
PMT
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5 17.1 g of aluminium sulfate, Al2(SO4)3, was dissolved in water.
Calculate the number of sulfate ions, SO42–, present in the solution formed.
[Assume the molar mass of Al2(SO4)3 is 342 g mol–1 and the Avogadro Constant is
6 × 1023 mol–1.]
A 3 × 1021
B 1 × 1022
C 3 × 1022
D 9 × 1022
6 Calculate the mass of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, present in 100 cm3 of a

0.100 mol dm–3 solution.
[Assume the molar mass of Ca(OH)2 is 74.0 g mol–1.]
A 0.570 g
B 0.740 g
C 1.85 g
D 3.70 g
4
*H34471A0428*
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7 The first five successive ionization energies of an element, X, are shown in the table
below.
Ionization
first second third fourth fifth
energy
Value
590 1100 4900 6500 8100
/ kJ mol–1
Which ion is X most likely to form when it reacts with chlorine?
A X+
B X2+
C X3+
D X4+
8 Which of the following alkenes exhibits E-Z isomerism?

A H3CCH=C(CH3)2
B (CH3)2C=CH2
C H2C=CHCH2CH3
D H3CCH=CHCH3
9 Which of the following covalent bonds is the shortest?
A H F
B H Cl
C H Br
D H I
5
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10 Which of the following substances, obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil,
has the lowest boiling temperature?
A refinery gas
B kerosene
C diesel oil
D lubricating oil
11 Sodium hydrogensulfate, NaHSO4, reacts with sodium hydroxide, NaOH, as shown below.
NaHSO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
0.0100 mol of sodium hydrogensulfate is neutralized with dilute sodium hydroxide,

concentration 0.200 mol dm–3.
Calculate the volume of sodium hydroxide required.
A 20.0 cm3
B 50.0 cm3
C 100 cm3
D 500 cm3
12 Which of the following ions would undergo the greatest deflection in a

mass spectrometer?
35
A Cl2+
35
B Cl+
37
C Cl+
35
D Cl37Cl+
6
*H34471A0628*
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13 Which pair of atomic numbers represents elements which are both in the p-block of the
Periodic Table?
A 4, 8
B 6, 12
C 8, 16
D 10, 20
14 The electronic structure of an atom of an element in Group 6 of the Periodic Table could
be
A 1s2 2s2 2p2

B 1s2 2s2 2p4
C 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2
D 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
15 Which of the following formulae for compounds of germanium, Ge, is unlikely to be

correct, given the position of germanium in the Periodic Table?
A GeF3
B GeS2
C GeO2
D GeH4
7
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16 The electronic configurations of the atoms of four different elements are given below.
For which element would you expect the value of the first ionization energy to be the
largest?
A 1s1
B 1s2
C 1s2 2s1
D 1s2 2s2
17 Which of the following gas samples occupies the greatest volume at the same
temperature and pressure?
[Relative atomic masses: H = 1; C = 12; O = 16; F = 19; Ne = 20]
A 1 gram of ethane
B 1 gram of oxygen
C 1 gram of fluorine
D 1 gram of neon
18 Which of the following has the smallest ionic radius?

A F–
B Na+
C Mg2+
D O2–
8
*H34471A0828*
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19 Which of the following does not have exactly 10 electrons?
A An ion of fluorine, F–
B A molecule of methane, CH4
C A molecule of nitrogen, N2
D An ion of sodium, Na+
20 Which of the following statements correctly describes an environmental problem caused

by the burning of hydrocarbon fuels?
A The carbon dioxide is toxic and kills plants.
B The smoke produced reflects sunlight and leads to global warming.
C The water produced results in a damaging increase in rainfall.
D The carbon dioxide produced absorbs heat radiated from the Earth and leads to
global warming.
9
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SECTION B
21 This question is about hydrocarbons.
(a) Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a fuel sold as an alternative to petrol. It is a
mixture of liquefied C3 and C4 alkanes.
(i) Suggest a reason why the alkanes are liquefied.
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) There are two C4 alkanes.

Draw skeletal formulae of each of the C4 alkanes in the spaces provided.
Name each alkane.
(4)
First skeletal formula Second skeletal formula
Name: .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Name: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Complete the following sentence.

(1)
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
are called . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
*H34471A01028*
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(b) Propane, C3H8, reacts with chlorine, Cl2, in a substitution reaction.
C3H8 + Cl2 → C3H7Cl + HCl

The mechanism for this reaction is described in three stages.
(i) Give the initiation step for this reaction and state the condition necessary for
this step to occur.
(2)
Initiation step
Condition .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Give the TWO propagation steps for this reaction.
(2)
(iii) Give a possible termination step for this reaction.

(1)
11
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(c) Myrcene, C10H16, is a naturally occurring compound which is used in perfumes.
H3C CH CH2 CH
C CH2 C CH2
CH3 CH2
Myrcene
(i) Name the functional group in myrcene.
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) What colour change would you observe when bromine, dissolved in an organic
solvent, is added to myrcene?
(1)
From ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Classify the type and mechanism of the reaction that occurs when myrcene
reacts with bromine, Br2.
(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
*H34471A01228*
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(iv) In an experiment, 1.36 g of myrcene (molar mass: 136 g mol–1) was found to
react with 0.72 dm3 of hydrogen, H2, in the presence of a nickel catalyst.
Use this information to draw the structural formula of the product of the
reaction between myrcene and hydrogen.
[Assume the molar volume of H2 under the conditions of the experiment is
24 dm3 mol–1.]
(2)
Calculation
Hence structural formula of the product
13
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(d) Myrcene is one of a group of compounds related to 2-methylbut-2-ene shown below.
CH3 H
C C
CH3 CH3
2-methylbut-2-ene undergoes addition polymerization in a similar way to ethene.

Draw the structural formula of the repeat unit of the polymer formed.
(2)
14
*H34471A01428*
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BLANK PAGE
15
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22 The Born-Haber cycle for the formation of sodium chloride from sodium and chlorine
may be represented by a series of steps labelled A to F as shown.
Na+(g) + Cl(g)
F
A Na+(g) + Cl–(g)
Na+(g) + ½Cl2(g)
Na(g) + ½Cl2(g) E
Na(s) + ½Cl2(g)
D
NaCl(s)
16
*H34471A01628*
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(a) (i) Complete the table below by adding the letters A to F next to the corresponding
energy changes.
(3)
ΔH
Energy change Letter
/ kJ mol–1
Lattice energy for sodium chloride –775
Enthalpy change of atomization of sodium +109
Enthalpy change of atomization of chlorine +121
First ionization energy of sodium +494
First electron affinity of chlorine
Enthalpy change of formation of sodium chloride –411
(ii) Calculate the first electron affinity of chlorine, in kJ mol–1, from the data given.
(2)
17
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(b) Lattice energies can be calculated from electrostatic theory (theoretical values) as
well as by Born-Haber cycles (experimental values).
Experimental lattice energy Theoretical lattice energy

Compound
/ kJ mol–1 / kJ mol–1
NaCl –770 –766
Agl –889 –778
(i) Comment on the fact that there is close agreement between the values for
sodium chloride, NaCl.
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(ii) Explain, in terms of chemical bonding, why the experimental value for
silver iodide, AgI, is more exothermic than the value calculated theoretically
for the same compound.
(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
*H34471A01828*
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*(c) Suggest why the first ionization energies of the Group 1 elements decrease down the
group.
(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
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23 The graph shows the variation in melting temperatures of the elements across Period 3
(Na to Ar) of the Periodic Table.
1600±
1400± 3
1200±
1000±
Melting 800±
temperature 3 3
/C
600±
400±
200±
3 3 3
0±
3 3
±200±
±400±
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
Element
(a) Complete the table below to show the type of structure and bonding for the elements
shown.
(3)
Element Structure Bonding
sodium
silicon
sulfur
(b) Explain why silicon has a much higher melting temperature than sulfur.
(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
*H34471A02028*
PMT
PMT
*(c) Explain why the melting temperature increases from sodium to aluminium.
(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Magnesium forms the basic oxide magnesium oxide, MgO. This oxide is almost
insoluble in water. On gentle warming with dilute sulfuric acid, magnesium oxide
reacts to form aqueous magnesium sulfate solution.
*(i) Describe how you would use the above reaction to prepare a pure sample of
magnesium sulfate.
(5)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Suggest what action should be taken if a pupil spilt a small quantity of dilute
sulfuric acid on a laboratory bench.
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
PMT
PMT
(e) The data in the table below will be useful when answering this question.
Soluble in water Insoluble in water

MgSO4 MgCO3
SrCO3
SrSO4
Magnesium carbonate reacts with dilute sulfuric acid.
MgCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(i) Explain why the reaction between strontium carbonate and dilute sulfuric acid
stops after a few seconds.
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Strontium sulfate is produced when aqueous sodium sulfate is added to aqueous
strontium chloride.
Give the ionic equation for the reaction, including state symbols.
(2)
22
*H34471A02228*
PMT
PMT
24 Propanone, C3H6O, undergoes complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and water.
C3H6O(l) + 4O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

(a) In an experiment to calculate the enthalpy change of combustion for propanone,
2.90 g of propanone was burned completely in oxygen.
The heat energy from this combustion raised the temperature of 200 g of water from
20.2 °C to 78.4 °C.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of propanone present in 2.90 g.
[The molar mass of propanone is 58 g mol–1.]
(1)
(ii) Use the expression

specific heat temperature
energy transferred (J) = mass × ×
capacity change
to calculate the heat energy transferred to raise the temperature of 200 g of water
from 20.2 °C to 78.4 °C.
(2)
(iii) Use your answers to (a)(i) and (ii) to calculate a value for the enthalpy change
of combustion of propanone. Give your answer to three significant figures and
include a sign and units.
(3)
23
PMT
PMT
(b) In another experiment, the enthalpy change of combustion for butanone, C4H8O, was
found to be –1300 kJ mol–1.
A Data Book value for the standard enthalpy change of combustion for butanone is
–2440 kJ mol–1.
(i) Suggest a reason why the value obtained in the experiment is so different from
the Data Book value.
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) This Data Book value (–2440 kJ mol–1) refers to the following equation.
C4H8O(l) + 1½O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

How would the value be different if it referred to the formation of water in the
gaseous state? Justify your answer.
(2)
Difference .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Justification .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Standard enthalpy changes of combustion can be used to calculate the standard
enthalpy change of formation of a compound.
(i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation, making clear the
meaning of standard in this context.
(3)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
*H34471A02428*
PMT
PMT
○
(ii) Use the standard enthalpy changes of combustion, ΔHc , given in the table
below to find the standard enthalpy change of formation for ethanoic acid,
CH3COOH, in kJ mol–1.
○
Substance ΔHc
/ kJ mol–1
C(s, graphite) –394
H2(g) –286
CH3COOH(l) –870
2C(s, graphite) + 2H2(g) + O2(g) → CH3COOH(l)

(3)

25
*H34471A02528*
PMT
PMT
BLANK PAGE
26
*H34471A02628*
PMT
PMT
BLANK PAGE
27
*H34471A02728*
PMT
PMT
28
*H34471A02828*
PMT
Mark Scheme Summer 2009
GCE
GCE Chemistry (8CH01)

PMT
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Summer 2009
© Edexcel Ltd 2009
PMT
Contents
1. 6CH01/01 Mark Scheme 5
2. 6CH02/01 Mark Scheme 19
3
PMT

· All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first
· Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for what
they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
· Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their
· There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be used
appropriately.
· All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners should
always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark scheme.
Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if the candidate’s response
is not worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
· Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the principles by
· When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme to a
· Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it with an
alternative response.
Using the mark scheme
1 / means that the responses are alternatives and either answer should receive full credit.
2 ( ) means that a phrase/word is not essential for the award of the mark, but helps the
examiner to get the sense of the expected answer.
3 [ ] words inside square brackets are instructions or guidance for examiners.
4 Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase or the actual word is
5 OWTTE means or words to that effect
6 ecf/TE/cq (error carried forward) means that a wrong answer given in an earlier part of a
· show clarity of expression
· construct and present coherent arguments
· demonstrate an effective use of grammar, punctuation and spelling.
Questions where QWC is likely to be particularly important are indicated “QWC” in the mark
scheme BUT this does not preclude others.
4
PMT
6CH01/01
Section A

Number
1 A 1

Number
2 C 1

Number
3 C 1

Number
4 B 1

Number
5 D 1

Number
6 B 1

Number
7 B 1

Number
8 D 1

Number
9 A 1

Number
10 A 1

Number
11 B 1

Number
12 A 1
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 5
PMT

Number
13 C 1

Number
14 B 1

Number
15 A 1

Number
16 B 1

Number
17 D 1

Number
18 C 1

Number
19 C 1

Number
20 D 1
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 6
PMT
Section B

Number
21 (a)(i) Easier to transport / easier to store / Just “cost” 1
less space / less volume needed for
storage / easier to handle / easier to
transfer
IGNORE references to “safety”
Accept
Denser/cheaper to transport
OWTTE

Number
21 (a)(ii) skeletal formula (1) 4
Name: butane (1)

Stand alone
skeletal formula (1)
Name: methylpropane
OR
2-methylpropane (1)
IGNORE incorrect punctuation [e.g.
extra/missing hyphens, etc.]
Stand alone
IGNORE displayed formulae if also

given with skeletal formulae
if 2 correct displayed formulae are

given max 1 out of 2 for the
structures
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 7
PMT

Number
21 (a)(iii) (Structural) isomers 1

Number
21 (b)(i) Cl2 → Cl· + Cl· / 2
Cl2 → 2Cl· (1)
(U.V.) light / sunlight (1) heat alone
Must show the dots ·

IGNORE any subsequent propagation
steps in (b)(i)

Number
21 (b)(ii) C3H8 + Cl· → C3H7· + HCl (1) 2
C3H7· + Cl2 → C3H7Cl + Cl· (1)
Must show the dots ·

Number
21 (b)(iii) C3H7· + Cl· → C3H7Cl 1
OR
Cl· + Cl· → Cl2
OR
C3H7· + C3H7· → C6H14
Must show dots in termination step

Number
21 (c)(i) Alkene / triene 1
Accept
Diene
Carbon-carbon double bond
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 8
PMT

Number
21 (c)(ii) From: Red / brown / orange / yellow 1
or combinations of these colours
To: colourless “clear” instead of colourless

both colours needed

Number
21 (c)(iii) Electrophilic (1) 2
addition (1)

Number
21 (c)(iv) Calculation: 2
0.01 mol myrcene reacts with 0.03

mol H2
OR
1 mol myrcene reacts with 3 mol H2
(1)
Structural formula:
(CH3)2CH(CH2)3CH(CH3)CH2CH3
OR
H H H H H H H
H3C C C C C C C C H
CH3 H H H CH3 H H
(1)
Accept
Fully displayed formula/skeletal
formula
Mark calculation and structural

formula independently.
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 9
PMT

Number
21 (d) 2
repeat unit (1)

continuation bonds shown (but these
bonds do not have to cut through the
brackets) (1)
n not essential
IGNORE the position of “n” relative
to the repeat unit (e.g. can be
written as a superscript)

Number
22 (a)(i) 3
ΔH/kJ
Energy change Letter
mol-1
Lattice energy
for sodium E -775
chloride
Enthalpy change
of atomization C +109
of sodium
Enthalpy change
of atomization A +121
of chlorine
First ionization
energy of B +494
sodium
First electron
affinity of F
chlorine
Enthalpy change
of formation of D -411
sodium chloride
6 correct letters (3)

5 or 4 correct letters (2)
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 10
PMT

Number
22 (a)(ii) Expression such as: 2
D = C + B + A +F + E
- 411 = + 109 + 494 + 121 + F +
( - 775)
F = - 411 - 109 - 494 - 121 + 775
(1)
Answer:
F = −360 (kJ mol-1) (1)
Check empty box in 22(a)(i), as

answer may be written there.
Answer must follow from working
Correct answer only (2)

Correct answer with some consistent
working (2)

Number
22 (b)(i) (Bonding in NaCl) 100% ionic ‘Molecule’ (0) 1
OR
almost completely ionic
OR
no covalent character/(very) little

covalent character

Number
22 (b)(ii) AgI has (a degree of) covalent 2
QWC character (1)
due to polarization or distortion (of

the anion) (1)
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 11
PMT

Number
22 (c) Any two of the following: 2
QWC
• (outermost) electron further
from the nucleus/atoms get
bigger/more shells “ions” get bigger (down Group)
• (outermost) electron more
shielded (by inner shells of e-)
• (force of) attraction between
nucleus and (outermost)
electron decreases (down the
Group) OR (outermost)
electron held less strongly
(down the Group) OR
(outermost) electron becomes
easier to remove (down the
Group)
IGNORE any references to(effective)
nuclear charge or more protons.

Number
23 (a) 3
element structure bonding
sodium Giant metallic
Giant (atomic)/
silicon macromolecular/ covalent
giant molecular
simple / small
molecules covalent or van
der Waals’
OR forces/ London
forces/
sulfur
(simple) intermolecular
molecular forces/dispersion
forces/induced-
OR dipole forces
S8 molecules
IGNORE the word “lattice” OR “crystalline”
6 boxes correct (3)

5,4 boxes correct (2)
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 12
PMT

Number
23 (b) Si : covalent bonds / many bonds/ any reference to intermolecular 2
strong bonds (between atoms) (1) forces in Si
S : weak forces /van der Waals’ suggestion that covalent bonds

forces/London forces/dispersion are broken
forces/intermolecular
forces/induced-dipole forces (1)
(need to be overcome)

Number
23 (c) Cations/ions decrease in size (from atoms decrease in size 2
QWC Na+ to Al3+)
OR
charge increases/charge density on
(cat)ions increases/ “effective
nuclear charge” increases (from Na+
to Al3+) (1)
more e– (per atom in ‘sea’ of any mention of “molecules”/

delocalized electrons) / more “covalent bonds”/
delocalized electrons “van der Waals’ forces”/
“ionic bonds” (0) overall
OR
(force of) attraction between
(cat)ions/nucleus and (delocalised)
electrons increases (from Na to Al)
(1)
IGNORE “nuclear charge increases”/

“increasing no. of protons”
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 13
PMT

Number
23 (d)(i) • Add MgO to acid/react MgO with 5
QWC acid/dissolve MgO in acid (1)
[NOTE: mention of heating not

required. IGNORE water
bath/reflux]
• Filter (1)
• Heat/boil filtrate /MgSO4 solution

(until volume reduced by half) Just “warm” the filtrate/MgSO4
(1) solution
• Leave to cool/leave to
crystallise/evaporate
slowly/leave to evaporate (1)
(decant / filter / pick out crystals,

then)
Leave to dry/pat dry/dry between
filter papers/put in an oven/put
in a desiccator/dry the crystals
(1) Use of a desiccant (added to
crystals)
IGNORE any washing of crystals
immediately prior to drying them

Number
23 (d)(ii) Rinse with (plenty of) water /use a Any named strong alkali/just 1
damp cloth or damp (paper) towel / “strong alkali”
add a (named) weak alkali
(e.g. solid or aqueous sodium
hydrogencarbonate)

Number
23 (e)(i) Insoluble strontium 1
sulfate/insoluble SrSO4
(forms on the strontium carbonate)
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 14
PMT

Number
23 (e)(ii) Sr2+(aq) + SO42− (aq) → SrSO4(s) 2
species (1)
state symbols (1)
2nd mark is cq on first mark
Sr2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + 2Na+(aq)

+ SO42–(aq) → SrSO4(s) + 2Cl–(aq) +
2Na+(aq)
scores (1)
SrCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) Æ SrSO4(s) +

2NaCl(aq)
scores (1)

Number
24 (a)(i) 2.90 = 0.05(00) (mol) 1
58
correct answer only (1)

Number
24 (a)(ii) 200 x 4.18 x 58.2 2
= 48655 (J) OR 48.655 kJ (1)
for correct ΔT(1)
IGNORE sf
IGNORE signs at this stage

Number
24 (a)(iii) − 48655 = −973 100 (J mol-1) 3
0.0500
= −973 kJ mol-1 (3 s.f.)
/ −973000 J mol-1 (3 s.f.)
answer (1)
sign and units (1)

[Do not award sign and units mark if
units given are just “kJ” or just “J”]
three sig figs (1)
CQ on (a)(i) & (ii)
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 15
PMT

Number
24 (b)(i) Heat loss/energy loss Anything related to “average 1
Accept values” (0)
OWTTE
IGNORE “experimental error”/
“departure from standard conditions”

Number
24 (b)(ii) Difference: less exothermic / less Just “higher” (0) 2
negative
IGNORE “higher” if written with

less exothermic/less negative
Accept just “lower”/ “less”

(1)
Justification: energy taken in to Just “H2O(g) is not water’s

form gas/energy required to form standard state”
gas/energy needed to form gas/takes
heat in to form gas/heat required to
form gas
Or reverse argument
(1)
Mark these two points
independently

Number
24 (c)(i) Enthalpy / energy / heat (energy) “energy required” 3
change OR
(when) “energy released”
one mole of a substance/one mole of
a compound (1) “one mole of product(s)”
is formed from its elements (in their

most stable states) (1) is formed from its reactants
298K / 25°C / a stated temperature room temperature/rtp

AND 1 atm pressure/100 kPa
(1)
IGNORE any references to

concentration
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 16
PMT

Number
24 (c)(ii) Cycle or formula expression 3
+2O2 +2O2
ΔH1 ΔH2
2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
θ
ΔH f = ΔH1 - ΔH2
= (2 x - 394) + (2 x - 286) - ( - 870)
= −490 (kJ mol-1)
• correct expression or cycle

(1)
• evidence for doubling both
θ θ
ΔH c [C] and ΔH c [H2 ]
(1)
• answer (1)

scores full marks
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 17
PMT
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 18
PMT
6CH02/01
Section A

Number
1 C 1

Number
2 B 1

Number
3 A 1

Number
4 D 1

Number
5 C 1

Number
6 A 1

Number
7 B 1

Number
8 D 1

Number
9 B 1

Number
10 (a) A 1

Number
10 (b) C 1

Number
11 D 1
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 19
PMT

Number
12 C 1

Number
13 B 1

Number
14 D 1

Number
15 C 1

Number
16 A 1

Number
17 C 1

Number
18 A 1

Number
19 B 1
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 20
PMT
Section B

Number
20 (a)(i) Reaction 1 – (nucleophilic) 2
substitution (1)
Reaction 2 – elimination (1)

Number
20 (a)(ii) Reaction 1 - Water can behave as a 4
QWC nucleophile /water can donate a lone
pair (from oxygen)/water has a lone
pair/water forms an −OH ion (1)
And attack (positive) carbon

(originally attached to Cl)/bonds to
the carbon/bonds to the carbocation
(1)
Reaction 2 - behaves as a base (1) Removes a H atom
and accepts a hydrogen ion/proton /

donates e− pair to H/removes a
proton/removes a hydrogen
ion/removes a H+ (1)
In each case a correctly drawn

mechanism could get (2)

Number
20 (b)(i) Heterolytic (fission) 1
Notes
Accept phonetic/incorrect spelling as
long as the word is recognisable
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 21
PMT

Number
20 (b)(ii) Butyl group less electron 2
releasing/butyl group has less of a Negative inductive effect
(positive) inductive effect (1)
so less stable (positive charge on)

carbocation (1)
0R
1- chlorobutane is a primary
halogenoalkane/the carbon only has
1 other C attached (1)
So forms a less stable carbocation (1)
0R
Primary carbocation is less stable
than a tertiary carbocation (2)
0R
Water/−OH can attack C on 1˚
chloroalkane more easily (so no need
to form cation) OWTTE / 1˚
chloroalkane reacts via SN2
mechanism/C−O bond forms before
C−Cl breaks (1)
As the carbon attacked is not

surrounded by bulky groups OWTTE (1)
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 22
PMT

Number
20 (c) Hydrogen (ion) can be eliminated 4
from C on either side (of C attached
to Cl)/double bond can form between
1st and 2nd or 2nd and 3rd carbon
OWTTE (1)
OR
double bond can’t rotate (so methyl

group and hydrogens can be fixed in
position) to form E and Z isomers /
geometric isomers/cis and
trans/stereoisomers/or named in
diagrams OWTTE (1)
allow descriptions in terms of cis and

trans
H H
C C H H
H
C C H
H H
(1)
H H
C H
H C C H
H C
H H
(1)
H H H H
C C
H C C H
H H
(1)
Methyl and ethyl groups do not need

to be fully displayed
Structural formulae/skeletal formulae

For all 3 (2)
For 2 (1)
For 1 (0)
For an incorrect haloalkane structure

that can form 3 isomers including
cis/trans (2 max) (eg 2-chloropentane)
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 23
PMT

Number
20 (d) (Slower) as C−F bond is stronger 3
(than C-Cl)/fluorine bonds more
strongly/fluorine holds the carbon
more strongly
OR
Slower as F– is a poorer leaving group

(than Cl−) (1)
Use sodium hydroxide /NaOH/ Alkali

potassium hydroxide /KOH/ Hydroxide
hydroxide ions (1)
As OH– is a stronger nucleophile /

OH– has a full negative charge/ more
strongly attracted to Cδ+ /OH− has
more lone pairs (than water)/ OH− is
more negative than water (1)

Number
21 (a)(i) Hydrogen bonding Not “hydrogen” on its own 1
Hydrogen bond(s) Dipole-dipole bond
H bonding Permanent dipole-dipole bond
H bond(s) Covalent bond
van der Waals’ (forces)
Temporary dipole-dipole
Induced dipole-dipole
London forces
Notes
Accept phonetic/incorrect spelling as Any correct answer in
long as the word is recognisable conjunction with an incorrect
response, eg hydrogen dipole-
dipole bond.

Number
21 (a)(ii) (Fluorine atom) is more 3
electronegative (1)
Because it has less shielding /

(bonding) electrons closer to the
nucleus/ smaller /has less shells
(so greater pull from nucleus on
bonding electrons) (1)
so HF has a (greater) dipole

moment/Hδ+ on HF (greater than on
HBr)/HF is (more) polar (1)
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 24
PMT

Number
21 (a)(iii) Between 150 – 180 (K) °C 1
Accept a range within the range e.g.
‘150-170’

Number
21 (b)(i) Because propanone has both polar 1
and non polar characteristics/can
form both London forces and
H bonds/can form London forces and
dipole-dipole forces OWTTE (1)
London forces can be described as

Van der Waals
VDW
Temporary dipole-dipole
Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole

Number
21 (b)(ii) Water: 2
Hydrogen bonds with the (oxygen of
the) carbonyl group/H bonds to the
oxygen (1)
Octane:
London forces with methyl Carbon atoms
groups/carbon chain/CH groups/
H atoms (1)
Both forces given allow (1)

Number
22 (a)(i) Use of heat (1) 2
To break down (a reactant)/one
reactant into more than one
product (1)

Number
22 (a)(ii) CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) 1
Allow correct multiples
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 25
PMT

Number
22 (a)(iii) Group 2 carbonates are more 3
(thermally) stable as you go down the
group (1)
as the cations get bigger/charge Metal gets bigger/element gets

density gets less/cation has more bigger
shells (1)
So have less of a polarising Carbonate molecule

effect/distortion on the carbonate
(ion)/less of a weakening effect on
C−O (1)
2nd and 3rd marks cq on first

Number
22 (b)(i) orange Yellow 1
Any colour in conjunction with
orange

Number
22 (b)(ii) (18.0/1000 x 0.100) = 1.8 x 10–3 1
/0.0018/2 x 10–3/0.002
IGNORE sf and units even if incorrect

Number
22 (b)(iii) (50/1000 x 0.100) = 5 x 10–3 (1) 2
[If candidate fails to divide by 1000

in both (b)(ii) and b(iii) penalise only
once]
Moles HCl reacted = 3.2 x 10–3 (can

get first mark here if 5 x 10–3 not
shown above)
So moles CaO = 1.6 x 10–3 (1)
IGNORE sf
Allow TE from b (ii)
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 26
PMT

Number
22 (b)(iv) Mass CaO = (1.6 x 10–3 x 56.1) 2
= 0.0898 g (1)
% purity = 0.0898/0.121 x100 = 74.2% Any % purity without 3 sf for

(1) second mark
OR
Allow % calculated in terms of moles

e.g moles of CaO should be 0.121 x
56.1 = 0.0021568 (mol) (1)
% purity = 0.0016/0.0021568 = 74.2%

(1)
Accept
= (1.6 x 10–3 x 56)
= 0.0896 g (1)
% purity = 0.0896/0.121 x100 = 74.0%

(1)
Allow TE of incorrect moles of CaO

from (b)(iii)
Allow TE from incorrect mass of CaO

if answer is ≤100%
0.09 g and 74.4% is 1 out of 2

(rounding too soon)

Number
22 (c)(i) (Clean) nichrome/platinum Metal loop/inoculating 3
wire/ceramic loop/glass rod/silver/spatula
rod/silica/nickel/chrome rod (1)
(In conc.) HCl/HCl(aq)/dilute HCl (1)
Heat/place in (blue Bunsen) flame (1) Place in yellow Bunsen

flame/burn

Number
22 (c)(ii) Barium/Ba/Ba2+ 1
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 27
PMT

Number
23 (a) H bond between appropriate O and H 2
atom (1)
Angle of 180˚ between molecules (1) O---H-O if not in a straight line
2nd mark is dependent on first

Compounds other than ethanol
showing correct H bond and angle
(1 max)

Number
23 (b) Incorrect water flow through 6
condenser (1)
so takes longer to collect product /
lower amount of product collected /
inner tube in condenser could crack /
backflow of water due to gravity/air
bubbles/inefficient
cooling/condenser does not fill up
with water (1)
Thermometer bulb too high (1)

so incorrect boiling point
reading/product collected at
incorrect temp OWTTE (1)
Sealed apparatus (1)

so risk of explosion/pressure build up
(1)
2nd mark in each pair dependent on

1st mark
1st mark can be obtained by circling
correct point on diagram or by
description
Circle for 3rd error must cover joint

to collection flask and/or delivery
adaptor
If the whole apparatus is circled to

indicate sealed 2 marks could be
awarded if the problem of the
pressure build up is explained
Circling the whole apparatus with no

or incorrect explanation = 0 marks
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 28
PMT

Number
23 (c) (0.005 x 2)/20.10 x 100 = 1
0.05/0.04975 (%) IGNORE sf

Number
23 (d) Suitable drying agent e.g anhydrous Concentrated sulfuric acid 2
magnesium sulfate/anhydrous sodium OR
sulfate/calcium oxide (1) Sodium and potassium hydroxide
Accept Anhydrous copper sulfate
anhydrous calcium chloride Anhydrous cobalt chloride
silica (gel)
Add to ethanol (leave) and then

filter/Add to ethanol (leave) and
then decant (1)
Mark independently

Number
23 (e) Add PCl5 /phosphorous(v)chloride/ PCl3 2
phosphorous pentachloride (1)
Misty fumes (of HCl) seen/steamy White smoke on its own
fumes/fumes that form white smoke White fumes on its own
with NH3/fumes that turn blue litmus
red (1)
OR
Add Na (to dried ethanol) (1)

Bubbles (of H2)
seen/fizzing/effervescence (1)
OR
Add acidified (sodium)

dichromate((VI))/Cr2O72− and H+ (1)
Blue/green colour observed (1)
OR
Add acidified (potassium)

manganate((VII))/MnO4− & H+ (1)
Loss of (purple) colour/colour

fades/decolourises (1)
2nd mark dependent on sensible

attempt at test reagent
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 29
PMT

Number
23 (f)(i) A fuel (derived from a plant) that 2
QWC takes in as much CO2 (as it
forms/grows) (1)
as is released during its production
/combustion/when used (1)
OR
A fuel (such as hydrogen) that

produces no CO2 when burnt (1)
Nor in its production/processing (1)
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 30
PMT

Number
23 (f)(ii) 2 specific reasons 5
QWC e.g
• energy used to heat/distil (ethanol
water mixture after fermentation)
may require burning a fuel/energy
• energy required to manufacture
fertilisers (to grow plants for biofuels
in good yield)
• energy required to manufacture
inseticides (to grow plants for
biofuels in good yield)
• energy required to transport fuel to
the power plant
• biofuels less effective at absorbing
CO2 than (rain)forests/trees
(2)
2 well reasoned effects on society e.g

• use of food crops to produce biofuels
reduces food supply
• (use of land) for biofuels reduces
biodiversity
• use of land to grow biofuels leads to
reduced food supply
• leads to deforestation/leads to
habitat loss
• new jobs created to grow crops on
new farmland
• increased price of car/car service
due to engine modifications
• less CO2 so less global warming
• less SO2 so less acid rain
• less SO2 so less respiratory illnesses
e.g asthma
(2)
Choice of most sustainable biofuel with

appropriate reasoning
e.g
• elephant grass as it requires little/no
energy to process before it is burnt
• elephant grass grows very quickly
• elephant grass is a high yield crop
• Any of the fuels can be burnt using
existing technology
(1)
8CH01 GCE Chemistry

Summer 2009 31
PMT

Fax 01623 450481
Order Code US021182 Summer 2009

PMT
PMT

Surname Other names
Edexcel GCE
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Friday 21 May 2010 – Afternoon Paper Reference

Instructions
• centrethe
Information
will be assessed
Advice
Check
Turn over
N35691A
*N35691A0128*
7/7/7/4/
PMT
PMT
BLANK PAGE
*N35691A0228*
2
PMT
PMT
SECTION A
a cross .
1 The equations below show some reactions of magnesium and its compounds.
A 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
B Mg(NO3)2(s) → MgO(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g)
C MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O(1)
D Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(a) Which equation is not balanced?

(1)
A
B
C
D
(b) Which equation can be classified as a displacement reaction?

(1)
A
B
C
D
2 Which of these equations represents the electron affinity of chlorine?

A Cl2(g) + 2e− → 2Cl−(g)
B Cl2(g) − 2e− → 2Cl−(g)
C ½Cl2(g) + e− → Cl−(g)
D Cl(g) + e− → Cl−(g)
*N35691A0328*
3
Turn over
PMT
PMT
3 Which of these equations represents the second ionization of magnesium?

A Mg+(g) → Mg2+(g) + e−
B Mg(g) → Mg2+(g) + 2e−
C Mg+(g) + e− → Mg2+(g)
D Mg(g) + 2e− → Mg2+(g)
4 The sketch graph below shows the trend in first ionization energies for some elements in
Periods two and three.
2500
C
2000
Ionization energy / B
kJ mol–1 1500
1000 A
500 D
Atomic number
Select, from the elements A to D, the one that

(a) has atoms with five p electrons.
(1)
A
B
C
D
*N35691A0428*
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(b) is a member of Group 3.

(1)
A
B
C
D
(c) is likely to be very unreactive.

(1)
A
B
C
D
(d) normally forms four covalent bonds per atom.

(1)
A
B
C
D
5 Which of these ions has the greatest ability to polarize an anion?

A Ba2+
B Ca2+
C Cs+
D K+
*N35691A0528*
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6 Which of these electron density maps best represents the bonding in the compound
lithium iodide, LiI?
–
+
A
–
+
B
–
+
C
δ–
δ+
D
7 Which of these statements is incorrect?

A The atomic radius of metals increases down a Group.
B The trend in the melting temperature of successive elements across Period 2 is
similar to that in Period 3.
C A metallic structure is held together by attractions between metal atoms and
delocalized electrons.
D Na+ and O2− ions are isoelectronic.
8 A sample of gas was prepared for use in helium-neon lasers. It contained 4 g of helium
and 4 g of neon. What is the ratio of helium atoms to neon atoms in the sample?
A 1:1
B 2.5 : 1
C 1:5
D 5:1
*N35691A0628*
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9 The overall equation for the reaction between sulfur and oxygen to form sulfur trioxide
is shown below.
2S(s) + 3O2(g) → 2SO3(g)
0.9 mol of O2(g) reacted completely with excess sulfur. What volume, in dm3, of
sulfur trioxide would form?
[Assume the molar gas volume = 24 dm3 mol−1]
A (0.9 × 3/2) × 24
B (0.9 × 3/2) ÷ 24
C (0.9 × 2/3) × 24
D (0.9 × 2/3) ÷ 24
10 Which of these solutions does not contain the same total number of ions as the others?
A 10.00 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm−3 NaCl(aq)
B 20.00 cm3 of 0.050 mol dm−3 NaCl(aq)
C 20.00 cm3 of 0.050 mol dm−3 MgCl2(aq)
D 13.33 cm3 of 0.050 mol dm−3 MgCl2(aq)
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11 Which of these diagrams correctly represents an endothermic reaction?
A B
Reactants Reactants
Enthalpy Enthalpy
ΔH –ve ΔH +ve
Products Products
C D
Products Products
Enthalpy Enthalpy
ΔH –ve ΔH +ve
Reactants Reactants
12 Which of these statements about carbon-carbon double bonds is false?

A The two ends of a molecule cannot rotate relative to each other, about the axis
of the double bond.
B They are twice as strong as a carbon-carbon single bond.
C They have a higher electron density than a single bond.
D They consist of a sigma bond and a pi bond.
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13 What is the correct name for the compound below?
Br Br
A E-2,3-dibromopent-2-ene
B E-2,3-dibromopent-3-ene
C Z-2,3-dibromopent-3-ene
D Z-2,3-dibromopent-2-ene
*N35691A0928*
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14 The equations below show some of the processes that occur when methane and chlorine
react.
A Cl2(g) → 2Cl•(g)
B Cl•(g) + CH4(g) → CH3•(g) + HCl(g)
C CH3•(g) + CH3•(g) → C2H6(g)
D Cl2(g) + CH4(g) → CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g)
(a) Which equation shows a propagation step?

(1)
A
B
C
D
(b) Which equation shows an initiation step?

(1)
A
B
C
D
(c) Which equation shows a termination step?

(1)
A
B
C
D
*N35691A01028*
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SECTION B
15 This question is about the properties of ions and ionic compounds.
(a) Solid calcium carbonate, CaCO3, has a giant ionic structure.
(i) Draw a diagram (using dots or crosses) for a calcium ion. Show ALL the
electrons and the charge on the ion.
(2)
(ii) Complete the electronic configuration for a calcium ion.

(1)
1s2..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Would you expect a calcium ion to be bigger, smaller or the same size as a
calcium atom? Give TWO reasons to explain your answer.
(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Explain why ionic compounds have relatively high melting temperatures.
(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*N35691A01128*
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(b) Changes in the concentration of ions in a solution can be estimated by measuring the
electrical conductivity of the solution.
(i) Explain why solutions of ions are able to conduct electricity.
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Suggest why aqueous solutions of calcium chloride, CaCl2(aq), and barium
chloride, BaCl2(aq), of the same molar concentration, have different electrical
conductivities.
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) 1 kg of a solution contains 0.100 mol of calcium ions, Ca2+.

What is the concentration of the calcium ions by mass in
parts per million (ppm)?
[Assume the relative atomic mass of calcium is 40.]
(2)
....................................................................................... ppm
*N35691A01228*
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*(c) Some buildings are made from limestone, which is mainly calcium carbonate. Gases
in the atmosphere such as sulfur dioxide, SO2, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2, can be
responsible for damaging these buildings.
Describe how these gases come to be present in the atmosphere and explain how
they can damage a limestone building.
(3)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) The lattice energy of calcium chloride, CaCl2, is −2258 kJ mol−1 based on an
experimental Born-Haber cycle and −2223 kJ mol−1 based on theoretical calculations.
Would you expect its bonding to match the ionic model? Justify your answer.
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*N35691A01328*
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16 The diagram below shows a mass spectrometer, which can be used to determine the
percentage abundances of isotopes in an element.
sample vaporized
electric field
+
+
electron beam
ionizes atoms
– magnetic field
recorder
amplifier
ions are detected
and recorded ↑
(a) Explain, in terms of sub-atomic particles, what is meant by the term isotopes.
(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Describe the role of the following parts of the mass spectrometer.
(i) Electric field
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Magnetic field

(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*N35691A01428*
14
PMT
PMT
(c) A sample of the element barium is made up of four isotopes. The data below were
taken from a mass spectrum of this sample.
Mass/charge ratio % abundance

135 9.01
136 10.81
137 12.32
138 67.86
Calculate the relative atomic mass of the sample, giving your answer to one decimal
place.
(2)
(d) The element bromine has two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br. How many peaks
corresponding to Br2+ ions would be seen in the mass spectrum of bromine?
Justify your answer.
(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) Suggest another application of mass spectrometry, other than to determine the
relative atomic mass of an element.
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*N35691A01528*
15
Turn over
PMT
PMT
17 This question is about methanol and the energy changes that accompany some of its
reactions.
(a) Complete the diagram (using dots and crosses) to show the bonding in methanol,
CH3OH. You should show outer electrons only.
(2)
H
H C O H
H
(b) The Hess cycle below can be used to calculate the standard enthalpy change of
combustion of methanol, using standard enthalpy changes of formation.
∆Hc ○
CH3OH(l) + 1½O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
∆H1 ○ ∆H2 ○
(i) Complete the cycle by filling in the empty box.

(2)
*(ii) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation of a compound,
making clear the meaning of standard in this context.
(3)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*N35691A01628*
16
PMT
PMT
(iii) Use your cycle and the data below to calculate the standard enthalpy change of
○
combustion of methanol, ∆Hc .
○
∆Hf /kJ mol−1
CO2(g) –393.5
H2O(l) –285.8
CH3OH(l) –239.1
(2)
*N35691A01728*
17
Turn over
PMT
PMT
(c) An experiment was carried out, using the apparatus below, to estimate the standard
enthalpy change of combustion of methanol.
thermometer stirrer
screen to reduce
draughts
200 g
of water
spirit burner
methanol
After burning the methanol for a few minutes, the temperature of water in the beaker
had risen by 20.7 °C and the mass of methanol burnt was 0.848 g.
(i) Calculate the amount of energy transferred to the water.
Energy transferred (J) = mass of water × 4.18 × temperature change
(1)
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of methanol, CH3OH, burnt during the
experiment.
(1)
*N35691A01828*
18
PMT
PMT
(iii) Use your answers to (c)(i) and (ii) to calculate the experimental value for the
standard enthalpy change of combustion. Include a sign and units in your
answer, which should be given to three significant figures.
(1)
(iv) Compare your answers to (b)(iii) and (c)(iii) and give TWO reasons to explain
any differences.
(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*N35691A01928*
19
Turn over
PMT
PMT
18 This question is about ethene and related compounds.

(a) One way to manufacture ethene is by cracking hydrocarbon molecules such as liquid
paraffin.
(i) Name a raw material from which liquid paraffin can be obtained.
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Describe what is meant by cracking.

(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) It was proposed to set up the apparatus below on a laboratory bench, in order to
crack paraffin.
ceramic fibre clamp

soaked in paraffin here
Bunsen
burner
aluminium oxide
water
granules
State TWO of the risks of using the apparatus in this way and suggest how you
would amend the set-up to minimise each risk.
(4)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*N35691A02028*
20
PMT
PMT
(b) Study the reaction scheme below and then answer the questions that follow.
compound X bromoethane
Br2 HBr
ethene
KMnO4/H+
ethane ethane-1,2-diol
(i) Name the reagent and catalyst needed for Reaction 1.

(2)
Reagent ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Catalyst ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Give the name and displayed formula of compound X.
(2)
Name .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Displayed formula
(iii) Describe what colour change you would see during Reaction 4 if a small
amount of acidified KMnO4(aq) was shaken with ethene.
(1)
From.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*N35691A02128*
21
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PMT
PMT
(c) (i) Use displayed formulae to show the mechanism for Reaction 3.
(3)
(ii) Explain why the alkene, propene, could form two products when it reacts with
hydrogen bromide in a similar way.
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*N35691A02228*
22
PMT
PMT
(d) The formula of the alkene phenylethene, often called styrene, is shown below. It can
be used to make the polymer poly(styrene).
H H
C C
C 6H 5 H
phenylethene
Draw a section of the poly(styrene) polymer chain formed from two monomer units.
(2)
*N35691A02328*
23
Turn over
PMT
PMT
(e) The table below shows some data used in a life cycle analysis of polystyrene and
paper drinking cups.
Paper Cup Polystyrene Cup

Raw Materials (per cup)
Wood or bark 26 g 0g
Petroleum fractions 2.2 g 3.4 g
Energy used (per tonne of
980 kWh 280 kWh
material made)
Water released into
environment (per tonne of 120 m3 2.5 m3
material made)
Air emissions (per tonne of
material made)
Chlorine / chlorine dioxide 0.4 kg 0 kg
Sulfides / sulfur dioxide 11 kg 3.5 kg
Hydrocarbons 0 kg 40 kg
(i) Some people argue that using a polystyrene cup has less environmental impact
than using a paper cup.
Choose TWO pieces of data to support this argument, explaining your choices.
(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*N35691A02428*
24
PMT
PMT
(ii) Suggest TWO further pieces of information, not given in the table, regarding
the life cycle of the cups that would make any assessment of the environmental
impact more reliable.
(2)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*N35691A02528*
25
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BLANK PAGE
*N35691A02628*
26
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BLANK PAGE
*N35691A02728*
27
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*N35691A02828*
28
PMT

June 2010
GCE

PMT
If you have any subject specific questions about the content of this Mark Scheme that
require the help of a subject specialist, you may find our Ask The Expert email service
helpful.
Alternatively, you can speak directly to a subject specialist at Edexcel on our dedicated
Science telephone line: 0844 576 0037
Summer 2010
© Edexcel Ltd 2010
6CH01_01
1006
PMT

Number
1 (a) B 1

Number
1 (b) D 1

Number
2 D 1

Number
3 A 1

Number
4 (a) B 1

Number
4(b) D 1

Number
4 (c) C 1

Number
4 (d) A 1

Number
5 B 1

Number
6 A 1

Number
7 C 1

Number
8 D 1

Number
9 C 1
6CH01_01
1006
PMT

Number
10 C 1

Number
11 D 1

Number
12 B 1

Number
13 D 1

Number
14 (a) B 1

Number
14 (b) A 1

Number
14 (c) C 1
6CH01_01
1006
PMT
Section B

Number
15 (a)(i) 2
electrons (1)
charge (1)
square brackets not essential
Mark independently
Ignore (labelling of) nucleus unless incorrect

Number
15 (a)(ii) 1s22s22p63s23p6 1
Allow electron number as sub script
Allow orbitals as capital letters
Allow TE from (a) (i) if Ca atom or Ca+ ion

Number
15 (a)(iii) Smaller 2
Because it has one less (sub) shell of electrons bigger scores
/ orbital / energy level / less shielding (1) zero
And the ratio of protons : electrons has greater nuclear

increased charge /positive
/ more protons than electrons charge
/ greater net force on remaining electrons (so
remainder of electrons held more closely)
/ greater effective nuclear charge (1)
6CH01_01
1006
PMT

Number
15 (a)(iv) Any two from: 2

Strong (electrostatic) forces / attractions / Any mention of
bonds (between ions) (1) covalent or
metallic bonds
(ions) held in giant lattice / many (ionic) or atoms or
attractions / forces / bonds (1) molecules
scores zero
So large amount of energy needed (to break
apart ions) (1) High
temperature

Number
15 (b)(i) Because the ions are free to move (when a Electrons / 1

potential difference is applied) particles are
free to move

Number
15 (b)(ii) The cations / barium and calcium (ions) are Atoms are 1
different sizes different sizes
Ignore any discussion of reasons
(could select either the calcium ion because it

has more water molecules associated with it
OR the barium ion because it has more shells
of electrons and so larger)
6CH01_01
1006
PMT

Number
15 (b)(iii) Mass of calcium ions in 1 kg = 0.100 x 40 (= 4.0) 2

(g) (1)
If mass quoted must be correct to score first

mark
Hence 4.0 g per 1000 g of solution

So ppm = (4.0/1000) x 1000000
= 4000 (ppm) (1)
OR
Mass of calcium ions in 1 kg = 0.100 x 40.1
(= 4.01) (g) (1)
Hence 4.01 g per 1000 g of solution

So ppm = (4.01/1000) x 1000000
= 4010 (ppm) (1)
Correct answer alone = 2 marks
Allow TE for second mark from incorrect mass

Number
15 (c) (Sulfur / nitrogen oxides) form when (fossil) from factories 3

fuels are burnt alone
/ when petrol or diesel burn in vehicle engines
/ emissions from vehicle (engines)
/ volcanoes
/ lightning (1)
They (react with water to) form sulfuric /

sulfurous acid /nitric acid /acid rain / gases
are acidic (1)
Which reacts with limestone (to form soluble

compounds) / limestone and acid take part in
neutralisation / dissolves building / corrodes
building (1)
Allow correct equation for third mark but

Ignore equations if mark already awarded.
Ignore comments regarding erosion
6CH01_01
1006
PMT

Number
15 (d) Either 1
Yes, as the values match closely (so little 100% ionic
deviation from ionic model)
Or
no, as the values are (slightly) different so a covalent
degree of covalency / not fully ionic
6CH01_01
1006
PMT

Number
16 (a) Atoms (of an element) with the same number 2

of protons (1)
But with different number of neutrons (1)
Same atomic number but different mass

number only = (1)
Element(s) with same number of protons but

different number of neutrons = (1) max
Ignore comments on electrons unless incorrect

in which case award max 1

Number
16 (b)(i) (Electric field) accelerates ions 1

Number
16 (b) (ii) (Magnetic field) deflects / changes direction of just bends ions 1
/ bends the beam of ions
if the term ‘ions’ is missing or an incorrect

term is used e.g. ‘atoms’, penalise only once
in parts b (i) and b (ii)

Number
16 (c) % abundance = (135 x 9.01 + 136 x 10.81 + 137 2

x 12.32 + 138 x 67.86) /100 (1) Just 137 as final
answer
= 137.4 (1) 137.39
137.3903
ignore units 137.390
Allow TE for one slip in transfer of data from

question
Correct answer scores (2)
6CH01_01
1006
PMT

Number
16 (d) three peaks (caused by Br2+ ions) (1) 2
because ions (79Br-79Br)(+)

and (81Br-79Br)(+) / (79Br-81Br)(+)
and (81Br-81Br)(+) (1)
Mark independently

Number
16 (e) Any one 1
analysis of material from space

/ drug testing in sport
/ identify breakdown products from drugs in
body
/ quality control in pharmaceutical industry
/ identify molecules from sample with
potential biological activity
/ radioactive dating with context e.g
determine age of fossils / human remains
The uses above must have a context
/ determining Mr of a molecule
/ evidence for structure from fragmentation
pattern
6CH01_01
1006
PMT

Number
17 (a) 2
(1) for around carbon and its hydrogens

(1) for around oxygen and its hydrogen
Allow all dots or all crosses

Ignore circles around atoms

Number
17 (b)(i) C(s) / (graphite) + 2H2(g) + 2O2(g) 2

Correct species (1)
Allow oxygen above arrows rather than in box
Second mark dependent on correct species

except as below with either hydrogen or
oxygen or both as atoms
e.g
C(s) / (graphite) + 4H(g) + 4O(g)
Scores second mark

Number
17 (b)(ii) Enthalpy / energy / heat(energy) change when heat required / 3

one mole of a substance (1) heat given out /
heat taken in
Is formed from its elements (in their most

stable / standard states) (1)
Under standard conditions of 298K/ 25 ºC / any

stated temperature AND 1 atm pressure /
101 kPa / 100 kPa (1)
Definitions based on lattice enthalpies may

score third mark only
6CH01_01
1006
PMT

Number
17 (b)(iii) ∆HƟc = -∆H1Ɵ + ∆H2Ɵ (1) 2
= (2 x −285.8 + −393.5) − (−239.1)

= −726 (1)
Ignore units
Correct answer alone = 2 marks
+726 = 1
-440.2 = 1 if omit multiply by 2

Number
17 (c)(i) 20.7 x 200 x 4.18 = 17305(.2) (J) 1

ignore sf except 1 sf i.e. 20000
OR
20.7 x 200 x 0.00418 = 17.305(2) kJ

ignore sf except 1 sf i.e. 20
ignore signs
ignore mol−1

Number
17 (c) (ii) 0.848/32 = 0.0265 (mol) 1
ignore sf except 1 sf i.e. 0.03
6CH01_01
1006
PMT

Number
17 (c)(iii) 17305.2/0.0265 = −653000 (J mol−1 ) (3sf) 1
OR
−653 (kJ mol−1) (3sf)
Ignore missing units but penalise incorrect

units
Allow TE from (c)(i) & (ii)

Number
17 (c)(iv) Any two from 2
As heat/energy absorbed by apparatus / just

heat/energy ‘lost’ to surroundings (1) heat/energy
loss
methanol not completely burnt / incomplete
combustion (1)
just incomplete
methanol ‘lost’ by evaporation (1) reaction
cannot ensure all products are at standard

conditions at end of reaction / water is
produced as a gas / reaction not carried out in
the standard conditions (1)
6CH01_01
1006
PMT

Number
18 (a)(i) Crude oil / petroleum / coal Oil on its own / 1

Natural gas /
fossil fuels /
any named
fraction of
crude oil

Number
18 (a)(ii) use of high temperatures / heat (in the 2

absence of air) / thermal decomposition /
catalysts (1)
Either
to break large molecules / to form smaller

molecules / to break bonds in large molecules
/ to break carbon-carbon bonds (1)
OR
producing alkenes / producing carbon-carbon

double bonds (1)
6CH01_01
1006
PMT

Number
18 (a)(iii) Risks (2) 4

Amendments (2)
Risk Amendment
exposure to harmful / Set up in fume cupboard Dangerous
toxic fumes
Escape of flammable / Correct fitting of bung
harmful / toxic
reactants or products
from ill fitting bung
Escape of flammable / Placement of delivery collect in
harmful /toxic reactants tube below mouth of syringe
or products from poorly test tube / use a longer
positioned delivery tube delivery tube
suck back Attach Bunsen valve /
remove delivery tube
from water before
stopping heating etc
Mark all 4 points independently

If escaping gases linked to 2 amendments but no risk
mentioned then allow 1 for risk

Number
18 (b)(i) Reagent – Hydrogen/H2 (1) 2

Catalyst –
Nickel/Ni/palladium/Pd/platinum/Pt (1)
Mark independently

Number
18 (b)(ii) 1,2 – dibromoethane (1) 1,2 - bromoethane 2

dibromoethane
ignore punctuation
H H
H C C H Skeletal formula
Br Br
(1)
Mark independently
Allow CH2BrCH2Br C2H4Br2
6CH01_01
1006
PMT

Number
18 (b)(iii) From purple / pink → colourless clear 1

Number
18 (c)(i) 3
arrow from bromide ion can start from any part of the
bromide ion and can go towards the C or the + sign on
the intermediate
bromide ion must show negative charge ∂- on

bromide
ion for
third
mark
allow 2 max for addition of Br2 and any other
electrophilic additions
half headed arrows used throughout penalise only once

Number
18 (c)(ii) Bromine / bromide / hydrogen could add to bromine could 1

either carbon (in the double bond) add to any of
/ bromide / bromine could add to either the three
primary or secondary carbocation carbons
/ (propene is unsymmetrical) so could form
1-bromopropane and / or 2-bromopropane.
Allow correct structural or displayed formulae.
6CH01_01
1006
PMT

Number
H C6H5 H C6H5
18 (d) 2
C C C C
H H H H
position of hydrogen atoms and phenyl groups

(1)
Allow phenyl groups on 2nd and 3rd carbon OR

1st and 4th OR 1st and 3rd
carbon carbon single bonds and continuation

bonds (1)
second mark not awarded for incorrect

monomer
(1) max with or without square brackets and n

or numbers
Do not penalise H from phenyl groups attaching

to carbon chains
Ignore extra square brackets, numbers and ‘n’

provided 2 monomer units shown
6CH01_01
1006
PMT

Number
18 (e)(i) Any two 2
(raw material for) paper cup requires cutting down

trees (1)
polystyrene cup uses less energy (280 kWh rather

than 980 kWh) to produce so less CO2 released / less
fossil fuels (1)
polystyrene cup releases less sulfur based compounds

into air so less chance of forming acid rain / less
chance of damaging buildings / acidifying lakes
(produces 3.5 kg rather than 11 kg) (1)
polystyrene cup releases no chlorine compounds

which damages ozone layer / poisonous (produce 0
kg rather than 0.4 kg) (1)
2 pieces of data chosen with no explanation allow 1

mark
Ignore comments regarding water

Number
18 (e)(ii) 2 additional factors 2
e.g ease of recyclability

whether cup is easy to reuse
space taken up in landfill
type and amount of gases formed if incinerated
useful heat obtained if incinerated
biodegradeability / how long they take to decompose
management of gases produced during
decomposition
durability / how long the cup lasts
method of disposal
Ignore comments regarding atom economy
Ignore comments regarding acid rain / ozone layer /

greenhouse gases unless linked to gases produced
during disposal
6CH01_01
1006
PMT

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6CH01_01
1006
PMT

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Edexcel GCE
Chemistry
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Monday 23 May 2011 – Afternoon Paper Reference

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P38433A
*P38433A0124*
7/7/5/2/
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SECTION A
a cross .
1 In the following outline of the Periodic Table, the letters A to D are not the symbols of
the elements.
D
A C
B
Select from A to D the element which
(a) is a non-metal with a high melting temperature and boiling temperature.

(1)
A
B
C
D
(b) is in the d block of the Periodic Table.

(1)
A
B
C
D
(c) has a very stable electronic structure.

(1)
A
B
C
D
2
*P38433A0224*
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(d) is a metal with a high melting temperature and boiling temperature.

(1)
A
B
C
D
2 The elements in Group 1 of the Periodic Table have very similar chemical properties.
This is because
A they have the same number of outer electrons.

B they have the same number of filled shells of electrons.
C their outer electrons are in the s sub-shell.
D their outer electrons have very similar shielding.
3 The European Union has set a limit (with effect from January 2010) of 3.13 ppm for
the proportion of the toxic gas carbon monoxide in the air that we breathe. This is
equivalent to
A 3.13%
B 0.0313%
C 0.000313%
D 0.00000313%
4 For drivers in the UK, the legal limit of the concentration of ethanol (molar mass
46 g mol–1) in the blood is 80 mg per 100 cm3. This is equivalent to a concentration of
A 17.4 mol dm–3
B 1.74 mol dm–3
C 0.0174 mol dm–3
D 0.00174 mol dm–3
3
PMT
5 An important reaction which occurs in the catalytic converter of a car is

2CO(g) + 2NO(g) o 2CO2(g) + N2(g)
In this reaction, when 500 cm3 of CO reacts with 500 cm3 of NO at 650 °C (the
operating temperature of the catalyst) and at 1 atm, the total volume of gases produced
at the same temperature and pressure is
A 500 cm3
B 750 cm3
C 1000 cm3
D impossible to calculate without knowing the molar volume of gases under these
conditions.
6 When a solution of barium chloride is added to sulfuric acid, a white precipitate is

formed. The ionic equation (including state symbols) for this reaction is
A H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) o HCl(s)
B Ba+(aq) + SO4–(aq) o BaSO4(s)
C Ba2+(aq) + 2SO4–(aq) o Ba(SO4)2(s)
D Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) o BaSO4(s)
7 The enthalpy change for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
is –56 kJ mol–1. Therefore
A the reaction is exothermic and the temperature rises.
B the reaction is exothermic and the temperature falls.
C the reaction is endothermic and the temperature rises.
D the reaction is endothermic and the temperature falls.
4
*P38433A0424*
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8 The standard enthalpy changes of formation of some sulfur species are:
Species ǻHf 9 / kJ mol–1

S8(s) 0
S8(g) +103
S(g) +279
The enthalpy of atomization of sulfur is (in kJ mol–1)

A 103 ÷ 8
B 279 ÷ 8
C 279
D (103 ÷ 8) + 279
9 For which of the following reactions is the enthalpy change equal to the bond enthalpy
of H–I?
A HI(g) o ½H2(g) + ½I2(s)
B HI(g) o ½H2(g) + ½I2(g)
C HI(g) o H(g) + I(g)
D HI(g) o H+(g) + I–(g)
5
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10 The equation for the complete combustion of pentane is

C5H12(g) + 8O2(g) o 5CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) ǻHc 9 = –3509 kJ mol–1
The standard enthalpy change of formation of CO2(g) is –394 kJ mol–1 and that of
H2O(l) is –286 kJ mol–1.
The standard enthalpy change of formation of pentane (in kJ mol–1) is
A 5(–394) + 6(–286) + (–3509)
B 5(–394) + 6(–286) – (–3509)
C –5(–394) – 6(–286) + (–3509)
D –5(–394) – 6(–286) – (–3509)
11 All alkenes have

A the same empirical formula and the same general formula.
B the same molecular formula and the same general formula.
C the same molecular formula and the same empirical formula.
D the same empirical formula and the same structural formula.
12 Covalent bonding results from the strong electrostatic attractions between

A instantaneous dipoles.
B electron clouds.
C electrons in the bonding pair.
D bonding pairs of electrons and nuclei.
6
*P38433A0624*
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13 This question concerns the reaction of hydrogen bromide with propene.
(a) This reaction requires

(1)
A normal laboratory conditions.
B the presence of UV light.
C the presence of a suitable catalyst.
D heating under reflux.
(b) The reaction is best described as

(1)
A nucleophilic substitution.
B electrophilic substitution.
C nucleophilic addition.
D electrophilic addition.
(c) The major product of the reaction will be

(1)
A 1-bromopropane
B 2-bromopropane
C 1,2-dibromopropane
D 2-bromopropene
14 Many organic compounds have toxic vapours. For this reason

A a naked flame should never be used when carrying out experiments with organic
compounds.
B gloves should usually be worn when carrying out experiments with organic
compounds.
C a fume cupboard should be used wherever possible when carrying out
experiments with organic compounds.
D most experiments with organic compounds are banned in schools and colleges.
7
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15 Ethanol (molar mass 46 g mol–1) is manufactured by the hydration of ethene

(molar mass 28 g mol–1):
C2H4 + H2O o C2H5OH
In a typical process 28 tonnes of ethene produces 43.7 tonnes of ethanol. The

percentage yield of ethanol in this process is
A 64%
B 95%
C 100%
D 156%
8
*P38433A0824*
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BLANK PAGE
9
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SECTION B
16 The first ionization energy of each of the elements from neon to argon is shown on the
graph below. The first ionization energy of potassium has been omitted.
2500
2000
1500
Ionization
energy /
kJ mol–1 1000
500
0
Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K
Elements
(a) Define the term first ionization energy.

(3)
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. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
*P38433A01024*
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(b) Explain why, in moving from Na to Ar, the general trend is for the first ionization
energy to increase.
(3)
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. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Explain why the first ionization energy decreases from P to S.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Estimate the value of the first ionization energy of potassium, K, and write your
answer below.
(1)
.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ mol–1
11
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17 0.400 g of magnesium ribbon reacted with exactly 22.2 cm3 of hydrochloric acid of
concentration 1.50 mol dm–3.
400 cm3 of hydrogen gas was formed, the volume being measured at room temperature
and pressure.
In the calculations that follow, use the following molar masses:
Mg = 24.0 g molí1
Cl = 35.5 g molí1
(a) Calculate the amount (in moles) of magnesium used.

(1)
(b) Calculate the amount (in moles) of hydrochloric acid used.

(1)
(c) Calculate the amount (in moles) of hydrogen produced.
[Molar volume of any gas at room temperature and pressure = 24 000 cm3 molí1]
(1)
(d) Show that the calculated amounts of magnesium, hydrochloric acid and hydrogen are
consistent with the following equation for the reaction
Mg + 2HCl o MgCl2 + H2
(1)
12
*P38433A01224*
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(e) Calculate the maximum mass of magnesium chloride that would be formed in this
reaction. Give your answer to three significant figures.
(3)
13
PMT
18 Copper(II) sulfate exists as blue hydrated crystals and white anhydrous crystals. The
enthalpy changes of solution for these two substances may be represented by the
following simplified equations:
CuSO4.5H2O(s) + aq o CuSO4(aq) ǻH1 = +11.5 kJ mol–1
blue
CuSO4(s) + aq o CuSO4(aq) ǻH2 = –66.1 kJ mol–1
white
(a) (i) Fill in the box and add labelled arrows to complete the Hess cycle to enable you
to calculate ǻHreaction.
(3)
ǻHreaction
CuSO4.5H2O(s) o CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l)
(ii) Calculate a value for the enthalpy change ǻHreaction.

(2)
(b) Suggest why it is not possible to directly measure the enthalpy change for the
conversion of the blue hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals into the white anhydrous
crystals.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
*P38433A01424*
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*(c) (i) CuSO4.5H2O(s) + aq o CuSO4(aq) ǻH1 = +11.5 kJ mol–1

Describe briefly the experimental procedure that you would use to obtain the
data necessary to calculate ǻH1, given a known mass of hydrated copper(II)
sulfate crystals, CuSO4.5H2O(s).
You should state the apparatus that you would use and any measurements that
you would make.
You are not required to calculate the amounts of substances or to explain how
you would use the data obtained.
(4)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) The value for the enthalpy change from (c)(i) obtained by experiments in a
school laboratory is likely to be significantly different from a data book value.
List three possible reasons for this which do not relate to the quality of the
apparatus or chemicals used or possible mistakes in carrying out the procedure.
(3)
1 . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2 . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
PMT
19 This question is about alkanes.
(a) The skeletal formulae of two alkanes (A and B) are shown below.
A B
(i) Write the general formula of the alkanes.

(1)
(ii) Compounds A and B are ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of each other.

(1)
(iii) Draw the displayed formula of compound A.
(1)
(iv) Give the systematic name of compound B.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
*P38433A01624*
PMT
(b) The largest use for alkanes is as fuels. However, there are problems associated with
the combustion of alkanes, whether complete or incomplete.
(i) An incomplete combustion of methane, CH4, results in the formation of carbon
monoxide and water only.
Write the equation for this reaction. State symbols are not required.
(2)
(ii) When does incomplete combustion occur?

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) State two problems that result from the incomplete combustion of alkane fuels.
(2)
1 . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . .............................. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(iv) State and explain the main environmental problem arising from the complete
combustion of alkane fuels.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
PMT
(c) The reactions of organic compounds, including alkanes, may be broken down into a
series of steps; this is the mechanism for the reaction. The reaction between methane
and chlorine may be represented by a mechanism involving three stages – initiation,
propagation and termination.
(i) Reaction mechanisms often involve the use of ‘curly arrows’. Explain the
meaning of the curly arrows shown below.
(2)
Arrow I Arrow II
Arrow I .................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arrow II ................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Using the curly arrow notation, show the initiation step of the reaction between
methane and chlorine.
(2)
18
*P38433A01824*
PMT
(iii) Give the two propagation steps of the reaction between methane and chlorine.
Curly arrows are not required.
(2)
(iv) Suggest why a small amount of UV light can result in the formation of a large
amount of product.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(v) Ethane is a trace product of this reaction. By means of an equation, show how
the ethane is formed.
(1)
(d) Scientists never detect molecular hydrogen, H2, amongst the products of the
chlorination of methane.
Use the data below to suggest why this is so.
The frequency of UV light used corresponds to an energy of about 400 kJ mol–1.
Bond Bond enthalpy/ kJ mol–1

C H 435
Cl Cl 243
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
PMT
20 Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity and usually have high melting
temperatures and boiling temperatures.
(a) (i) Describe the structure of a metal.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Describe the bonding in a metal.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Explain why the melting temperature of magnesium (650 °C) is much higher than
that of sodium (98 °C).
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
*P38433A02024*
PMT
(c) Explain how metals conduct electricity.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21
*P38433A02124*
PMT
BLANK PAGE
22
*P38433A02224*
PMT
BLANK PAGE
23
*P38433A02324*
PMT
24
*P38433A02424*
PMT
June 2011

PMT
Edexcel is one of the leading examining and awarding bodies in the UK and
throughout the world. We provide a wide range of qualifications including
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June 2011
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6CH01/01
1106
PMT
• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded

for what they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to

their perception of where the grade boundaries may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should

be used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners
mark scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if
the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit according to the mark
scheme.

limited.

scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader must be consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it
• Mark schemes will indicate within the table where, and which strands of
QWC, are being assessed. Questions labelled with an asterix (*) are
ones where the quality of your written communication will be assessed.
6CH01/01
1106
PMT




same question.

candidates to:
• write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation
• select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and

when appropriate.
abilities.

PMT

Number
1 (a) C 1

Number
1 (b) B 1

Number
1 (c) D 1

Number
1 (d) B 1

Number
2 A 1

Number
3 C 1

Number
4 C 1

Number
5 B 1

Number
6 D 1

Number
7 A 1

Number
8 C 1

Number
9 C 1
6CH01_01
1106
PMT

Number
10 B 1

Number
11 A 1

Number
12 D 1

Number
13 (a) A 1

Number
13 (b) D 1

Number
13 (c) B 1

Number
14 C 1

Number
15 B 1
6CH01_01
1106
PMT
Section B

Number
16 (a) First mark 3
The energy (allow enthalpy / heat) Energy /
required (allow change) per mole enthalpy
(1) produced
Second mark
to form (gaseous) singly charged
positive ions
Or
to remove (1 mole of) electrons (1)
Third mark
from gaseous atoms (of the Just gaseous
element) (1) element
X(g) X+(g) + e(-) scores last 2

marks
Ignore standard conditions

Per mole scores at any point

Number
16 (b) Nuclear charge / effective nuclear charge density 3
charge / number of protons / atomic
number increases (1)
Two of
(Outer) electrons in the same orbitals, sub-

(quantum) shell / same number of shell
electron shells (1)
Shielding (of nucleus)(about) the

same (1)
Distance from nucleus/atomic radius

less (1)
6CH01_01
1106
PMT

Number
16 (c) Route 1 2
Electrons (in the p sub-shell) are
paired (for the first time) (in S) /
two electrons occupy the same (p)
orbital / full orbital / electrons-in-
boxes diagram (1)
repulsion between the (paired)

electrons (reduces IE) (1)
Route 2
P has a half-filled p sub-shell / half-
filled p orbitals which is stable (1)
(on ionization) S gains a half-filled p

sub-shell / half-filled p orbitals (1)

Number
16 (d) 200 – 490 (kJ mol–1) Negative values 1
6CH01_01
1106
PMT

Number
17 (a) Do not penalize the use of Ar (Mg) = 1
24.3 at any stage in this question.
Penalize SF errors (1 SF, incorrect SF
(eg. 0.02) and incorrect rounding to
2 SF (e.g. 0.016)) only once in parts
(a – d)
Allow 0.0166
Allow fractions (e.g. 1/60)
Amount Mg = (0.4 ÷ 24) = 0.016666

= 0.0167 (mol)
Allow
Amount Mg = (0.4 ÷ 24.3) =
0.016461 = 0.0165 (mol)

Number
17 (b) Amount HCl = 1.5 x 22.2/1000 = 1
0.033333 = 0.0333 (mol)
Allow
Amount HCl = 2 x answer in (a)

Number
17 (c) Amount of H2 = 400 ÷ 24 000 = 1
0.016666 = 0.0167 (mol)

Number
17 (d) Ratio mol Mg:HCl:H2 = 0.0167 Just stating the 1
(0.165) : 0.0333 : 0.0167 molar ratio
= 1:2:1
Allow answers in which the mole

ratios of the reactant and products
are compared separately
6CH01_01
1106
PMT

Number
17 (e) Mr (MgCl2) = 24 + 2 x 35.5 = 95 (1) 3
Mol MgCl2 = (mol Mg) = 0.0166666

(or 0.0167 ) (1)
Mass MgCl2 = 95 x 0.0166666 = 1.58

(g) 3 sf (1)
Or 95 x 0.0167 = 1.59 (g) 3sf

Or 95.3 x 0.0166666 = 1.59
Or 95 x 0.0165 = 1.58
Or 95.3 x 0.0165 = 1.57

scores (3)
TE on 17(a)
6CH01_01
1106
PMT

Number
18 Product in box: CuSO4(aq) (1) 3
(a) (i)
Either
Mark the arrows and then the labels:

Two downward arrows (1)
labelled with symbols or values with or
without units (1)
OR
Mark each arrow and label separately

Downward arrow & ∆H1 or value (1)
Downward arrow & ∆H2 or value (1)
Allow reversed arrows with reversed signs

on ∆H
Ignore any other labels on the arrows.
Ignore 5H2O in bottom product

Hreaction
CuSO4.5H2O(s) CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l)
H1 / +11.5 H2 /-66.1
CuSO4(aq)
6CH01_01
1106
PMT

Number
18 Award higher mark from: 2
(a)(ii)
Route 1
Mark the calculation based on
their cycle TE from (a)(i) ignoring
incorrect bottom product
Route 2
Mark a calculation which is
independent of the cycle
UHreaction = UH1 - UH2 stated or
implied
= +11.5 – (– 66.1) (1)
= (+) 77.6 (kJ mol–1) (1)
Correct answer alone scores (2)
−77.6 (kJ mol–1) alone or from a

correct addition scores (1)

Number
18 (b) Dehydration reaction cannot be Temperature of 1
controlled solid / crystals
cannot be
OR measured
temperature change (of dehydration
reaction) cannot be measured
OR
CuSO4.5H2O would need heating (so
temperature change cannot be
measured)
OR
impossible to add exact amount of
water (to obtain value by reverse
process)
OR
cannot mix solid with water to
obtain perfect crystals
6CH01_01
1106
PMT

Number
*18 First & second marks stand alone 4
(c)(i)
1. Pipette/burette / measuring Just mass /
cylinder / balance to transfer (a volume measured
known amount of) (water) (1)
2. to (expanded) polystyrene cup /

calorimeter / any insulated
container allow coffee / plastic
cup (1)
Third & fourth marks only awarded

if correct chemicals and procedure
used
3. add solid and stir (allow mix or

shake) mixture (1)
Temperature
4. measure initial and final increase unless
temperature exothermic
allow temperature change (1) penalised in (b)

Number
18 Any three from: Errors in 3
(c)(ii) • heat transfer (from calculation
surroundings) (allow loss or including adding
gain) mass of solid to
• approximation in (specific) heat mass of water
capacity of solution
• neglecting (specific) heat
capacity of
calorimeter/apparatus (allow loss of reagents
energy absorbed by the / water
apparatus) incomplete
• reaction / dissolving may be combustion
incomplete/slow Just ‘difficult to
measure’
• temperature change is very
small (and difficult to measure)
• Density of solution is taken as
the same as water
• conditions not standard (allow)
6CH01_01
1106
PMT

Number
19 CnH2n+2 or any symbol in place of n 1
(a)(i)
Ignore C5H12

Number
19 (structural / chain) isomers 1
(a)(ii)

Number
19 H Structures in 1
(a)(iii) which any
H C H bonds or atoms
are omitted
H H H Structures with
CH3 groups
H C C C C H
H H H H
(any orientation of this structure)
Ignore non-displayed formulae

Number
19 2,2-dimethylpropane (1) 1
(a)(iv)
Allow
dimethylpropane, 2-dimethylpropane
2,2 dimethylpropane, 2
dimethylpropane
Ignore hyphens, commas, spaces

Number
19 CH4 + 1½O2 CO + 2H2O 2
(b)(i) Formulae (1) balance (1)
Or multiples
Ignore state symbols
No TE on any other species
6CH01_01
1106
PMT

Number
19 Insufficient / not excess oxygen / air Reactant does 1
(b)( ii) not react
completely with
oxygen
Just ‘methane in
excess’

Number Acceptable Answers
19 Any two from 2
(b)(iii) CO is toxic / poisonous (allow Explosive
harmful) (1)
Reactants
Less energy is produced (allow wasted
(methane)
becomes a less efficient fuel) (1)
Unburned hydrocarbons react to form

compounds which are toxic / harmful
(1) Air pollution
Allow
sooty deposits / carbon / particulates
in atmosphere (ignore reference to
global dimming) (1)
Unburned hydrocarbons are toxic /

harmful (1)
If reference to damage to ozone

layer, global warming and / or acid
rain then max (1)
6CH01_01
1106
PMT

Number
*19 Global warming / climate change 3
(b)(iv) (1)
Due to (increase in concentration of)

CO2 in the atmosphere / CO2 is a
greenhouse gas (1) (heat) from the
sun
Traps the heat from the earth / IR
radiation (re-radiating) from the
earth (1)
If reference to damage to ozone
layer then max (2) Global dimming
due to complete
Photochemical smog is formed (0) combustion of
NOx is produced (by reaction of hydrocarbon fuels
nitrogen & oxygen) (1) and
reacts with (volatile) organic Effects (e.g.
compounds in sunlight (1) reactions of
unburned
Ignore references to increase in (of hydrocarbons)
concentration) of H2O in the due to incomplete
atmosphere combustion
Ignore references to the effects of

climate change

Number
19 The arrows show the movement of 2
(c)(i) electrons (1)
Single-headed/I denotes 1 electron

and Just stating
Double-headed/II denotes a pair of / homolytic and
2 electrons /allow lone pair (1) heterolytic fission
Allow
Explanations just in terms of electron
movement in bond fission
6CH01_01
1106
PMT

Number
19 2
(c)(ii)
Cl Cl 2 Cl
Equation (1)
two arrows correctly showing a

homolytic fission (1)
Here and in subsequent mechanisms

the covalent bonds may be shown as
lines or electron pairs or both
The mechanism arrows may be shown

on the same side or on different sides of
the bond
The single electrons need not be shown

Number
•
19 CH4 + Cl → CH3• + HCl (1) 2
(c)(iii)
CH3• + Cl2 → CH3Cl + Cl • (1)
Ignore state symbols and curly arrows.

Ignore order of equations so these
marks may be scored if an initiation
step with fission of C – H bond in
methane is given in c(ii)

Number
19 Because a (chlorine) radical is radical is 1
(c)(iv) regenerated / reformed / reproduced regenerated by
/ recycled (by the propagation UV light
reactions each time a molecule of (chlorine) radical
product is formed) (1) is a catalyst
Allow methyl radical regenerated if

initiation step with fission of C – H
bond in methane is given in c(ii) and
propagation order reversed
Ignore references to chain reaction
6CH01_01
1106
PMT

Number
19 CH3• + CH3• → C2H6 / 2CH3• → C2H6 1
(c)(v)
The single electrons need not be
shown

Number
19 (d) UV light does not have enough 2
energy to (ALLOW ‘cannot’) break
the C-H bond (1) Just ‘hydrogen’
Just ‘so no H2
So no H free radicals / atoms are formed
formed (therefore cannot combine to
form H2) (1)
6CH01_01
1106
PMT

Number
20 (a) (i) Structure layers 4
Lattice /close-packed (1) protons
‘free’ electrons
(or a diagram with at least 3 rows)
positive ions or cations (allow metal

ions) (1)
delocalized electrons / sea of

electrons (1)
(ii) Bonding
(Electrostatic) attraction
between positive ions / cations (allow
metal ions) and delocalized electrons
/ sea of electrons (1)

Number
20 (b) Any three from 3
1. Magnesium ion / Mg2+ (allow Just Mg2+ and

magnesium) has a larger Na+
charge (density) than the
sodium ion (allow sodium) /
Na+ some comparison of the
ions is required (1)
2. magnesium ions / Mg2+ smaller

than sodium ions (1)
3. Magnesium / Mg2+ contributes

two / more electrons (per
atom) to the “sea” of electrons
(1)
4. magnesium ions / Mg2+ have

greater attraction for the More bonds
delocalized “sea” of electrons
(1)
Ignore reference to number of outer

electrons in Mg / Na
Any references to the bonding being
ionic, covalent or intermolecular
(max 2)
Reverse argument can gain full marks
6CH01_01
1106
PMT

Number
20 (c) The delocalized electrons / sea of ‘free’ electrons 2
electrons (1)
Flow (allow move / free to move) (1)

(When a potential difference/voltage
is applied)
‘Carry the current’ is not sufficient for

the mark
6CH01_01
1106
PMT


Fax 01623 450481
Order Code US027559 June 2011
For more information on Edexcel qualifications, please visit

www.edexcel.com/quals

6CH01_01
1106
PMT

Surname Other names
Edexcel GCE
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Tuesday 15 May 2012 – Afternoon Paper Reference

Instructions
Information
t The marks for each question are shown in brackets
t written
Advice
t Keep
t Try toananswer
eye on the time.
every question.
Turn over
P39306A
*P39306A0124*
7/7/5/5/5/
PMT
SECTION A
a cross .
1 A solution contains 66 ppm of a solute. The mass of the solute dissolved in 1 kg of this
solution is
A 66 g
B 0.66 g
C 0.066 g
D 0.000066 g
2 Complete combustion of 50 cm3 of a hydrocarbon vapour gave 350 cm3 of carbon

dioxide, both gas volumes being measured at the same temperature and pressure. The
formula of the hydrocarbon could be
A C8H18
B C7H16
C C6H14
D C5H12
3 Which of the following statements is true? The Avogadro constant is the number of
A grams of any element which contains 6.02 × 1023 atoms of that element.
B atoms contained in one mole of any element.
C atoms contained in one mole of any monatomic element.
D particles (atoms, molecules or ions) required to make one gram of a substance.
2
*P39306A0224*
PMT
4 In an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of an alcohol, a spirit

burner containing the alcohol was weighed, lit and placed under a copper can containing
a known volume of water. The temperature rise of the water was measured and the
burner re-weighed. The enthalpy change calculated from the results was much less
exothermic than the value reported in the literature.
Which of the following factors is most likely to be the cause of this error?
A Heat loss around the side of the copper can.

B The use of a thermometer with a range of 0 – 110 °C rather than 0 – 50 °C.
C The use of a measuring cylinder for measuring the water rather than a pipette.
D Evaporation of the alcohol during the weighing.
5 The standard enthalpy changes of formation of carbon dioxide and of methanoic acid are

–1
–1 respectively. Calculate the enthalpy change for the
reaction
H2(g) + CO2(g)oHCOOH(l)
A
–1
B
–1
C
–1
D
–1
6 For which of the following changes is the value of H negative?
A K(g)oK+(g) + e–
B K+Cl–(s)oK+(g) + Cl–(g)
C Cl(g) + e–oCl–(g)
D Cl2(g)o2Cl(g)
3
PMT
7 In which of the following cases would a cation be most polarizing?
Radius Charge
A small small
B small large
C large small
D large large
8 Magnesium chloride, MgCl2, has two lattice energy values quoted in the data booklet.
!
"
#
$%"&'&!**/
–1;
&

&!**/
–1. Why are the two values different?
A The cation polarizes the anion leading to some covalent bonding.
B The anion polarizes the cation leading to some covalent bonding.
C Magnesium chloride is a covalent substance.
D The results from the Born-Haber cycle are too inaccurate to be reliable.
9 Which of the following represents the process occurring when the enthalpy change of
atomization of bromine is measured?
A ½Br2(l)oBr(g)
B ½Br2(g)oBr(g)
C Br2(l)oBr+(g) + Br–(g)
D Br2(g)oBr+(g) + Br–(g)
4
*P39306A0424*
PMT
10 An organic compound is represented by the skeletal formula shown below.
OH
The compound is
A CH3CH2CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3
B (CH3)2CHC(OH)(CH3)2
C (CH3)2CHCH2CH(OH)CH3
D (CH3)2CHCH(OH)CH2CH3
11 How many structural isomers does the alkane C5H12 have?

A 4
B 3
C 2
D 1
12 When methane reacts with chlorine, a mixture of products forms. Which product
provides the strongest evidence for a free radical mechanism?
A C2H6
B CH3Cl
C HCl
D CHCl3
5
PMT
13 What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown below?
CH2CH3
H3C C CH2CH2CH3
CH2CH2CH3
A 2-ethyl-2-propylpentane
B 3-methyl-3-propylhexane
C 4-methyl-4-propylhexane
D 4-ethyl-4-methylheptane
14 The reaction of bromine with propene is an example of

A electrophilic substitution.
B free radical substitution.
C electrophilic addition.
D free radical addition.
15 A compound Z contains, by mass, 26.7% carbon, 2.2% hydrogen, and 71.1% oxygen.
The empirical formula of Z is
A CHO2
B C2H2O4
C CHO
D C2H2O2
6
*P39306A0624*
PMT
16 In which of the following series does the melting temperature of the element increase
from left to right?
A Li, Na, K
B Al, Si, P
C Si, P, S
D Na, Mg, Al
17 If X

& " Y the element of atomic number 20,
the compound formed between these two elements is
A covalent, YX2.
B ionic, YX2.
C covalent, YX.
D ionic, YX.
18 The equation representing the reaction between copper(II) oxide and dilute sulfuric acid
is
CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq)oCuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
The ionic equation for the reaction is
A Cu2+(s) + SO42–(aq)oCuSO4(aq)
B O2–(s) + H2SO4(aq)oH2O(l) + SO42–(aq)
C CuO(s) + 2H+(aq)oCu2+(aq) + H2O(l)
D CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq)oCu2+SO42–(aq) + H2O(l)
7
PMT
19 Which of the following represents the electronic structure of a nitrogen atom?
1s 2s 2p
A np n np n n
B np n np np
C np np n n n
D np np np n
20 The electronic structures of four elements are given below. Which of these elements has
the highest first ionization energy?
1s 2s 2p
A np np n n
B np np n n n
C np np np np n
D np np np np np
8
*P39306A0824*
PMT
SECTION B
21 (a) Define the term relative isotopic mass.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Naturally occurring chlorine contains 75.53% of 35Cl and 24.47% of 37Cl.
(i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of chlorine to four significant figures.
(2)
(ii) Two of the peaks in the mass spectrum of chlorine, Cl2, are at m/e 70 and 74.
Identify the species giving rise to these peaks.
(2)
70 . . ............................... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74 . . ............................... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) What is the m/e value of the other peak that you would expect to see in this
region of the mass spectrum and the identity of the species giving rise to it?
(2)
Value .......................... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Species ...................... .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
PMT
22 (a) Define the term first ionization energy.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(b) Explain why the first ionization energy of the elements down Group 1 decreases
even though the atomic number increases.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The eleven successive ionization energies for sodium are given below.
Electron
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11
removed
Ionization
energy / 4563 / 13352 16611 20115 * * 141367 =
<
–1
(i) Explain why the successive ionization energies increase.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
*P39306A01024*
PMT
*(ii) Explain how these ionization energies give evidence for the electronic structure
of sodium. You may use a sketch graph if you wish.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) The first ionization energy of aluminium (element 13) is lower than that of
magnesium (element 12).
(i) Give the electronic structures of magnesium and of aluminium in s, p and d
notation.
(1)
Magnesium ............ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aluminium ............. .............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*(ii) Explain the difference in the first ionization energies of the two metals.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
PMT
23 (a) State Hess’s Law.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Methane burns in a limited supply of oxygen to give carbon monoxide and water.
CH4(g) + 1½O2(g) o CO(g) + 2H2O(l)
The enthalpy change for this reaction cannot be determined directly, but can be
found using the standard enthalpy changes of combustion of methane and carbon
monoxide, together with Hess’s Law.
The standard enthalpy changes of combustion needed are for CH4!

–1,

>@!*
–1.
(i) Draw a Hess’s Law diagram which would enable you to calculate the enthalpy
change for the combustion of methane to carbon monoxide.
CH4(g) + 1½O2(g) o CO(g) + 2H2O(l)

(2)
JQ >& '& R

&
!
–1.
(2)
12
*P39306A01224*
PMT
(iii) Explain why the enthalpy change for this reaction cannot be determined directly.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Explain why the calculation in part (b)(ii) would give an incorrect result for the
enthalpy change for the reaction below.
CH4(g) + 1½O2(g) o CO(g) + 2H2O(g)

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
PMT
BLANK PAGE
14
*P39306A01424*
PMT
24 (a) Give the general formula for the homologous series of alkenes.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) What is meant by the term unsaturated as applied to alkenes?

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) (i) Name the alkene below using E-Z nomenclature.
H3C CH2CH3
C C
H CH2CH2CH3
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Suggest why this alkene cannot be named using the cis-trans naming system.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
PMT
(d) Give the structural formula of the organic product of the reaction of ethene,
CH2 CH2, with
(i) hydrogen.
(1)
(ii) chlorine.
(1)
(iii) acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII).

(1)
(iv) bromine water.

(1)
(e) Draw the mechanism for the reaction of propene with hydrogen bromide to give the
major product.
(4)
16
*P39306A01624*
PMT
(f) The structure below shows two repeat units of a polymer.
CH3 H CH3 H
C C C C
H CH3 H CH3
(i) Give the displayed formulae of two isomeric alkenes, either of which could
have given rise to this polymer.
(2)
(ii) State why the empirical formula of a poly(alkene) is the same as that of the
monomer from which it is produced.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) State, with a reason, the atom economy for the production of a poly(alkene)
from an alkene.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
PMT
25 Sodium burns in oxygen to give a pale yellow solid X.

(a) (i) 1.73 g of sodium reacts with 1.20 g of oxygen.
Calculate the empirical formula of X.
(2)
(ii) The molar mass of X is 78 g mol–1. Give the molecular formula of X.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Write the equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of sodium with
oxygen to produce X.
(2)
(iv) Calculate the volume of oxygen in dm3 (at room temperature and pressure)
which reacts with 1.73 g of sodium. (The molar volume of any gas at room
temperature and pressure is 24 dm3 mol–1.)
(2)
(v) Calculate the number of oxygen molecules that react with 1.73 g of sodium.
(The Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1.)
(1)
18
*P39306A01824*
PMT
(b) If sodium is burnt in air, compound X is not the only product. Suggest why this is
so.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
PMT
26 (a) Explain how the atoms are held together by the covalent bond in a molecule of
hydrogen.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Draw the dot and cross diagrams for

(i) methane, CH4
(1)
(ii) ethene, CH2 CH2

(1)
(iii) nitrogen, N2
(1)
(iv) the ammonium ion, NH4+

(1)
20
*P39306A02024*
PMT
(c) Silicon exists in a giant covalent lattice.

(i) The electrical conductivity of pure silicon is very low. Explain why this is so in
terms of the bonding.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain the high melting temperature of silicon in terms of the bonding.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21
*P39306A02124*
PMT
BLANK PAGE
22
*P39306A02224*
PMT
BLANK PAGE
23
*P39306A02324*
PMT
24
*P39306A02424*
PMT
Summer 2012

PMT
For further information, please visit our website at www.edexcel.com

Summer 2012

PMT

last.

for omissions.




limited.

consulted.

of QWC, are being assessed. Questions labelled with an asterix (*)
are ones where the quality of your written communication will be
assessed.
PMT


same question.

candidates to:
• write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation in
• select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and to
when appropriate.
abilities.
PMT

Number
1 C 1

Number
2 B 1

Number
3 C 1

Number
4 A 1

Number
5 B 1

Number
6 C 1

Number
7 B 1

Number
8 A 1

Number
9 A 1

Number
10 D 1

Number
11 B 1

Number
12 A 1
PMT

Number
13 D 1

Number
14 C 1

Number
15 A 1

Number
16 D 1

Number
17 B 1

Number
18 C 1

Number
19 C 1

Number
20 D 1

PMT
Section B

Number
21(a) First mark: Mass of (all the) 2
Mass of an atom/mass of an isotopes /atoms
isotope (of an element) (1)
‘Mass of an
element’
IGNORE any references to average or
(weighted) mean
Second mark:
relative to 1/12th the mass of a 12
C
atom (1)
NOTE: The second mark is awarded

for any mention of 12C
IGNORE throughout the candidate’s

answer any references to ‘moles’ or
‘1 mol’ or ’12 g’

Number
21(b)(i) {(35 x 75.53) + (37 x 24.47)} ÷ 100 2
(1)
= 35.4894
= 35.49 (1)
Answer to 4 s.f. only.
IGNORE units of any kind (e.g. ‘g’

‘g mol—1’ ‘amu’, etc.)
PMT

Number
35
21(b)(ii) Cl2+/(35Cl —35Cl)+ (1) 70
Cl2+ 2
74
Cl2+
37
Cl2+/(37Cl —37Cl)+ (1)
ALLOW
(35Cl + 35Cl)+ and/or (37Cl + 37Cl)+
OR
(35Cl35Cl)+ and/or (37Cl37Cl)+
OR
(35Cl and 35Cl)+ and/or
(37Cl and 37Cl)+
If the ‘formal’ charge is omitted on

either ion (or both the ions), then
award (1) mark only.
NOTE:
35
Cl+ 35Cl+ and 37Cl+ 37Cl+ scores (1)
as each ion has an extra + charge.
235Cl+ and 237Cl+ scores (1)
Accept mass number written as 235Cl and/or
superscript to right of symbol. 237Cl scores (0)

Number
21(b)(iii) 72 (1) 2
35
Cl —37Cl(+) (1)
ALLOW
(35Cl + 37Cl)(+) and/or
(37Cl + 35Cl)(+)
OR
(37Cl35Cl)(+) and/or (37Cl35Cl)(+)
OR
(35Cl and 37Cl)(+) and/or
(37Cl and 35Cl)(+)
NOTE:
The + charge is not needed on this
ion
IGNORE extra + charges, so ALLOW

35
Cl+ 37Cl+ and/or 37Cl+ 35Cl+
PMT

Number
22(a) First mark:- 2
Makes mention of
energy/enthalpy/(heat) energy/heat “Energy given
(change) out…” for first
AND mark
to remove an electron
AND
one mole/1 mol
Second mark:
Makes mention of gaseous atom(s) Just ‘gaseous
element’/
‘gaseous
substance’
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER
Energy change per mole for (1)
X(g) → X+(g) + e(—) (1)
IGNORE any references to standard

conditions

Number
*22(b) Any two from three:- 2
(Atomic) radius increases/there are Ionic radius
more shells/(outermost) electron increases
further from the nucleus (1)
there is ‘more shielding’ or ‘more

screening’ (down group) (1)
the nuclear attraction decreases

OR
attraction between nucleus and
(outermost) electron decreases
OR
the increased shielding/increased
distance outweighs the increased
nuclear charge (1)
IGNORE any references to ‘more

protons’ and/just ‘increasing nuclear
charge’
IGNORE references to “effective
nuclear charge”
PMT

Number
22(c)(i) Any ONE from: 1
(Electrons are being removed from
an) increasingly positive ion/
charge on the ion (successively)

increases/
increasing proton : electron ratio/
same number of protons (attracting)

fewer electrons /
ions get smaller/
the electron repulsion decreases/
the shielding decreases/
electrons (being removed are) closer

to the nucleus/
effective nuclear charge increases

PMT

Number
*22(c)(ii) First mark: Two jumps 2
Two (large) jumps (between 1st and

2nd and 9th and 10th IEs) (1)
NOTE: A sketch graph with two 1st mark if the

(large) jumps can score this first graph is
mark sketched ‘back
to front’
Note if the jumps are specified, they
must be between 1st and 2nd and 9th
and 10th IEs
Second mark: Electronic

configuration of Na
2, 8, 1 mentioned in words,
annotated on a sketch graph or
drawn out in a diagram (e.g.
electrons shown in orbits/shells
around the centre of the atom) but
NOT just inferred (1)
ALLOW “1, 8, 2” OR 1s22s22p63s1

PMT

Number
22(d)(i) Credit any of the following 1
representations (but need BOTH Mg
AND Al to be correct)
Mg 1s22s22p63s2 and Al
1s22s22p63s23p1
Mg 1s22s22p63s2 and Al
1s22s22p63s23p1
Mg 1S22S22P63S2 and Al
1S22S22P63S23P1
Mg 1S22S22P63S2 and Al
1S22S22P63S23P1

Number
*22(d)(ii) NOTE: 1
ALLOW an argument focusing on
either the Al or the Mg atom
EITHER
In Al, (3p) electron (lost is) Al has one more
at higher energy/more shielded (by shell than Mg
3s electrons)/further from the
nucleus Just (lost from)
IGNORE any reference to an a new sub-shell
unpaired electron in Al
OR
In Mg, (3s) electron (lost is) Electron lost in
at lower energy/less shielded/ Mg from a
nearer to the nucleus/from a full “full shell”
subshell/from a full orbital/from
(stable) (3)s2
Any reference to an Al atom being

larger in size than an Mg atom
scores zero overall.
PMT

Number
23(a) The heat/enthalpy/energy change (for 1
a reaction) is independent of the
path(way)/route
IGNORE any extra detail referring to

“initial and final states”

Number
23(b)(i) 2
CO2 + 2H2O
(1)
Both arrows in correct direction
downwards
(1)
IGNORE state symbols, even if
incorrect

Number
23(b)(ii) ∆H = − 890 −(− 283) (1) 2
= − 607 (kJ mol – 1) (1)
Correct answer with no working scores

(2)
NOTE:
+607 (kJ mol – 1) scores (1) only
PMT

Number
*23 Cannot stop the reaction at CO non-standard 1
(b) (iii) OR conditions
the reaction produces CO2/complete
combustion occurs Just incomplete
OR combustion
may produce some carbon/soot occurs
OR
cannot react exact amounts of Just forming
methane to oxygen ‘other products’
/just a ‘mixture
of products’
Just methane is
‘very reactive’/
‘explosive’
Just heat loss
Cannot measure
the temperature
change
PMT

Number
23(c) First mark: State of the H2O 2
Water is in the gas phase/water is
(formed) as steam/water is not in its
standard state/water is not (formed
as a) liquid (1)
Second mark: Idea of an energy

change when there is a change of
state
Change of state involves an energy Energy change is

change /energy change (for the more exothermic
reaction given) is less exothermic /less
(1) endothermic
Heat loss
ALLOW ‘more endothermic’ instead ‘Incomplete

of ‘less exothermic’ combustion’
IGNORE references to non-standard

conditions
PMT

Number
24(a) CnH2n 1
ALLOW letters other than n

Number
24(b) A compound which contains (C=C) 1
double bonds
OR
A compound that will undergo
addition reactions
OR
Does not contain the maximum
number of hydrogen atoms

Number
24(c)(i) E-3-ethylhex-2-ene (2) 2
(1) mark for 3-ethylhex-2-ene

(1) mark for ‘E’
IGNORE any missing hyphens or any

hyphens replaced by commas
Mark independently
PMT

Number
24(c)(ii) The four atoms/four groups around Each side is not 1
the C=C double bond are different symmetrical
OR
No two groups are the same
OR
There are no common groups on
either side of the C=C double bond
OR
There are two alkyl groups on one of
the carbon atoms (in the C=C
double bond)
OR
There are three alkyl groups around
the double bond
OR
An indication of the existence of
Priority Rules (for E-Z nomenclature)
OR
One of the carbon atoms (of the
C=C double bond) is not bonded to a
hydrogen atom
ALLOW ‘functional groups’ for

‘groups’
PMT
ALLOW displayed or skeletal formulae throughout 24(d)

Number
24(d)(i) CH3CH3 C2H6 1
ALLOW displayed or skeletal formulae
throughout 24(d)

Number
24(d)(ii) ClCH2CH2Cl / CH2ClCH2Cl C2H4Cl2 1

Number
24(d)(iii) HOCH2CH2OH / CH2OHCH2OH C2H6O2 1

Number
24(d)(iv) HOCH2CH2Br / CH2OHCH2Br BrCH2CH2Br; 1
C2H5OBr; C2H4Br2
PMT

Number
24(e) 4
Major product route:
First mark:
Curly arrow from C=C to the H (in H-Br) AND
curly arrow from the bond in H—Br to the Br
(1)
Second mark:
Structure of correct secondary carbocation (1)
Third mark:
Curly arrow from anywhere on the bromide ion
towards the C+ on the carbocation (1)
NOTE:
The bromide ion must have a full negative
charge, but the lone pair of electrons on the Br—
NEED NOT be shown
Fourth mark:
Choice of 2-bromopropane as major product
(1)
For showing the major product mechanism

correctly (4)
• both arrows (1)
• carbocation intermediate (1)
• attack by bromide ion (1)

(Bromide ion must show a full negative
charge. The lone pair of electrons need
not be shown)
• choice of 2-bromopropane as major

product (1)
PMT
Single-headed arrows used throughout max (3)

Minor product route max (3)
If the minor product route is shown, the last

mark is lost, but the first three marks can be
scored consequentially as follows:-
• both arrows (1)
• carbocation intermediate (1)
• attack of bromide ion (1)

(NOTE: The bromide ion must show a full
negative charge. The lone pair of
electrons need not be shown)
NOTE:
If a correct mechanism for the electrophilic
addition of HBr to ethene is shown then max
(2) (i.e. the first and the third marks in the
mechanism)
PMT

Number
24(f)(i) 2
(1)
(1)
NOTE:
CH3 group does not have to be
displayed.
IGNORE if any connectivity is shown

from the H3 in a CH3 group
IGNORE bond angles
ALLOW one mark for just but-2-ene’s

structural formula

Number
24(f)(ii) Any ONE of:- 1
• No atoms lost (or gained) (Monomer and

• No elements lost (or gained) polymer have)
• (Only) one product (is formed) ‘same number
• (Produced by) an addition of carbon and
reaction hydrogen atoms’
• Addition polymer(ization)
• Polymer is a repeat of the
monomer
• No small molecules (formed)
• No co-products
• No waste products
• Same C:H ratio
• Same ratio of carbon:hydrogen
atoms
• Same ratio of each element
• Same ratio of atoms
PMT

Number
24(f)(iii) 100% AND some correct Statements such 1
justification is needed as
‘the atom
ONE answer from:- economy is
almost 100%’
100% as addition reaction OR
Just “it has a
100% because all the atoms are high atom
incorporated into the polymer economy”
100% because (only) one product is

formed
100% because (only) one desired

product is formed
100% because no atoms are lost
100% because no waste products
100% because no small molecules

(formed)
100% as no co-products
100% as no by-products
PMT

Number
25(a)(i) Amount Na = 1.73 (g) ÷ 23 (g mol–1) 2
= 0.075(22) (mol)
Amount O = 1.20 (g) ÷ 16 (g mol–1)
= 0.075 (mol) (1)
IGNORE sf, even if 1 sf
NaO (1) Na2O2
NOTE:
Correct answer can be obtained via
incorrect working and all responses
should be read carefully
e.g.
Amount Na = 23 ÷ 1.73 = 13.3
Amount O = 16 ÷ 1.20 = 13.3 scores
second mark only for NaO if obtained
by incorrect working
OR
e.g.
Use of atomic numbers gives the Na :
O ratio as 0.157 : 0.150 and an
empirical formula of NaO.
This scores (1) overall (i.e. the 2nd
mark).
OR
e.g
Use of atomic number ONLY for Na
(i.e. Na = 11) gives the Na : O ratio
as 0.157 : 0.075 and an empirical
formula of Na2O.
This scores (1) overall (i.e. the 2nd
mark).
NOTE:
Use of O = 32 gives Na2O and scores
second mark

Number
25(a)(ii) (NaO = 39 hence molar mass twice ‘2NaO’ 1
that of NaO ∴)
so Na2O2
PMT

Number
25(a)(iii) 2Na(s) + O2(g) → Na2O2(s) 2
All species correct (1)
State symbols and balancing (1)
NOTE:
2nd mark is conditional on correct
species.
NOTE:
2Na(s) + O2(g) → 2NaO(s)
scores (1)
Na(s) + O2(g) → NaO2(s)

scores (1)
4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)

scores (2)
PMT

Number
25(a)(iv) Moles of O2 = 0.075 ÷ 2 = 0.0375 2
OR 1.2 ÷ 32 = 0.0375 (mol) (1)
0.0375 mol x 24 dm3 mol – 1
= 0.9(0) (dm3) (1)
ALLOW 900 cm3 (units must be

present here)

OR
Moles of Na = 1.73 ÷ 23 = 0.075217
= moles of O
Moles of O2 = 0.075217 ÷ 2 =
0.0376085
0.0376085 x 24 = 0.903 (dm3)
or 903 cm3
IGNORE s.f., including ONE s.f.
NOTE:
If number of moles x 24 (dm3 mol-1)
is clearly evident and correctly
calculated in stated units, award
second mark

Number
25(a)(v) 0.0375 x 6.02 x 1023 1
(= 2.2575 x 1022 (molecules))
= 2.26 x 1022 (molecules)
IGNORE s.f. unless 1 s.f.

PMT

Number
25(b) Sodium might react with nitrogen in Just ‘very 1
the air/sodium forms a nitride/ reactive’
nitrogen (gas) is present in the air OR
(which reacts with the sodium) ‘very explosive’
OR
sodium might form a different oxide sodium forms
(e.g. Na2O or allow NaO2) Na2O2 alone
NOTE:
If nitrogen / N2 is mentioned as part References to
of a ‘list’ of substances that can be hydrogen in the
present in air, award the mark air
Just ‘reacts with

other substances
in the air’ (as
nitrogen not
identified
Sodium nitrate
formation
Just sodium
hydroxide
formation
PMT

Number
26(a) (Electrostatic) attraction between Just a ‘shared 1
(bonding) electrons and pair of electrons’
nuclei/protons
• IGNORE ANY INNER SHELL ELECTRONS DRAWN

• ONLY THE TOTAL NUMBERS OF ELECTRONS IN OUTER SHELLS ARE
BEING ASSESSED
• ALLOW ELECTRONS TO BE ALL DOTS OR ALL CROSSES OR BOTH

Number
26(b)(i) 1

Number
26(b)(ii) 1

Number
26(b)(iii) 1
NOTE:
The lone pair of electrons on each N
atom do not have to be shown as a
pair

Number
26(b)(iv) 1
The + sign can be shown anywhere

Ignore missing brackets
Ignore if the + is missing
PMT

Number
26(c)(i) IGNORE any references to 2
‘molecules’ in this part only
First mark: Location of silicon’s

electrons
Silicon’s (outer) electrons are fixed ‘Silicon is ionic’

(in covalent bonds)/ scores (0) for
silicon’s (outer) electrons are in fixed the question
positions (in covalent bonds)/
silicon’s (outer) electrons are
involved in bonding (1)
Second mark: Lack of mobility of

silicon’s electrons
(therefore) silicon’s electrons are not ‘silicon’s ions are

free (to move)/ not free to move’
silicon has no free electrons/ scores (0) for
there are no mobile electrons in the question
silicon/
silicon has no delocalized electrons/
silicon’s electrons cannot flow (1)
IGNORE references to lack of ions

Number
26(c)(ii) (The covalent) bonds are strong ‘(simple) 2
(throughout the lattice) (1) molecular silicon’
(0)
/‘molecules of
(therefore) a lot of energy is silicon’ (0)
required to break the bonds /
a lot of energy is needed to /‘silicon has ions’
overcome the attractions (1) (0)
/‘intermolecular
forces’ / ‘van der
IGNORE any references to ‘giant Waals’ forces’/
molecular’ ‘London forces’
(0)
ALL THE ABOVE
SCORE (0)
OVERALL

PMT


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PMT

Surname Other names
Edexcel GCE
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Thursday 23 May 2013 – Morning Paper Reference
Time: 1 hour 30 minutes 6CH01/01R

Instructions
Information
t written
Advice
t Keep
t Try toananswer
eye on the time.
every question.
Turn over
P42982A
*P42982A0124*
7/6/7/1/
PMT
SECTION A
a cross .
1 The first five ionization energies of an element, X, are
578, 1817, 2745, 11578 and 14831 kJ mol–1, respectively.
In which group of the Periodic Table is X found?
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
2 Which of the following oxides would be expected to have the most exothermic lattice
energy?
A Na2O
B MgO
C CaO
D K2O
3 In which of the following compounds is the anion most polarized?
A LiF
B LiI
C KF
D KI
2
*P42982A0224*
PMT
4 In the Born-Haber cycle for potassium iodide, which of the following steps is
exothermic?
A K(s) o K(g)
B K(g) o K+(g) + e–
C ½I2(s) o I(g)
D I(g) + e– o I–(g)
5 Which of the following represents a pair of isotopes?

14
A 6
C and 147N
32 32 2–
B 16
S and 16 S
C O2 and O3
206
D 82
Pb and 208
82
Pb
6 Which of the following equations represents the second ionization energy of

chlorine?
A Cl+(g) o Cl2+(g) + e–
B Cl(g) o Cl2+(g) + 2e–
C Cl(g) o Cl2–(g) − 2e–
D Cl–(g) o Cl2–(g) − e–
7 For Period 3 of the Periodic Table, from sodium to argon, what is the trend in the
melting temperatures of the elements?
A A steady decrease
B A steady increase
C A decrease to silicon then an increase
D An increase to silicon then a decrease
3
PMT
8 Given the following information
CH4(g) o C(g) + 4H(g) ǻH = +Q kJ mol–1
the mean bond enthalpy for the C–H bond in methane is

A +Q
B +Q/4
C –Q
D –Q/4
9 Consider the following information:
H–H +436
I–I +151
H–I +299
For the reaction

H2(g) + I2(g) o 2HI(g)
the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, is
A +288
B +144
C –11
D –5.5
4
*P42982A0424*
PMT
10 The equation for the complete combustion of butanone, C2H5COCH3, is

C2H5COCH3(l) + 5½O2(g) o 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) ǻH 9 = –2440 kJ mol–1
Substance ǻHf 9 / kJ mol–1
CO2(g) –394
H2O(l) –286
From the above data, the standard enthalpy change of formation of butanone, in
kJ mol–1, is
A –280
B +280
C –1760
D +1760
11 A compound was found to contain 2.8 g of nitrogen and 8.0 g of oxygen.
What is the empirical formula of the compound?
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
A NO
B NO2
C N2O3
D N2O5
12 What is the total number of atoms in 1.8 g of water, H2O?

DATA
x The molar mass of H2O is 18 g mol–1
x The Avogadro Constant is 6.0 × 1023 mol–1
A 6.0 × 1022
B 6.0 × 1023
C 1.8 × 1023
D 1.8 × 1024
5
PMT
13 Phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl5, reacts with water according to the equation
PCl5(s) + 4H2O(l) o H3PO4(aq) + 5HCl(aq)
If 1.04 g of phosphorus pentachloride (molar mass = 208 g mol–1) is reacted

completely with water and the solution made up to 1 dm3, the concentration of the
hydrochloric acid in mol dm–3 is
A 0.001
B 0.005
C 0.025
D 0.250
14 A sample of sodium chlorate(V), NaClO3, was heated and 120 cm3 of oxygen gas was
collected.
2NaClO3(s) o 2NaCl(s) + 3O2(g)

Calculate the number of moles of sodium chlorate(V) that were decomposed in the
above reaction.
[Molar volume of a gas under the conditions of the experiment = 24000 cm3 mol–1]
A 2.50 × 10–3
B 3.33 × 10–3
C 5.00 × 10–3
D 7.50 × 10–3
15 In the ethene molecule, the C=C double bond is made up of
A two sigma bonds.

B one pi bond.
C two pi bonds.
D one sigma bond and one pi bond.
6
*P42982A0624*
PMT
16 3.0 dm3 of sulfur dioxide reacts with 1.5 dm3 of oxygen, under suitable conditions,
according to the equation below.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) o 2SO3(g)
What is the maximum volume of sulfur trioxide that can be formed in the above
reaction?
[The volumes of the gases are measured at the same temperature and pressure.]
A 6.0 dm3
B 4.5 dm3
C 3.0 dm3
D 1.5 dm3
17 Which of the following alkenes exhibits E/ Z isomerism?
A But-1-ene
B But-2-ene
C 2-Methylpropene
D Propene
18 An electrophile is defined as a species that
A is an electron pair acceptor.

B is an electron pair donor.
C has a negative charge.
D has a positive charge.
7
PMT
19 The repeat unit of a polymer is shown below.

⎣
⎡
CH3 CH2CH3
⎢
⎢C C
⎡
⎣ CH 3
H
The systematic name of the alkene monomer that forms this polymer is
A 2-methyl-3-ethylpropene
B 2-methylpent-2-ene
C 2-methylpent-3-ene
D 4-methylpent-2-ene
20 Cracking crude oil

A separates the mixture into pure compounds.
B separates the mixture into a number of fractions.
C separates saturated compounds from unsaturated ones.
D decreases the average number of carbon atoms per molecule.
8
*P42982A0824*
PMT
BLANK PAGE
Section B begins on the next page.
9
PMT
SECTION B
21 In atoms, electrons fill up the sub-shells in order of increasing energy.

(a) Fill in the last two boxes in the table below to show the order in which the next
two sub-shells are filled.
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
energy increases o
(2)
(b) Electrons in atoms occupy orbitals.
(i) Explain the term orbital.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Draw diagrams below to show the shape of an s-orbital and of a p-orbital.
(2)
s-orbital p-orbital
(c) State the total number of electrons occupying all the p-orbitals in one atom of
chlorine.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) State the number of electrons present in an ion of calcium, Ca2+.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
*P42982A01024*
PMT
*(e) Define the term first ionization energy.

(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(f ) The ionization energies of sodium, Na, are shown in the table below.
Show with a tick (9), in the third row of the table below, all the ionization
numbers that involve the removal of an electron from an s-orbital.
(2)
Ionization
energy / 496 4563 6913 9544 13352 16611 20115 25491 28934 141367 159079
kJ mol–1
Ionization
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th
number
11
PMT
22 (a) In a mass spectrometer being used to determine relative atomic masses, gaseous
atoms are ionized. The ions are then accelerated and deflected before being
detected.
(i) Explain how atoms are ionized in a mass spectrometer.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) How are the ions accelerated in a mass spectrometer?

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) How are the ions deflected in a mass spectrometer?

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
*P42982A01224*
PMT
(b) The following data were obtained from the mass spectrum of a sample of
platinum.
Peak at m/e %
194 32.8
195 30.6
196 25.4
198 11.2
Calculate the relative atomic mass of platinum in this sample. Give your answer
to one decimal place.
(2)
(c) In which block of the Periodic Table is platinum found?

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
PMT
(d) Most solids exist as lattice structures.

(i) Complete the table, using a tick (9) if the substance conducts electricity or a
cross (8) if the substance does not conduct electricity.
(2)
Conducts electricity in the Conducts electricity in the

Substance
SOLID state? (9 or 8) LIQUID state? (9 or 8)
Sodium, Na
Sodium oxide, Na2O
*(ii) Explain the electrical conductivities of sodium and of sodium oxide in the
solid and liquid states.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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14
*P42982A01424*
PMT
23 Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Initial separation is achieved by

fractional distillation of the crude oil. The separate fractions are further refined to
produce hydrocarbons such as decane, C10H22.
(a) Give the general formula of alkanes.
(1)
(b) Carbon monoxide, CO, is formed during the incomplete combustion of decane.
(i) Write an equation for the incomplete combustion of decane, forming carbon
monoxide and water only.
(1)
(ii) Explain why incomplete combustion can occur.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) ‘Low-sulfur fuel’ is now supplied to petrol stations. The removal of sulfur from
diesel and petrol reduces the emission of toxic oxides of sulfur from vehicle
exhausts. One such oxide is sulfur dioxide, SO2.
The bonding in sulfur dioxide may be represented as shown below.
O=SoO
Complete the dot and cross diagram below for the SO2 molecule, showing only
outer shell electrons. Use dots to represent the oxygen electrons and crosses to
represent the sulfur electrons.
(3)
O S O
15
PMT
(d) Another alkane produced from crude oil is heptane, C7H16. The reforming
of heptane produces methylcyclohexane and only one other product. A
methylcyclohexane molecule is made from a ring of six carbon atoms bonded to
a methyl group.
(i) Use the information given above to give the skeletal formula of
methylcyclohexane.
(1)
(ii) Write a balanced equation, using molecular formulae, for the reforming of
heptane into methylcyclohexane and one other product. State symbols are
not required.
(1)
(iii) Suggest a reason why oil companies reform alkanes such as heptane.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
*P42982A01624*
PMT
(e) Five branched-chain isomers of heptane are shown in the boxes below.
2-methylhexane 2,3-dimethylpentane
2,2,3-trimethylbutane 2,4-dimethylpentane
isomer A
(i) Give the systematic name of isomer A.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) In the empty boxes above, draw skeletal formulae for two other
branched-chain isomers of C7H16, with no side-chain having more than one
carbon atom.
(2)
17
PMT
(f ) Butane, C4H10, reacts with chlorine, Cl2, at room temperature and pressure.
C4H10 + Cl2 oC4H9Cl + HCl

(i) What other condition is essential for this reaction?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Write an equation for the initiation step of the mechanism for the above
reaction. Curly arrows are not required.
(1)
(iii) State the type of bond fission involved in the initiation step.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Write equations for the two propagation steps of this mechanism. Curly
arrows are not required.
(2)
First propagation step:
Second propagation step:
(v) Write one equation for a reaction that would terminate this mechanism.
(1)
18
*P42982A01824*
PMT
24 Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They are used in the industrial production of
many organic compounds.
(a) Add structural formulae to the flowchart below to show the organic product
formed in each addition reaction of 2-methylpropene.
(4)
H2(g) with
Br2(l)
nickel catalyst H CH3
C C
H CH3
HBr(g)
mixture of isomers
19
PMT
(b) Suggest a mechanism for the reaction of 2-methylpropene with bromine, Br2(l).
Include curly arrows.
(3)
(c) Ethene, C2H4, was prepared from ethanol, C2H5OH, by the following reaction
C2H5OH o C2H4 + H2O
A chemist reacted 9.2 g of ethanol, C2H5OH, and obtained 4.2 g of ethene.
Calculate the percentage yield of ethene in the reaction.
(2)
20
*P42982A02024*
PMT
25 *(a) Define the term enthalpy change of neutralization.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The enthalpy change of the neutralization reaction between hydrochloric acid,
HCl(aq), and sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq), can be determined by the following
procedure.
Procedure:
x 50.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid is transferred to a polystyrene cup
and its temperature recorded
x 50.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution is placed in another
polystyrene cup and its temperature recorded
x The two solutions are mixed, with stirring, and the maximum temperature is
recorded
Results:
Initial temperature of both the HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq) = 19.0 qC
Maximum temperature reached after mixing = 32.5 qC
Assumption:
x The specific heat capacity of all aqueous solutions is 4.18 J g–1 qC–1
x The density of all aqueous solutions is 1.00 g cm–3
21
PMT
(i) Calculate the heat energy released (in joules) on mixing the hydrochloric acid
and the sodium hydroxide solutions.
Use the expression
energy released (J) = mass of solution × 4.18 × temperature change

(2)
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used in the experiment.
(1)
(iii) Give the ionic equation, including state symbols, for the reaction between
hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution.
(1)
(iv) Use your answers to (b)(i), (ii) and (iii) to calculate the enthalpy change of
neutralization for the above reaction.
Include a sign and units in your answer.
(3)
22
*P42982A02224*
PMT
(v) Explain why the enthalpy change of neutralization for the reaction between
dilute nitric acid, HNO3(aq), and potassium hydroxide solution, KOH(aq), is
predicted to be the same as the enthalpy change of neutralization for the
reaction carried out in part (b).
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23
*P42982A02324*
PMT
24
*P42982A02424*
PMT
Summer 2013
GCE Chemistry 6CH01/01R

PMT
Edexcel and BTEC qualifications come from Pearson, the world’s leading learning company.
at www.edexcel.com or www.btec.co.uk for our BTEC qualifications.
If you have any subject specific questions about this specification that require the help of a
subject specialist, you can speak directly to the subject team at Pearson.
You can also use our online Ask the Expert service at www.edexcel.com/ask. You will need
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Summer 2013
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

last.

 Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according




limited.

consulted.

 Mark schemes will indicate within the table where, and which strands


6CH01_01R
1306
PMT
Examiners should look for qualities to reward rather than faults to penalise.
This does NOT mean giving credit for incorrect or inadequate answers, but it
does mean allowing candidates to be rewarded for answers showing correct
carefully and consider every response: even if it is not what is expected it may
be worthy of credit.

full credit.
same question.
words/phrases which are put together in a meaningless manner. Answers
must be in the correct context.

to:


appropriate.
abilities.

6CH01_01R
1306
PMT
Section A

Number
1 C 1

Number
2 B 1

Number
3 B 1

Number
4 D 1

Number
5 D 1

Number
6 A 1

Number
7 D 1

Number
8 B 1

Number
9 C 1

Number
10 A 1

Number
11 D 1

Number
12 C 1
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Number
13 C 1

Number
14 B 1

Number
15 D 1

Number
16 C 1

Number
17 B 1

Number
18 A 1

Number
19 B 1

Number
20 D 1
Total for Section A = 20 Marks
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT
Section B

Number
21 (a) 2
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
3d 4p (2)
ALLOW
4p 3d scores 1 out of 2 ‘4p 4d’ or ‘4d 4p’ gets 0
4p 5s scores 1 out of 2
ALLOW use of capital letters e.g. “3D

and/or 4P”

Number
21 (b)(i) A region / space / volume (around the Just ‘the path an electron 1
nucleus / atom) where there is a high takes orbiting around a
probability / chance / likelihood / of nucleus’
finding an electron
Just ‘Position of electrons in
an atom’
ALLOW ‘area’ / ‘sub-shell’ as
alternative for region
OR
A region where an electron is likely to

be found
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Number
21 2
(b)(ii) For s-orbital do not allow
ellipse for first mark
pi bond
d-orbitals shown below
s-orbital p-orbital
(1) (1)

Number
21 (c) 11 / eleven 1
ALLOW 2p63p5 1s22s22p63s23p5

Number
21 (d) 18 / eighteen 1s22s22p63s23p6 1
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Number
*21 (e) Enthalpy / energy / heat / heat energy “Energy given out …” 3
per mole required/needed for first mark
OR
Enthalpy / energy / heat / heat energy

change per mole (1)
to remove one / an electron (1)
from gaseous atom(s) (1)
“Energy required to remove one mole

of electrons from one mole of gaseous
atoms” scores all three marks
NOTE:
The equation:
X(g)  X+(g) + e−
scores the last two marks
NOTE:
An incorrect equation given with a
correct definition in words scores 2 out
of 3 marks
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT
Question Acceptable Answers Mark

Number
21 (f) Ionization 2
456 691 954 1335 1661 2011 2549 2893 14136 15907
energy / 496
—1 3 3 4 2 1 5 1 4 7 9
kJ mol
Ionization
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th
number
    
All five correct = 2 marks
Four/three correct = 1 mark
Two/one/none correct = 0 marks

.
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Number
22(a)(i) The mark is for the idea of 1
impact by high energy electrons
Any ONE of:

High-energy electrons High-density
Bombard with electrons electrons
Fast electrons (fired at sample)
Accelerated electrons (fired at
sample)
(High-energy) electrons fired (at
sample)
(Sample) blasted with electrons
Electron gun
ALLOW “beam of electrons”
IGNORE any comments

about ionization of the sample
whether correct or incorrect
IGNORE descriptions of vaporisation

Number
22(a)(ii) Electric field / Positively charged 1
(negatively) charged plates plates alone /
electronic field /
ALLOW electric current /
voltage plates electricity /
electrostatic field electrical charge /
electrical field (electro) magnetic field /
pushed by positively (charged) plate/ electric coil
anode

Number
22 Magnetic field /magnet / Negative magnetic field/ 1
(a)(iii) electromagnet /magnetic plates / negatively charged magnet
electromagnetic field
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Number
22(b) (194 x 32.8) + (195 x 30.6) + (196 x 2
25.4) + (198 x 11.2)) ÷ 100 (1)
= 195.262
= 195.3 (1 d.p.) (1)
Method (1)
Answer must be to 1 d.p.
IGNORE g , g mol-1 or amu but other

wrong units lose a mark
Correct answer with no working (2)
ALLOW TE for second mark if 1

numerical slip in transferring data
from the table and answer to 1 d.p

Number
22(c) d(-block) 1
ALLOW D(-block)
IGNORE Transition element(s) /

transition metal(s)

Number
22(d)(i) (Na):  and  (1) 2
(Na2O): x and  (1)

Number
*22 Na: conducts when both solid and Ions with reference to either 3
(d) (ii) molten due to (delocalized)free / form of sodium metal
mobile electrons (1)
Na2O: does not conduct when solid as electrons

no mobile ions / ions unable to move
/ ions in fixed position (1)
Na2O: conducts when molten as has electrons

mobile ions (1)
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Number
23(a) CnH2n+2 1
IGNORE ‘where n=1, 2, 3 etc’ or

‘where n is greater than 1’

Number
23(b)(i) C10H22 + 10½O2  10CO + 11H2O 21 [O] 1
ALLOW 21 / 2 O2
ALLOW any correct multiples

incorrect

Number
23(b)(ii) Any statement that makes it clear 1
there is not enough air or oxygen
e.g.
Limited supply of air /
limited supply of oxygen /
not enough air /
not enough oxygen /
lack of oxygen /
little amount of oxygen/
small amount of oxygen
IGNORE “it is not completely oxidized”
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Number
23(c) First mark 3
Dative pair of e- between S and right-
hand O (1)
Second mark
Two bond pairs between S and left-
hand O (1)
Third mark
Two lone pairs on left-hand O, one
lone pair on central S and three lone
pairs on right-hand O atom (1)
If 2 double bonds between sulfur and

each oxygen then the third mark can
be given for two lone pairs on both
oxygens and one lone pair on
central S
X
X
X X
O X S X O
NOTE
ALLOW dots and crosses that have

been reversed
Lone pair electrons can be shown as

separated (rather than having to be
paired up) – it is the total number
of electrons in each outer shell
that matters
Stand alone marks
If molecule shown as charged then 2

max
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Number
CH3
23(d)(i) CH3 H CH3 H
1
H H H H
C
H C C H H H
H C C H H H
C
H H H H
H H H H
benzene ring

Number
23(d)(ii) C7H16  C7H14 + H2 Formulae other than 1
molecular formulae
ALLOW C6H11CH3 Any other structural or

displayed formulae
incorrect

Number
23(d) Any ONE of: (a cyclic alkane) Less pollution / reduce 1
(iii) waste
has more efficient combustion
High atom economy
allows smoother burning
Produces useful products /
increases octane number hydrogen
reduces knocking / less likely to Used to make polymers

produce pre-ignition
Produces substances in
is a more efficient fuel higher demand / more
burns better / easier to burn valuable
/combusts more easily / improves
combustion
IGNORE (a cyclic alkane):

increases the volatility of a fuel
“ignites more easily”
“is a better fuel”
“burns more cleanly”
IGNORE (a cyclic alkane) has a lower

boiling point
mentions of viscosity
safer fuel
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Number
23(e)(i) 2,2-dimethylpentane 2-dimethylpentane 1
IGNORE missing hyphen/missing

comma

Number
23(e)(ii) 2
(1)
(1)
IGNORE names even if incorrect
IGNORE different length bonds
IGNORE direction of methyl groups

Number
23(f)(i) U.V. / U.V.light / light / sunlight 1
ALLOW high temperature heat alone

Number
23(f)(ii) Cl2 → Cl· + Cl· / 1
Cl2 → 2Cl·
IGNORE any curly arrows, even if

incorrect
IGNORE C4H10 given on both sides
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Number
23(f)(iii) Homolytic (fission) Photolysis (fission) / free 1
radical (fission)
IGNORE any formulae and arrows

Number
23(f)(iv) (First propagation step) 2
C4H10 + Cl·  C4H9· + HCl (1) Any reactions involving
Hydrogen radicals scores
zero
(Second propagation step)
C4H9· + Cl2  C4H9Cl + Cl· (1) Reverse of first reaction
Formulae can be displayed
‘dots’ can be anywhere on free radical

but no dots at all scores zero
ALLOW in either order
Incorrect alkane / halogenoalkane but

two correct propagation steps scores 1
out of 2

Number
23(f)(v) Any ONE of: 1
C4H9· + Cl·  C4H9Cl
OR
Cl· + Cl·  Cl2
OR
C4H9· + C4H9·  C8H18
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Number
24(a) 4
(1) for each correct product
ALLOW correct displayed / skeletal / semi-skeletal /

structural / semi-structural formula in each case
ALLOW any order of symbols after or before each carbon
ALLOW brackets or no brackets around Br/ CH3 for

example CH2BrCH3CBrCH3
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Number
24(b) H3C H 3
H3C H
H3C C C H
H3C C C H
Br (1) for carbocation
Br
(1) for arrow
Br (:) Br
(1) for both arrows
H3C H
H3C C C H
Br Br
First mark
Double-headed arrow from alkene must start Single-headed
from somewhere on C=C bond arrow
Partial charge on Br2 molecule must be correct if

shown
Second mark
is for either correct primary or secondary
carbocation and is a standalone mark
Third mark
Double-headed arrow from bromide ion can start Bromine /
from the minus sign, a lone pair on Br− , or from bromide free
the Br and can go to the C or the + sign on the radicals
intermediate
The negative charge must be present on the Single-headed
bromide ion arrow (Penalise
The final product, if shown, must be correct to gain again)
third mark
Mechanisms with other electrophiles (e.g. HBr,

BrOH) can score 2nd and 3rd marks
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Number
24(c) First mark is for calculating the (0) for 4.2 x 100% 2
theoretical maximum mass of 9.2
ethene from 9.2 g ethanol:-
(46 g C2H5OH gives 28 g C2H4 so 9.2 g

C2H5OH gives maximum mass of)
5.6 g C2H4 (1)
Second mark is for calculating the

percentage yield from candidate’s
theoretical maximum mass:-
(4.2/5.6 x 100% =) 75 (%)

IGNORE s.f. except 1 s.f.
OR
First mark
Amount of ethene = 4.2/28 = 0.15
(mol) and amount of ethanol
= 9.2/46 = 0.20 (mol) (1)
Second mark
% yield = 0.15/0.20 = 75 % (1)
NOTE
(2)
% yield TE on candidate’s theoretical

mass / moles only if % yield ‹100%
If molar masses are reversed, award

one mark for 27.8%
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Number
*25(a) First mark “Energy required…” for 1st 2
The enthalpy change when one mole mark
of water is produced (1)
Second Mark
as a result of the reaction between an
acid and an alkali / a base (1)
OR
First Mark
The enthalpy change when one mole
of H+ / H3O+ / oxonium / hydronium /
hydroxonium (ions) (1)
Second Mark
Reacts with one mole of / excess /
just enough OH− (1)
ALLOW
First mark
The enthalpy change when one mole
of acid is (just) neutralized
(1)
Second Mark
By (excess) alkali / base (1)
ALLOW reverse argument i.e. base

neutralising acid
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Number
25(b)(i) 5643 without working score 2 marks 2
IGNORE any signs
First mark
Recognition that volume of solution /
mass of solution is 100 (cm3 / g ) (1)
Second mark
ΔT = 13.5 oC
(energy released) = 100 x 4.18 x 13.5
= 5643 (J) (1) 5643 kJ
ALLOW 5.643 kJ
IGNORE s.f. except 1 s.f.
IGNORE mol−1

Number
25(b)(ii) (Moles HCl = cHCl x VHCl / 1000=) 1
2.00 x 50.0
1000
= 0.1(00) (mol HCl)
IGNORE s.f.

Number
25(b) H+(aq) + OH—(aq)  / ⇌ H2O(l) 1
(iii)
NOTE:
ALL State symbols AND ALL
species are required for the mark
ALLOW equations with the “spectator

ions” crossed out
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Number
25(b) — 5.643 = —56.43 kJ mol—1 3
(iv) 0.1(00)
First mark:
Correct TE for calculations using
answers to (b)(i) and (b)(ii) (1) Final answer to 1 s.f.
Second mark:
Minus sign (1)
Third mark:
Final answer in units of kJ mol—1 or kJ/mol—1 or just kJ
kJ/mol
ALLOW correct answer in J mol-1 if just J

units given (1)
IGNORE case of k and J
IGNORE s.f. EXCEPT 1 s.f.
NOTE:
Correct answer, with or without
working, scores (3)

Number
25(b)(v) The ionic equation is the same 1
OR
number of moles of H+ ions and OH− is
the same
OR
number of moles of H+ ions and water Just ‘forms one mole of
is the same water(1)’
OR
number of moles of OH− ions and
water is the same
ALLOW
Both acid and base are strong and
produce 1 mol of water
Total for Section B = 60 Marks
Total for Paper = 80 Marks
6CH01_01R
1306
PMT


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6CH01_01R
1306
PMT

Surname Other names
Edexcel GCE
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Thursday 23 May 2013 – Morning Paper Reference

Instructions
Information
t written
Advice
t Keep
t Try toananswer
eye on the time.
every question.
Turn over
P41649A
*P41649A0124*
10/5/6/7/
PMT
SECTION A
a cross .
1 Which of the following quantities, used in the calculation of the lattice energy of
lithium oxide, Li2O, has a negative value?
A The enthalpy change of atomization of lithium.
B The first ionization energy of lithium.
C The first electron affinity of oxygen.
D The second electron affinity of oxygen.
2 Which of the diagrams below best represents the shapes of the electron contours in
sodium fluoride?
–
+
A
B +
C +
į–
į+
D
2
*P41649A0224*
PMT
3 Which of the equations below represents the first electron affinity for oxygen?
A O2(g) + 2e– o 2O–(g)
B O2(g) – 2e– o 2O–(g)
C ½O2(g) + e– o O–(g)
D O(g) + e– o O–(g)
4 Which pair of ions is isoelectronic?

A Ca2+ and O2–
B Na+ and O2–
C Li+ and Cl–
D Mg2+ and Cl–
5 A drop of sodium manganate(VII) solution is placed at the centre of a piece of moist

filter paper on a microscope slide. The ends of the paper are clipped to a 30 V DC
power supply. After a few minutes,
A a purple colour has moved towards the positive terminal.
B a purple colour has moved towards the negative terminal.
C an orange colour has moved towards the positive terminal.
D an orange colour has moved towards the negative terminal.
6 How many moles of ions are present in 20 cm3 of 0.050 mol dm–3 calcium chloride
solution, CaCl2(aq)?
A 0.0050
B 0.0030
C 0.0020
D 0.0010
3
PMT
7 The Avogadro constant is 6.0 x 1023 mol–1. The number of atoms in

1 mol of dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, is
A 3.6 × 1024
B 1.8 × 1024
C 6.0 × 1023
D 1.0 × 1023
8 The equation for the complete combustion of ethane is
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) o 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
What volume of oxygen, measured at room temperature and pressure, is needed to

completely burn 0.1 mol of ethane?
[The volume of 1 mol of any gas measured at room temperature and pressure is 24 dm3]
A 2.4 dm3
B 4.8 dm3
C 8.4 dm3
D 16.8 dm3
9 A sample of swimming pool water contains 0.482 parts per million (ppm) of chlorine.
This is equal to a percentage of
A 0.000482
B 0.0000482
C 0.00000482
D 0.000000482
4
*P41649A0424*
PMT
10 Bromine has two isotopes with relative isotopic masses 79 and 81. Which of the
following values for mass/charge ratio could correspond to a peak in the mass
spectrum of bromine, Br2? You should assume the ions detected have a single
positive charge.
A 79.9
B 80
C 159
D 160
11 The first five ionization energies of an element, X, are shown in the table.
Ionization
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
energy
Value
631 1235 2389 7089 8844
/ kJ mol–1
What is the mostly likely formula of the oxide that forms when X burns in oxygen?
A X2O
B XO
C X2O3
D XO2
12 Which of the following has the largest ionic radius?

A S2–
B Cl–
C K+
D Ca2+
5
PMT
13 Which of the following is a major effect caused by increased carbon dioxide levels
arising from the burning of fossil fuels?
A Melting of polar ice caps.
B Damage to the ozone layer.
C Increased acid rain.
D Increased skin cancer.
14 Which of the following compounds shows geometric (E-Z or cis-trans) isomerism?

A but-1-ene
B 2-methylbut-1-ene
C but-2-ene
D 2-methylbut-2-ene
15 What is the systematic name for the compound with the following formula?
CH3CH CHCH3
CH3 CH2CH3
A 2-methyl-3-ethylbutane
B 1,2,3-trimethylbutane
C 2,3-dimethylpropane
D 2,3-dimethylpentane
6
*P41649A0624*
PMT
16 This question is about the reaction of methane with bromine in sunlight.

(1)
CH4 + Br2 o CH3Br + HBr
(a) This reaction is best described as

A electrophilic addition.
C free radical addition.
D free radical substitution.
(b) One of the steps in the mechanism of this reaction is

(1)
• CH3 + Br• o CH3Br
This step is
A initiation.
B propagation.
C termination.
D reduction.
(c) This reaction produces a mixture of products.

Which of the following is most likely to form, as well as bromomethane?
(1)
A ethane
B propane
C butane
D pentane
(d) When human skin is overexposed to sunlight, it is likely to lead to skin cancer.
What is the radiation in sunlight that leads to skin cancer?
(1)
A microwaves
B infrared
C visible light
D ultraviolet
7
PMT
17 Which equation represents the reaction for which the enthalpy change, ǻH, is the
mean bond energy of the C-F bond?
A CF4(g) o C(g) + 4F(g)
B ¼CF4(g) o ¼C(g) + F(g)
C C(g) + 4F(g) o CF4(g)
D ¼C(g) + F(g) o ¼CF4(g)
8
*P41649A0824*
PMT
SECTION B
18 The radioactive isotope iodine-131, 131
53I, is formed in nuclear reactors providing
nuclear power. Naturally occurring iodine contains only the isotope, 127 53 I.
(a) Complete the table to show the number of protons and neutrons in these two
isotopes.
(2)
131 127
Isotope 53 I 53 I
Number of protons
Number of neutrons
(b) When iodine-131 decays, one of its neutrons emits an electron and forms a
proton. Identify the new element formed by name or symbol.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The problem with radioactive iodine is that it accumulates in humans in the
thyroid gland. Its absorption can be reduced by taking an appropriate daily dose
of a soluble iodine compound.
Suggest a suitable iodine compound which could be used.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Nuclear power stations are often proposed as suitable alternatives to those
burning coal, gas or oil.
Suggest a country where, because of its location, the dangers of nuclear power
may outweigh the advantages. Justify your answer.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
PMT
19 This question is about the elements arsenic to rubidium which have atomic numbers
33 to 37.
The first ionization energies, Em1, of these elements are given in the table.
Element As Se Br Kr Rb
Em1 / kJ mol–1 947 941 1140 1351 403
(a) Write the equation, with state symbols, which represents the first ionization
energy of arsenic.
(2)
(b) Suggest the formulae of the hydrides of arsenic and selenium.

(2)
(c) (i) Complete the electronic configuration for an arsenic and a selenium atom
using the electrons-in-boxes notation.
(2)
4s 4p
As [Ar] 3d10 np
Se [Ar] 3d10 np
10
*P41649A01024*
PMT
*(ii) Explain why the first ionization energy of selenium is lower than that of
arsenic.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(d) Explain why the first ionization energy of krypton is higher than that of selenium.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(e) Explain why the first ionization energy of rubidium is lower than that of krypton.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(f ) Which of the elements, arsenic to rubidium, is likely to have atoms with the
smallest atomic radius?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
PMT
BLANK PAGE
12
*P41649A01224*
PMT
20 Copper(II) sulfate solution, CuSO4(aq), can be made by adding an excess of solid

copper(II) oxide, CuO, to boiling dilute sulfuric acid. This is an exothermic reaction.
The balanced equation for this reaction is
CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) o CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
(a) (i) Complete the ionic equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
(2)
CuO(s) +
(ii) Calculate the mass of copper(II) oxide needed, if a 10% excess is required,
when 0.020 mol of sulfuric acid is completely reacted.
[Relative atomic masses: Cu = 63.5 and O = 16.0]
(2)
(b) (i) Suggest, with a reason, how the copper(II) oxide should be added to the
boiling sulfuric acid.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
PMT
(ii) When the reaction is complete, the excess copper(II) oxide is removed by
filtration.
To prepare crystals of copper(II) sulfate-5-water, CuSO4.5H2O, the resulting
solution is boiled to remove excess water.
How would you know when sufficient water had been removed?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) After cooling the solution, crystals form. State the colour of the crystals.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) The crystals all have the same shape. What does this indicate about the
arrangement of the ions?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) (i) Calculate the molar mass of copper(II) sulfate-5-water, CuSO4.5H2O.

Remember to include the appropriate units in your answer. You will need to
use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
(2)
14
*P41649A01424*
PMT
(ii) Calculate the percentage yield if 2.7 g of copper(II) sulfate-5-water is obtained

from 0.020 mol of sulfuric acid.
(2)
(iii) What is the most likely reason for the yield being well below 100%?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) When the crystals are heated, they turn white. On adding water, they return to
their original colour. Suggest a use for this reaction.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
PMT
BLANK PAGE
16
*P41649A01624*
PMT
21 Sodium hydrogencarbonate decomposes on heating to form sodium carbonate. It is

difficult to measure the enthalpy change of this reaction directly.
2NaHCO3(s) o Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
One method of determining this enthalpy change is to react known amounts of

sodium hydrogencarbonate and sodium carbonate, separately, with excess dilute
hydrochloric acid.
(a) 0.010 mol of solid sodium hydrogencarbonate was added to 25 cm3 of
dilute hydrochloric acid. A temperature rise of 11 °C was measured using a
thermometer graduated at 1 °C intervals.
(i) Calculate the heat energy produced by this reaction using the equation:
Energy transferred in joules = mass × 4.18 × change in temperature
(1)
(ii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction when one mole of
sodium hydrogencarbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid.
Remember to include a sign and units with your answer which should be
given to three significant figures.
(2)
17
PMT
*(b) The standard enthalpy change for the reaction between sodium carbonate and
dilute hydrochloric acid is found by a similar method to be
ǻH 9 = –321.6 kJ mol–1
Complete the Hess energy cycle below by adding the missing arrow and entities.
Use it to calculate the standard enthalpy change for the decomposition of two
moles of sodium hydrogencarbonate as in the equation below.
Remember to show your reasoning clearly.
(5)
2HCl(aq)
............................ ( ) + . . . . . . . . . ................... ( ) + ............................ ( )
18
*P41649A01824*
PMT
(c) The uncertainty for each thermometer reading is ± 0.5 °C.

Calculate the percentage error in the temperature rise of 11 °C.
(1)
(d) Sodium hydrogencarbonate is used in cooking. Suggest what it is used for and
how it works.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
PMT
BLANK PAGE
20
*P41649A02024*
PMT
22 This question is about ethene and its reactions.

Ethene is produced in industry by cracking.
(a) (i) Write the equation for the cracking of dodecane, C12H26, to produce one mole
of ethene as the only alkene product.
(1)
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus and materials you would use to
crack dodecane and collect a sample of the gaseous alkene in the laboratory.
(4)
21
PMT
(b) Draw a diagram to show the regions of electron density in both parts of the
double bond between the carbon atoms in ethene. Label each region with
appropriate symbols.
(2)
(c) (i) Give the name and structural formula for the product of the reaction between
ethene and bromine, Br2(l).
(2)
Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............................................................................................................................
Formula
(ii) Give the mechanism for the reaction between ethene and bromine.
(3)
22
*P41649A02224*
PMT
(d) Give the displayed formula for the organic product of the reaction between
ethene and acidified potassium manganate(VII).
(1)
(e) (i) Write a balanced equation for the formation of poly(ethene) from ethene,
showing the structure of the polymer clearly.
(2)
(ii) Comment on the atom economy of the reaction in (e)(i).

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23
*P41649A02324*
PMT
24
*P41649A02424*
PMT
Summer 2013
GCE Chemistry 6CH01/01

PMT
at www.edexcel.com or www.btec.co.uk for our BTEC qualifications.
If you have any subject specific questions about this specification that require the help of a
subject specialist, you can speak directly to the subject team at Pearson.
You can also use our online Ask the Expert service at www.edexcel.com/ask. You will need
an Edexcel username and password to access this service.

Summer 2013
PMT

last.





limited.

consulted.


PMT

credit.
context.

subject matter
appropriate.
PMT
Section A

Number
1 C 1

Number
2 C 1

Number
3 D 1

Number
4 B 1

Number
5 A 1

Number
6 B 1

Number
7 A 1

Number
8 C 1

Number
9 B 1

Number
10 D 1

Number
11 C 1

Number
12 A 1
PMT

Number
13 A 1

Number
14 C 1

Number
15 D 1

Number
16a D 1

Number
16b C 1

Number
16c A 1

Number
16d D 1

Number
17 B 1
Total for Section A = 20 Marks

PMT

Number
18(a) 2
131 127
Isotope I53 I53
Number of
53 53
protons
Number of
78 74
neutrons

Number
18(b) Anything else 1
Xenon / Xe / 54Xe / Xe54 / including:
130
Xe54
Xe-
Iodine / I with or
without numbers
Hydrogen / H with
or without numbers
Te

Number
18(c) Potassium iodide / KI HI 1
KI3
Accept any soluble, non-toxic iodide or Wrong formulae
iodate like
CaI, MgI
Wrong name like
Wrong name, correct formula (0) calcium idodate
BaI2 (toxic)
Correct name, wrong formula (0) AgI (insoluble)
Potassium iodine
PMT

Number
18(d) Country /ALLOW state and justification …population density 1
Both needed for one mark
…landslide
e.g. Japan / New Zealand / California
etc …too hot
Country / state at risk from … surrounded by

Earthquake / tsunami / flooding other countries
Further examples: Antarctica
Italy with volcanoes
Afghanistan / middle eastern / African

countries terrorist / (nuclear) weapon
threat / war zone / political
instability / abuse of nuclear power.
USA /America / Jamaica etc risk of

hurricane / tornado
California San Andreas fault
Total for Question 18 = 5 Marks

PMT

Number
19(a) As(g) – e() As+(g) 2
OR
As(g) As+(g) + e()

Entities (1)
All species gaseous (1)

providing a reasonable attempt at an
ionization energy
Examples: As(g) + e() As+(g) As(g)+e() As-(g)

As(g) – e() As-(g) (electron affinity)
As2+(g) – e() As3+(g)
IGNORE state symbol of electron
ALLOW upper case / large S in arsenic
ALLOW As(g) + e() As+(g) + 2e() (2)

Number
19(b) AsH3 / H3As (1) 2
H2Se / SeH2 (1)

IGNORE charges
ALLOW upper case / large S in arsenic SE for Selenium
NOTE:
If two or more answers given for one
element mark that element on a plus minus
basis
PMT

Number
19(c)(i) 4s 4p 2
As [Ar]   

3d10
Se [Ar]   

3d10
One mark for each row

Arrows may be half-headed
Arrows must be in same direction if in singly
occupied boxes (can be down)
ALLOW two arrows for Se in any 4p box
Selenium two arrows must show opposite
spins
PMT

Number
19(c)(ii) For parts c(ii),d and e it is important 2
to keep in mind the two elements
involved in each part
As and Se
First mark:
EITHER
In Se, (spin) pairing has occurred (for
the first time in that p sub-shell)
OR
electron removed from orbital containing
two electrons (1)
ALLOW sub-shell for orbital
Second mark:
EITHER
(Increase in) repulsion (so electron lost
more easily)
OR
Half-filled (sub-) shell/allow orbital
(particularly) stable (in As)
ALLOW orbital for sub-shell (1)
Mark each point independently
IGNORE reference to distance from
nucleus and shielding
PMT

Number
19(d) Se and Kr 2
First mark:
EITHER
The nuclear charge is increasing
(Nuclear must be stated or clearly
implied )
OR
number of protons / atomic number is
increasing (1)
Second mark:
(Outermost) electron closer to nucleus

/ electron is removed from the same
(sub)shell / electron experiences similar
Ionic radius
shielding / (atomic) radius is smaller/
Molecule (unless
smaller atom (1)
monatomic)
ALLOW reverse arguments for selenium

IGNORE Kr has full outer shell
PMT

Number
19(e) Kr and Rb 2
Any two from:
The electron (in Rb) (removed) is further

from the nucleus (1)
The electron is in a higher / new /

another / 5s (energy quantum) shell /
energy level (1)
More shielded (1)

IGNORE any reference to stability of
krypton or larger atomic radius of Rb / full
outer shell of Kr
It is possible that two answers may be

offered together in one sentence e.g. Rb
outer electron is in another shell further
from nucleus (2)

Number
19(f) Krypton / Kr Anything else 1

PMT

Number
20(a)(i) CuO(s) + 2H+(aq)  Cu2+(aq) + H2O(l) 2
Left hand side (1) right hand side (1)
If SO42- are on both sides max one mark
Charges within
ALLOW correct entities and balancing with no water molecule
or incorrect state symbols for one mark.
ALLOW multiples
It is sometimes difficult to be sure of the ‘2’ on
the Cu2+. Give BOD provided 2H+ on the left of
the equation

Number
20(a)(ii) 1.749/1.75/1.7 with or without 2
working scores 2 1.74
1.8
If answer incorrect look for
Mass = 79.5 x 0.02 OR =1.59 (1)
OR
TE from incorrect mass for one
mark
Their mass x 1.1= their correct
answer to 2/3/4SF (g) (1)
Accept crossed 7’s
ALLOW both ways of writing 4 and
be generous if 4 looks like 9

Number
20(b)(i) Add in small portions / use a spatula / use a 2
small spoon / slowly / gradually (1)
Spitting / violent
To prevent (mixture / acid) boiling over / reaction / fizzing
frothing / spilling / splashing / splash back
(1) Because reaction is
exothermic alone
Mark independently
Bubbles are neutral Bubbles of carbon

IGNORE add carefully / cautiously alone dioxide
PMT

Number
20(b)(ii) Dip in glass rod. Remove and allow 1
to cool. See if crystals form Solution thickens
ALLOW any workable suggestion
Examples: Precipitate forming
See crystals / salt forming around
edge of beaker
Depth of colour of solution
increases
Solution / colour becomes darker
Solution / colour becomes deeper
blue
Dark blue solution
Reduce volume by at least half /
until crystals form

Number
20(b)(iii) Blue Any mention of 1
green or other
colour

Number
20(b)(iv) (The ions are arranged in a) 1
regular (way) / lattice
OR
The ions are arranged in the same way / The ions are
have same arrangement / have uniform arranged in a
arrangement similar / fixed way
The term structure is neutral and
should be ignored
IGNORE statements about ions attracting
or repelling
PMT

Number
20(c)(i) 249.6 g mol-1 2
ALLOW 249.5 g mol-1
ALLOW 250 g mol-1
value (1) units (1)
Common wrong values are 159.5 /
6, 185.5 / 6, 249
ALLOW unit mark with any or no value.
ALLOW g / mol for unit g/mol-1

Number
20(c)(ii) Max yield = 249.6 x 0.02 = 4.992(g) (1) 2
Percentage yield = 2.7 x 100

4.992
= (54.0865) = 54% (1)
If 249.5 is used = (54.1082) = 54%
OR
2.7 / 249.6 = 0.01082 (1)
Percentage yield = 0.01082 x 100/0.02
= 54% (1)
ALLOW TE from any value in (i), and note
159.6 gives 84.6%
185.6 gives 72.7%
IGNORE SF except one SF
Correct answer, no working scores (2)

Number
20(c)(iii) (Copper(II) sulfate is soluble) so some Experimental error/ 1
remains in solution / some remains on the incomplete reaction
filter paper
Filtering alone
IGNORE other transfer errors

Incomplete crystallization / not all the
crystals are formed Efflorescence
PMT

Number
20(d) This is a (chemical) test for (the presence Check to see if 1
of) water substance is
hydrated
Invisible ink Drying agent
Moisture / humidity test

Quantitative
Test to see if solutions are aqueous measurements of
water content.

PMT

Number
21(a)(i) 25 x 4.18 x 11 = 1149.5 (J) 1149.5 kJ 1
ALLOW 1.1495 kJ
Otherwise ignore units even if
incorrect
IGNORE sign
IGNORE SF except one or two SF

Number
21(a)(ii) -115 kJ mol-1 2
ALLOW -115000 J mol-1
Sign with correct value (1)
Units and three significant figures (1) J or kJ alone
Mark independently
ALLOW TE from (i)
-114 kJ mol-1 (rounding error) scores 1
-115.0 kJ mol-1 scores 1
Values of -4600 and -3.86 are quite
common
ALLOW K and j in any case in units
PMT

Number
21(b) 2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(l) 5
2HCl(aq) (2HCl(aq))
2NaCl(aq) + 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
First mark
Arrow from products in top line to lower line and
correct entities (1)
NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Second mark
2NaCl(aq) + 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Correct state symbols and balancing (1)
ΔHo = +91.6 OR +91.7 (kJ mol-1)

ALLOW no positive sign only if correct
Working with correct signs given (3)
OR
Third mark
Correct use of Hess’s Law
(in numbers or symbols) consistent
with arrow direction (1)
Fourth mark
2x(-115) = ΔHo - 321.6
Correct multiples and numbers (1)
ALLOW
2 x any number (including -4600 and
-3.86) except 2 x +/- 321.6
Notice Third and Fourth marks can be
scored by ΔHo = 2(–115) – (-321.6)
PMT
Fifth mark
ΔHo = 2(–115) – (-321.6)
= +91.6 (kJ mol-1)
OR
ΔHo = 2(–114.95) – (-321.6)
= +91.7 (kJ mol-1)
Correct value for their calculation with correct
sign
IGNORE SF except 1
ALLOW no positive sign only if correct working
with correct signs given (1)
Omitting 2x gives +206.6 (could get 4 marks)
-4600 gives -598.4
-3.86 gives +313.88

Number
21(c) ((±) 0.5 x 2 x 100 /11 ) 1
= (±)9.09 (%)
ALLOW at 9.0909/9.091/9.1 and 9 9.10/9.0

PMT

Number
21(d) First mark 2
It is used as a raising agent / self raising To make pastry rise

flour / baking soda / baking powder
Bicarbonate of soda
OR
Causes cakes / (soda) bread to rise /
expand. (1)
Second mark
Carbon dioxide (released on heating causes
Gas
cakes / bread to rise)
Air
OR
It reacts with acid to form carbon dioxide Neutralizing acid
(in baking powder) providing bread /cake foods
etc is mentioned (1)
ALLOW
Used in cooking green vegetables
To keep green colour

PMT

Number
22(a)(i) C12H26 C10H22 + C2H4 1
IGNORE state symbols even if

incorrect
ALLOW displayed and structural

formula for ethene

Number
22 Collection over water or in gas syringe Delivery tube 4
(a)(ii) (1) through glassware
IGNORE solid bung with delivery tube

coming out / accidental sealing in
drawing / clamps
This is the only stand alone
mark
Dependent on diagram
including roughly horizontal
tube:
Labelled ceramic fibre / any sort of wool
(unless any named metal) (soaked in
dodecane) (1)
Aluminium oxide / porcelain
pieces/catalyst / catalyst with incorrect
name or incorrect formula / any named
metal / anti-bump granules (1)
Heat under catalyst/under middle of test

tube (1)
PMT
Questio Acceptable Answers Reject Mark

n
Number
22(b) EITHER 2
Diagram of bonds, the single bond must be shown as a

region of space and not as a single or double straight
line (1)
Labelled σ and π in correct places on correctly drawn
bonds.ie this mark can only be awarded if bonds
correctly drawn (1)
OR
Labelled pi bond (1)

Labelled sigma bond (1)
Whichever scores more
Bonds may be shown by overlap of
appropriate orbitals, when any orbital or
region of overlap may be labelled
Only one pi lobe / bond need be labelled
Carbons need not be shown
Bonds may be drawn on separate diagrams
PMT
IGNORE C-H bonds
IGNORE any additional electron density maps

IGNORE any partial charges

Number
22(c)(i) 1,2-dibromoethane (1) 2
IGNORE punctuation
CH2BrCH2Br (1) C2H4Br2
ALLOW displayed / skeletal formula
Mark independently
Bromoethane with CH2BrCH3 (0)

Number
22 3
(c)(ii)
Arrow from double bond towards nearest bromine atom

and arrow from bond between bromine atoms to
furthest bromine atom (1)
Correct formula of carbocation intermediate (1)
Arrow from anywhere on the bromide ion to positive
carbon (1)
ALLOW missing hydrogens if bonds from
carbons shown
ALLOW full marks for TE bromoethane
formation using HBr and first arrow to H of
HBr
ALLOW full marks for TE 1,2 –
dibromopropane
PMT

Number
22(d) 1
Skeletal
formula or
structural
formula
ALLOW O-H not displayed

ALLOW vertical C bond to any part of OH
Only penalise clear C-H-O / CH-O bond
horizontally
IGNORE any name whether correct or
not

Number
22(e)(i) nCH2=CH2  (CH2-CH2)n 2
Left side (1) (CH2=CH2 )n
Right side extension bonds must be shown (1)
Mark independently
Accept nC2H4  (CH2-CH2)n
Penalise omission of n only once N
ALLOW
nCH2=CH2 + nCH2=CH2  (CH2-CH2)n for (2)
ALLOW multiples of C2H4 in product

PMT

Number
22(e)(ii) 100% with one of the following: 1
…only one product No product

lost / No side
OR reaction(s)
… no by-products / no other product
OR
…all reactants form the product All reactants

form the
OR products
…as addition reaction
IGNORE…same empirical formula
Total for Paper = 80 Marks

PMT


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PMT

Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Friday 23 May 2014 – Morning Paper Reference

Instructions
Information
t written
Advice
Turn over
P42976A
*P42976A0124*
6/6/6/6/
PMT
SECTION A
a cross .
1 Which of the following species has 50 neutrons?

50
A 23 V
86
B 37 Rb–
89
C 39 Y+
91
D 40 Zr+
2 Which of the following statements is correct about all isotopes of an element? They have
A the same mass number.
B the same number of neutrons.
C more protons than neutrons.
D the same electronic configuration.
3 The element rhenium has two naturally-occurring isotopes, 185Re and 187Re. The
relative atomic mass of rhenium is 186.2.
From this information, the percentage abundances of these two isotopes are
A 12% 185Re and 88% 187Re

B 40% 185Re and 60% 187Re
C 60% 185Re and 40% 187Re
D 88% 185Re and 12% 187Re
2
*P42976A0224*
PMT
4 In which of the following pairs does the second element have a lower 1st ionization
energy than the first element?
First element Second element
A Si C
B Na Mg
C Be B
D Ar Ne
5 An oxide of nitrogen contains 2.8 g of nitrogen and 8.0 g of oxygen.

What is the empirical formula of this oxide?
A NO
B NO3
C N2O3
D N2O5
6 Calculate the total number of atoms present in 1.8 g of water, H2O.

DATA
x The Avogadro constant is 6.0 × 1023 mol–1
A 6.0 × 1022
B 6.0 × 1023
C 1.8 × 1023
D 1.8 × 1024
3
PMT
7 Calculate the mass of hydrated sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3.5H2O, required to prepare

200 cm3 of a 0.100 mol dm–3 solution.
[Assume that the molar mass of Na2S2O3.5H2O is 248 g mol–1]
A 0.124 g
B 4.96 g
C 24.8 g
D 4960 g
8 A 27.0 g sample of an unknown hydrocarbon, CxHy , was burned completely in excess

oxygen to form 88.0 g of carbon dioxide and 27.0 g of water.
[Molar masses / g mol–1: CO2 = 44; H2O = 18]
Which of the following is a possible formula of the unknown hydrocarbon?
A CH4
B C2H6
C C4H6
D C6H6

B atoms contained in one mole of any element in its standard state.
C particles (atoms, ions or molecules) required to make one gram of a
substance.
D atoms contained in one mole of any monatomic element.
4
*P42976A0424*
PMT
10 Nitrogen monoxide, NO, can be made by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia, NH3.
4NH3 + 5O2 o 4NO + 6H2O
In an experiment, 8.5 g of ammonia reacted to form 15.0 g of nitrogen monoxide.
The percentage yield of nitrogen monoxide in this experiment is
A 50%
B 57%
C 100%
D 176%
11 Calculate the mass, in grams, of silver chloride, AgCl, formed when excess
silver nitrate solution is added to 55.0 cm3 of a 0.200 mol dm−3 solution of
potassium chloride.
[The molar mass of AgCl = 143.4 g mol–1]

AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) o AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)
A 1.10 g
B 1.58 g
C 7.89 g
D 11.0 g
12 Element X is in Group 3 and element Y is in Group 6 of the Periodic Table.

Which of the following is the most likely formula of the compound formed when X
and Y react together?
A X2Y3
B X3Y2
C X 2Y
D XY2
5
PMT

A positive ions and delocalized electrons.
B protons and electrons.
C positive and negative ions.
D nuclei and shared pairs of electrons.
14 Which of the following molecules contains a double bond?

A F2
B F 2O
C C2F4
D C2F6
15 Which of the following statements is true?

A Breaking covalent bonds requires energy and making ionic bonds requires
energy.
B Bond breaking is endothermic whereas bond making is exothermic.
C Bond breaking is exothermic whereas bond making is endothermic.
D Breaking ionic bonds releases energy whereas making covalent bonds
requires energy.
6
*P42976A0624*
PMT
16 Consider the two equations given below.
2H2(g) + O2(g) o 2H2O(l) ǻH = −572 kJ mol−1

2H2(g) + O2(g) o 2H2O(g) ǻH = −484 kJ mol−1
From this information, calculate the enthalpy change for the following process
H2O(g) o H2O(l)
A –44 kJ mol–1
B +44 kJ mol–1
C –88 kJ mol–1
D +88 kJ mol–1
17 How many structural isomers have the molecular formula C6H14?

A Four
B Five
C Six
D Seven
18 In addition to water, which of the following could be formed during the incomplete
combustion of a hydrocarbon?
A Carbon, carbon monoxide and hydrogen
B Carbon and hydrogen
C Carbon monoxide and hydrogen
D Carbon and carbon monoxide
7
PMT
19 Poly(ethene) is a plastic material made by polymerizing the hydrocarbon ethene.

Which of the following is not true?
Pure poly(ethene) is
A solidified ethene.
B composed of carbon and hydrogen only.
C a long-chain compound.
D non-biodegradable.
20 Which of the following statements correctly describes an environmental problem

caused by the burning of hydrocarbon fuels?
A The carbon dioxide produced is toxic and kills plants.
B The smoke produced obscures sunlight and leads to global warming.
D The carbon dioxide produced traps heat radiated from the Earth and leads to
global warming.
8
*P42976A0824*
PMT
SECTION B
21 Bromine, Br2, can react with both alkanes and alkenes. The type of reaction that
occurs depends on whether the Br—Br bond breaks by homolytic or heterolytic
fission.
(a) (i) Write an equation to show the homolytic fission of the Br—Br bond. Do not
include curly arrows or state symbols.
(1)
(ii) Write an equation to show the heterolytic fission of the Br—Br bond. Do not
(1)
(iii) Choosing from the products you have given in (a)(i) and (a)(ii), write the
formula of a free radical and an electrophile.
(2)
Free radical ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......
Electrophile .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......
9
PMT
(b) The compound hexane, C6H14, can react with bromine, in the presence of UV light,
according to the equation
C6H14 + Br2 o C6H13Br + HBr
(i) Give the displayed formulae of the three structural isomers of C6H13Br that
could be formed in the above reaction.
(3)
First isomer
Second isomer
Third isomer
(ii) The bromoalkanes and the hydrogen bromide formed in this reaction are
hazardous.
The bromoalkanes would be labelled as ‘flammable’. Suggest a suitable
hazard warning for the hydrogen bromide.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
*P42976A01024*
PMT
(iii) Calculate the percentage atom economy by mass for the formation of C6H13Br.
Use the expression
molar mass of the desired product

atom economy = × 100%
he molar masses of all products
sum of th
(2)
(c) Fluorine, F2, and chlorine, Cl2, react with methane, CH4, by a similar mechanism,
although the rates of reaction are very different.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction between methane and fluorine, assuming
they react in a 1:1 mole ratio. State symbols are not required.
(1)
*(ii) On the basis of comparing the relative sizes of the fluorine and chlorine
atoms, it might be predicted that the F—F bond energy would be greater
than the Cl—Cl bond energy.
Suggest an explanation for this prediction.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
PMT
(iii) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the arrangement of the outermost
electrons in a fluorine molecule, F2.
(2)
(iv) The actual bond energies are shown below.
Bond Bond energy / kJ mol−1

F—F 158
Cl—Cl 243
By referring to your dot and cross diagram in your answer to (c)(iii), suggest
an explanation for the fact that the F—F bond energy is less than that of the
Cl—Cl bond energy.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(v) Suggest why a mixture of methane and chlorine requires exposure to UV light,
or heat, before a reaction occurs, whereas methane reacts rapidly with fluorine
at room temperature in the absence of UV light or heat.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
*P42976A01224*
PMT
(d) The alkene hex-3-ene reacts with bromine to produce 3,4-dibromohexane.

Complete the mechanism below by adding curly arrows to show the movement
of electron pairs in both steps and by giving the structural formula of the
intermediate carbocation.
(3)
H H H H
C C H5C2 C C C2H5
H5C2 C2H5
Br Br
Br
Br
3,4-dibromohexane
(e) The mechanism shown in (d) shows Z-hex-3-ene reacting with bromine.
E-hex-3-ene also reacts with bromine to form 3,4-dibromohexane.
(i) Draw the structure of E-hex-3-ene.
(1)
(ii) Explain why both Z-hex-3-ene and E-hex-3-ene react with bromine to produce
the same structural isomer.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
PMT
22 Lattice energy can be used as a measure of ionic bond strength. Born-Haber cycles
can be used to determine experimental values of lattice energies.
The table below shows the energy changes that are needed to determine the lattice
energy of lithium fluoride, LiF.
Energy change ǻH / kJ mol–1

Enthalpy change of atomization of lithium +159
First ionization energy of lithium +520
Enthalpy change of atomization of fluorine, ½F2 +79
First electron affinity of fluorine −328
Enthalpy change of formation of lithium fluoride −616
(a) Define the term lattice energy.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
*P42976A01424*
PMT
(b) The diagram below shows an incomplete Born-Haber cycle for the formation of
lithium fluoride from lithium and fluorine.
(i) Complete the diagram by writing the formulae of the correct species,
including state symbols, in the four empty boxes.
(4)
Li+(g) + F–(g)
LiF(s)
(ii) Calculate the lattice energy of lithium fluoride, in kJ mol−1.

(2)
lattice energy = ............................................................................ kJ mol−1
15
PMT
*(c) The lattice energies of sodium fluoride, sodium chloride and magnesium fluoride
are shown in the table below.
Compound Lattice energy / kJ mol−1

Sodium fluoride, NaF −918
Sodium chloride, NaCl −780
Magnesium fluoride, MgF2 −2957
Explain, in terms of the sizes and charges of the ions involved, the differences
between the lattice energy values of
(i) NaF and NaCl
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) NaF and MgF2

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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16
*P42976A01624*
PMT
23 Alkanes are used as fuels in homes and in industry. It is, therefore, important that the
enthalpy changes involving alkanes are known.
(a) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation of a compound.
Give the conditions of temperature and pressure that are used when measuring a
standard enthalpy change.
(3)
Definition .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standard temperature is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................
Standard pressure is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................
(b) Write the equation, with state symbols, that accompanies the enthalpy change of
formation of hexane, C6H14(l).
(2)
17
PMT
(c) Enthalpy changes can be calculated using enthalpy changes of combustion.

Values for some standard enthalpy changes of combustion are shown in the table
below.
Substance ǻHc9 / kJ mol−1

C(s) −394
H2(g) −286
CH4(g) −890
Use these data to complete the Hess cycle below for the reaction and then
calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction, in kJ mol−1.
C(s) + 2H2(g) o CH4(g)
(3)
Space for working
standard enthalpy change for the reaction = .............................................................. kJ mol−1
18
*P42976A01824*
PMT
(d) The equations for the combination of gaseous carbon atoms and gaseous
hydrogen atoms to form methane, CH4, and ethane, C2H6, are shown below.
C(g) + 4H(g) o CH4(g) ǻH = −1652 kJ mol−1
2C(g) + 6H(g) o C2H6(g) ǻH = −2825 kJ mol−1
Use these data to calculate

(i) the mean bond enthalpy of a C—H bond in methane, in kJ mol−1.
(1)
(ii) the bond enthalpy of a C—C bond, in kJ mol−1, clearly showing your working.
(2)
19
PMT
24 This question is about atomic structure.

(a) Draw diagrams to show the shape of an s-orbital and of a p-orbital.
(2)
s-orbital p-orbital
(b) Complete the table to show the number of electrons that completely fill the
following regions.
(3)
Number of electrons present

Region
when completely filled
a d-orbital
a p sub-shell
the third shell (n = 3)
20
*P42976A02024*
PMT
(c) The energy diagram below is for the eight electrons present in an oxygen atom.
Complete the diagram for an oxygen atom by adding
x labels to identify the other occupied sub-shells
x arrows to show how the remaining six electrons are arranged in the orbitals.
(2)
............................
energy ......................
1s
......................
(d) Successive ionization energies provide evidence for the arrangement of electrons
in atoms. The eight successive ionization energies of oxygen are shown in the
table below.
Ionization
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th
number
Ionization
energy 1314 3388 5301 7469 10989 13327 71337 84080
/ kJ mol−1
(i) Define the term first ionization energy.

(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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21
PMT
(ii) Write an equation, with state symbols, to show the third ionization energy of
oxygen.
(2)
*(iii) Explain how the data in the table provide evidence that there are two
occupied electron shells in an oxygen atom.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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22
*P42976A02224*
PMT
BLANK PAGE
23
*P42976A02324*
PMT
24
*P42976A02424*
PMT
Summer 2014

PMT
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last.
limited.
consulted.

PMT

full credit.
same question.

to:
PMT

appropriate.
abilities.
PMT
Section A

Number
1 C 1

Number
2 D 1

Number
3 B 1

Number
4 C 1

Number
5 D 1

Number
6 C 1

Number
7 B 1

Number
8 C 1

Number
9 D 1

Number
10 C 1

Number
11 B 1

Number
12 A 1
PMT

Number
13 A 1

Number
14 C 1

Number
15 B 1

Number
16 A 1

Number
17 B 1

Number
18 D 1

Number
19 A 1

Number
20 D 1
SECTION A = 20 marks
WCH01_01
1406
PMT
Section B
Number
21 (a)(i) Penalise use of chlorine once only in Br 1
Q21(a)(i), (ii) and (iii)
IGNORE lone pairs of electrons, even
if incorrect in Q21(a)(i), (ii) and (iii)
ALLOW one slip in the formula of the

element if it is correctly given
elsewhere in the answer e.g B for Br
Br2 → Br• + Br• /

Br2 → 2Br•
Ignore position of dot

Ignore state symbols and curly arrows
even if incorrect

Number
21 Br2 → Br+ + Br― δ+ / δ− for the + or − 1
(a)(ii)
even if incorrect

Number
21 (free radical) Br• Br 2
(a)(iii)
NOTE:
No TE, except Cl•
(1)
Penalise omission of the dot only once

in (a)(i) and (a)(iii)
(electrophile) Br+
NOTE:
No TE, except Cl+

(1)
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
21 (b)(i) H H H H H H Any branched-chain isomers 3
H C C C C C C H
Br H H H H H
(1)
H H H H H H
H C C C C C C H
H Br H H H H
(1)
H H H H H H
H C C C C C C H
H H Br H H H
(1)
Isomers can be in any order
ALLOW
skeletal or structural formulae

Number
21 Corrosive / toxic / poisonous Flammable / ‘naked flames’ 1
(b)(ii)
Allow correct symbols for corrosive or
toxic / poisonous
IGNORE
harmful / dangerous / irritant / acidic
/ volatile / any references to state of
HBr
IGNORE
Any precautions taken, EXCEPT those
related to flammability
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
21 First mark 2
(b)(iii) Calculation of the C6H13Br Mr value
and the total of the product Mr
EXPECTED
164.9 AND 245.8
ALLOW
165 AND 246

(1)
Second mark
EXPECTED
164.9 (x 100%)
245.8
= 67.08706265(%)
= 67.1(%) to 3 s.f.
ALLOW
165 (x 100%)
246
= 67.07317073 (%)
= 67.1(%) to 3 s.f.
ALLOW
TE from any incorrect Mr value(s)
provided answer is not greater than
100%
(1)
Answer MUST be rounded correctly to

3 s.f. for the second mark

(2)
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
21 (c)(i) CH4 + F2 → CH3F + HF Cl2 1
incorrect “Fl” if used more than once

Number
21 (c)(ii) NOTE 2
Allow reverse argument throughout
1st Mark
Fluorine / F (atom is) smaller (than a F2 / ‘fluorine molecule’

Cl atom)
(1)
2nd Mark
Any ONE of:-

Mention of ‘Intermolecular
(so expect) F―F bond to be shorter
forces’ (no 2nd mark)
(than the Cl―Cl bond)
OR
F―F bonding electrons / bond pair /
/ shared pair closer to (both) nuclei
OR
(so) attraction between nuclei and
bonding electrons / bond pair /
shared pair expected to be stronger
(1)
IGNORE
Any references to the strengths of the
F-F and/or Cl-Cl bonds
Any references to the ‘repulsion

between nuclei’
Any references to ‘shielding’ / ‘Charge

density’ / ‘Electronegativity’ / outer
electrons
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
21 2
X
X
(c)(iii) X
F X F X
X
X
Shared pair of electrons shown
(1)
The remaining six electrons on each F

atom
(1)
NOTE
Can be dots or crosses – only total
number of electrons matters
Circles not required
IGNORE
Two inner-shell electrons
ALLOW
‘Fl’ or F symbol missing

Number
21 ‘Repulsion between electrons’ scores Just repulsion between 2
(c)(iv) (1) bonding / shared electrons
BUT
‘Repulsion between lone pairs (of

electrons)’ scores (2)
ALLOW
‘Non-bonding electrons’ for lone pairs
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
21 (c)(v) UV (light) / (sun) light / heat / energy 1
required to break Cl―Cl bond
OR
UV (light) / (sun) light / heat / energy
required to form Cl•
OR
F―F requires less energy to break
OR
F―F requires less energy to form F•
IGNORE
Just F2 more reactive (than Cl2)
Just F―F bond is weaker (than Cl―Cl)
Just F―F bond energy is lower (than

Cl―Cl)
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
21 (d) Mark independently 3
H H
H H
C C H5C2 C C C2H5
H5C2
C2H5
Br
Br Br-
Br
First mark:
For both arrows in initial step Half-arrow(s)
Allow upper arrow as in diagram or Incorrect polarities

directly to Br atom Full-charges on Br2
(1)
Second mark:
Carbocation intermediate
(1)
Third mark: Half-arrow(s)

δ− instead of the full – sign
Arrow from anywhere on the bromide on the Br−
ion to the C or to the + sign on the
intermediate (1)
Lone pair(s) on Br− not required
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
21(e)(i) 1
C 2 H5
H
C C
H
C2 H 5
OR
C 2 H5 H
C C
H C2 H 5
Diagram clearly shows that H atoms

are diagonal to each other in the E-
isomer/correct relative positions of
hydrogen atoms and ethyl groups
ALLOW
Skeletal or displayed formula

Number
21(e)(ii) EITHER 1
Rotation around C―C bond (in

product molecule)
OR
Double bond is broken so rotation (is
now possible)
ALLOW
Same carbocation / intermediate
formed (so product is the same)
IGNORE
Comments about optical isomerism
WCH01_01
1406
PMT
Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mar

Number k
22(a) (The energy / enthalpy change / ‘energy required’ / ‘energy 2
released that accompanies the needed’ / ‘energy it takes’
formation of)
one mole of a(n ionic) compound

(1)
ALLOW as alternative for compound:

lattice /crystal / substance / solid /
product / salt
‘from one mole of

from (its) gaseous ions gaseous ions’ (no 2nd
(1) mark)
Just ‘from gaseous

elements’
(no 2nd mark)
IGNORE
References to ‘standard conditions’ or
any incorrect standard conditions
ALTERNATIVE RESPONSE
If no mark(s) already awarded from
above, can answer by giving:-
energy change per mole /

enthalpy change per mole
(1)
Li+(g) + F—(g)  LiF(s)

(1)
NOTE
If lattice energy of dissociation is
given (e.g. “energy required to break
down 1 mol of an ionic lattice into its
gaseous ions”) max (1) for the 2nd
scoring point ‘gaseous ions’
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number k
22(b)(i) 4
Box 4 Li+(g) + F(g) + e-
(Li+(g) + F-(g))
Box 3 Li+(g) + ½F2(g) +
Box 5
e-
Li(g) + ½F2(g)
Box 2
Box 1 Li(s) + ½F2(g)
Box 6 (LiF(s))
IGNORE missing electrons / e―
First mark (Box 1):
Li(s) + ½F2(g)
(1)
Second mark (Box 4):
Li+(g) + F(g) (+e―)

(1)
Third and Fourth marks (if box 1 is correct):
‘Box 2’ as above i.e. Li(g) + ½F2(g) as above

(1)
‘Box 3’ as above i.e. Li+(g) + ½F2(g) (+ e―) as above

(1)
OR
‘Box 2’ Li(s) + F (g) (1)
‘Box 3’ Li(g) + F(g) (1)
OR
‘Box 2’ Li(g) + ½F2(g) (1)
‘Box 3’ Li(g) + F(g) (1)
WCH01_01
1406
PMT
Penalise use of ‘Fl’ instead of ‘F’ once only
If Box 1 is INCORRECT max (2) for correct transitions

e.g if use F(g) or F2(g) instead of ½F2(g), then 2 marks
available for two correct transitions involving lithium.

Number
22(b)(ii) FIRST, CHECK THE FINAL ANSWER 2
IF answer = −1046 (kJ mol—1)
then
award (2) marks, with or without
working
Otherwise look for
−616 = (+159) + (+520) + (+79) +

(−328) + ∆HLE
OR
∆HLE = −616 − [ (+159) + (+520) +
(+79) + (−328)]
(1)
= −616 − 430
= −1046 (kJ mol–1)

(1)
NOTE
ALLOW for 1 mark:
(+)1046 (wrong sign)

−186 (+430 instead of −430)
(+)186 (+616 instead of −616)
−1006.5 (+79 halved to +39.5)
−1702 (wrong sign for 328)
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
*22(c)(i) ALLOW reverse argument where appropriate 2
(NaF more negative than NaCl because)
First mark “NaF is smaller

than NaCl”
F― smaller (than Cl―)
F— has a smaller
ALLOW ‘fluorine ion is smaller (than a chlorine atomic radius
ion’) than Cl—
OR
F― larger charge density (than Cl―)
(1)
Second mark:
F— (forms) stronger (electrostatic) attractions

(than Cl−)
IGNORE just ‘stronger (ionic) bonds’

(1)
Penalise ONCE ONLY in (c)(i) and (c)(ii) the

use of the word ‘atom(s)’ or ‘molecule(s)’/ use
of just formulae such as ‘Mg’, ‘Na’, ‘F’, ‘F2’, ‘Cl’,
‘Cl2’, etc.
OR
use of words such as just ‘magnesium’ (instead
of magnesium ions/Mg2+) and/or just ‘fluorine’
(instead of fluoride ions/F—) /and or just
‘chlorine’ (instead of chloride ions/Cl―)
IGNORE
Any comments about polarization of the anion
(by the cation) / covalent character
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
*22(c)(ii) ALLOW reverse argument where appropriate 2
(NaF less negative than MgF2 because)
First mark - size: “MgF2 is smaller

than NaF”
Mg2+ smaller (than Na+)
Mg2+ has a smaller
atomic radius
OR than Na+
‘Magnesium ion’ is smaller (than Na+)
(1)
Second mark - charge:
Mg2+ has a greater charge (density) (than Na+)
OR
‘Magnesium ion’ has a greater charge (density)
(than Na+)
(1)
[NOTE:
It follows that the statement that “Mg2+ ions are
smaller than Na+ ions” would score BOTH marks]
IGNORE
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
23(a) (Enthalpy/energy change when) 3
one mole of a compound / one mole
of a substance
IGNORE
Statements such as “energy released”
or “energy required” here
(1)
is formed from its elements (in their ‘is formed from its gaseous
standard states, under standard elements’
conditions)
(1)
(Standard temperature is) 298 K /

25oC
ALLOW
‘oK’
IGNORE
References to room temperature
(Standard pressure is) 1 atm /

101 kPa / 100 kPa
(1)

Number
23(b) 6C(s, graphite) + 7H2(g) → C6H14(l) 2
ALLOW
6C(s) / 6C(graphite)
Species and balancing correct

(1)
State symbols correct

(1)
State symbols mark is dependent on
correct species but allow this mark if
14H used instead of 7H2
NOTE
C6H14(l) → 6C(s, graphite) + 7H2(g)
scores (1)
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
23(c) 3
C(s) + 2H2(g) → CH4(g)
(+2O2(g)) (+2O2(g))
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
First mark:
Both arrows point downwards
(1)
Second mark:
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) (1) 2H2O(g)
Third mark:
((1 x ―394) + (2 x ―286) ― (1 x
―890) =)
―76 (kJ mol―1) If incorrect units with a final
No TE from cycle arrows answer, no 3rd mark
(1)

Number
23(d)(i) (+1652÷4 =) (+)413 (kJ mol―1) −413 1

Number
23(d)(ii) First mark: 2
(+2825 ― 6 x answer to (d)(i))
ALLOW
TE only from a positive value given
as answer to (d)(i)
(1)
Second mark:
= (+)347 (kJ mol―1)
(1)
Second mark is CQ on first mark
Correct answer with or without

working scores (2)
NOTE
−347 (kJ mol―1) scores (1)
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
24(a) 2
s-orbital p-orbital
(s-orbital)
Circle drawn
ALLOW
Concentric circles drawn
(1)
(p-orbital)
Figure of ‘8’ / ‘dumb-bell’ drawn
NOTE:
p-orbital can be drawn along any axis
(axis does not have to be shown)
(1)
ALLOW
If one, two or three p-orbitals of
correct shapes are shown
If overlapping orbitals are shown of

correct shape in both cases, award
(1) mark

Number
24(b) (region) (no. of electrons) 3
(a d-orbital) 2
(1)
(a p sub-shell) 6
(1)
(the third shell) 18
(1)
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
24(c) First mark: BOTH 2s and 2p labelled 2p6 2
ALLOW
2s2 and 2p4
(1)
Second mark: ALL eight e― shown

correctly
(1)
2p
energy 2s
(1s)
ALLOW
Half-arrows or full arrows for each
electron
Paired arrows in any one of the 2p

orbitals
NOTE
Single arrows must be orientated in
same direction
Paired arrows must have opposite

spins
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
24(d)(i) First mark: 3
Makes mention of
energy/enthalpy/(heat) energy/heat “Energy given out…” for
(change/required) first mark
AND
(1)
Second mark:
one mole/1 mol

(1)
Third mark:
Makes mention of gaseous atom(s) Just ‘gaseous element’/

(1) ‘gaseous substance’
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER
Energy change per mole / kJ mol−1 for

(1)
X(g) → X+(g) + e(—)

(2)
One mark for species

One mark for correct state symbols
Mark independently
IGNORE
any references to standard conditions
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
24(d)(ii) O2+(g) − e― → O3+(g) Reverse equation scores (0) 2
overall
OR
O2+(g) → O3+(g) + e−
All species and balancing correct

(1)
State symbols correct (1)
2nd mark is dependent on 1st mark
ALLOW
‘e’ for ‘e―’
IGNORE
(g) on the e―
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
24(d)(iii) First mark: 2
Big ‘jump’ / large increase

(1)
Second mark:
between 6th and 7th (IE) Any other ionization jumps

mentioned
OR
after the 6th
OR
to the 7th
OR
from 13327 to 71337
OR
of 58010
IGNORE
Additional jump identified between

4th and 5th (IE) if justified in terms
of a change of sub-shell
OR

of NOT being a change of shell
(1)
SECTION B = 60 marks
TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 marks
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Surname Other names

Pearson
Edexcel GCE
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Time: 1 hour 30 minutes 6CH01/01R

Instructions
Information
t written
Advice
Turn over
P42990A
*P42990A0128*
6/6/6/6/
PMT
SECTION A
a cross .
1 Which of the following diagrams represents the electrons in the ground state of a
boron atom?
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
A
B
C
D
2 Which of the following species contains the same number of electrons as neutrons?
11
A 5
B
23
B 11
Na+
24
C 12
Mg2+
19 –
D 9
F
3 The recommended limit for safe exposure to sulfur dioxide in the air is 0.000025 %.
What is this concentration in parts per million, ppm?
A 25
B 0.25
C 0.025
D 0.0025
2
*P42990A0228*
PMT
4 For which of the following pairs of elements does the second have a higher
1st ionization energy than the first?
A Mg Al
B N O
C Ne Na
D K Na
5 In which of the following series of elements is there an increase in the melting

temperatures from left to right?
A Na Mg Al
B Li Na K
C B C N
D Si P S
6 What is the number of atoms in 2.8 g of ethene, C2H4?
DATA
x The molar mass of C2H4 is 28 g mol–1
A 1.0 × 1022
B 6.0 × 1022
C 1.2 × 1023
D 3.6 × 1023
3
PMT
7 A compound has the following percentage composition by mass.

C 61.0% H 15.3% N 23.7%
The empirical formula of the compound is
A CH3N
B C3H9N
C C6H9N2
D C8H2N3
8 Carbon monoxide and oxygen react together as follows.
2CO(g) + O2(g) o 2CO2(g)

If all volumes of gas are measured at the same temperature and pressure, the volume
of carbon dioxide produced after 50 cm3 of carbon monoxide react with 25 cm3 of
oxygen is
A 100 cm3
B 75 cm3
C 50 cm3
D 25 cm3
9 Potassium chlorate(V), KClO3, decomposes on heating as follows.
2KClO3(s) o 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
What is the maximum volume of oxygen, measured in dm3 at room temperature and
pressure, which could be obtained by heating 0.50 mol potassium chlorate(V)?
[Molar volume of a gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 at room temperature and pressure.]
A 8
B 18
C 36
D 72
4
*P42990A0428*
PMT
10 A spot of blue solution was placed in the centre of a piece of moist filter paper
supported on a microscope slide and the following experiment was carried out.
DC supply
+ –
moist filter
paper on
microscope slide
position of
blue solution
at start
After some time, a blue colour moved towards the negative terminal, but no change
was visible in the region of the positive terminal. This is because
A the negative ions in the solution were colourless and the positive ions were blue.
B the positive ions in the solution were colourless and the negative ions were blue.
C the negative ions in the solution had not moved but the positive ions had moved.
D the positive ions in the solution had not moved but the negative ions had moved.
11 The reaction for which the enthalpy change is the standard enthalpy change of
9
formation of water, ¨Hf,298 , is
A H2(g) + ½O2(g) o H2O(l)
B H2(g) + ½O2(g) o H2O(g)
C 2H2(g) + O2(g) o 2H2O(l)
D 2H2(g) + O2(g) o 2H2O(g)
5
PMT
12 Which of the following molecules does not contain a double bond?

A CO2
B C2Cl4
C C3F8
D C2H2Cl2
13 The bonding in lithium iodide has some covalent character because

A the lithium ion polarizes the iodide ion.
B the iodide ion polarizes the lithium ion.
C there is a very large difference in electronegativity between lithium and
iodine.
D there is a very small difference in electronegativity between lithium and
iodine.
14 Which of the following data is not needed to calculate the lattice energy of sodium
chloride when using a Born-Haber cycle?
A Enthalpy change of formation of sodium chloride.
B Enthalpy change of atomization of sodium.
C First ionization energy of chlorine.
D Electron affinity of chlorine.
15 The lattice energy of magnesium oxide is more negative than the lattice energy of
magnesium fluoride because
A oxide ions are larger than fluoride ions.
B oxide ions are larger than magnesium ions.
C oxide ions are more highly charged than fluoride ions.
D there is only one oxide ion but two fluoride ions per magnesium ion.
6
*P42990A0628*
PMT
16 This question is about the organic compounds shown below.
W X Y Z
(a) The compounds which are isomers are

(1)
A W and X
B W and Y
C W and Z
D X and Z
(b) Which compound can react with chlorine to form C6H12Cl2 as the only product?
(1)
A Compound W
B Compound X
C Compound Y
D Compound Z
(c) Which compound is reformed in the oil industry, producing one mole of a
compound with formula C6H6 and four moles of hydrogen, H2, only?
(1)
A Compound W
B Compound X
C Compound Y
D Compound Z

7
PMT
17 Which of the following equations shows the first step in the mechanism for the
reaction between hydrogen bromide and ethene?
H H H H
A C C H C C H + Br–
+
H H H
H
Br
H H H H
B C C H C C H + H+
–
H H Br
Br
H H H H
C C C H C C H + Br–
+
H H H
H
Br
H H H H
D C C H C C H + H+
–
H H Br
Br

8
*P42990A0828*
PMT
18 Scientists are developing sources of energy as alternatives to fuels produced from

crude oil. Which of the following reasons for doing this is incorrect?
A Crude oil is being used up faster than it is being formed.
B Burning hydrocarbons affects global carbon dioxide levels.
C Hydrocarbons from crude oil are a source of essential chemicals other than
fuels.
D Carbon dioxide produced by burning hydrocarbons is toxic to plants.
9
PMT
SECTION B
19 Naturally occurring samples of potassium contain three isotopes, 39K, 40K and 41K.
(a) The isotopes can be separated in a mass spectrometer.
(i) In the diagram below, particles are ionized at A and detected at D.
B
A
D
to a pump
Name the processes occurring in the mass spectrometer at B and C.

(2)
B . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
*P42990A01028*
PMT
(ii) A sample of potassium has the following composition.
39 40 41
Isotope K K K
% abundance 93.22 0.12 6.66
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of potassium, giving your
answer to two decimal places.
(2)
(iii) Complete the table below to show the numbers of sub-atomic particles in an
atom of each of the isotopes 39K and 41K.
(1)
Isotope Electrons Protons Neutrons
39
K
41
K
(iv) Complete the electronic configuration for an atom of 39K.

(1)
1s2 . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
PMT
(v) Why is potassium placed after argon in the Periodic Table, even though it has
a smaller relative atomic mass?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(vi) Explain why a potassium ion is smaller than a potassium atom.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The type of bonding in potassium is metallic.

Draw a labelled diagram to illustrate the metallic bonding in potassium.
(2)
12
*P42990A01228*
PMT
(c) The graph shows the variation of first ionization energy with atomic number for
six successive elements in the Periodic Table, including potassium. The letters
used to label the elements are not their symbols.
1st ionization
energy
/ kJ mol–1
A B C D E F
Element

(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Identify, with a reason, which element is potassium.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
PMT
BLANK PAGE
14
*P42990A01428*
PMT
20 In an experiment to make crystals of hydrated copper(II) nitrate, a sample of

5.60 g of copper(II) oxide was added to 50 cm3 of 2.50 mol dm–3 nitric acid. The
following reaction occurred.
CuO(s) + 2HNO3(aq) o Cu(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)

(a) Calculate the number of moles of each reactant present, and use this to show that
the copper(II) oxide was in excess.
The molar mass of copper(II) oxide, CuO, is 79.5 g mol–1.
(3)
Moles of copper(II) oxide added
Moles of nitric acid used
The copper(II) oxide is in excess because . . . . . ......................................................................................................................... .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
PMT
(b) The copper(II) nitrate solution was heated gently to concentrate it, and then left
to crystallize. The mass of hydrated copper(II) nitrate crystals, Cu(NO3)2.6H2O,
obtained was 12.52 g.
Calculate the percentage yield.
The molar mass of Cu(NO3)2.6H2O is 295.6 g mol–1.
(3)
(c) Give one reason why the percentage yield is less than 100%, even though the
nitric acid was completely reacted.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(d) (i) The nitrate ion, NO3–, contains both covalent and dative covalent bonds.
What is the difference between these types of bond?
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
*P42990A01628*
PMT
(ii) Complete the dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in the nitrate ion.
Only the outer electron shells for each atom need to be shown.
Represent the nitrogen electrons with crosses (×), and oxygen electrons with
dots, (x). The symbol * on the diagram represents the extra electron giving
the ion its charge.
(3)
−
⎡ *O ⎤
⎢ N O ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢⎣ O ⎥⎦
17
PMT
BLANK PAGE
18
*P42990A01828*
PMT
21 Propane is a saturated hydrocarbon with molecular formula C3H8.

*(a) Explain the meaning of the terms saturated and hydrocarbon.
(2)
Saturated ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hydrocarbon .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Propane is sold in small cylinders for use as a fuel in camping stoves. The
enthalpy change of combustion of propane can be measured by experiment
using one of these cylinders.
A known mass of propane is burned to heat a container of water, and the
temperature rise of the water is measured.
The results of the experiment are shown below.
Mass of propane burned 0.33 g
Temperature of water at start 18.0 °C
Final temperature of water 45.1 °C
Mass of water in container 100 g
(i) How would the mass of propane which was burned be measured?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Calculate the energy transferred in the experiment, using the results above
and the following expression.
Energy transferred (J) = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change
(1)
19
PMT
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of propane, ¨Hc, in kJ mol–1.

Give your answer to three significant figures and include a sign.
(3)
(iv) The results of this experiment are inaccurate due to heat loss.
Suggest one other source of error, other than measurement errors and
limitations of the equipment.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Another way of calculating the enthalpy change of combustion for propane is to
use mean bond enthalpy data.
(i) Complete the equations in the Hess cycle below. The enthalpy change of
+6490 kJ mol–1 is the total energy required to break the bonds in propane and
in oxygen.
(1)
¨Hx
C3H8(g) + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
+ 6490 kJ mol–1 Z kJ mol–1
3C(. . . . . . . . . ) + 8H(g) + .................... O(g)
20
*P42990A02028*
PMT
(ii) Use the data in the table to calculate the enthalpy change, Z, in kJ mol–1.
Mean bond enthalpy

Bond
/ kJ mol–1
C O 805
H O 464
(1)
(iii) Use the cycle in (c)(i), and your answer to (c)(ii), to calculate the enthalpy
change, ¨Hx, in kJ mol–1, for the combustion of propane.
(1)
(iv) The data book value for the standard enthalpy change of combustion,
¨H c9 , for propane is –2219.2 kJ mol–1. This value is more exothermic than that
calculated using mean bond enthalpy data. Give one reason for this.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
PMT
22 When trichloromethane, CHCl3, reacts with chlorine, the organic product is

tetrachloromethane, CCl4. The reaction proceeds by free radical substitution.
The equation for this reaction is
CHCl3 + Cl2 o CCl4 + HCl

(a) State the essential condition for this reaction to occur at room temperature.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The reaction mechanism involves free radicals. Explain what is meant by the term
free radical.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The reaction takes place in a series of steps.

(i) The initiation step is
Cl2 o 2Cl·
Suggest why this initiation step is more likely than
CHCl3 o CCl3· + H·
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Write equations for the two propagation steps.

(2)
First propagation step
Second propagation step
22
*P42990A02228*
PMT
(iii) Write an equation for the termination step in which tetrachloromethane is

formed.
(1)
(d) Tetrachloromethane can be manufactured using the by-products of chlorination

reactions.
C2Cl6 + Cl2 o 2CCl4
Compare the atom economy of this process with that of the reaction which
produces tetrachloromethane from trichloromethane and chlorine. A calculation
is not required.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
PMT
BLANK PAGE
24
*P42990A02428*
PMT
23 This question is about isomers of C4H8.

(a) (i) Alkenes contain a carbon-carbon double bond, which consists of a ı bond
and a ʌ bond.
Show, and clearly label, the ı and ʌ bonds on the diagram below.
(2)
C C
*(ii) Explain why the ı bond is stronger than the ʌ bond.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) (i) Draw the structural formula of E-but-2-ene.

(1)
(ii) Explain why but-1-ene does not exhibit E-Z isomerism.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
PMT
(iii) Describe the result of the test for the presence of a C C bond in E-but-2-ene
using bromine water. Give the displayed formula of the organic product.
(2)
Test result ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Displayed formula of organic product:
(c) Another test for C C bonds is the reaction with acidified potassium manganate(VII).
Describe the result of this test using but-1-ene and give the displayed formula of
the organic product.
(2)
Test result ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Displayed formula of organic product:
26
*P42990A02628*
PMT
(d) Another isomer of C4H8 has the structure shown below.
CH2 C—CH3
CH3
(i) Name this isomer.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) This isomer forms an addition polymer. Show the structure of this polymer by
drawing two repeat units.
(1)
(e) ‘Polybutene’ is the name used by cosmetic companies for a mixture of

poly(but-1-ene) and poly(but-2-ene).
An American “eco-cosmetics” company says that though ‘polybutene’ is
considered a safe ingredient in lip gloss, it is non-sustainable to use it.
Suggest one reason to justify this statement.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27
*P42990A02728*
PMT
28
*P42990A02828*
PMT
June 2014
International GCE Chemistry

(6CH01/01R)
Unit 1: The Core Principles of
Chemistry
PMT
specific programmes for employers. For further information, please visit our website at
www.edexcel.com.
Our website subject pages hold useful resources, support material and live feeds from our
subject advisors giving you access to a portal of information. If you have any subject
specific questions about this specification that require the help of a subject specialist, you
may find our Ask The Expert email service helpful.

Summer 2014
Publications Code US038309*
PMT

last.





limited.

consulted.



6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

credit.
context.

subject matter
appropriate.
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Number
1 A 1

Number
2 D 1

Number
3 B 1

Number
4 D 1

Number
5 A 1

Number
6 D 1

Number
7 B 1

Number
8 C 1

Number
9 B 1

Number
10 A 1

Number
11 A 1

Number
12 C 1
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Number
13 A 1

Number
14 C 1

Number
15 C 1

Number
16(a) B 1

Number
16(b) C 1

Number
16(c) B 1

Number
17 C 1

Number
18 D 1
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT
Section B

Number
19(a)(i) B acceleration (1) B just electric field 2
C deflection (1) C just magnetic

field
Allow
B ions are accelerated/ accelerating
C ions are (being) deflected

Number
19(a)(ii) (Ar for K) = (39 x 0.9322) + (40 x 2
0.0012) + (41 x 0.0666) or a
correct fraction using percentages
(1)
= 39.1344 = 39.13
(1)
Correct answer without working scores 2

Max 1 if not to 2 decimal places
Second mark dependent on first
IGNORE
Units of any kind (e.g. ‘g’, ‘g mol—1, ‘amu’, etc.)

Number
19(a)(iii) 1
Isotope Electrons Protons Neutrons
39
K 19 19 20
41
K 19 19 22
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Number
19(a) (1s2) 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s1 1
(iv) Fully correct
Ignore additional 1s2

Number
19(a)(v) (Position in the Periodic Table) depends 1
upon atomic number / proton number
OR
Ar (atom) has (one) fewer proton(s) (than K
atom)
OR
K (atom) has (one) more proton(s) (than Ar
atom)
OR
K has atomic number 19 (whereas) Ar has
atomic number 18
OR
Ar has 18 protons, K has 19 protons
IGNORE
‘Elements are not arranged in order of
(relative) atomic mass’
IGNORE
Mention of numbers of electrons / numbers
of shells (of electrons)
IGNORE
Arranged in vertical groups in accordance to
properties / argon is a noble gas
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Number
19(a) One fewer shell of electrons (1) 2
(vi)
Electrons in the ion are held more tightly
OR
Same number of protons attracting fewer
electrons
OR
Less repulsion between (remaining)
electrons
(1)
IGNORE
References to effective nuclear charge /
charge density

Number
19(b) Regular lattice of singly-positively charged 2
(potassium) ions
(1)
Delocalised electrons / sea of electrons / mobile

electrons
(1)
e.g.
Accept other regular arrangements

Unlabelled diagram max (1)
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Number
19(c)(i) First mark:- “Energy given 3
Makes mention of out…” for first mark
energy/enthalpy/(heat) energy/heat
(change)
AND
(1)
Second mark:
one mole/1 mol
(1)
Third mark:
Makes mention of gaseous atom(s) Just ‘gaseous
(1) element’/ ‘gaseous
substance’
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER
Energy change per mole for
(1)
X(g) → X+(g) + e(—)

(2)

Mark independently
IGNORE any references to standard

conditions

Number
19(c)(ii) Potassium is E 2
(1)
Alkali metals always have the lowest first

ionization energy in their period
OR
It follows a noble gas/ an element with very
high first ionization energy
OR
Ionization energy falls (significantly) at the
start of a (new) period / Ionization energy
falls (significantly) after D
(1)
Total for Q19 = 16 marks
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Number
20(a) 1st Mark 3
Mol CuO = (5.60/79.5) = 0.07044 / 0.0704
/ 0.070 / 0.07
(1)
2nd Mark
Mol of nitric acid = (50 x 2.50/1000) =
0.125 (1)
3rd Mark
Reacting ratio =2:1 and nitric acid less than
double moles of copper oxide/ Reacting ratio
=2:1 and copper oxide more than half of
moles of nitric acid
OR
moles acid needed to react with all CuO
= (2 x 0.070 =) 0.140 which is more than
0.125
OR
0.125 mol nitric acid can only react with
0.0625 mol CuO
(1)
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Number
20(b) 1st Mark 3
Moles product = 0.5 x 0.125 =0.0625
(1)
Allow TE from moles HNO3
2nd Mark
Theoretical yield = (0.0625 x 295.6 = )

18.475 g
(1)
Allow ECF on multiplying moles product by
295.6
3rd Mark
% yield = (12.52/18.475 x 100) = 67.767 /

67.8 / 68
(1)
Alternative route for 2nd and 3rd Marks
mol product = (12.52 / 295.6) = 0.04235

(1)
% yield = (0.04235/0.0625 x 100 = 67.767

/ 67.8/ 68
(1)
TE from (a)
If moles of product taken as 0.125, final 4.24% scores (0)

answer = 33.88% which scores (2) overall
TE for calculation based on moles of

copper(II) oxide which gives an answer
between 60.128% and 60.506%
max(2)
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Number
20(c) Some product remains in solution/ some Incomplete reaction 1
product does not crystallize
Just experimental
error
Allow loss of material on transferring, if

explained, such as
Crystals remain in / on filter paper ‘solution evaporates’
‘Spitting’ (of solution on heating)
IGNORE
References to impure reactants

Number
20(d)(i) Covalent bond: (shared pair of electrons 2
using) one electron from each atom
(1)
Dative covalent bond: (shared pair of

electrons using) two electrons from same
atom
(1)

Number
20(d)(ii) Double bond between N and one oxygen atom 3
(1)
Single bond between N and O*

(1)
Dative single bond between N and one O atom

(1)
Max 2 if any lone pair electrons are missing

from any of the three oxygen atoms.
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Number
21(a) (Contains) only (C—C) single bonds/ 2
only σ bond(s)
OR
(Contains) no (C=C) double bond(s)/no
triple bond(s)
OR
Cannot undergo addition (reactions)
ALLOW
Has maximum number of hydrogen atoms /
has maximum amount of hydrogen /can
form no more bonds / no pi-bonds.
IGNORE references to alkanes

(1)
(Compound of) carbon and hydrogen “Mixture of carbon

ONLY/ENTIRELY/PURELY and hydrogen only”
(1)

Number
21(b)(i) Measure mass (of cylinder) before and after 1
(burning)

Number
21(b)(ii) Energy transferred = (100 x 4.18 x 27.1 =) 1
11327.8 (J) / 11.328 kJ

Number
21(b)(iii) Mol propane = 0.33/ 44 = 0.0075 3
(1)
∆Hc = ( 11.3278/ 0.0075) = ( 1510.4)
= 1510 (kJ mol1)
(1)
Sign and 3SF (1)
Allow TE from b(ii)
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Number
21(b)(iv) Incomplete combustion Evaporation of 1
water
Allow
carbon monoxide forms Transfer losses
soot forms
Not under standard
conditions
Not all the fuel

burns
Ignore references to specific heat capacity

of the apparatus or evaporation of propane

Number
21(c)(i) 1
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
+ 6490 kJ mol1
3C(g) + 8H(g) + 10 O (g)

Balancing and state symbol required

Number
21(c)(ii) 1
Z = (6x C=O + 8xO-H = 4830 + 3712)
= (+)8542 (kJ mol1)

Number
21(c)(iii) 1
∆HX = 6490 - 8542 = -2052 (kJ mol1)
Allow TE from 21(c)(ii)
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Number
21(c)(iv) Bond energy calculation based on H2O(g) 1
OR
∆Hco based on H2O(l)
Allow
Bond energy varies with environment/ mean
bond energies do not equal actual bond
energies for these reactants
Ignore reference to standard conditions
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Number
22(a) UV light/ ultraviolet light/ (sun) light / 1
UV radiation
IGNORE
References to heat and or pressure.

Number
22(b) Species/ particle with unpaired electron Single electron 1
Allow atom

Number
22(c)(i) Cl-Cl bond is weaker than a C-H bond / 1
breaks more easily than a C-H bond
OR
Reverse argument

Number
22(c)(ii) CHCl3 + Cl  CCl3 + HCl 2
(1)
CCl3 + Cl2  CCl4 + Cl

(1)
Max (1) if 2 equations based on methane.

Number
22(c)(iii) CCl3 + Cl  CCl4 1

Number
22(d) 100% as only one product / Just “atom 1
100% as no by product(s) / economy is
100% as no waste product (formed) high(er)” /
no mention of
100%
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Number
23(a)(i)  bond between C atoms (1) 2
 bond above and below  bond (1)
Max (1) if diagram is unlabelled.

Number
23(a)(ii) Good overlap of s orbitals in sigma bonds 2
(1)
p orbitals are parallel so poor overlap when
 bonds form
(1)
OR
Overlap of orbitals in sigma bond is along
the line between the two nuclei
(1)
whereas, in the  bond, there is sideways
overlap
(1)
Can be shown on a diagram

Number
23(b)(i) CH3 H 1
C=C
H CH3
E-but-2-ene
Allow angles of 90o between C=C and other

bonds.
Allow displayed or skeletal formula
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Number
23(b)(ii) One C on the double bond has two of the 1
same atoms/ two hydrogen atoms attached
to it
OR
C on one end of double bond is not attached

to two different atoms or groups
Ignore references to restricted rotation

about the C=C double bond

Number
23(b)(iii) (Bromine water goes from brown/ red- To ‘clear’ 2
brown / yellow/ orange to) colourless
OR
(Bromine water is) decolorised
(1)
CH3 H
Br C C OH
H CH3
Accept any orientation Molecular formula

Allow addition of two Br atoms
Allow un-displayed CH3 and OH groups
Allow skeletal or structural formula
(1)
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Number
23(c) (Colour change purple/ purple-pink / pink To clear 2
to) colourless
OR
(KMnO4 is) decolorised
(1)
OH OH Molecular formula
H C C CH2  CH3
H H
Accept any orientation

Allow un-displayed CH2CH3 and OH groups,
skeletal or structural formula
(1)

Number
23(d)(i) ( 2-) methylprop(-1)ene 2- methylprop-2-ene 1

Number
23(d)(ii) 1
H CH3 H CH3
C C C C
H CH3 H CH3
Allow methyl groups on C2 and C3
Allow complete polymer formula with square

brackets and n
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Number
23(e) Not sustainable as (polybutene) not made 1
from a renewable resource /
Not sustainable as made from non-
renewable resource / not sustainable as
made from crude oil /
Not sustainable as crude oil is not
renewable /
Not sustainable as crude oil finite resource
IGNORE
References to non-biodegradability /
long-lasting in use
6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

6CH01_01R
1406
PMT

Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary

Instructions
Information
t written
Advice
Turn over
P42976A
*P42976A0124*
6/6/6/6/
PMT
SECTION A
a cross .
1 Which of the following species has 50 neutrons?

50
A 23 V
86
B 37 Rb–
89
C 39 Y+
91
D 40 Zr+
2 Which of the following statements is correct about all isotopes of an element? They have
A the same mass number.
B the same number of neutrons.
C more protons than neutrons.
D the same electronic configuration.
3 The element rhenium has two naturally-occurring isotopes, 185Re and 187Re. The
relative atomic mass of rhenium is 186.2.
From this information, the percentage abundances of these two isotopes are
A 12% 185Re and 88% 187Re

B 40% 185Re and 60% 187Re
C 60% 185Re and 40% 187Re
D 88% 185Re and 12% 187Re
2
*P42976A0224*
PMT
4 In which of the following pairs does the second element have a lower 1st ionization
energy than the first element?
A Si C
B Na Mg
C Be B
D Ar Ne
5 An oxide of nitrogen contains 2.8 g of nitrogen and 8.0 g of oxygen.

What is the empirical formula of this oxide?
A NO
B NO3
C N2O3
D N2O5
6 Calculate the total number of atoms present in 1.8 g of water, H2O.

DATA
A 6.0 × 1022
B 6.0 × 1023
C 1.8 × 1023
D 1.8 × 1024
3
PMT
7 Calculate the mass of hydrated sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3.5H2O, required to prepare

200 cm3 of a 0.100 mol dm–3 solution.
[Assume that the molar mass of Na2S2O3.5H2O is 248 g mol–1]
A 0.124 g
B 4.96 g
C 24.8 g
D 4960 g
8 A 27.0 g sample of an unknown hydrocarbon, CxHy , was burned completely in excess

oxygen to form 88.0 g of carbon dioxide and 27.0 g of water.
[Molar masses / g mol–1: CO2 = 44; H2O = 18]
Which of the following is a possible formula of the unknown hydrocarbon?
A CH4
B C2H6
C C4H6
D C6H6

B atoms contained in one mole of any element in its standard state.
C particles (atoms, ions or molecules) required to make one gram of a
substance.
D atoms contained in one mole of any monatomic element.
4
*P42976A0424*
PMT
10 Nitrogen monoxide, NO, can be made by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia, NH3.
4NH3 + 5O2 o 4NO + 6H2O
In an experiment, 8.5 g of ammonia reacted to form 15.0 g of nitrogen monoxide.
The percentage yield of nitrogen monoxide in this experiment is
A 50%
B 57%
C 100%
D 176%
11 Calculate the mass, in grams, of silver chloride, AgCl, formed when excess
silver nitrate solution is added to 55.0 cm3 of a 0.200 mol dm−3 solution of
potassium chloride.
[The molar mass of AgCl = 143.4 g mol–1]

AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) o AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)
A 1.10 g
B 1.58 g
C 7.89 g
D 11.0 g
12 Element X is in Group 3 and element Y is in Group 6 of the Periodic Table.

Which of the following is the most likely formula of the compound formed when X
and Y react together?
A X2Y3
B X3Y2
C X 2Y
D XY2
5
PMT

A positive ions and delocalized electrons.
B protons and electrons.
C positive and negative ions.
D nuclei and shared pairs of electrons.
14 Which of the following molecules contains a double bond?

A F2
B F 2O
C C2F4
D C2F6
15 Which of the following statements is true?

A Breaking covalent bonds requires energy and making ionic bonds requires
energy.
B Bond breaking is endothermic whereas bond making is exothermic.
C Bond breaking is exothermic whereas bond making is endothermic.
D Breaking ionic bonds releases energy whereas making covalent bonds
requires energy.
6
*P42976A0624*
PMT
16 Consider the two equations given below.
2H2(g) + O2(g) o 2H2O(l) ǻH = −572 kJ mol−1

2H2(g) + O2(g) o 2H2O(g) ǻH = −484 kJ mol−1
From this information, calculate the enthalpy change for the following process
H2O(g) o H2O(l)
A –44 kJ mol–1
B +44 kJ mol–1
C –88 kJ mol–1
D +88 kJ mol–1
17 How many structural isomers have the molecular formula C6H14?

A Four
B Five
C Six
D Seven
18 In addition to water, which of the following could be formed during the incomplete
combustion of a hydrocarbon?
A Carbon, carbon monoxide and hydrogen
B Carbon and hydrogen
C Carbon monoxide and hydrogen
D Carbon and carbon monoxide
7
PMT
19 Poly(ethene) is a plastic material made by polymerizing the hydrocarbon ethene.

Which of the following is not true?
Pure poly(ethene) is
A solidified ethene.
B composed of carbon and hydrogen only.
C a long-chain compound.
D non-biodegradable.
20 Which of the following statements correctly describes an environmental problem

caused by the burning of hydrocarbon fuels?
A The carbon dioxide produced is toxic and kills plants.
B The smoke produced obscures sunlight and leads to global warming.
D The carbon dioxide produced traps heat radiated from the Earth and leads to
global warming.
8
*P42976A0824*
PMT
SECTION B
21 Bromine, Br2, can react with both alkanes and alkenes. The type of reaction that
occurs depends on whether the Br—Br bond breaks by homolytic or heterolytic
fission.
(a) (i) Write an equation to show the homolytic fission of the Br—Br bond. Do not
(1)
(ii) Write an equation to show the heterolytic fission of the Br—Br bond. Do not
(1)
(iii) Choosing from the products you have given in (a)(i) and (a)(ii), write the
formula of a free radical and an electrophile.
(2)
Free radical ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......
Electrophile .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......
9
PMT
(b) The compound hexane, C6H14, can react with bromine, in the presence of UV light,
according to the equation
C6H14 + Br2 o C6H13Br + HBr
(i) Give the displayed formulae of the three structural isomers of C6H13Br that
could be formed in the above reaction.
(3)
First isomer
Second isomer
Third isomer
(ii) The bromoalkanes and the hydrogen bromide formed in this reaction are
hazardous.
The bromoalkanes would be labelled as ‘flammable’. Suggest a suitable
hazard warning for the hydrogen bromide.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
*P42976A01024*
PMT
(iii) Calculate the percentage atom economy by mass for the formation of C6H13Br.
Use the expression
molar mass of the desired product

atom economy = × 100%
he molar masses of all products
sum of th
(2)
(c) Fluorine, F2, and chlorine, Cl2, react with methane, CH4, by a similar mechanism,
although the rates of reaction are very different.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction between methane and fluorine, assuming
they react in a 1:1 mole ratio. State symbols are not required.
(1)
*(ii) On the basis of comparing the relative sizes of the fluorine and chlorine
atoms, it might be predicted that the F—F bond energy would be greater
than the Cl—Cl bond energy.
Suggest an explanation for this prediction.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
PMT
(iii) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the arrangement of the outermost
electrons in a fluorine molecule, F2.
(2)
(iv) The actual bond energies are shown below.
Bond Bond energy / kJ mol−1

F—F 158
Cl—Cl 243
By referring to your dot and cross diagram in your answer to (c)(iii), suggest
an explanation for the fact that the F—F bond energy is less than that of the
Cl—Cl bond energy.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(v) Suggest why a mixture of methane and chlorine requires exposure to UV light,
or heat, before a reaction occurs, whereas methane reacts rapidly with fluorine
at room temperature in the absence of UV light or heat.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
*P42976A01224*
PMT
(d) The alkene hex-3-ene reacts with bromine to produce 3,4-dibromohexane.

Complete the mechanism below by adding curly arrows to show the movement
of electron pairs in both steps and by giving the structural formula of the
intermediate carbocation.
(3)
H H H H
C C H5C2 C C C2H5
H5C2 C2H5
Br Br
Br
Br
3,4-dibromohexane
(e) The mechanism shown in (d) shows Z-hex-3-ene reacting with bromine.
E-hex-3-ene also reacts with bromine to form 3,4-dibromohexane.
(i) Draw the structure of E-hex-3-ene.
(1)
(ii) Explain why both Z-hex-3-ene and E-hex-3-ene react with bromine to produce
the same structural isomer.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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13
PMT
22 Lattice energy can be used as a measure of ionic bond strength. Born-Haber cycles
can be used to determine experimental values of lattice energies.
The table below shows the energy changes that are needed to determine the lattice
energy of lithium fluoride, LiF.
Energy change ǻH / kJ mol–1

Enthalpy change of atomization of lithium +159
First ionization energy of lithium +520
Enthalpy change of atomization of fluorine, ½F2 +79
First electron affinity of fluorine −328
Enthalpy change of formation of lithium fluoride −616
(a) Define the term lattice energy.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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14
*P42976A01424*
PMT
(b) The diagram below shows an incomplete Born-Haber cycle for the formation of
lithium fluoride from lithium and fluorine.
(i) Complete the diagram by writing the formulae of the correct species,
including state symbols, in the four empty boxes.
(4)
Li+(g) + F–(g)
LiF(s)
(ii) Calculate the lattice energy of lithium fluoride, in kJ mol−1.

(2)
15
PMT
*(c) The lattice energies of sodium fluoride, sodium chloride and magnesium fluoride
are shown in the table below.

Sodium chloride, NaCl −780
Explain, in terms of the sizes and charges of the ions involved, the differences
between the lattice energy values of
(i) NaF and NaCl
(2)
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(ii) NaF and MgF2

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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16
*P42976A01624*
PMT
23 Alkanes are used as fuels in homes and in industry. It is, therefore, important that the
enthalpy changes involving alkanes are known.
(a) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation of a compound.
Give the conditions of temperature and pressure that are used when measuring a
standard enthalpy change.
(3)
Definition .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Standard temperature is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................
Standard pressure is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................
(b) Write the equation, with state symbols, that accompanies the enthalpy change of
formation of hexane, C6H14(l).
(2)
17
PMT
(c) Enthalpy changes can be calculated using enthalpy changes of combustion.

Values for some standard enthalpy changes of combustion are shown in the table
below.

C(s) −394
H2(g) −286
CH4(g) −890
Use these data to complete the Hess cycle below for the reaction and then
calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction, in kJ mol−1.
C(s) + 2H2(g) o CH4(g)
(3)
Space for working
standard enthalpy change for the reaction = .............................................................. kJ mol−1
18
*P42976A01824*
PMT
(d) The equations for the combination of gaseous carbon atoms and gaseous
hydrogen atoms to form methane, CH4, and ethane, C2H6, are shown below.
C(g) + 4H(g) o CH4(g) ǻH = −1652 kJ mol−1
2C(g) + 6H(g) o C2H6(g) ǻH = −2825 kJ mol−1
Use these data to calculate

(i) the mean bond enthalpy of a C—H bond in methane, in kJ mol−1.
(1)
(ii) the bond enthalpy of a C—C bond, in kJ mol−1, clearly showing your working.
(2)
19
PMT
24 This question is about atomic structure.

(a) Draw diagrams to show the shape of an s-orbital and of a p-orbital.
(2)
s-orbital p-orbital
(b) Complete the table to show the number of electrons that completely fill the
following regions.
(3)
Number of electrons present

Region
when completely filled
a d-orbital
a p sub-shell
the third shell (n = 3)
20
*P42976A02024*
PMT
(c) The energy diagram below is for the eight electrons present in an oxygen atom.
Complete the diagram for an oxygen atom by adding
x labels to identify the other occupied sub-shells
x arrows to show how the remaining six electrons are arranged in the orbitals.
(2)
............................
energy ......................
1s
......................
(d) Successive ionization energies provide evidence for the arrangement of electrons
in atoms. The eight successive ionization energies of oxygen are shown in the
table below.
Ionization
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th
number
Ionization
energy 1314 3388 5301 7469 10989 13327 71337 84080
/ kJ mol−1

(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
PMT
(ii) Write an equation, with state symbols, to show the third ionization energy of
oxygen.
(2)
*(iii) Explain how the data in the table provide evidence that there are two
occupied electron shells in an oxygen atom.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22
*P42976A02224*
PMT
BLANK PAGE
23
*P42976A02324*
PMT
24
*P42976A02424*
PMT
Summer 2014

PMT
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last.
limited.
consulted.

PMT

full credit.
same question.

to:
PMT

appropriate.
abilities.
PMT
Section A

Number
1 C 1

Number
2 D 1

Number
3 B 1

Number
4 C 1

Number
5 D 1

Number
6 C 1

Number
7 B 1

Number
8 C 1

Number
9 D 1

Number
10 C 1

Number
11 B 1

Number
12 A 1
PMT

Number
13 A 1

Number
14 C 1

Number
15 B 1

Number
16 A 1

Number
17 B 1

Number
18 D 1

Number
19 A 1

Number
20 D 1
SECTION A = 20 marks
WCH01_01
1406
PMT
Section B
Number
21 (a)(i) Penalise use of chlorine once only in Br 1
Q21(a)(i), (ii) and (iii)
IGNORE lone pairs of electrons, even
if incorrect in Q21(a)(i), (ii) and (iii)
ALLOW one slip in the formula of the

element if it is correctly given
elsewhere in the answer e.g B for Br
Br2 → Br• + Br• /

Br2 → 2Br•
Ignore position of dot

even if incorrect

Number
21 Br2 → Br+ + Br― δ+ / δ− for the + or − 1
(a)(ii)
even if incorrect

Number
21 (free radical) Br• Br 2
(a)(iii)
NOTE:
No TE, except Cl•
(1)
Penalise omission of the dot only once

in (a)(i) and (a)(iii)
(electrophile) Br+
NOTE:
No TE, except Cl+

(1)
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
21 (b)(i) H H H H H H Any branched-chain isomers 3
H C C C C C C H
Br H H H H H
(1)
H H H H H H
H C C C C C C H
H Br H H H H
(1)
H H H H H H
H C C C C C C H
H H Br H H H
(1)
Isomers can be in any order
ALLOW
skeletal or structural formulae

Number
21 Corrosive / toxic / poisonous Flammable / ‘naked flames’ 1
(b)(ii)
Allow correct symbols for corrosive or
toxic / poisonous
IGNORE
harmful / dangerous / irritant / acidic
/ volatile / any references to state of
HBr
IGNORE
Any precautions taken, EXCEPT those
related to flammability
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
21 First mark 2
(b)(iii) Calculation of the C6H13Br Mr value
and the total of the product Mr
EXPECTED
164.9 AND 245.8
ALLOW
165 AND 246

(1)
Second mark
EXPECTED
164.9 (x 100%)
245.8
= 67.08706265(%)
= 67.1(%) to 3 s.f.
ALLOW
165 (x 100%)
246
= 67.07317073 (%)
= 67.1(%) to 3 s.f.
ALLOW
TE from any incorrect Mr value(s)
provided answer is not greater than
100%
(1)
Answer MUST be rounded correctly to

3 s.f. for the second mark

(2)
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
21 (c)(i) CH4 + F2 → CH3F + HF Cl2 1
incorrect “Fl” if used more than once

Number
21 (c)(ii) NOTE 2
Allow reverse argument throughout
1st Mark
Fluorine / F (atom is) smaller (than a F2 / ‘fluorine molecule’

Cl atom)
(1)
2nd Mark
Any ONE of:-

Mention of ‘Intermolecular
(so expect) F―F bond to be shorter
forces’ (no 2nd mark)
(than the Cl―Cl bond)
OR
F―F bonding electrons / bond pair /
/ shared pair closer to (both) nuclei
OR
(so) attraction between nuclei and
bonding electrons / bond pair /
shared pair expected to be stronger
(1)
IGNORE
Any references to the strengths of the
F-F and/or Cl-Cl bonds
Any references to the ‘repulsion

between nuclei’
Any references to ‘shielding’ / ‘Charge

density’ / ‘Electronegativity’ / outer
electrons
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
21 2
X
X
(c)(iii) X
F X F X
X
X
Shared pair of electrons shown
(1)
The remaining six electrons on each F

atom
(1)
NOTE
Can be dots or crosses – only total
number of electrons matters
Circles not required
IGNORE
Two inner-shell electrons
ALLOW
‘Fl’ or F symbol missing

Number
21 ‘Repulsion between electrons’ scores Just repulsion between 2
(c)(iv) (1) bonding / shared electrons
BUT
‘Repulsion between lone pairs (of

electrons)’ scores (2)
ALLOW
‘Non-bonding electrons’ for lone pairs
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
21 (c)(v) UV (light) / (sun) light / heat / energy 1
required to break Cl―Cl bond
OR
UV (light) / (sun) light / heat / energy
required to form Cl•
OR
F―F requires less energy to break
OR
F―F requires less energy to form F•
IGNORE
Just F2 more reactive (than Cl2)
Just F―F bond is weaker (than Cl―Cl)
Just F―F bond energy is lower (than

Cl―Cl)
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
21 (d) Mark independently 3
H H
H H
C C H5C2 C C C2H5
H5C2
C2H5
Br
Br Br-
Br
First mark:
For both arrows in initial step Half-arrow(s)
Allow upper arrow as in diagram or Incorrect polarities

directly to Br atom Full-charges on Br2
(1)
Second mark:
Carbocation intermediate
(1)
Third mark: Half-arrow(s)

δ− instead of the full – sign
Arrow from anywhere on the bromide on the Br−
ion to the C or to the + sign on the
intermediate (1)
Lone pair(s) on Br− not required
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
21(e)(i) 1
C 2 H5
H
C C
H
C2 H 5
OR
C 2 H5 H
C C
H C2 H 5
Diagram clearly shows that H atoms

are diagonal to each other in the E-
isomer/correct relative positions of
hydrogen atoms and ethyl groups
ALLOW
Skeletal or displayed formula

Number
21(e)(ii) EITHER 1
Rotation around C―C bond (in

product molecule)
OR
Double bond is broken so rotation (is
now possible)
ALLOW
Same carbocation / intermediate
formed (so product is the same)
IGNORE
Comments about optical isomerism
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number k
22(a) (The energy / enthalpy change / ‘energy required’ / ‘energy 2
released that accompanies the needed’ / ‘energy it takes’
formation of)
one mole of a(n ionic) compound

(1)

product / salt
‘from one mole of

from (its) gaseous ions gaseous ions’ (no 2nd
(1) mark)
Just ‘from gaseous

elements’
(no 2nd mark)
IGNORE
References to ‘standard conditions’ or
any incorrect standard conditions
energy change per mole /

enthalpy change per mole
(1)
Li+(g) + F—(g)  LiF(s)

(1)
NOTE
If lattice energy of dissociation is
given (e.g. “energy required to break
down 1 mol of an ionic lattice into its
gaseous ions”) max (1) for the 2nd
scoring point ‘gaseous ions’
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number k
22(b)(i) 4
Box 4 Li+(g) + F(g) + e-
(Li+(g) + F-(g))
Box 3 Li+(g) + ½F2(g) +
Box 5
e-
Li(g) + ½F2(g)
Box 2
Box 1 Li(s) + ½F2(g)
Box 6 (LiF(s))
IGNORE missing electrons / e―
First mark (Box 1):
Li(s) + ½F2(g)
(1)
Second mark (Box 4):
Li+(g) + F(g) (+e―)

(1)
Third and Fourth marks (if box 1 is correct):
‘Box 2’ as above i.e. Li(g) + ½F2(g) as above

(1)
‘Box 3’ as above i.e. Li+(g) + ½F2(g) (+ e―) as above

(1)
OR
‘Box 2’ Li(s) + F (g) (1)
‘Box 3’ Li(g) + F(g) (1)
OR
‘Box 2’ Li(g) + ½F2(g) (1)
‘Box 3’ Li(g) + F(g) (1)
WCH01_01
1406
PMT
Penalise use of ‘Fl’ instead of ‘F’ once only
If Box 1 is INCORRECT max (2) for correct transitions

e.g if use F(g) or F2(g) instead of ½F2(g), then 2 marks
available for two correct transitions involving lithium.

Number
22(b)(ii) FIRST, CHECK THE FINAL ANSWER 2
IF answer = −1046 (kJ mol—1)
then
award (2) marks, with or without
working
Otherwise look for
−616 = (+159) + (+520) + (+79) +

(−328) + ∆HLE
OR
∆HLE = −616 − [ (+159) + (+520) +
(+79) + (−328)]
(1)
= −616 − 430
= −1046 (kJ mol–1)

(1)
NOTE
ALLOW for 1 mark:
(+)1046 (wrong sign)

−186 (+430 instead of −430)
(+)186 (+616 instead of −616)
−1006.5 (+79 halved to +39.5)
−1702 (wrong sign for 328)
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
*22(c)(i) ALLOW reverse argument where appropriate 2
(NaF more negative than NaCl because)
First mark “NaF is smaller

than NaCl”
F― smaller (than Cl―)
F— has a smaller
ALLOW ‘fluorine ion is smaller (than a chlorine atomic radius
ion’) than Cl—
OR
F― larger charge density (than Cl―)
(1)
Second mark:
F— (forms) stronger (electrostatic) attractions

(than Cl−)
IGNORE just ‘stronger (ionic) bonds’

(1)

use of the word ‘atom(s)’ or ‘molecule(s)’/ use
of just formulae such as ‘Mg’, ‘Na’, ‘F’, ‘F2’, ‘Cl’,
‘Cl2’, etc.
OR
use of words such as just ‘magnesium’ (instead
of magnesium ions/Mg2+) and/or just ‘fluorine’
(instead of fluoride ions/F—) /and or just
‘chlorine’ (instead of chloride ions/Cl―)
IGNORE
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
*22(c)(ii) ALLOW reverse argument where appropriate 2
(NaF less negative than MgF2 because)
First mark - size: “MgF2 is smaller

than NaF”
Mg2+ smaller (than Na+)
Mg2+ has a smaller
atomic radius
OR than Na+
‘Magnesium ion’ is smaller (than Na+)
(1)
Second mark - charge:
Mg2+ has a greater charge (density) (than Na+)
OR
‘Magnesium ion’ has a greater charge (density)
(than Na+)
(1)
[NOTE:
It follows that the statement that “Mg2+ ions are
smaller than Na+ ions” would score BOTH marks]
IGNORE
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
23(a) (Enthalpy/energy change when) 3
one mole of a compound / one mole
of a substance
IGNORE
Statements such as “energy released”
or “energy required” here
(1)
is formed from its elements (in their ‘is formed from its gaseous
standard states, under standard elements’
conditions)
(1)
(Standard temperature is) 298 K /

25oC
ALLOW
‘oK’
IGNORE
References to room temperature
(Standard pressure is) 1 atm /

101 kPa / 100 kPa
(1)

Number
23(b) 6C(s, graphite) + 7H2(g) → C6H14(l) 2
ALLOW
6C(s) / 6C(graphite)
Species and balancing correct

(1)
State symbols correct

(1)
State symbols mark is dependent on
correct species but allow this mark if
14H used instead of 7H2
NOTE
C6H14(l) → 6C(s, graphite) + 7H2(g)
scores (1)
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
23(c) 3
C(s) + 2H2(g) → CH4(g)
(+2O2(g)) (+2O2(g))
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
First mark:
Both arrows point downwards
(1)
Second mark:
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) (1) 2H2O(g)
Third mark:
((1 x ―394) + (2 x ―286) ― (1 x
―890) =)
―76 (kJ mol―1) If incorrect units with a final
No TE from cycle arrows answer, no 3rd mark
(1)

Number
23(d)(i) (+1652÷4 =) (+)413 (kJ mol―1) −413 1

Number
23(d)(ii) First mark: 2
(+2825 ― 6 x answer to (d)(i))
ALLOW
TE only from a positive value given
as answer to (d)(i)
(1)
Second mark:
= (+)347 (kJ mol―1)
(1)
Second mark is CQ on first mark
Correct answer with or without

working scores (2)
NOTE
−347 (kJ mol―1) scores (1)
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
24(a) 2
s-orbital p-orbital
(s-orbital)
Circle drawn
ALLOW
Concentric circles drawn
(1)
(p-orbital)
Figure of ‘8’ / ‘dumb-bell’ drawn
NOTE:
p-orbital can be drawn along any axis
(axis does not have to be shown)
(1)
ALLOW
If one, two or three p-orbitals of
correct shapes are shown
If overlapping orbitals are shown of

correct shape in both cases, award
(1) mark

Number
24(b) (region) (no. of electrons) 3
(a d-orbital) 2
(1)
(a p sub-shell) 6
(1)
(the third shell) 18
(1)
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
24(c) First mark: BOTH 2s and 2p labelled 2p6 2
ALLOW
2s2 and 2p4
(1)
Second mark: ALL eight e― shown

correctly
(1)
2p
energy 2s
(1s)
ALLOW
Half-arrows or full arrows for each
electron
Paired arrows in any one of the 2p

orbitals
NOTE
Single arrows must be orientated in
same direction
Paired arrows must have opposite

spins
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
24(d)(i) First mark: 3
Makes mention of
energy/enthalpy/(heat) energy/heat “Energy given out…” for
(change/required) first mark
AND
(1)
Second mark:
one mole/1 mol

(1)
Third mark:
Makes mention of gaseous atom(s) Just ‘gaseous element’/

(1) ‘gaseous substance’
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER
Energy change per mole / kJ mol−1 for

(1)
X(g) → X+(g) + e(—)

(2)

Mark independently
IGNORE
any references to standard conditions
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
24(d)(ii) O2+(g) − e― → O3+(g) Reverse equation scores (0) 2
overall
OR
O2+(g) → O3+(g) + e−
All species and balancing correct

(1)
State symbols correct (1)
2nd mark is dependent on 1st mark
ALLOW
‘e’ for ‘e―’
IGNORE
(g) on the e―
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Number
24(d)(iii) First mark: 2
Big ‘jump’ / large increase

(1)
Second mark:
between 6th and 7th (IE) Any other ionization jumps

mentioned
OR
after the 6th
OR
to the 7th
OR
from 13327 to 71337
OR
of 58010
IGNORE

of a change of sub-shell
OR

of NOT being a change of shell
(1)
SECTION B = 60 marks
TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 marks
WCH01_01
1406
PMT

WCH01_01
1406
PMT

Surname Other names

Pearson
Edexcel GCE
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary

Instructions
Information
t written
Advice
t Keep
t Try toananswer
eye on the time.
every question.
Turn over
P44879A
*P44879A0124*
6/6/6/6/
PMT
SECTION A
a cross .
1 Which molecule does not exhibit E / Z isomerism?
Br CH3
A C C
H 3C H
Br CH3
B C C
H CH3
H3C CH2Br
C C C
H H
Br CH3
D C C
H3C Br
C2H5
H 3C CH CH2 CH CH3
CH3
A 2-methyl-4-ethylpentane
B 2-ethyl-4-methylpentane
C 2,4-dimethylhexane
D 3,5-dimethylhexane
2
*P44879A0224*
PMT
3 Which of the following molecules is formed on adding bromine water to ethene?

A ethanol
B ethane-1,2-diol
C bromoethane
D 2-bromoethanol

4 A section of a polymer is shown below.
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
C C C C
C2H5 H C2H5 H
What is the monomer for this polymer?
CH3 CH3
A H C C H
C2H5 H
CH3 CH3 CH3

B C C C C
C2 H 5 C2H5
CH3
CH3 CH3
C C C
C2H5 H
CH3 H
D C C
CH3 C2H5
3
PMT
5 Which of the following equations has the correct state symbols for the reaction of
dilute hydrochloric acid with magnesium oxide?
A MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(s) + H2O(l)

B MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
C MgO(s) + 2HCl(l) → MgCl2(s) + H2O(l)
D MgO(s) + 2HCl(l) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
6 This question is about the reaction between sodium carbonate solution and dilute
nitric acid.
Na2CO3(aq) + 2HNO3(aq) → 2NaNO3(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(a) What is the ionic equation for this reaction?
(1)
A Na2CO3(aq) + 2H+(aq) → 2Na+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
B Na+(aq) + NO3−(aq) → NaNO3(aq)
_
C CO32 (aq) + 2H+(aq) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)
_
D CO32 (aq) + 2HNO3(aq) → 2NO3−(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(b) What is the volume of carbon dioxide produced from the complete reaction of
0.10 mol of nitric acid at room temperature and pressure?
[1 mol of any gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure.]
(1)
3
A 1.2 dm
B 1.8 dm3
C 2.4 dm3
D 3.6 dm3
(c) What volume of sodium carbonate solution of concentration 0.500 mol dm–3,
would be needed to completely react with 25.0 cm3 of nitric acid of concentration
0.250 mol dm–3?
(1)
A 6.25 cm3
B 12.50 cm3
C 18.75 cm3
D 25.00 cm3
4
*P44879A0424*
PMT
7 Lithium reacts with water to produce hydrogen.
Li(s) + H2O(l) → LiOH(aq) + ½H2(g)
(a) In an experiment, 0.069 g (0.01 mol) of lithium produced 90 cm3 of hydrogen at

room temperature and pressure. What is the percentage yield of hydrogen?
(1)
A 45%
B 60%
C 75%
D 90%
(b) Which of the following is not a possible reason for the yield being less than
100%?
(1)
A Some oil remained on the surface of the lithium.
B Hydrogen gas is very soluble in water.
C A layer of oxide was present on the surface of the lithium.
D Some of the hydrogen gas escaped collection.

8 How many moles of atoms are present in 240 cm3 of carbon dioxide at room
temperature and pressure?
A 0.010
B 0.020
C 0.024
D 0.030
5
PMT
9 What is the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3?

[Molar masses/g mol−1: N = 14.0; H = 1.0; O = 16.0]
A 14.0%
B 17.5%
C 28.0%
D 35.0%

_
10 The first five successive ionization energies for an element J, in kJ mol 1, are
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
738 1450 7733 10543 13630
The formula of the compound of chlorine with element J is

A JCl
B JCl2
C JCl3
D J2Cl3

11 Which of the following is the correct order of increasing melting temperature of
elements of Period 3?
A Na, Mg, Al, Si
B Na, Mg, Si, Al
C Si, Na, Mg, Al
D Si, Al, Mg, Na
6
*P44879A0624*
PMT
12 Which one of the following elements undergoes the change in electronic

configuration shown when it forms the stated ion?
Atom 1s22s22p63s23p3 Ion 1s22s22p63s23p6
A B to B3+
B Al to Al3+
C N to N3–
D P to P3–
13 Which of the following compounds has the most polarized anion?

A Na2O
B MgO
C K2O
D CaO
7
PMT
14 The diagram shows a Born-Haber cycle for calcium chloride. It is not drawn to scale.
_
All units are in kJ mol 1.
_
Ca2+(g) + 2Cl (g)
Q = +1735 R = (−346 × 2) = −692
P = −2258 Ca(g) + 2Cl(g)
+178 S = (+121 × 2) = +242
CaCl2(s) Ca(s) + Cl2(g)

X=?
(a) Which enthalpy change is correctly labelled on the diagram?

(1)
A Enthalpy change for the formation of calcium chloride (P).
B First ionization energy of calcium (Q).
C Electron affinity of chlorine (R).
D Twice the enthalpy change of atomization of chlorine (S).
_
(b) What is the value of X, in kJ mol 1?
(1)
A +795
B –795
C +3721
D –3721
8
*P44879A0824*
PMT
_
15 Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol 1, for the reaction
H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(g)
DATA:
Bond enthalpy
Bond _
/ kJ mol 1
H−H +436
O=O +498
H−O +464
A −243
B −6
C +6
D +221
16 The chemical properties of an element are determined by its
A electronic structure.
B number of neutrons.
C relative atomic mass.
D number of protons plus neutrons.
9
PMT
BLANK PAGE
10
*P44879A01024*
PMT
SECTION B
17 This question is about the use of mass spectrometers.
(a) Bromine has two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br. Explain the term isotopes, by reference
to sub-atomic particles.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The presence and abundance of these isotopes can be determined by using a
mass spectrometer such as that shown in the diagram below.
+ electric field
sample vaporized
+
A – B
recorder
amplifier
ions are detected
and recorded
(i) Explain how ions are produced in the area labelled A.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) State what is used to deflect the ions moving through the mass spectrometer
in the area labelled B.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Explain why there is a vacuum in a mass spectrometer.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
PMT
(c) Complete the mass spectrum below for a sample of bromine gas that contains
approximately half 79Br isotope and half 81Br isotope.
(4)
Relative
intensity
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

m/e
(d) Calculate the relative atomic mass of bromine for a sample which was found to
contain 47.0% 79Br and 53.0% 81Br.
(2)
(e) What would be the effect, if any, on the m/e value of the peak if the ion detected
had lost two electrons rather than one electron?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
*P44879A01224*
PMT
*(f ) One of the uses of mass spectrometers is for the detection of banned substances,
such as anabolic steroids, in a blood or urine sample taken from competitors in
sports events.
(i) Suggest two precautions that are necessary to ensure that the result of any
analysis would be valid.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) These substances can give competitors an unfair advantage. Suggest why the
use of these substances may be of concern to the user.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(g) Suggest one other use for mass spectrometers.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
PMT
18 Alkenes and cycloalkanes have the same general formula, but react very differently
with halogens.
(a) Give the general formula that applies to both alkenes and cycloalkanes.
(1)
(b) Using structural formulae, complete the overall equation for the reaction of an
alkene of your own choice, containing fewer than four carbon atoms, with liquid
bromine.
Name the product.
(3)
+ Br2 →
Name: ............................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
*P44879A01424*
PMT
*(c) An example of an alkene with six carbon atoms is 2-methylpent-1-ene. It reacts

with chlorine by means of an electrophilic addition reaction. The diagram below
shows a student’s attempt at drawing the mechanism for this reaction.
(i) Identify the three errors in this student’s drawing of the mechanism.
(3)
Error 1.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Error 2.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Error 3.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) The structure of the carbocation intermediate is correctly drawn. Explain why
the positive charge is on the carbon atom shown.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
PMT
(d) There are five possible cycloalkanes, each containing five carbon atoms. Three
of the isomers are given below. Complete the other two boxes, by adding the
skeletal formulae of the other two structural isomers.
(2)
(e) Define the term structural isomerism.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(f ) Another example of a cycloalkane is cyclobutane. This compound, like other

cycloalkanes, can also react with chlorine.
The overall reaction of cyclobutane with chlorine is as follows:
C4H8 + Cl2 → C4H7Cl + HCl
(i) This reaction can occur at room temperature and pressure.

What further condition is needed for this reaction to take place?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Using the appropriate arrows, complete the equation for the initiation step of
the reaction mechanism for the reaction of chlorine with cyclobutane.
(2)
Cl Cl →
16
*P44879A01624*
PMT
(iii) Using molecular formulae, write equations for the two propagation steps of
this mechanism.
(2)
First propagation step:
Second propagation step:
(iv) Name the type of bond fission which occurs in these propagation steps.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(v) There are also termination steps in this mechanism. Explain how these differ
from the other steps in the mechanism and why these result in the reaction
ending.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(g) If the reaction with cyclobutane is carried out with an excess of chlorine, how are
the products of the reaction affected?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
PMT
19 Sodium and chlorine react together to produce sodium chloride. The bonding in
the product is different from that in both of the reactants. Evidence for the type of
bonding present can be obtained in a number of different ways.
(a) Draw the electron density map for a chlorine molecule to show covalent bonding.
(1)
(b) Sodium chloride is ionically bonded. What is meant by the term ionic bond?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Electrolysis is an experiment which you could carry out in a school or college
laboratory on an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, to provide evidence for the
presence of ionic bonding.
Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus that you would use for this experiment,
indicating how your results would show that the bonding was ionic.
(3)
18
*P44879A01824*
PMT
(d) Chlorine gains an electron when it reacts with sodium to form sodium chloride.
(i) Draw the dot and cross diagram of a chloride ion showing outer electrons only.
(1)
(ii) Give the formula of an ion from Period 3 that is isoelectronic with the chloride ion.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) Sodium and sodium chloride can both be good conductors of electricity.
Under what conditions do these substances conduct electricity?
Compare the method of conductivity in each case.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
PMT
20 The reaction of calcium oxide with hydrochloric acid is an exothermic reaction.

CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
In an experiment to investigate this reaction, the following procedure was carried out.
1. 50.0 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, concentration 2.0 mol dm–3 (an excess), was
pipetted into a polystyrene cup and the initial temperature measured using a
thermometer with 0.5°C graduations.
2. 1.46 g of calcium oxide powder was weighed out and added to the acid.
The mixture was stirred and the maximum temperature measured.
Maximum temperature / °C 35.0
Initial temperature / °C 19.5
(a) Calculate the enthalpy change, in joules, for the quantities in this experiment.
Assume that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J g–1 C–1.
Use the expression:
energy transferred in joules = 50.0 × specific heat capacity × temperature change
(1)
(b) Using your answer from (a), calculate the molar enthalpy change for the reaction
between calcium oxide and hydrochloric acid. Include a sign and units in your
answer.
(2)
20
*P44879A02024*
PMT
(c) The standard molar enthalpy change for the reaction between calcium oxide and
hydrochloric acid is −196.8 kJ mol–1.
(i) Suggest three reasons why the calculated value in part (b) is different from
this value.
(3)
Reason 1 ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reason 2 ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reason 3 ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Using the standard enthalpy change of −196.8 kJ mol–1, calculate the
minimum mass of calcium oxide that would be needed to raise the
temperature of 250 cm3 of hydrochloric acid (an excess) by 25.0 °C.
(3)
21
PMT
(d) The reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid has the following
standard molar enthalpy change.
ǻH 9 = –18.8 kJ mol–1
This value can be used, with the enthalpy change for the reaction of
calcium oxide with hydrochloric acid, to determine the enthalpy change for the
thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate. This cannot be measured directly.
(i) Complete the Hess energy cycle below by adding the missing arrow and
entities.
Use the cycle, and the standard enthalpy change for the reaction of
calcium oxide and hydrochloric acid (−196.8 kJ mol–1), to determine the
standard enthalpy change for the decomposition of calcium carbonate.
(4)
2HCl(aq)
..................................... ( ) + . . . .................................. ( ) + ..................................... ( )
Enthalpy change = .............................................................. kJ mol–1
22
*P44879A02224*
PMT
(ii) Complete and label the enthalpy level diagram below, for the series of
reactions in (d)(i).
Your diagram does not have to be to scale.
(1)
CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Enthalpy
/ kJ mol–1
CaCO3(s)
Progress of reaction

23
*P44879A02324*
PMT
24
*P44879A02424*
PMT
Summer 2015

PMT
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visit our website at www.edexcel.com.
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Summer 2015
Publications Code US041075*
PMT
PMT
 All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the
 Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded
for what they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
used appropriately.
mark scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if the
limited.
 When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme
to a candidate’s response, the team leader must be consulted.
 Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it
when appropriate
PMT

Number
1 B 1

Number
2 C 1

Number
3 D 1

Number
4 C 1

Number
5 B 1

Number
6(a) C 1

Number
6(b) A 1

Number
6(c) A 1

Number
7(a) C 1

Number
7(b) B 1

Number
8 D 1

Number
9 D 1
PMT

Number
10 B 1

Number
11 A 1

Number
12 D 1

Number
13 B 1

Number
14(a) D 1

Number
14(b) B 1

Number
15 A 1

Number
16 A 1

PMT
Section B

Number
17(a) (Atoms/elements/isotopes with) the same 1
number of protons (and electrons)
and
different numbers of neutrons
ALLOW answers in terms of bromine

isotopes, 35 protons and 44 or 46 neutrons.
IGNORE different number of nucleons

IGNORE same atomic number but different
mass number

Number
17(b)(i) (High energy) electrons are ‘fired’ at/ Magnetic field 2
Electrons bombard/Use of an ‘electron gun’ (0)
(1)
(result in) loss of electron/electrons (thus

forming an ion) Forms an anion
This can be shown in an equation
X + e → X+ + 2e OR X → X+ + e (1)
Stand alone marks

Number
17(b)(ii) Magnet/Magnetic field/Electromagnet Electric field 1
Magnetic shield
Magnetic radiation

Number
17(b)(iii) Particles (of gas/air) will Atoms for ions 1
interfere with the movement of the
ions/collide with the ions/deflect ions
OR
Additional peaks will be detected/peaks at

incorrect m/e
IGNORE references to chemical reactions

PMT

Number
17(c) Marking point 1 4
Twin peaks of about the same height at 79
and 81 (1)
Marking point 2
Twin peaks of about the same height at 158
and 162 (1)
Marking point 3
Peak at 160 (1)
Marking point 4
Peak at 160 approximately twice the height
of the peaks at 158 and 162 (1)
IGNORE
Small peak at 80 which could be due to
Br22+ (79-81)
In MPs 1 and 2 penalise height difference

once only

Number
17(d) ( (47 x 79) + (53x81) ) = 80.06 (1) 2
100
(answer =) 80.1 (1) Incorrect units

of mass/%
Correct final answer without working scores (2)
No TE on incorrect expression

Number
17(e) The (m/e) value would be halved Peak half as high 1
PMT

Number
17(f)(i) Any two from: References to 2
medication being
Sample kept sealed/ tamper-proof (1) taken
Sample stored and labelled clearly (1)
Sample stored in preservative/sample tested

immediately after being taken (1)
Sample kept under temperature control (1)
Monitor sample is being taken from named

competitor (1)
Check that other non-banned substances do

not give similar mass spectrometry result
(1)
Analysis repeated (to confirm result)/

Multiple samples taken/ Sample divided into
two and tested at different times/ locations
(1)
Container/equipment sterile/cleaned (1) Just ‘no

contamination’
Run a control sample/ compare to a sample
without drugs (1)
Sampling to take place immediately after

event (1)
Precautions need to be actions/activities

that are carried out and not just a statement
that something must or must not happen but
how this is ensured or prevented
There will likely be other suggestions in

addition to those given above which can be
given credit if they are reasonable actions
PMT

Number
17(f)(ii) Health concerns/depression/bursts of anger/ Just ‘Fear of being 1
acts of violence/heart attack/strokes/liver banned/prosecuted’
damage/masculine features in women/
harmful side effects Just ‘side effects’
Allow any suitable health concern

Number
17(g) Any suitable use such as: Alcohol testing 1
RAM/RMM calculations/Relative isotopic

mass calculations/Space probes/
Pharmaceutical purity/testing of new
pharmaceuticals/Age of rocks from Helium
content/ Identification of unknown
substances/ Carbon dating/Radioactive C-12 dating
dating
TOTAL FOR QUESTION 17 = 16 MARKS

PMT

Number
18(a) CnH2n C2H2n 1
ALLOW any letter for n CnH2n+2

Number
18(b) Either one of the following options: 3
CH2CH2 + Br2 →CH2BrCH2Br

1,2-dibromoethane
OR
CH3CHCH2 + Br2 → CH3CHBrCH2Br

1,2-dibromopropane
Marking Point 1
Correct reactant – ethene or propene (1)
Marking Point 2
Correct product from the number of carbon
atoms in the reactant (1)
Marking Point 3
Correct name from the number of carbon
atoms in the reactant (1)
IGNORE punctuation on product
ALLOW displayed/ skeletal formulae

Penalise molecular formula of product only
No TE on name if product incorrect

PMT

Number
18(c)(i) (Error 1) the dipole on the chlorine molecule 3
should be the other way round (1)
(Error 2) the arrow should be going from the

double bond (to the chlorine)/electrons
move from the double bond to the chlorine
(1)
(Error 3) the chlorine should have a Chlorine molecule

negative charge (and a lone pair) (1)

Number
18(c)(ii) Because tertiary carbocation is more stable Just Secondary 1
(than a primary carbocation) carbocation
OR
the positive carbon has more positively-

inductive/ electron-releasing alkyl
groups (to help stabilization than the other
carbon of the double bond)
IGNORE references to carbon only having

three bonds or being electron deficient

Number
18(d) 2
OR
(1)
(1)
PMT

Number
18(e) Same molecular formula/same number of 1
atoms/same amount of each element
but different
(Structural) arrangement (of atoms)/ ‘in space’

structure/
structural formulae/
displayed formulae/
skeletal formulae

Number
18(f)(i) Ultraviolet (radiation)/ UV (radiation) / High temperature 1
(Sun) light

Number
18(f)(ii) Cl-Cl →2Cl● 2
OR
Cl-Cl →Cl● + Cl● (1)
Correct use of curly half / ‘fish-hook’ arrows (1)
Curly half arrows can start from anywhere on

the bond and extend beyond the Cl
The half arrows can be above or below the
bond or a combination of the two.
PMT

Number
18(f)(iii) (First propagation step) Reference to H/ H● 2
C4H8 + Cl● → HCl + C4H7● scores (0)
(1)
(Second propagation step)
C4H7● + Cl2 → C4H7Cl + Cl●
(1)
The position of ● is not essential
Penalise lack of ● once only

Number
18(f)(iv) Homolytic/ homolytic fission/ homolytic 1
bond fission

Number
18(f)(v) Marking point 1 2
Two free radicals are combining/reacting with
each other/suitable termination equation (1)
Marking point 2
The product is a stable species/No free
radicals produced/ The product is not a free
radical/ Concentration of free radicals
decreases / lowers the number of radicals (1)

Number
18(g) Further substitution/polysubstitution can 1
occur
OR
Other products such as C4H6Cl2/ C4H5Cl3
COMMENT:
ALLOW Forms C4Cl8
(TOTAL FOR QUESTION 18 =20 MARKS)

PMT

Number
19(a) 1
Drawing must have at least 1 circle around

each chlorine atom
OR
Random dots to indicate electron density

around both chlorine atoms and a
concentrated area between the atoms

Number
19(b) (Electrostatic) attraction between oppositely 1
charged ions
IGNORE comments on the formation of ions

PMT

Number
19(c) Marking point 1 3
Either
Diagram of U-tube / beaker with electrodes and Sodium

sodium chloride solution electrode
OR
Diagram of microscope slide with electrodes

attached and either filter paper soaked in sodium
chloride solution or dampened/wet filter paper on
the top of the slide with the sample added (in the
centre)
(1)
Marking point 2
Suitable circuit (1)
If electrodes labelled ± or named they must be

consistent with the cell
For example the following would not score this
marking point:
Marking point 3
Ammeter/ light bulb showing conductivity
OR
Chlorine (gas) evolved/ Test for
chlorine/hydrogen (gas) evolved/Test for Sodium
hydrogen (1) formed
ALLOW any other reasonable electrolysis

apparatus that would work to show ionic bonding.
For MP3 if the electrode at which the gas is

PMT
evolved is stated then it must have the correct

sign or charge, although it is not necessary to
name or give a sign for the electrode, ie chlorine
at the electrode with a positive sign and hydrogen
at the electrode with a negative sign.
Use of other ionic compounds can only score MP2

Number
19(d)(i) Correct dot and cross diagram with charge 1
Example
XX −
XX Cl X∙
XX
ALLOW all dots or all crosses
IGNORE any sodium dot and cross diagram

Number
19(d)(ii) (Isoelectronic example) S2-/S-2/P3-/P-3 Si4-/K+/Ca2+/Ar 1

Number
19(e) Marking point 1 Sodium in 3
Sodium conducts when solid (and solution/dissolved
liquid/molten) (1)
Marking point 2
Sodium chloride conducts when molten (and
in solution but not as a solid) (1)
Marking point 3
Charge carriers in sodium are (delocalised)
electrons but ions in sodium chloride
OR
Conductivity in sodium due to the

movement of (delocalised) electrons but the
movement of ions in sodium chloride (1)

PMT

Number
20(a) (50 x 4.18 x 15.5 =) 3239.5 (J) 1
IGNORE any sign given

ALLOW
3.2395 kJ
(units are essential for this answer)

Number
20(b) (1.46 ÷ 56.1 =) 0.026025.. (mol) (1) 2
(∆H = 3.2395 ÷ 0.026025 = −124.47…)

−124 kJ mol-1 (1) + sign
OR
(1.46 ÷ 56.1 =) 0.0260 (mol) (1)
(∆H = 3.2395 ÷ 0.0260 = −124.596154)

−125 kJ mol-1 (1)
ALLOW the use of CaO = 56

= (−124.255 kJ mol-1 ) −124 kJ mol-1
ALLOW TE from answer to (a)

PMT

Number
20(c)(i) Any three reasons from: Incomplete reaction 3
Heat/energy loss Just ‘heat lost to

(to the surroundings / to the apparatus)/ the thermometer’
Lack of lid/no lid/ heat capacity of the cup
not taken into account/heat capacity of the
cup is not zero (1)
Inaccuracy of thermometer/temperature
readings (1)
Impure CaO/Absorbed moisture from the air

(1)
Heat capacity is not 4.18/ the mass of

solution is not 50 g/ density of solution is
not 1 g cm-3 (1)
IGNORE non-standard conditions/

stirring/human error/incomplete transfer of
solid

Number
20(c)(ii) Marking point 1 3
(Q=(250 x 4.18 x 25) = 26125(J)
OR
( 26125 ÷ 1000 =) 26.125 (kJ) (1)
Marking point 2
(n = 26.125 ÷ 196.8 =) 0.132749 (mol) (1)
Marking point 3
Mass = (0.132749 x 56.1 =)
7.4472189 = 7.45 (g) (1) 7.5
ALLOW
(0.132749 x 56 =) 7.433944
= 7.43 (g)
Correct answer alone scores 3 marks

PMT

Number
20(d)(i) Marking point 1 4
Arrow downwards from CaCO3 to the box, with
2HCl((aq)) alongside (1)
Marking point 2
Correct entities and states in box
CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) (1)
Marking point 3
Correct use of Hess’ Law (∆H = ∆HCaCO3-∆HCaO)
e.g. −18.8 − −196.8 = (1)
Marking point 4
∆H = +178( kJ mol-1) (1)

Number
20(d)(ii) Products on line below CaCO3(s) with both 1
arrows going down from CaCO3 and CaO
Example
ALLOW the word ‘products’ for formulae

PMT


Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary

Instructions
• centre
Answer
Information
• – usemarks
• written
Advice
• Keep
• Try toananswer
eye on the time.
every question.
Turn over
P46662A
*P46662A0120*
6/6/6/6/5/
SECTION A

a cross .
1 Cold water fish require a minimum of 8 parts per million by mass (ppm) of oxygen
dissolved in water.
The minimum mass of oxygen required in 1 kg of water is
A 8 × 10–6 g
B 8 × 10–3 g
C 8 × 10–2 g
D 8 × 10–1 g

2 Calculate the total number of atoms in 8.5 g of CH2Cl2.
DATA: Molar mass of CH2Cl2 = 85 g mol–1.
Avogadro constant = 6.0 × 1023 mol–1
A 1.8 × 1023
B 2.4 × 1023
C 3.0 × 1023
D 3.0 × 1024
3 50 cm3 of hydrogen is mixed with 25 cm3 of chlorine. The gases react as shown in the
equation below.
H2(g) + Cl2(g) o 2HCl(g)

What is the total volume of gas present at the end of the reaction?
[All gas volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure.]
A 75 cm3
B 100 cm3
C 125 cm3
D 150 cm3
2
*P46662A0220*
4 Sodium hydrogencarbonate decomposes on heating.

What is the maximum volume of carbon dioxide, in dm3, which could be obtained by
heating 0.25 mol sodium hydrogencarbonate?
The gas volume is measured at room temperature and pressure when

the molar volume of a gas = 24 dm3 mol–1.
A 3
B 6
C 12
D 24
5 An experiment was carried out to measure the enthalpy change of the following reaction.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) o NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid was mixed with 50 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
Each solution contained 0.10 mol solute. The temperature rise was 12qC.
Energy transferred (J) = mass of solution × 4.2 × change in temperature
Assume the density of all solutions is 1.0 g cm–3.
What is the enthalpy change of the reaction in kJ mol–1?
50 × 4.2 × 12
A −
0.1× 1000
50 × 4.2 × 12
B −
0.2 × 1000
100 × 4.2 × 12
C −
0.1× 1000
100 × 4.2 × 12
D −
0.05 × 1000
3
6 In the synthesis of ammonia, 56.0 g nitrogen was reacted with excess hydrogen.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) o 2NH3(g)

The mass of ammonia produced was 6.00 g.
What is the percentage yield of ammonia?
A 5.66
B 8.82
C 9.10
D 10.7
7 Which of the following has the smallest ionic radius?

A O2–

B F–
C Na+
D Mg2+
8 Magnesium chloride crystals were prepared using the following reaction.
2HCl(aq) + MgO(s) o MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

(a) The ionic equation for this reaction is
(1)
A 2Cl–(aq) + Mg2+(s) oMgCl2(aq)
B 2Cl–(aq) + MgO(s) o MgCl2(aq) + O2–(l)
C 2H+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + MgO(s)o Mg2+(Cl–)2(aq) + H2O(l)
D 2H+(aq) + MgO(s) oMg2+(aq) + H2O(l)
(b) The amount of hydrochloric acid used was 0.10 mol. Which of the following
solutions of hydrochloric acid contains this amount of HCl?
(1)
A 100 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm–3
B 40 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm–3
C 25 cm3 of 0.40 mol dm–3
D 20 cm3 of 5.00 mol dm–3
4
*P46662A0420*
(c) An excess of magnesium oxide was reacted with the 0.10 mol of hydrochloric acid.
Which of the following is the smallest mass which would provide an excess of
magnesium oxide?
Molar mass of MgO = 40.3 g mol–1
(1)
A 1.50 g
B 2.50 g
C 3.00 g
D 5.00 g
(d) What is the first step in obtaining pure hydrated crystals of magnesium chloride
from the resulting reaction mixture?
(1)
A Heating the mixture to concentrate it.
B Allowing the mixture to evaporate slowly.

C Filtering the mixture.
D Distilling the mixture.
(e) Use the data below to calculate the number of moles of water of crystallization in
each mole of hydrated magnesium chloride.
Substance Molar mass / g mol–1
Magnesium chloride 95.1
Hydrated magnesium chloride 203.1

(1)
A 2
B 4
C 6
D 8
5
9 What is the equation for the lattice energy of magnesium chloride?

A Mg(s) + Cl2(g) oMgCl2(s)

B Mg2+(s) + 2Cl–(g) oMgCl2(s)
C Mg2+(g) + 2Cl–(g) oMgCl2(s)
D Mg2+(g) + 2Cl–(g) oMgCl2(g)
10 A compound has the composition by mass of 54.5% C, 9.1% H and 36.4% O.

What is its empirical formula?
A C2H2O
B C2H4O
C C4H9O
D C6HO4

11 What is the IUPAC name of the following hydrocarbon?
CH2 CH2 CH3
H3C C CH2 CH3
CH2 CH2 CH3
A 2,2-dipropylbutane
B 4-methyl-4-propylhexane
C 2-ethyl-2-propylpentane
D 4-ethyl-4-methylheptane DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
12 Which of the following shows geometric isomerism?

A propene
B but-1-ene
C but-2-ene
D 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene
6
*P46662A0620*
13 Which of the following is a reforming reaction?

A o + H2
B o + + H2
C o +
D o
14 In the reaction of methane with chlorine, ultraviolet light causes

A homolytic fission of the Cl Cl bond in chlorine molecules.

B heterolytic fission of the Cl Cl bond in chlorine molecules.
C homolytic fission of the C H bond in methane molecules.
D heterolytic fission of the C H bond in methane molecules.
15 In the mechanism of the reaction of methane with chlorine to form chloromethane,

which of the following is a propagation step?
A •CH3 + •Cl oCH3Cl
B •CH3 + Cl2o CH3Cl + •Cl
C CH4 + •Cl o CH3Cl + •H
D •CH3+ Cl2 o •CH2Cl + HCl
16 The empirical formula of poly(ethene) is

A CH
B CH2
C C2H4
D CnH2n
7
SECTION B

17 A mass spectrometer can be used to measure relative isotopic masses.
(a) State the meaning of the term isotopes.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) (i) In a mass spectrometer, a sample of the vapour of an element is ionized.

State how this ionization is carried out.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Complete the equation showing the simplest ionization of a vaporised
element M.
(1)
M(g) o
(iii) How are the ions accelerated in the mass spectrometer?

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Ions with the same charge and travelling with the same velocity are then
passed through a magnetic field.
(1)
magnetic field
path of
ions
detector
The path of one ion is shown.

Add a line to the diagram to show the path of a lighter ion as it passes through the
magnetic field and travels to the detector.
8
*P46662A0820*
(c) A sample of silicon is analysed in a mass spectrometer.

Relative isotopic mass Relative abundance
28 92·17
29 4·71
30 3·12
Calculate the relative atomic mass of silicon, showing your working.

Give your answer to four significant figures.
(2)
(d) A high resolution mass spectrometer measures masses to four decimal places.
The relative molecular mass of a compound is found to be 84.0581.
The relative atomic mass of an oxygen atom, 16O, is 15.9949
The relative atomic mass of a hydrogen atom, 1H, is 1.0079
Use these data to deduce whether the compound is C6H12 or C5H8O. Show your
working, and state the assumption you make.
(3)
Assumption
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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9
(e) A helium mass spectrometer is an instrument used to detect leaks in containers.

A sealed container filled with helium is placed in a vacuum chamber. Any helium

leaking out of the container is detected by the mass spectrometer.
Suggest one reason that makes helium suitable for this purpose, other than its
lack of reactivity.
(1)
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10
*P46662A01020*
18 This question is about the elements aluminium and magnesium.

(a) Complete the electronic configuration for an atom of aluminium.
(1)
1s2. . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Complete the table to show the composition of an aluminium ion, Al3+.
(1)
Subatomic particle Number of particles in Al3+
proton
neutron
electron
(c) The table below shows the first four ionization energies of aluminium.
(i) Complete the table by identifying the orbital from which each electron is removed.
(2)
First Second Third Fourth

ionization ionization ionization ionization
energy energy energy energy
Ionization energy / kJ mol–1 578 1817 2745 11578
Orbital
(ii) Write the equation, including state symbols, which represents the
second ionization energy of aluminium.
(2)
11
*(iii) Explain why the second ionization energy of an element is always greater than
the first ionization energy.
(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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*(iv) Explain why the difference between the third and fourth ionization energies
of aluminium is much larger than the difference between the first and second
ionization energies.
(2)
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(d) Aluminium is a silvery metal with a melting temperature of 933 K.

(i) Draw a labelled diagram of the bonding in aluminium.
(2)
12
*P46662A01220*
(ii) The atomic number of magnesium is one less than aluminium. Would you
expect magnesium to have a higher or lower melting temperature than
aluminium? Justify your answer.
(2)
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(iii) Draw the dot and cross diagram for magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
Show the outer electrons only.
(2)
*(iv) Aluminium chloride has more covalent character than magnesium chloride.
Explain what this statement means. By considering the physical properties of
these two chlorides, suggest one piece of evidence showing that
aluminium chloride has more covalent character than magnesium chloride.
(3)
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13
19 Cordless hair-stylers use 2-methylpropane as a fuel. The 2-methylpropane reacts with

oxygen on the surface of a heated catalyst.

C4H10(g) + 6½O2(g) o 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)
(a) Draw the skeletal formula of 2-methylpropane.
(1)
(b) When the hair-styler is switched on, the catalyst is heated using a battery.
Suggest why the battery is not needed after the catalyst has been heated initially.
(2)
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(c) The standard enthalpy changes of formation for the three compounds are:
Compound Standard enthalpy of formation / kJ mol–1
C4H10(g) –134.5
CO2(g) –393.5
H2O(l) –285.8
(i) The standard enthalpy change of formation of H2O(g) is –241.8 kJ mol–1.

Explain why this is less negative than the standard enthalpy change of
formation of H2O(l).
(1)
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14
*P46662A01420*
(ii) Use the data in the table to calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion
of 2-methylpropane in kJ mol–1.
Show your method, which may involve the use of a Hess cycle.
(3)
(iii) A refill canister for the cordless hair-styler holds 15 g of 2-methylpropane.

Calculate the energy in kJ which can be obtained from one canister.
(2)
15
(d) The enthalpy change of the reaction can also be calculated using the cycle below.
C4H10(g) + 6½O2(g) o 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)

+8410 kJ mol–1 +11280 kJ mol–1
4C(g) + 10H(g) + 13 O(g)
(i) Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction using this cycle.
(1)
(ii) The enthalpy change of vaporization of water was one piece of data used to
calculate the enthalpy changes shown beside the arrows in the cycle. What

other information was needed?
(1)
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16
*P46662A01620*
20 Propene is an alkene which can be produced by cracking some of the hydrocarbons

in crude oil.
(a) Draw a dot and cross diagram showing the bonding in propene.
(2)
(b) (i) Propene is one product of the cracking of decane, C10H22 .

Write the equation for the reaction in which one mole of decane is cracked to
produce one mole of ethene, one mole of propene and one other product.
(1)
(ii) A synthetic rubber can be made by polymerizing a mixture of ethene and

propene.
Draw the structural formula of the repeat unit of this polymer which forms
from one molecule of each alkene.
(2)
(c) Propene is also used to make propane-1,2-diol. Give the reagents and
colour change when this product is made at room temperature.
(3)
Reagents ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colour change from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................. to ...................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
(d) The reaction of propene with bromine water is used as a test for the
carbon-carbon double bond.

State the colour change in this test.
Draw the displayed formula of the organic product and give its name.
(3)
Colour change from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................. to ...................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Displayed formula of product
Name ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........
(e) Write the mechanism for the reaction of propene with hydrogen bromide to give

the major product. Include relevant dipoles.
(4)
18
*P46662A01820*
*(f ) Molecules of the element bromine, Br2, are not polar. Explain how bromine acts
as an electrophile when it reacts with propene.
(2)
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(g) In the United States of America, large deposits of shale gas have been discovered.
This gas is trapped in rocks and can be extracted by “fracking” which involves
breaking up the rock with water under pressure.
Shale gas typically contains about 90% methane, mixed with about 3% ethane,
0.6% propane, 0.2% butane and 0.2% pentane. The rest is hydrogen, nitrogen and
carbon dioxide.
Suggest how the use of shale gas may affect the relative amounts of poly(ethene)
and poly(propene) which are produced in the USA and justify your answer.
(2)
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19
*P46662A01920*
*P46662A02020*
20
Summer 2016
Pearson Edexcel
International Advanced Level
in Chemistry (WCH01) Paper 01
If you have any subject specific questions about this specification that require
the help of a subject specialist, you may find our Ask The Expert email service
helpful.

Summer 2016
Publications Code 46662_MS*

last.
lie.
the principles by which marks will be awarded and exemplification
may be limited.
consulted.



same question.

candidates to:
when appropriate.
abilities.
WCH01 June 2016 Section A (multiple choice)

Number
1 B (1)

Number
2 C (1)

Number
3 A (1)

Number
4 A (1)

Number
5 C (1)

Number
6 B (1)

Number
7 D (1)

Number
8a D (1)

Number
8b D (1)

Number
8c B (1)

Number
8d C (1)

Number
8e C (1)

Number
9 C (1)

Number
10 B (1)

Number
11 D (1)

Number
12 C (1)

Number
13 D (1)

Number
14 A (1)

Number
15 B (1)

Number
16 B (1)
Section B

Number
17(a) Atoms of the same element / Molecule for (1)
atomic number / proton number atom
and different mass number /

neutron number / nucleon number Atomic mass
number
ALLOW
Elements / they / isotopes have the
same atomic number …etc
Atomic mass for mass number
IGNORE references to electrons

Number
17(b)(i) High energy/fast moving/high speed (1)
electrons hit
atoms/molecules/elements/sample
(and knock electrons out.)
ALLOW
(Use) an electron gun/beam/stream
Bombard with electrons
IGNORE
References to ionizing / forming
(positive) ions
Just an equation, e.g., M(g)  M+(g)
+e

Number
17(b)(ii) M(g) + e—  M+(g) + 2e— (1)
ALLOW
M(g)  M+(g) + e—
M(g) — e—  M+(g)
ALLOW
Use of Mg+(g) for M+(g)
IGNORE
omission of minus sign on electron
state symbol on electron
Rewritten M(g) on LHS
Leading ‘1’ before any charges e.g.
M(g)1+

Number
17(b)(iii) (With an) electric field / (Electro)magnetic (1)
field
(negatively) charged plates (with Positively
slits in them) charged plates
Charged slits
ALLOW
Oppositely/alternatively charged
plates
IGNORE
Electric plates

Number
17(b)(iv) Curved path showing lighter ion deflected Straight (1)
more line
Lines
originating
from the
magnet
Lines
deflected
before
passing
ALLOW through
dotted line the
additional parallel path entering the magnet
magnet with correct deflection
lines that do not reach but would Lines

extrapolate to detector on left of original which
beam would not
hit the
detector

Number
17(c) ((28x92.17) + (29x4.71) + (2)
(30x3.12)) (1)
100
(= 28.1095) Answers not to
4sf (second
= 28.11 mark)
(1)
Final answer without working scores

(2)
IGNORE
units

Number
17(d) MP2 cannot be awarded without any (3)
attempt to do a calculation for MP1
MP1
(6x12 + 12x1.0079) = 84.0948
OR
(5x12 + 8x1.0079 + 15.9949) =
84.0581 (1)
MP2
So mass matches for C5H8O / doesn’t
match for C6H12
(1)
OR
MP1
Mass of 12H =12.0948
(1)
MP2
Remaining mass = 71.9633, so not
exactly equal to 6C
(1)
OR
MP1
Mass of H8O = 24.0581
(1)
MP2 Just use of C
Remaining mass = 60.0000 so exactly = 12 without
equal to 5C indicating as
(1) an
assumption
MP3
Assumption: (one atom of)
C=12(.0000) / has mass (exactly) 12
ALLOW
Other isotopes of H and/or O are not
present
(1)
IGNORE
Any units in calculations

Number
17(e) Small atomic radius / small atom Small molecule (1)
ALLOW
Diffuses easily
Not (significantly) present in air/
low density / less dense than air
Non-toxic
IGNORE
Low mass / lighter than air /
light(weight) / references to
inertness or non-flammability /
availability / gas at room
temperature / monatomic / no
isotopes / answers relating to cost
(Total for question 17 = 11 marks)

Number
18(a) (1s2) 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 (1)
ALLOW
Upper case, subscripts,
P orbitals divided into x, y, z eg:
2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 3s2 3px1
IGNORE
1s2 if written again

Number
18(b) protons 13 (1)
neutrons 14
electrons 10
All three numbers needed for mark
IGNORE any working out in table

Number
18(c)(i) (2)
First IE Second Third Fourth
IE IE IE
578 1817 2745 11578
3p 3s 3s 2p
3p/ 3px and both 3s

(1)
2p/ 2px / 2py / 2pz

(1)
ALLOW
p s s p for (1) mark
3p1 3s2 3s1 2p6
for (2) marks


Number
18(c)(ii) Al+ (g)  Al2+(g) + e— (2)
OR
Al+ (g) — e—  Al2+(g)
MP1
Balanced equation
(1)
MP2
(g) symbols
This is dependent on the equation
involving aluminium even if
electrons/charges are wrong
(1)
NOTE
If correct equation for a second
ionization using the wrong symbol is
given with correct state symbols
allow (1) max
IGNORE lack of minus sign on

electron / any state symbols for
electron

Number
*18(c)(iii) MP1 (2)
Second electron is closer (to

nucleus) / electron is removed
from a positive ion / 1+ ion is
smaller than atom
ALLOW
More protons than electrons (in
ion)
Effective nuclear charge greater
(in ion)
(1) Just ‘more

energy required
MP2 to remove
electron’ /
So greater attraction between ‘harder to
electron and nucleus/protons remove
OR electron’
More energy required to overcome
attraction between electron and NOTE
nucleus “Second I.E.
OR loses 2
Less repulsion between electrons electrons” -
(1) scores (0)
overall
IGNORE
References to high charge-density 1+ ion has more
in 1+ ion protons than
References to shielding / last atom - scores
electron / paired electrons / (0) overall
electron shell stability

Number
*18(c)(iv) MP1 for similarity between first (2)
and second electrons lost;
1st and 2nd (electrons are removed) 1st and 2nd from
from the same/3rd shell same subshell
OR
First (electron lost from) 3p
(subshell/orbital) and second
(electron lost from) 3s
(subshell/orbital)
(1)
MP2 for difference between third

and fourth electrons lost;
Third (electron lost from) 3s

(subshell/orbital) and fourth
(electron lost from) 2p
(subshell/orbital)
OR
(compared with the 3rd electron)
the 4th electron is removed from a
shell closer to the nucleus / from a
new/lower/different shell / from a
shell with less shielding
(1)
If no other mark awarded, allow

(1) for:
three electrons in the 3rd shell of
Al and the fourth electron is
removed from 2nd shell
IGNORE
References to charges on ion

Number
18(d)(i) (2)
Regular lattice of + OR 3+ (can be written Protons /

in ions or labelled) nucleus /
ALLOW atoms
Ions which touch
(1)
Delocalised electrons/sea of electrons

including some between ions, shown and
labelled (1)

Number
18(d)(ii) (Mg) lower (melting temperature) “Mg has a higher (2)
because (no mark for this alone) melting point”
and scores (0)
any two from: overall
(Mg) ion charge is less / (Mg) ion

(radius) is larger / (Mg) ion charge Atomic radius (of
density is less / (any mention of) Mg) is larger
Mg2+ and Al3+ (1)
(Mg) fewer delocalised/free

electrons / smaller sea of electrons
/ one less electron donated
(1)
(Mg) weaker (forces of) attraction References to

between (+ve) ions and ionic bonds /
(delocalised/free electrons / sea of covalent bonds /
electrons) / (Mg) ions are held less intermolecular
tightly to the sea of electrons / forces score (0)
metallic bond is weaker overall
(1)

Number
18(d)(iii) Covalent (2)
bonding –
scores (0)
First mark overall
Correct dot and cross diagrams with 2+
on Mg and – / 1- / -1 charge on (both if
drawn) Cl
(1)
ALLOW
No electrons or 8 electrons on outer shell
of Mg
Dots or crosses or other valid symbols for
electrons
Paired or unpaired electrons
Diagrams without brackets
Second mark
Ratio of one Mg to two Cl (ions)
(1)
ALLOW
Number of Cl shown as 2 in front of a Cl,
or as a subscript after the Cl
The ratio mark even if no charges are

shown (penalised in 1st mark)
IGNORE any inner electrons
ALLOW max 1 for incorrect symbols if

charges and ratio are correct

Number
18(d)(iv) MP1 (3)
Al (cat)ion polarises chloride / References to Al
distorts chloride electron cloud / Mg or Cl atoms
OR / chlorine
Al (cat)ion has a greater polarising
ability (than Mg ion)
OR
Chloride ion/anion in AlCl3 is
distorted (by aluminium (ion))
(1)
MP2
EITHER
Electrons are partly shared (by Al
and Cl) OR
(In AlCl3) orbital overlap occurs
OR
(aluminium and chloride) ions are
not totally discrete/separate
(1)
IGNORE
fully shared electrons
References to ionic size and charge
References to atomic radius
Ionic bond strength/stability
Polarisation of AlCl3 / polarisation
power of AlCl3
MP3
Melting/boiling temperature (of
AlCl3) is lower (than that of MgCl2)
OR
(AlCl3) sublimes / Molten salt/AlCl3
does not conduct electricity /
cannot be electrolysed
ALLOW
BH cycle / experimental LE value
greater / more negative / more
exothermic than theoretical LE
value of AlCl3
(AlCl3) forms a dimer
(AlCl3) forms dative
covalent/coordinate bonds (with
electron pair donors)
Magnesium chloride solution is a
better conductor than aluminium
chloride solution (1)

Number
19(a) (1)
ALLOW Any orientation
IGNORE bond angles, displayed

formulae

Number
19(b) Combustion reaction is exothermic/ (2)
evolves heat/ releases energy
(1)
This keeps catalyst hot

(1)
IGNORE
Activation energy

Number
19(c)(i) The change H2O(g)  H2O(l) releases (1)
energy/ is exothermic / forms hydrogen
bonds
OR
Extra heat is evolved when H2O(l) forms
ALLOW
reverse argument
weaker intermolecular forces between
H2O(g) than H2O(l)

Number
19(c)(ii) Look at final answer (3)
Correct answer scores 3
((4x—393.5 + 5x —285.8) —(—134.5))

= —2868.5/ —2869/ —2870 / —2900 -3000
(kJ mol-1)
(3)
ALLOW
Correct value with incorrect sign and /or
incorrect unit
(2)
Correct expression written but calculator

error for final value
(2)
Incorrect answer with correct Hess cycle
C4H10(g) + 6½O2(g)  4CO2(g) +

5H2O(l)
Elements / 4C(s) + 5H2(g) +

6½O2(g)
(1)
IGNORE SF except 1
NOTE
-544.8 (kJ mol-1) scores 1 mark (misses
x5 and x4 in expression)
-2648.5 (kJ mol-1) scores 2 marks (uses

-241.8 instead of -285.8)
Answers worth (2) because of one error:

(+)279.5
—10.5
—3137.5
—1688.0
—1725.3

Number
19(c)(iii) ALLOW (2)
TE from 19c(ii)
0.3 / 0.25
First mark – amount of 2-
methylpropane (=15/ 58)
= 0.2586206/ 0.259 (mol)
(1)
Second mark - energy produced

= (0.2586206 x 2868.5)
=741.85345 (kJ)
OR
(0.259 x 2868.5)
=742.94 (kJ)
(1)
IGNORE
SF except 1 SF
− sign.
ALLOW
TE from first to second mark
Use of rounded values of amount or

∆H for example use of 0.26 mol
gives 750 (kJ). Final answers may
need to be checked individually.

Number
19(d)(i) ∆H = (-11280 –(-8410)) (1)
= ‒2870 (kJ mol-1)
IGNORE
units

Number
19d(ii) Bond enthalpies / bond energies Bond (1)
(of any or all of C-C, C-H, O=O, C=O, enthalpies of
H-O) compounds
ALLOW Enthalpy
Enthalpy change of bond breaking change of:
Enthalpy changes of atomization (of Formation
any or all of methylpropane / Combustion
carbon dioxide/water/oxygen)
Specific heat
capacity


Number
20(a) (2)
Electrons in C=C double bond within a

hydrocarbon
(1)
Rest of molecule correct

(1)
ALLOW
All dots / crosses

Number
20(b)(i) C10H22 C2H4+ C3H6+ C5H12 H2 (1)
ALLOW
Other types of correct formulae
IGNORE
state symbols even if incorrect
any suggested conditions

Number
20(b)(ii) (2)
OR
—CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)—
One Methyl side-group on a carbon Just

chain (1) poly(propene)
4-Carbon backbone complete with Just

hydrogens and continuation bonds poly(ethene)
(1)
IGNORE
Square brackets and n
ALLOW
(1) mark for both correct repeat units
drawn separately for poly(ethene) and
poly(propene) if no other marks
awarded

Number
20(c) MP1 (3)
Potassium manganate((VII)) / Incorrect
potassium permanganate / KMnO4 oxidation
numbers
(1)
MP2 depends on mention of
manganate
H2SO4
ALLOW HCl
Acidified / acid / H+
(1)
To brown
manganate
(Colour change from) purple / pink
(to) colourless
(1) Just ‘alkaline’
OR
manganate
KOH / NaOH
(1)

manganate and alkali
Colour change from purple to
green/brown (ppt)
(1)

Number
20(d) Observation: (colour change from) Red (3)
brown/ yellow/orange/red-brown
(to) colourless
(1)
EITHER
Bond directly
from C to H in
OH if displayed
(1)
1-bromopropan-2-ol /
1-bromo-2-hydroxypropane
(1)
OR
(1)
2-bromopropan-1-ol /
2-bromo-1-hydroxypropane
(1)
ALLOW
Skeletal or structural formula for 2nd

mark
TE in third mark for

“1,2-dibromopropane” if this has
been drawn, but this compound
does not score the second mark
Questio Acceptable Answers Reject Mark

n
Number
20(e) (4)
MP1
Dipole on H-Br
(1)
MP2
Curly arrow from double bond to H and
curly arrow from H—Br bond to Br or just
beyond (1)
C+ with 4
MP3 bonds
Correct carbocation intermediate drawn
(1)
Br●
MP4
Arrow from anywhere on Br‒ to C+ and product
(1)
ALLOW
formation of 1-bromopropane following from +
on C1 if other arrows correct (max 3)
A fully correct electrophilic addition mechanism

using Br2 scores (2) marks
Electrophilic addition mechanism using Br2 with
1 error scores (1) mark

Number
20(f) MP1 (2)
(Pi electrons in) double bond repel
electrons in Br-Br / bromine
ALLOW
Region of high electron density
repels, etc
(1)
MP2
EITHER bromide /
Produces a dipole / produces δ+ partial positive
(and δ-) / polarises molecule bromide
ALLOW
Diagram showing the dipole
OR
So electron pair (from C=C) /
electrons can be accepted
(1)

Number
20(g) MP1 (2)
EITHER
Production of both polymers will increase
(as shale gas supplies more ethane and
propane)
OR
(Relatively) more poly(ethene) than
poly(propene) will be produced because
there is more ethane in the shale gas
(than propane)
(1)
MP2
EITHER
More ethene is produced than propene
(by cracking alkanes in shale gas)
OR
Ethene can be produced from
ethane/propane/butane/pentane
OR
Propene can be produced from
propane/butane/pentane/fewer alkanes
OR
Propene cannot be produced from
ethane
(1)



Surname Other names

Pearson
Edexcel GCE
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary

Instructions
• centre
Answer
Information
• – usemarks
• written
Advice
• Keep
• Try toananswer
eye on the time.
every question.
Turn over
P46656A
*P46656A0124*
3/6/6/3/1/
SECTION A

a cross .
1 The mass of magnesium ions in 1 kg of sea water is 1.3 g.

The concentration in parts per million (ppm) is
A 1.3 × 106
B 1.3 × 103
C 1.3 × 10–3
D 1.3 × 10–6

2 Calculate the total number of ions in 7.41 g of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2.
The molar mass of calcium hydroxide is 74.1 g mol–1.
The Avogadro constant is 6.0 × 1023 mol–1.
A 6.0 × 1022
B 1.2 × 1023
C 1.8 × 1023
D 3.0 × 1023
3 Which of the following has the highest melting temperature?

A Hg DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
B K
C C10H22
D SiO2
2
*P46656A0224*
4 Which of these has a dative covalent bond?

A NH3
B OH–
C H 2O
D H3O+
5 What is the equation for the first electron affinity of sulfur?

A S(s) + e– o S–(g)
B S(g) + e– o S–(g)
C S(s) o S+(g) + e–
D S(g) o S+(g) + e–
6 100 cm3 of hydrogen is mixed with 25 cm3 of oxygen at a temperature of 150qC.

The gases react as shown in the equation below.
2H2(g) + O2(g) o 2H2O(g)
The total volume of gas present at the end of the reaction is
A 50 cm3
B 100 cm3
C 125 cm3
D 150 cm3

3
7 Sodium nitrate decomposes on heating.
2NaNO3(s) o 2NaNO2(s) + O2(g)

What is the maximum volume of oxygen, measured in dm3 at room temperature and
pressure, which could be obtained by heating 0.50 mol of sodium nitrate?
[Molar volume of a gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 at room temperature and pressure]
A 3
B 6
C 12
D 24
8 An excess of copper(II) oxide is mixed with 40.0 cm3 of 2.50 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.
CuO(s) + 2HCl(aq) o CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

(a) If the mass of copper(II) chloride produced is 5.50 g, what is the percentage yield
of copper(II) chloride?
[Molar mass of copper(II) chloride = 134.4 g mol–1]

(1)
A 81.8%
B 67.2%
C 40.9%
D 20.4%
(b) The ionic equation for the reaction is

(1)
A Cu2+(s) + 2Cl–(aq) o CuCl2(aq)
B CuO(s) + 2H+(aq) oCu2+(aq) + H2O(l)

C CuO(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) oCu2+(Cl–)2(aq) + H2O(l)
D CuO(s) + 2Cl–(aq) oCuCl2(aq) + O2–(l)
4
*P46656A0424*
(c) Some facts about copper(II) chloride are given below.

Which of these gives the best evidence that the bonding in copper(II) chloride is
ionic?
(1)
A It has a melting temperature of 620qC.
B It does not conduct electricity as a solid.
C It decomposes before it reaches its boiling temperature.
D In the electron density map, there are no contour lines around more than one
nucleus.
9 The melting temperature of sodium is lower than the melting temperature of

magnesium. The best explanation for this is
A sodium atoms are smaller than magnesium atoms.
B sodium ions have a larger charge density than magnesium ions.

C the repulsion between the ions in sodium is less than in magnesium.
D the number of delocalised electrons per atom is fewer in sodium than in
magnesium.
10 A trend going down Group 1 is that the
A first ionization energy of the element decreases.

B lattice energy of the chloride becomes more negative.
C radius of the atom decreases.
D melting temperature of the element increases.
11 Which of the following ions has the biggest radius?
A S2–
B Cl–
C K+
D Ca2+
5
12 When 0.1 mol of aqueous potassium hydroxide was added to 0.1 mol of nitric acid,
5200 J were transferred to the surroundings. What is the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1,
for this reaction?

KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) o KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
A –52
B –26
C +26
D +52
13 A compound has the composition 62.1% C, 10.3% H and 27.6% O.

What is its empirical formula?
A CH2O

B C6H2O
C C6H3O
D C3H6O
14 What is the systematic name of the following?
A 3-methyl-2-propylpentane
B 3-methyl-4-propylpentane
C 3,4-dimethylheptane
D 4,5-dimethylheptane
6
*P46656A0624*
15 Which of the following shows geometric isomerism?

A prop-1-ene
B but-1-ene
C 1,1-dichloroethene
D 1,2-dichloroethene
16 This question is about the organic compounds with skeletal formulae as shown.
2
(a) Which compounds are isomers?

(1)
A 1 and 2
B 1 and 3
C 1 and 4
D 2 and 3
(b) Which compound has the same molecular formula and empirical formula?
(1)
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
7
17 What is the formula of poly(but-1-ene)?

⎡
H H H H
⎢
A
⎢C C C C
⎡
⎣H H H H n
⎣
⎡
H H
⎢
B
⎢C C
⎡
⎣H CH2CH3 n
⎣
⎡
H H
⎢
C
⎢C C
⎡
⎣ CH

3 CH3 n
⎣
⎡
H H H
⎢
D
⎢C C C
⎡
⎣H CH3 H n
8
*P46656A0824*
BLANK PAGE
*P46656A0924*
9
Turn over
SECTION B

18 A mass spectrometer was used to analyse a sample of oxygen gas in which the most
abundant isotope was 16O. The oxygen was ionized and the ions were accelerated by
an electric field.
(a) (i) Suggest the formulae of two different ions containing only the 16O isotope,
which might be formed in the mass spectrometer.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Which part of the mass spectrometer separates ions of different mass?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) For the two ions you have chosen in (a)(i), sketch their paths in the mass
spectrometer after leaving the electric field and as they approach the detector
region. Label each path with the formula of the ion.
(2)
path of ions after leaving

electric field
detector region
10
*P46656A01024*
(b) The following results were obtained for the atoms of oxygen in the sample.
Relative isotopic mass Relative abundance
16 99.759
17 0.037
18 0.204
Calculate the relative atomic mass of oxygen atoms. Show your working and give
your answer to three decimal places.
(2)
(c) In the first half of the twentieth century, oxygen was used as the standard for
relative atomic mass. The unit of atomic mass was defined as 1 ∕ 16 the mass of an
oxygen atom. This was based on samples of oxygen obtained from the air which
consisted of a mixture of oxygen isotopes.
Suggest one reason why the use of this standard was discontinued.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Would you expect the first electron affinities of 16O and 18O to differ? Justify your
answer.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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11
19 This question is about elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.

(a) Write the equation, including state symbols, which represents the first ionization

energy of magnesium.
(2)
(b) Complete the electronic configuration for aluminium using s, p notation.

(1)
1s2. . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The sketch graph below shows the first ionization energies of some of the
elements in Period 3.

1st ionization energy / kJ mol–1
12
*P46656A01224*
*(i) Explain why the values shown on the graph go down from magnesium to
aluminium, and then rise again going from aluminium to silicon.
(3)
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(ii) Complete the sketch graph for the elements from phosphorus to argon.
Explain why one of these elements does not follow the general trend.
(3)
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(d) Draw a dot and cross diagram for silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4, showing outer shell
electrons only. Use a cross (×) for silicon electrons and a dot ( ) for chlorine electrons.
(2)
•
13
(e) Sodium and magnesium are both in Period 3. In sodium iodide, the ions are not
polarized but in magnesium iodide some polarization occurs.

*(i) Explain the term polarization as it applies to magnesium iodide, and state
how it arises.
(3)
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(ii) State how thermochemical data could be used to show that there is
polarization in magnesium iodide.
(1)
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14
*P46656A01424*
BLANK PAGE
*P46656A01524*
15
Turn over
20 Fractional distillation is used in industry to obtain alkanes from crude oil.

(a) (i) On what physical property of alkanes does this process depend?

(1)
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(ii) The alkanes are then processed by cracking or reforming to produce other
hydrocarbons.
Explain the meaning of these terms.
(2)
Cracking
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Reforming
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16
*P46656A01624*
(iii) The equation for a cracking reaction of butane is
C4H10 o C3H6 + CH4

Use the following standard enthalpy changes of combustion to calculate the

enthalpy change of this cracking reaction. Show your method, which may
involve the use of a Hess cycle. Include a sign and units in your answer.
Standard enthalpy change of combustion

Compound
/ kJ mol–1
butane –2877
propene –2058
methane –890
(3)
(iv) Butane can also be cracked to form products other than propene and
methane. Write an equation for this reaction.
(1)
17
(b) (i) The enthalpy change of combustion of a liquid hydrocarbon, pentane, was
determined in an experiment.

A sample of pentane was burned in a spirit burner and the energy produced
used to heat water in a calorimeter.
The results of the experiment are as follows:
Mass of spirit burner and pentane at start 85.6 g
Mass of spirit burner and pentane after burning 84.6 g
Mass of water in calorimeter 200 g
Initial temperature of water 22.0 qC
Final temperature of water 56.0qC
Mass of 1 mole of pentane 72.0 g

Heat energy transferred (J) = mass of water × temperature change × 4.18
Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of pentane. Include a sign and

units in your answer.
(3)
(ii) Give one reason, other than heat loss, why the enthalpy change determined
in this experiment differs substantially from the Data Booklet value.
(1)
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18
*P46656A01824*
(iii) Suggest a reason why this experiment would be too hazardous to carry out in
a school laboratory.
(1)
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(c) (i) Write an equation for the complete combustion of pentane. State symbols are
not required.
(1)
(ii) Identify the type and number of bonds broken and formed during the
combustion of a molecule of pentane.
(2)
(iii) Explain why the enthalpy change of combustion of pentane is exothermic.

(1)
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19
*P46656A02024*
BLANK PAGE
20
21 This question is about ethane and ethene.

(a) Ethane reacts with chlorine by a free radical mechanism.
(i) Explain what is meant by the term free radical.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) Complete the equation for the formation of free radicals from one molecule of
chlorine. Use appropriate curly arrows to show electron movements.
(1)
Cl Cl o
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction between ethane and a chlorine free radical,
and name the type of step in the mechanism where this occurs. Curly arrows
are not required.
(2)
Type of step .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Give an equation for a termination step in this mechanism in which an

organic compound other than chloroethane is formed.
(1)
21
(b) Ethene contains a carbon-carbon double bond.

(i) Complete the diagram below showing the ı and ʌ bonds in the

carbon-carbon double bond in ethene.
(2)
C C
*(ii) Describe and explain what happens to the ı and ʌ bonds in ethene in an
addition reaction.
(3)
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. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(iii) One test for a carbon-carbon double bond is the reaction with acidified
potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4.
Give the colour change if this reaction was carried out with ethene. Draw the
displayed formula of the product.
(2)
From ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... to ...............................................................................................................
Displayed formula DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
(iv) Describe another test for a carbon-carbon double bond and give the colour
change for the positive result.
(2)
Test ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................................................................................................
From ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... to ...............................................................................................................
22
*P46656A02224*
(v) Ethene reacts with hydrogen bromide. Write the mechanism for this reaction,
showing any relevant dipoles.
(4)
Mechanism:
(c) But-1-ene is an alkene with properties similar to ethene.

Write an equation, using skeletal formulae for the organic compounds, showing
the conversion of but-1-ene to butane. State the essential condition needed.
(2)
Condition.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23
*P46656A02324*
*P46656A02424*
24
Summer 2016
Pearson Edexcel GCE

in Chemistry (6CH01) Paper 01
If you have any subject specific questions about this specification that require
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the principles by which marks will be awarded and exemplification
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consulted.



same question.

candidates to:
when appropriate.
abilities.

Number
1 B (1)

Number
2 C (1)

Number
3 D (1)

Number
4 D (1)

Number
5 B (1)

Number
6 B (1)

Number
7 B (1)

Number
8a A (1)

Number
8b B (1)

Number
8c D (1)

Number
9 D (1)

Number
10 A (1)

Number
11 A (1)

Number
12 A (1)

Number
13 D (1)

Number
14 C (1)

Number
15 D (1)

Number
16a C (1)

Number
16b C (1)

Number
17 B (1)
Section B

Number
18a(i) Any two of O- (2)
O+, O2+, O2+, O22+ O2-
(1) for each correct ion Ions of O3
ALLOW
16
O+, 16O2+, (16O)2+, (16O)22+
16
O2+, 16O22+
O=O+/ O=O2+ for O2 ions

Incorrect mass
Added mass numbers which numbers eg
describe a diatomic ion eg 32 O2+ 32
O+
Added round or square brackets

Added incorrect
atomic numbers
Eg 16O+
9

Number
18a(ii) The magnetic field/ Gravitational field (1)
electromagnet/ electromagnetic
field Just
OR deflector/deflection
Deflection by magnetic field
Electric field
ALLOW
Deflection and magnetic field Vacuum and
magnetic field
Detector/ detection

Number k
18a(iii) Two curved lines going towards the Straight (2)
detector region with at least one hitting the lines
detector Curvature
away from
ALLOW detector/
Section of straight line before curve starts if concave
magnetic field position is not shown curvature
Line may go up very slightly before it curves
down, probably to keep it clear of lower line. Line
turning
back
upwards
(1)
Labelling of paths depends on ions chosen:
Heavier ion shown as less deflected

OR Species
O2+ more deflected than O2+ which are
OR not ions of
Ion with lower charge shown as less oxygen
deflected
ALLOW
Ions with negative charges (as already
penalised in (i)) (1)
If chosen ions are O+ and O22+ they will not

be separated – answer must make this clear

Number
18(b) Look at final answer (2)
16. 004 scores (2)
16.00445 scores (1)
Correct expression with incorrect

final answer scores (1)
(16x99.759 + 17x0.037 +
18x0.204)/100
OR
(16x0.99759 + 17x0.00037 +
18x0.00204) (1)
=16.00445
=16.004 (1) 16.005
Ignore units

Number
18(c) Isotopic composition of oxygen in air Air contains other (1)
varies gases
ALLOW Air contains many

The abundance of the isotopes of isotopes
oxygen varies
Oxygen has many
OR isotopes
Oxygen standard was introduced
before existence of oxygen isotopes
was known
OR
Some scientists used a standard
based on one isotope while others
used a value based on mixture in
natural abundance
OR
The answer is inaccurate unless a
specified isotope is used
Just ‘12C standard
OR is better’
12C standard used because there 12C standard gives
are many 12C compounds which can a whole number
be used to calibrate the mass
spectrometer
ALLOW
It was difficult to obtain pure oxygen
from air.

Number
18(d) No difference as both isotopes have (1)
the same number of protons (and
electrons)/ the same nuclear charge
IGNORE
Same electronic configuration
OR
No difference as only number of
neutrons is different

Number
19(a) Mg(g)  Mg+(g) + e(—) Formation of (2)
Mg2+
ALLOW
Mg(g) — e(—)  Mg+(g)
Loss of electron to form Mg+ (1)
IGNORE
(g) sign on electron
State symbols
ALLOW
Provided the equation involves
magnesium, even if electron is
added to the wrong side.
(1)

Number
19(b) (1s2) 2s22p6 3s23p1 (1)
ALLOW
Capital s and/or p, subscripts
2px2 2py2 2pz2 3px1
3py1 / 3pz1 for 3px1

Number
*19(c)(i) MP1 (3)
Mg to Al:
Electron removed from Al is from a
higher energy level (3p rather than
3s)
ALLOW
Electron removed in Al is (more)
shielded (by 3s)
IGNORE
Outer electron is further from
nucleus
Full sub-shell is more stable than
part filled sub-shell (1)
MP2
Al to Si:
Si has one more proton than Al/
has greater nuclear charge, and
electrons removed in both cases
are 3p / same sub-shell / are
equally shielded (1)
MP3
EITHER
The attraction of the extra proton in
Al is less than the effect of the
higher energy level/ the shielding
OR
Electron removed from Si is closer
to nucleus (than Al)
ALLOW
Silicon is smaller in size (1)

Number
19(c)(ii) (3)
MP1
S does not follow trend
(P is above Si followed by dip in graph from P to S
rising again to Cl and Ar) (1)
MP2
S has one (3)p orbital which has two electrons/ Just “S
paired electrons/ is fully occupied has
OR 3p4”
S has 3px2, 3py1, 3pz1
OR d
Electron in box diagram for S orbital
ALLOW
S has a pair of electrons in the (3)p subshell (1)
MP3
A paired electron is easier to remove
OR
paired electrons repel each other P has a
ALLOW half
half filled sub-shell (in P) is stable filled
(1) orbital

Number
19(d) Four x round Si sharing one ● with (2)
each Cl (1)
Seven ● round each Cl sharing one x
with each Si (1)
ALLOW
Reversed symbols

Number
*19(e)(i) MP1 (3)
I— / anion becomes distorted / not
spherical. May be shown in a
diagram (1) Iodine becomes
distorted
Just “electrons in
MP2 outer shell are
Mg2+ has high(er) charge and attracted”
small(er) radius/ Mg2+ has high
charge density
(1)
MP3 Atoms of Mg
Bonding in magnesium iodide has have a small
some covalent character (atomic) radius
OR
Orbitals of Mg2+ and I- overlap/
Mg2+ shares some of the I—
electrons
OR
Mg2+ and I- ions are not
completely separate (1)

Number
19(e)(ii) Experimental/ Born Haber cycle Just “Compare (1)
and theoretical/ calculated lattice Experimental/
energies are different Born Haber cycle
and theoretical/
OR calculated lattice
Experimental/ Born Haber cycle energies”
lattice energy is more exothermic/
more negative than theoretical/
calculated lattice energy
ALLOW
Greater for more negative
IGNORE Use of electron

Comments about melting density map
temperature


Number
20(a)(i) (Different) boiling temperatures/ (1)
boiling points
ALLOW
Range of boiling temperatures

Number
20(a)(ii) Cracking: Just “Breaking a (2)
breaking of carbon chain (in a hydrocarbon”
hydrocarbon/ alkane) to give
shorter chain hydrocarbon(s)/ Just “Breaking a
smaller molecules molecule”
OR Breaking a
breaking a hydrocarbon/ alkane to hydrocarbon to
give smaller molecules form branched
chains or ring
OR structures
Breaking an alkane to give an
alkene and (a smaller) alkane/
hydrogen (1)
Reforming:
converting straight chain to a
(more) branched chain/ ring/
arene / aromatic compound
ALLOW
Specific examples (1)
IGNORE
Makes more useful compounds
Converting low octane (fuels) into
high octane (fuels)

Number
20(a)(iii) Look at final answer: (3)
+71 (kJ mol-1) scores 3 marks
-71/ 71 (kJ mol-1) scores 2 marks
-5825 (kJ mol-1) scores 1 mark
Method:
C4H10  C3H6 + CH4
(+13/2 O2) (+13/2 O2)
-2877 -2058-890 /-2948
4CO2 + 5H2O
MP1
Labelled cycle
OR
use of
∆H = ∑∆ H combustion reactants -
∑∆H combustion products (1)
MP2
∆H = (-2877 -(-2058+ (-890)) (1)
MP3 Incorrect
=+71 (kJ mol-1) (1) units

Number
20(a)(iv) C4H10  C2H6 + C2H4 C4H10  C3H6 + (1)
OR CH4
C4H10  C4H8 + H2
OR Charged
C4H10  2C2H4 + H2 products
eg C2H5+
ALLOW
Breakdown of multiple butanes Free radicals eg
C2H5•
Ignore state symbols, even if
incorrect

Number
20b(i) Look at final answer: (3)
-2050 (kJ mol-1) or anything correctly
rounded from ‒2046.528
(-2047, -2046.5, -2046.53)
scores 3 marks
+2050/ 2050 (kJ mol-1) scores 2

marks
Incorrect rounding scores 2 marks
Correct value without sign scores 2

marks
Energy transferred = (200 x 4.18 x

34.0)
=28424 (J)
IGNORE
Sign if given (1)
Mol pentane =(1.0/72) = 0.01389 /

0.0139 (1)
∆H = ‒ (-28424 ÷ (1/72 x 1000))
= ‒2046.528 (kJ mol-1)
ALLOW
TE from MP 1 and 2 provided moles of
pentane is not taken as 1 (1)
NOTE
Use of 0.0139 mol gives
-2044.9 (kJ mol-1) giving 3 marks
Ignore SF except one or two


Number
20(b)(ii) Incomplete combustion Incomplete (1)
OR reaction
Loss of pentane by evaporation Loss of water by
evaporation
ALLOW
Volume of water too large to heat Heat losses
evenly
Water not stirred evenly Conditions not
Small change in mass inaccurate standard
Heat capacity of /energy needed to
heat calorimeter not included Measuring errors
Pentane impure

Number
20(b)(iii) Pentane is very volatile/ has low (1)
boiling temperature
so risk of explosion
OR
Has high flammability Just “it is
flammable”
IGNORE Vapour is toxic

Reaction is very exothermic Combustion
products/ CO
toxic

Number
20(c)(i) C5H12 + 8O2  5CO2 + 6H2O (1)
Allow multiples
Ignore state symbols even if

incorrect

Number
20(c)(ii) Bonds broken are (2)
four C-C
twelve C-H
eight O=O (1) O-O single
bonds
Bonds made are
ten C=O
twelve O-H (1) C-O single
bonds
ALLOW TE from (c)(i)
If all five bonds are named but

formulae not given eg oxygen-
oxygen bonds, max 1
If all five bonds are correctly

identified by formula but numbers
are incorrect or missing, max 1

Number
20(c)(iii) The (total) bond energy of the Just”more bonds (1)
bonds formed is greater than the are made than
bond energy of the bonds broken broken”
OR
Energy released forming new Answers
bonds > energy needed to break referring to
old bonds energy needed to
make bonds
OR
The sum of the bond energies of Energy contained
the products is greater than the by bonds in
sum of the bond energies of the reactants>
reactants. energy contained
by bonds in
products


Number
21(a)(i) Species/ atom/ molecule/ particle Just “with a (1)
with an unpaired electron single electron”
ALLOW
An element with an unpaired A lone electron
electron
IGNORE Charged particle

Reference to neutral species /lack with an unpaired
of charge electron

Number
21(a)(ii) (1)
Cl without •
Half arrows going from bond to Cl or just

beyond
and
product 2Cl• / Cl• + Cl•

Number
21a(iii) C2H6 + Cl•  C2H5• + HCl C2H5+ (2)
ALLOW
Structural formulae e.g. CH3CH3
OR displayed
IGNORE
Production of C2H5Cl from C2H5• if
first step is correct (1)
Propagation (1)
The second mark is independent of

the first

Number
21a(iv) C2H5• + C2H5•  C4H10 Methyl or propyl (1)
radicals
ALLOW
Structural formulae e.g. CH3CH2•
/• CH3CH2
OR displayed
IGNORE
Cl• + Cl• → Cl2

Number
21b(i) (2)
 bond between C atoms shown as 2

overlapping orbitals/ one electron cloud/ single
bond (1)
 bond above and below  bond shown as two

electron clouds/ overlapping p orbitals/ p
orbitals linked by a line / a curved line above
and below single bond (1)
Both bonds must be labelled for 2 marks.


Number
*21b(ii) MP1 (3)
 bond remains
ALLOW
The product contains  bonds only
(1)
MP2
 bonds break because they are
weaker (than  bonds)
ALLOW
 bonds break because  bonds are
stronger
(1)
MP3
Breaking the  bond results in
carbocation intermediate / positively
charged carbon forming
OR
 orbital overlap is lateral/ sideways
/between parallel orbitals (making 
bonds break/ weak)
OR
The  bonds are much stronger
(than the  bond) because of more
effective (orbital) overlap
(1)

Number
21(b)(iii) From: Purple/ pink (solution) To brown (2)
To: colourless (1)
Molecular/
structural/
skeletal formulae
(1)
Any orientation
Don’t penalise undisplayed OH
Don’t penalise bonds going to C bonded to H

middle of undisplayed OH of OH

Number
21(b)(iv) Second mark depends on use of (2)
bromine/ solution of bromine for
test.
EITHER
Test: add bromine water / Br2(aq)
ALLOW
Add bromine in organic solvent/
bromine dissolved in hexane/
bromine in 1,1,1-trichloroethane
(1)
From: brown/ red-brown/orange/

yellow
To: colourless (1)
OR
Add bromine / Br2
(1)
From: brown/ red-brown

To: colourless (1)

Number
21(b)(v) (4)
Dipole on HBr (1)
Curly arrow from C=C double bond to Hδ+ of

HBr and curly arrow from H-Br bond to Br
(1) Half
arrows
Correct intermediate with + charge (1)
Curly arrow from Br‒ to C+ and formula of

product
ALLOW
Curly arrow from anywhere on Br, including
the ‒ sign or lone pair (which is optional) (1)

Number
21(c) (2)
+ H2  Use of H, H+
(1)
Suitable catalyst nickel/ platinum/

palladium (1) Zeolite catalyst
Ignore references to temperature,

pressure, uv light


Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary

Instructions
• centre
Answer
Information
• –Theusemarks for each question are shown in brackets
• written
Advice
• Keep
• Try toananswer
eye on the time.
every question.
Turn over
P48382A
6/6/6/4/
*P48382A0124*
SECTION A

a cross .
1 Sea water contains 2.7 mg of sulfate ions per kilogram.
What is the concentration of sulfate ions in parts per million by mass?
A 2.7 × 10–6
B 2.7 × 10–3
C 2.7
D 2.7 × 103

2 How many ions are in 284 g of sodium sulfate, Na2SO4?
Avogadro constant = 6.0 × 1023 mol–1
Molar mass of sodium sulfate = 142 g mol–1
A 1.2 × 1024
B 2.4 × 1024
C 3.6 × 1024
D 8.4 × 1024
3 Calculate the empirical formula of the compound with the percentage composition
by mass: Li = 17.9%; P = 26.8%; O = 55.3% DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
Molar masses / g mol–1 Li = 6.9, P = 31.0, O = 16.0

A Li2P3O6
B Li3PO3
C LiPO3
D Li3PO4
2
*P48382A0224*
4 What is the empirical formula of the oxide formed when 2.6 g of chromium produces
3.8 g of chromium oxide?
Molar masses / g mol–1 Cr = 52.0, O = 16.0

A CrO
B CrO2
C Cr2O3
D Cr3O4
5 Consider the reaction

2SO2(g) + O2(g) o 2SO3(g)
What is the maximum volume, in dm3, of sulfur trioxide that could be obtained when
0.5 dm3 of sulfur dioxide is mixed with 1 dm3 of oxygen, under suitable conditions?
All measurements are made at the same temperature and pressure.

A 0.5
B 1.5
C 2.0
D 2.5
6 Identify the atom with two unpaired electrons in its lowest energy state (ground state).
A Be
B C
C Cl
D Ca
3
7 Which ion has the largest ionic radius?
A Ca2+

B Cl–
C K+
D S2–
8 The compound with the greatest covalent character is

A NaF
B NaI
C AlF3
D AlI3

9 What is the sequence of the orbitals from which electrons are removed in the
first four ionisations of boron?
1st Ionisation 2nd Ionisation 3rd Ionisation 4th Ionisation
A 1s 1s 2s 2s
B 1s 2s 2s 2p
C 2p 2s 2s 1s
D 2p 2s 1s 1s
4
*P48382A0424*
10 Calcium chloride can be prepared by reacting calcium carbonate with
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) o CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(a) The ionic equation for the reaction is

(1)
A Ca2+(s) + 2Cl–(aq) o CaCl2(aq)
B CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) o Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
CO3 (s) + 2H+(aq) o H2O(l) + CO2(g)
2–
C
D CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) o CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(b) An excess of calcium carbonate is used in the preparation. The sequence of

processes needed to obtain crystals of calcium chloride from the reaction mixture is
(1)
A filtering, concentrating the solution, slowly evaporating.
B filtering, slowly evaporating, distilling.

C concentrating the solution, filtering, distilling.
D concentrating the solution, slowly evaporating, filtering.
(c) The excess calcium carbonate was added to 100 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid. The mass of calcium chloride crystals obtained was 10.4 g.
Molar mass of calcium chloride crystals, CaCl2.2H2O = 147 g mol–1.
The percentage yield, by mass, of calcium chloride crystals is
(1)
A 71.2
B 70.7
C 35.4
D 17.7
5
11 Which of the following series shows the elements in order of increasing melting temperature?
A Li, Na, K

B Al, Si, P
C Na, Mg, Al
D S, Cl, Ar
12 Consider the reaction
H2(g) + I2(g) o2HI (g) ǻH = –9.0 kJ mol–1

The bond energy of H–H = 436 kJ mol–1
The bond energy of H–I = 298 kJ mol–1
It can be deduced that the bond energy of I–I, in kJ mol–1, is

A 75.5
B 84.5
C 151
D 169
6
*P48382A0624*
13 What is the systematic name for the hydrocarbon shown?
H
H C H H
H C H H C H
H H H
H C C C C C H
H H H H
H C H
A 2,2-dimethyl-4-ethylpentane
B 2-ethyl-4,4-dimethylpentane
C 3,5,5-trimethylhexane
D 2,2,4-trimethylhexane
14 Which compound has E-Z isomers?

A but-1-ene
B but-2-ene
C 1,1-dichloroethene
D 2-methylbut-2-ene
7
15 Which compound has an empirical formula different from its molecular formula?

A
16 Which reagent reacts with propene to form this compound?

CH3

HO
OH
A hydrogen peroxide solution
B oxygen and water
C aqueous sodium hydroxide
D acidified potassium manganate(VII)
17 Propene reacts with hydrogen bromide to form

A a mixture of 1-bromopropane and 2-bromopropane
B 1,2-dibromopropane
C 2-bromopropan-1-ol
D 1-bromopropan-2-ol
8
*P48382A0824*
18 Copolymers are formed from two different monomers.
The repeat unit of a copolymer is
H H H H
C C C C
H H CH3 H
This copolymer is formed from ethene and
A propane.
B propene.
C 2-methylbutane.
D 2-methylbut-1-ene.


9
SECTION B

19 A sample of an element, X, was extracted from a meteorite.
The table gives the percentage abundance of the isotopes of X obtained from the
mass spectrum of the sample.
m/e % abundance
54 6.10
56 92.0
57 1.90
(a) (i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of the element in this sample.

(2)
(ii) Identify X and hence give the numbers of subatomic particles present in the
species at m/e = 56 in the mass spectrum.
(2)
X ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........................................................
Number of particles present in the species at m/e = 56
protons electrons neutrons
10
*P48382A01024*
(iii) A peak at m/e = 28 was also detected in the mass spectrum of X.
Identify the species which produced this peak.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Explain why the three isotopes of X have the same chemical properties.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) (i) Outline how a solid sample of element X is converted into ions in a
mass spectrometer.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) Following the formation of ions, there are three steps in the production of a
spectrum in the mass spectrometer.
Name the three steps in order and state how the first two are carried out.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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11
20 (a) The element sodium and the compound sodium bromide are both solid at
room temperature.

(i) Name the type of bonding in sodium and explain how this bonding holds the
structure together.
(2)
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(ii) Name the type of bonding in sodium bromide and explain how this bonding

holds the structure together.
(1)
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(iii) The table shows the melting temperatures of sodium and of sodium bromide.
Substance Sodium Sodium bromide
Melting temperature / K 371 1020
What can you deduce from these data about the bonding in the two substances?
(1)
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12
*P48382A01224*
(iv) Name one physical property, other than melting or boiling temperature, in
which sodium and sodium bromide differ due to the difference in their bonding.
Describe how this property differs for each of the two substances.
(2)
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(b) The ammonium ion, NH+4 , contains covalent bonds and a dative covalent bond.
(i) Describe the difference between a covalent bond and a dative covalent bond.
(2)
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(ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram for an ammonium ion. Use the symbol X for electrons
from the hydrogen atoms and Ɣ for electrons from the outer shell of the nitrogen atom.
(2)
(iii) Suggest how an electron density map of ammonium chloride would provide
evidence for the presence of ions in the compound.
(1)
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13
21 (a) The table below shows some of the ionisation energies of magnesium.

First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Ionisation energy
738 1451 10541 13629
/ kJ mol–1
(i) Complete the table by predicting a value for the third ionisation energy
of magnesium.
(1)
(ii) Write the equation for the third ionisation of magnesium. Include state symbols.
(2)

(b) A version of the Born-Haber cycle for magnesium chloride is shown below.
Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g)
ǻH3
ǻH2
Mg2+(g) + 2Cl–(g)
Mg(g) + 2Cl(g)
ǻH1
ǻH4
Mg(s) + Cl2(g)
ǻH5
MgCl2(s)
14
*P48382A01424*
(i) Identify the enthalpy changes from the Born-Haber cycle by completing the table.
ǻH1 is the sum of two enthalpy changes and you should give both.
(3)
Enthalpy change Identity of enthalpy change
ǻH1
ǻH3
ǻH5
(ii) Use the data in (a) to calculate the value of ǻH2 .

(1)
ǻH2 =
(iii) Use your answer to (ii) and the following data to calculate the lattice energy of
magnesium chloride, ǻH4 .
Enthalpy change Value of enthalpy change / kJ mol–1
ǻH1 +391.1
ǻH3 –697.6
ǻH5 –641.3
(2)
15
(c) A similar Born-Haber cycle can be drawn for calcium chloride.
*(i) In the calcium chloride cycle, the corresponding value for ǻH2 is less positive.

Explain why this is so.
(2)
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*(ii) Explain why the value for the lattice energy, ǻH4 , is less negative for
calcium chloride than for magnesium chloride.

(2)
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16
*P48382A01624*
BLANK PAGE
*P48382A01724*
17
Turn over
22 Sodium hydrogencarbonate decomposes on heating to form sodium carbonate,
carbon dioxide and water.

Reaction 1 2NaHCO3(s) o Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(a) Suggest why it is difficult to measure the enthalpy change of this reaction directly.
(1)
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(b) The enthalpy change can be measured indirectly using the enthalpy changes for
the following two reactions and applying Hess’s Law.
Reaction 2 NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) o NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Reaction 3 Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) o 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g).

An experiment was carried out to measure the enthalpy change of Reaction 2.
100 cm3 of 1.25 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid was placed in a polystyrene beaker
with capacity 200 cm3. The initial temperature of the acid was 21.5qC.
8.00 g of solid sodium hydrogencarbonate was added, a lid was placed on the beaker
and the mixture was stirred. The lowest temperature of the mixture was 14.2 qC.
(i) Explain why the beaker used in this experiment is large.
(1)
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(ii) Show by calculation that the hydrochloric acid is present in excess.

(2)
18
*P48382A01824*
(iii) Calculate the energy transferred and hence the enthalpy change of the
reaction in kJ mol–1.

Use the equation: Energy transferred (J) = 100 × 4.18 × temperature change.
(3)
(iv) The enthalpy change for Reaction 3 was found to be –36.3 kJ mol–1.
Complete the Hess cycle by adding the appropriate arrows and formulae to
the outline.
Use your completed cycle to calculate the enthalpy change for Reaction 1.
(4)
2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Reaction 1
ǻH for Reaction 1 = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................................. kJ mol–1
19
23 (a) Ethane reacts with chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet light forming
chloroethane, C2H5Cl and other products.

(i) Ultraviolet light causes homolytic fission of chlorine molecules.
Draw a dot and cross diagram of a chlorine molecule and use it to explain
what happens to the molecule when homolytic fission occurs, naming the
species produced.
(2)
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(ii) Write the equations for the two propagation steps which occur in the reaction
producing chloroethane.
(2)
Equation 1:
Equation 2:
20
*P48382A02024*
(iii) Write the equation for the termination step which produces a hydrocarbon as
a product in this reaction.
(1)
(b) Ethene also reacts with chlorine but by a different mechanism.

*(i) Describe how the ʌ bond in ethene forms and explain why this bond causes
ethene to take part in addition reactions with halogens.
(2)
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(ii) Write the mechanism for the reaction of ethene with chlorine.
Use curly arrows to show movements of electron pairs.
(3)
21
(iii) Name the product of the reaction of chlorine with ethene.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The halogenoalkene,1-chloroethene, is used to make a widely used polymer,

poly(chloroethene), commonly known as PVC.
Write a balanced equation for the polymerisation of 1-chloroethene to PVC.
Use displayed formulae to show the bonds in both the monomer and
the polymer.
(2)


22
*P48382A02224*
BLANK PAGE
*P48382A02324*
23
*P48382A02424*
24
Summer 2017
Pearson Edexcel IAL

In Chemistry (WCH01) Paper 01

Summer 2017
General marking guidance
 This mark scheme provides a list of acceptable answers

for this paper. Candidates will receive credit for all correct
responses but will be penalised if they give more than one
answer where only one is required (e.g. putting an
additional cross in a set of boxes). If a candidate produces
more written answers than the required number (two
instead of one, three instead of two etc), only the first
answers will be accepted. Free responses are marked for
the effective communication of the correct answer rather
than for quality of language but it is possible that, on
some occasions, the quality of English or poor
presentation can impede communication and loose
candidate marks. It is sometimes possible for a candidate
to produce a written response that does not feature in the
mark scheme but which is nevertheless correct. If this
were to occur, an examiner would, of course, give full
credit to that answer.
 All candidates must receive the same treatment.
Examiners must mark the first candidate in exactly the
same way as they mark the last.
according to their perception of where the grade
boundaries may lie.
deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark scheme.
Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if
the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit according
to the mark scheme.
 When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of
the mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team
leader must be consulted.
 Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate
has replaced it with an alternative response.

Number
1 1. The only correct answer is C (1)
A is not correct because 1kg = 106 mg so no conversion

factor is needed.
B is not correct because 1kg = 106 mg so no conversion

factor is needed.
D is not correct because 1kg = 106 mg so no conversion

factor is needed.

Number
A is not correct because this does not count the 3 ions

per mol of Na2SO4
B is not correct because this assumes there are 2 ions

per mol of Na2SO4
D is not correct because this assumes there are 7 ions

per mol of Na2SO4

Number
3 3. The only correct answer is D (1)
A is not correct because this is based on mass, not mol
B is not correct because the Li:O ratio is wrong
C is not correct because the Li:P ratio is wrong

Number
A is not correct because the mol of O have not been

calculated
B is not correct because the mol of O have not been

calculated
D is not correct because the molar ratio Cr:O has been

inverted
Number
5 5. The only correct answer is A (1)
B is not correct because the ratio of SO2:SO3 is 1:1 and

oxygen is in excess
C is not correct because the ratio of SO2:SO3 is 1:1 and

oxygen is in excess
D is not correct because the ratio of SO2:SO3 is 1:1 and

oxygen is in excess

Number
6 6. The only correct answer is B (1)
A is not correct because Be has no unpaired electrons
C is not correct because Cl has one unpaired p electron
D is not correct because Ca has no unpaired electrons

Number
A is not correct because this ion has 20 protons and S2-

has 16
B is not correct because this ion has 17 protons and S2-

has 16
C is not correct because this ion has 19 protons and S2-

has 16

Number
A is not correct because Na+ has less polarising power

than Al3+
B is not correct because Na+ has less polarising power

than Al3+
C is not correct because F- is smaller than I- and less

easily polarised
Number
A is not correct because electrons are removed from

level 2 before level 1
B is not correct because electrons are removed from 2p

before 2s
D is not correct because electrons are removed from 2s

before 1s

Number
10(a) 10(a). The only correct answer is B (1)
A is not correct because CaCO3(s) should not be shown

as separated ions
C is not correct because CaCO3(s) should not be shown

as separated ions
D is not correct because CaCl2(aq) should be shown as

separated ions and spectators then cancelled out

Number
10(b) 10(b). The only correct answer is A (1)
B is not correct because calcium chloride cannot be

removed by distillation
C is not correct because calcium chloride cannot be

removed by distillation
D is not correct because the excess solid calcium

carbonate must be removed before evaporating
Number
10(c) 10(c). The only correct answer is B (1)
A is not correct because this does not use the molar

masses and the value is based on 10.4/14.7
C is not correct because the 2:1 ratio of HCl:CaCl2 is

not used
D is not correct because it is not based on the

theoretical yield of calcium chloride being 14.7g

Number
A is not correct because melting temperatures decrease

down Group 1
B is not correct because the melting temperature of P is

less than Si
D is not correct because the melting temperature of Ar

is less than the others

Number
A is not correct because it has used a wrong sign in the

calculation and then divided the answer by 2
B is not correct because it has used a wrong sign in the

calculation
D is not correct because the wrong sign for enthalpy

change has been used
Number
A is not correct because there are 6 C atoms in the

longest chain
B is not correct because there are 6 C atoms in the

longest chain
C is not correct because the chain should be numbered

from the end which gives lowest numbers for the side
chains

Number
A is not correct because in the double bond the first C

atom has 2H attached
C is not correct because in the double bond the first C

atom has 2Cl attached
D is not correct because in the double bond one C atom

has 2CH3 attached

Number
B is not correct because the molecular formula C5H8

cannot be simplified
C is not correct because the molecular formula C5H12

D is not correct because the molecular formula C5H12

Number
A is not correct because hydrogen peroxide does not

react with propene to give a diol
B is not correct because oxygen and water do not react

with propene to give a diol
C is not correct because aqueous sodium hydroxide

does not react with propene to give a diol

Number
B is not correct because bromine, not HBr, is needed to

produce dibromopropane
C is not correct because bromine, not HBr, is needed to

produce bromopropanol
D is not correct because bromine water, not HBr, is

needed to produce bromopropanol

Number
A is not correct because another alkene is required to

react with ethene
C is not correct because another alkene is required to

react with ethene
D is not correct because an alkene with 3C atoms is

required to react with ethene

Section B

Number
19a(i) (6.10x54 + 92.0x56 +1.90x57) (1) (2)
100
= (5589.7 /100)
=55.9
Final answer must be to 3 SF 55.89/ 55.90
IGNORE
Units (1)
Correct answer with no working shown

scores (2)

Number
19a(ii) X = Fe / iron. Fe with (2)
negative
ALLOW Fe+ charge
protons electrons neutrons

26 25 30
MP1
Identity of X and proton number (1)
MP2
number of electrons and neutrons
No TE for MP2 for wrong element (1)

Number
19a(iii) X2+/ Fe2+ forms Fe2- (1)
IGNORE any atomic numbers or mass Silicon, Si,

numbers Ni, Si+, N2+
Number
19a(iv) The isotopes have the same number (2)
of electrons (1)
(therefore)
same number of electrons in outer

shell / valence electrons
(so the same chemical properties)

(1)
Isotopes have the same electronic

configuration/structure scores (2)
IGNORE
Same number of protons/ different
number of neutrons

Number
19b(i) Sample is vaporised / converted to a ‘vaporised to (2)
gas / atomised form ions’
ALLOW
sample is sublimed (1)
(Atoms are) bombarded with (high

energy) electrons /
electron removed with electron gun /
electron removed with electron beam
(1)
Number
19b(ii) MP1 (3)
Reference to acceleration, deflection, Incorrect
detection in correct order order
IGNORE
Additional comments on vaporisation Analysing
and ionisation (1)
MP2 and 3
Acceleration: (ions pass through slit in
negatively) charged plate / electric
field / electronic field (1) Just positively
charged plate
Deflection: (ions pass through) a ‘electron field’
magnetic field
ALLOW magnet / electromagnet (1)
(Total for Question 19 =12 marks)

Number
20a(i) MP1 (2)
Metallic (bonding) Intermolecular
forces
and
Na has delocalised / mobile electrons /

free electrons
ALLOW
Sea of electrons (1)
MP2
attracting the positive ions / attracting Attraction in
the metal ions / attracting the nuclei any sort of
(1) bonding other
than metallic
Second mark depends on first

Number
20a(ii) Ionic bonding and Intermolecular (1)
(electrostatic) force /attraction forces
between oppositely charged ions between ions
OR Attraction of
+ and ─ ions differently
OR charged ions
Na+ and Br— ions
OR Sodium and
cations and anions bromine

Number
20a(iii) Ionic (bonding) is stronger than Any reference (1)
metallic (bonding) (in this case) to incorrect
OR types of
Bonding in NaBr is stronger (than in bonding
Na)
ALLOW
Attraction in NaBr is stronger
Reverse argument
Number
20a(iv) Electrical conductivity: (2)
Sodium conducts (in solid or liquid

state)
NaBr does not conduct when solid/
only conducts when molten / in
(aqueous) solution
OR
Thermal conductivity : NaBr cannot
Na good, NaBr poor conduct heat
Sodium conducts heat is insufficient
OR
Malleability/ Ductility:
Na malleable/ ductile, NaBr brittle
ALLOW
Hardness
Na soft; NaBr harder
Density
Na low ; NaBr higher
Name of property and correct for Na Chemical

or NaBr (1) properties
Correct for the second substance (1) Colour
IGNORE Solubility
Explanations for differences

Number
20b(i) Covalent: The (bonding) electrons (2)
come (equally) from both atoms (1)
Dative covalent: The (bonding)

electrons come from one atom (1)
Number
20b(ii) (2)
N joined to four H with three correct N-

H single bonds, i.e. with a dot and a Just diagram
cross (1) for ammonia
Datively covalently bonded H (lone pair

on N shared with fourth H)
and a + charge on this H / on the
whole ion / on the N
ALLOW 2 crosses for dative bond

(1)
IGNORE
Arrow from N to H indicating dative
covalent
Lack of square brackets

Number
20b(iii) (Electron density contour) lines (1)
go round ion and not around other
nuclei/
do not overlap/
do not fuse/
do not intercept/
OR
There is a gap between particles/ ions
with no electron density lines
IGNORE
Number of circles
ALLOW
Diagram

Number
21a(i) Answers between 7000 and 8500, (1)
including 7000 and 8500 (kJ mol-1)

Number
21a(ii) Mg2+(g) → Mg3+(g) + e(-)((g)) (2)
ALLOW
Mg2+(g) - e(-)((g)) → Mg3+(g)
Gaseous states for both magnesium

species (1)
Rest of equation correct (1)

Number
21b(i) (Enthalpy change of) (3)
ΔH1 Atomisation of Mg (1)
and (2x) atomisation of ½
Cl2 / Cl / chlorine / Cl2
ALLOW
ΔHat for (enthalpy change
of) atomisation
OR Bond enthalpy Cl-Cl
for ΔHat

ΔH3 (2x) (first) electron (1)
affinity of Cl / chlorine EA of Cl2
(2x) EA of Cl
ALLOW
Electron affinity of 2 Cl
ΔH5 Formation (of MgCl2) (1)
ΔHf (of MgCl2)
Number
21b(ii) (+)2189 (kJ mol-1) -2189 (kJ (1)
mol-1)

Number
21b(iii) ΔH4 = (2)
-641.3 –(391.1 + 2189 – 697.6)
(1)
= - 2523.8/ -2524 (kJ mol-1) incorrect unit,

(1) but allow the
minor slip eg
Final answer without working scores 2 kJ mol-
Correct value with + sign scores 1
TE on incorrect value in (b)(ii) for 2

marks:
(b)(ii) = +1451, (b)(iii) = -1785.8
(b)(ii) = -2189, (b)(iii) = (+)1854.2
If no value has been calculated in

(b)(ii), ΔH4 = -334.8 - ΔH2
This scores (1)

Number
*21c(i) Ca atom has a larger radius (than Mg)/ Ca ions larger (2)
has more electron shells (than Mg) /
has (outer) electrons which are further Just “Ca is
from nucleus larger (than
OR Mg)”
The (outer shell) electrons in Ca are The molecules
more shielded (1) are larger
(Outer shell) electrons experience less

attraction from the nucleus
OR
require less energy/ are easier to
remove (1)
ALLOW reverse argument

IGNORE
References to charge density
Number
*21c(ii) MP1 (2)
Mg2+ has higher charge density / same Atomic radius
charge but smaller (radius) than Ca2+/
distance between ions is smaller
IGNORE
Mg2+ has higher polarising power than
Ca2+ (1)
MP2
So attracts Cl- more strongly (in
MgCl2)/
so more energy is released when bond ‘attracts
forms (1) chlorine’
References to
MP2 depends on MP1 incorrect type
of bond/force
Number
22(a) Difficult to (1)
measure energy supplied/ Just “because
take measurements while heating (the requires
sample)/ heating”
to decide when reaction is complete
Because of
ALLOW heat losses
Difficult to measure the temperature of
a solid
Difficult to measure heat supplied/ heat
absorbed

Number
22b(i) To protect from or prevent (the acid/ (1)
reaction mixture)
spraying/
spitting/
splashing out/
bubbling over/
spilling with reason eg due to excessive Just “spilling”
frothing / stirring
IGNORE
Reaction is vigorous

Number
22b(ii) Mol HCl = (100 x 1.25 / 1000) (2)
=1.25 x 10-1 / 0.125 (1)
Mol NaHCO3 = (8.0/84)

= 0.095238/ 0.0952
Ignore SF except 1 SF (1)
Number
22b(iii) Energy transferred = (3)
(100 x 4.18 x 7.3)
= 3051.4 (J) / 3.0514 kJ
Ignore sign
Ignore SF except 1 or 2 SF (1)
ΔH = + 3051.4 ÷ 0.095238
Allow TE from incorrect NaHCO3 from

(b) (ii) (1)
= + 32040 J mol-1 /
+32.040/ +32.0 kJ mol-1
ALLOW answers using rounded values

of 0.095238 e.g.
+32.120 kJ mol-1 if based on 0.095
(1)
IGNORE SF
Use of 0.125 mol does NOT score MP2,

but will score MP3 for +24.41 kJ mol-1
Number
22b(iv) (4)
2NaCl + 2H2O + 2CO2 in bottom box Cycles

IGNORE using
State symbols (1) ΔHf
Two arrows pointing downwards each with

2HCl
OR
Two arrows pointing downwards with 2HCl on
each side of the equation in both top boxes
(1)
ALLOW
Right hand arrow pointing upwards and 2HCl
if (2x) (b)(iii) + 36.3 used correctly in
calculation
ΔH for Reaction 1 =
2x answer to (b)(iii) –(-36.3) (1)
= (+)100.3 (kJ mol-1) (1)
If factor of 2 missing in MP3 allow TE in MP4

= (+)68.3 (kJ mol-1)
TE on incorrect answer to (b)(iii)

Answer of +3.05 in (b)(iii) gives (2x 3.05
+36.3) = (+)42.4 (kJ mol-1)
Answer of +24.41 in (b)(iii) gives (2x 24.41
+36.3) = (+)85.12 (kJ mol-1)
( Total for question 22 = 11 marks)

Number
23a(i) (2)
MP1
Diagram with 3 lone pairs of electrons per
atom and one shared pair
ALLOW
All dots or all crosses (1)
MP2
One electron from the Cl-Cl bond goes to
each atom to produce a (free) radical Just Cl-Cl
/ the bonding electrons are divided equally with half
between the atoms to produce a (free) arrows
radical (1)

Number
23a (ii) Penalise omission of dots in correct (2)
equations only once in (ii) and (iii)
C2H6 + Cl• → HCl + C2H5• (1)
C2H5• + Cl2 → C2H5Cl + Cl• (1)
ALLOW
• before or after the formula.
TE in equation 2 if the wrong hydrocarbon is

used (eg methane giving CH3•)
TE in equation 2 for formation of further

substituted chloroalkane
IGNORE any curly arrows

Number
23a(iii) 2 C2H5• → C4H10 Equations not (1)
giving a
ALLOW hydrocarbon
TE from incorrect alkyl radical in
(a)(ii) eg 2CH3• → C2H6

Number
*23b(i) MP1 (2)
pi bond forms by overlap of p sub shells / pi
p orbitals. orbital
ALLOW
Correct labelled diagram (1)
MP2
Orbital overlap is poor so bond Just “it is weaker
breaks easily than the sigma
OR bond” without a
Orbital overlap is poor as orbitals are reason why
parallel / sideways
(Poor overlap must be described, not

just drawn)
OR
Region of high electron density
makes bond reactive / susceptible to
attack by electrophiles (1)
Number
*23b(ii) (3)
MP1
Arrow from C=C to Clδ+ and from Cl-Cl bond to
Clδ- (1)
MP2
Intermediate with + charge, and Cl─ (1) Partial
charges on
MP3 intermediate
and chloride
Arrow from anywhere on Cl─ to + on C and
product (lone pair on Cl─ not required)
No TE from a
ALLOW free radical
TE if partial charges are shown in MP2 (do not mechanism
penalise these twice) (1)
Correct mechanism shown with bromine or HX or

an incorrect alkene scores a maximum of 2
marks.
Number
23b(iii) 1,2-dichloroethane ethene for ethane (1)
in the name
Questio Acceptable Answers Rejec Mar

n t k
Number
23c (2)
MP1 is for correct structure of monomer and

single repeat unit of polymer with continuation
bonds (1)
MP2 is for n in correct place of both sides of the

equation and brackets round repeat unit
ALLOW
Multiples if balancing is correct in equation
Polymer with more than one repeat unit if

balanced
Continuation bonds which do not go right through

the bracket
IGNORE
Bracket round monomer
Shape of brackets (1)


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every question.
Turn over
P53491A
6/6/1/1/1/
*P53491A0132*
SECTION A

a cross .
1 The concentration of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases of a car without a
catalytic converter is 0.7 % by volume.
In units of parts per million, this concentration is
A 7
B 70
C 700
D 7000

2 Ionization occurs in a mass spectrometer when an atom or a molecule
A is accelerated to high kinetic energy and loses an electron.
B is accelerated to high kinetic energy and gains an electron.
C collides with a high energy electron and loses an electron.
D collides with a high energy electron and gains an electron.
2
*P53491A0232*
3 The mass spectrum of a metal has only the peaks shown in the diagram.
Relative
intensity
0
62 63 64 65
m/e
The relative atomic mass of the metal is

A 63.0
B 63.6
C 64.0
D 65.0
3
4 An atom and an ion with a single positive charge are isoelectronic. Therefore the
A atom and the ion have the same mass number.

B atom and the ion have the same atomic number.
C atomic number of the atom is one more than that of the ion.
D atomic number of the atom is one less than that of the ion.
5 The electronic configuration of a species which has only one unpaired electron is
A 1s2 2s2 2p2
B 1s2 2s2 2p3
C 1s2 2s2 2p4
D 1s2 2s2 2p5

6 The CFC dichlorodifluoromethane has the molecular formula CCl2F2 and its
molar mass is 121 g mol−1. What is the total number of atoms in 2.42 g of
dichlorodifluoromethane?
A 6.0 × 1022
B 4.8 × 1022
C 3.6 × 1022
D 1.2 × 1022
4
*P53491A0432*
7 A chemical compound has a high melting temperature and a high boiling temperature.
From this it can be deduced that its bonding could be
A ionic but not covalent.

B covalent but not ionic.
C either ionic or covalent.
D metallic.
8 Which diagram best represents the electron density map of a chlorine molecule?
A
D
5
9 When gold(III) oxide is heated, it decomposes to form gold and oxygen. Calculate the
mass of gold formed when 2.21g of gold(III) oxide is heated to constant mass.

[Molar masses: O = 16.0 g mol−1 Au = 197 g mol−1]
A 1.97 g
B 2.04 g
C 2.10 g
D 2.15 g
10 One of the reactions in the catalytic converter of a car exhaust is

2NO(g) + 2CO(g) o 2CO2(g) + N2(g)
400 cm3 of NO is mixed with 500 cm3 of CO. What is the total volume of gas when the
reaction is complete? All gas volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure.

A 600 cm3
B 700 cm3
C 1300 cm3
D The volume cannot be calculated without the molar volume of gas at the appropriate
6
*P53491A0632*
11 When dilute sulfuric acid is added to a solution of lead(II) nitrate, the reaction is
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) o PbSO4(s) + 2HNO3(aq)
(a) This reaction is

(1)
A displacement.
B neutralization.
C precipitation.
D redox.
(b) When excess sulfuric acid was added to a solution containing 6.62 g of lead(II) nitrate,
4.80 g of lead(II) sulfate was obtained.
What is the percentage yield by mass of lead(II) sulfate in this reaction?
(1)
[Molar masses: Pb(NO3)2 = 331 g mol−1 ; PbSO4 = 303 g mol−1]
A 91.5 %
B 79.2 %
C 72.5 %
D 66.4 %
7
12 Which is correct for chlorine?

First ionization energy First electron affinity
A exothermic endothermic
B exothermic exothermic
C endothermic exothermic
D endothermic endothermic
13 In the solid state, phosphorus exists in three forms: black, red and white. These forms
may be interconverted:
9
P(s, white) o P(s, black) ¨H = −43.1 kJ mol−1
9
P(s, white) o P(s, red) ¨H = −18.0 kJ mol−1

From these data, it may be calculated that the standard enthalpy change for the
conversion of black phosphorus into red phosphorus is
A +61.1 kJ mol−1
B +25.1 kJ mol−1
C −25.1 kJ mol−1
D −61.1 kJ mol−1
8
*P53491A0832*
14 The reaction between hydrogen and fluorine is highly exothermic. This is mainly
because the
A F—F bond is weak and the H—F bond is strong.

B F—F bond is strong and the H—F bond is weak.
C F—F bond is weak and the H—F and H—H bonds are strong.
D F—F bond is strong and the H—F and H—H bonds are weak.
15 An aqueous solution of copper(II) chromate(VI) was electrolysed in the apparatus

shown in the diagram using platinum electrodes.
6V dc
+ –
X Z
After five minutes, the colours observed in the different parts of the solution in the
U-tube were
X Y Z
A green yellow blue

B yellow blue green
C blue green yellow
D yellow green blue
9
16 Give the systematic name for this hydrocarbon.

CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3
CH2
CH2
CH CH2 CH3
CH3
A 1,1,4-triethylpentane
B 2,5,5-triethylpentane
C 2,5-diethylheptane
D 3-ethyl-6-methyloctane

17 A compound has the structure
H Cl
C C
Cl H
Depending on the naming system used, this compound is

A cis-1,2-dichloroethene or E-1,2-dichloroethene.
B cis-1,2-dichloroethene or Z-1,2-dichloroethene.
C trans-1,2-dichloroethene or E-1,2-dichloroethene.
D trans-1,2-dichloroethene or Z-1,2-dichloroethene.

10
*P53491A01032*
18 The carbon-carbon bond in ethene consists of
A two ı bonds.
B one ʌ bond.
C one ı bond and one ʌ bond.
D two ʌ bonds.
19 The terms hazard and risk are used when considering the use of chemical compounds.
For a particular characteristic of a pure compound,
A hazard is fixed but risk varies.
B hazard varies but risk is fixed.
C hazard and risk are fixed.
D hazard and risk vary.

11
SECTION B

20 Compounds A and B are isomeric alkenes.
H CH3 CH3 H
C C C C
H CH3 H CH3
A B
(a) (i) Name compound A.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Give the molecular formula of compound B.

(1)

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(iii) Explain why A and B are isomers.

(2)
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12
*P53491A01232*
(iv) Draw the geometric isomer of compound B.
(1)
(v) Explain why compound B has a geometric isomer but compound A does not.
(1)
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13
(b) Compound C is an isomer of compounds A and B. Some reactions of compound C
are shown below.

H H H H
H C C C C H
Br Br H H
1
H H H H H H H H
2
C C C C H H C C C C H
H H H 3 Br OH H H
compound C
KMnO4 and
compound D
dilute H2SO4
(i) Name the reagent(s) required for reaction 1.

(1)
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(ii) Name the reagent(s) required for reaction 2.

(1)
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(iii) Draw the displayed formula of compound D.

(1)
14
*P53491A01432*
(c) Compound C also reacts with hydrogen chloride.
(i) Classify the type and mechanism of this reaction.
(2)
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(ii) Complete the diagram below by adding any dipoles and curly arrows relevant
to the first step of the mechanism of this reaction.
(2)
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H
H Cl
(iii) Draw the intermediate for the reaction which produces the major product.
Hence show the final step of the mechanism and the product.
Include relevant curly arrows, lone pairs and charges.

(4)
15
(d) Compound C forms a polymer which, because of its temperature resistance, is
used in hot water piping.

Draw a section of this polymer, showing two repeat units.
(1)

16
*P53491A01632*
BLANK PAGE
*P53491A01732*
17
Turn over
21 Magnesium is in Group 2 of the Periodic Table. It has a number of naturally occurring
isotopes, including 24Mg and 26Mg.

(a) (i) Explain, in terms of the subatomic particles in the atoms, why 24Mg and 26Mg
are isotopes.
(2)
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(ii) A sample of magnesium, which contains only the isotopes 24Mg and 26Mg, has
a relative atomic mass of 24.433.
Calculate the percentage abundance of each isotope in this sample of magnesium.
(2)

18
*P53491A01832*
(b) (i) Give the electronic structure of a magnesium atom, using the s, p, d notation.
(1)
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(ii) Write the equation for the first ionization energy of magnesium.
Include state symbols.
(1)
*(iii) Explain why the first ionization energy of magnesium is higher than the
first ionization energy of sodium.
(2)
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(iv) Explain why the first ionization energy of magnesium is higher than the
first ionization energy of aluminium.
(2)
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19
(c) Magnesium carbonate decomposes on heating:
MgCO3(s) o MgO(s) + CO2(g) ¨H1

The enthalpy change can only be determined indirectly, by applying Hess’s Law.
(i) Explain why the enthalpy change of this reaction cannot be determined directly.
(1)
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(ii) State Hess’s Law.

(1)
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(d) A class of students carried out an experiment to measure ¨H1 indirectly by

determining the enthalpy changes of two reactions:
MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) o MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) ¨H2
MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) o MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) ¨H3
One group used the following method to measure ¨H2.

• Pipette 50.0 cm3 of 2 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid (a large excess) into a
polystyrene cup and note the temperature of the acid.
• Weigh accurately 2.50 g of magnesium carbonate powder.
• Add the magnesium carbonate to the acid, stir continuously and note the
highest temperature.
20
*P53491A02032*
(i) Why is excess hydrochloric acid used?
(1)
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(ii) The students were told that using a polystyrene cup gives better results than using
a glass beaker because of its good thermal insulation and its low heat capacity.
Explain why these properties improve experimental results.
(2)
Good thermal insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................. ............................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Low heat capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................ ............................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(iii) One student using this method measured a temperature increase of 18.5°C.
Calculate the energy change, in joules, for this reaction. Assume the specific
heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J g−1 °C−1 and use the expression
energy change (J) = 50.0 × specific heat capacity × temperature change
(1)
21
*(iv) Use your answer to (d)(iii) to calculate the molar enthalpy change for the
reaction between magnesium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.
Give your answer to three significant figures and include a sign and units.

(3)

(e) The class collected all their results and, after eliminating anomalous results,
calculated the mean values of ¨H2 and ¨H3:
¨H2 = −126 kJ mol−1
¨H3 = −231 kJ mol−1
(i) Complete the Hess cycle below by adding the missing arrow and species.
(1)
MgCO3(s) MgO(s) + CO2(g)
2HCl(aq)
........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) + . . . . . . ...................................... ( ) + ............................................ ( )
22
*P53491A02232*
(ii) Use your completed Hess cycle and the students’ mean values for ¨H2 and ¨H3
to calculate the enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of
magnesium carbonate. Include a sign and units.
(2)
*(f ) Data book values for ¨H2 and ¨H3 are

¨H2 = −179.4 kJ mol−1
¨H3 = −296.4 kJ mol−1
Most of the values obtained by the students were close to their mean values, and
they suggested that the difference between their values and those from the data
book was due to the measurement uncertainties in their experiments.
Evaluate this suggestion.
(2)
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23
22 (a) The table below shows the experimental and calculated values for the lattice energy
of sodium chloride and silver chloride.

Lattice Energy / kJ mol−1
Compound
Experimental Calculated
sodium chloride −780 −770
silver chloride −905 −833
(i) Write the equation for the lattice energy of sodium chloride.
(1)

(ii) Name the energy cycle used to calculate lattice energies from experimental data.
(1)
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*(iii) Explain fully why the experimental and calculated values for the lattice energy of
sodium chloride are similar, whereas those for silver chloride differ significantly.
(3)
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
*P53491A02432*
(b) The percentage composition by mass of a sodium compound is
Na = 29.1%; S = 40.6%; O = 30.3%.
Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.

(3)
(c) Draw the dot and cross diagram for sodium oxide.
Show the outer electrons only.
(2)
25
23 Cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons which contain a ring of carbon atoms. Cycloalkanes
have essentially the same chemical reactions as alkanes such as butane and pentane.
Cyclopentane, which has a five-carbon ring, is a foam-blowing agent used to propel

insulation into the doors and cases of refrigerators. The use of cyclopentane, rather
than CFCs, reduces greenhouse gas emissions from this process by 99%.
H H
H C C H
H C C H
C
H H
H H
cyclopentane
(a) (i) Write the empirical formula of cyclopentane.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Suggest the general formula of the cycloalkanes.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Cyclopentane may be manufactured by reforming pentane, which is obtained

from crude oil.
(i) Name the first stage in the process used to obtain compounds such as
pentane from crude oil.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Write an equation for the reforming of pentane into cyclopentane. State
symbols are not required.
(1) DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
26
*P53491A02632*
(c) Cyclopentane and methane react with chlorine by the same mechanism.
(i) State the essential condition for the reaction between cyclopentane and chlorine.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Give the propagation stage for the reaction between cyclopentane and
chlorine by completing the first equation of this stage and then writing the
second equation.
(2)
H H
H C C H
Equation 1 C C + Cl• o
H H
C
H H
H H
Equation 2
27
(iii) The termination stage of the reaction between cyclopentane and chlorine produces
only one hydrocarbon. Draw the displayed formula of this hydrocarbon.
(1)


28
*P53491A02832*
BLANK PAGE
*P53491A02932*
29
*P53491A03032*
BLANK PAGE
30
BLANK PAGE
*P53491A03132*
31
*P53491A03232*
32
Summer 2017
Pearson Edexcel GCE

in Chemistry (6CH01) Paper 01

Summer 2017
Publications Code 6CH0_01_1706_MS
General marking guidance

the last.
lie.
be consulted.

Using the mark scheme


same question.

candidates to:
when appropriate.
abilities.

Number
1 1.The only correct answer is D (1)
A is not correct because this is parts per 1000
B is not correct because this is parts per 10000
C is not correct because this is parts per 100000

Number
2 2.The only correct answer is C (1)
A is not correct because ionization involves impact with a

high energy electron
B is not correct because positive ions are formed
D is not correct because ionization involves impact with a

high energy electron & positive ions are formed

Number
A is not correct because this is the mass of one isotope
C is not correct because this is a mean without weighting
D is not correct because this is the mass of one isotope

Number
A is not correct because isoelectronic does not relate to

mass
B is not correct because isoelectronic does not relate to Z
C is not correct because this is true for a negative ion

Number
A is not correct because this has two unpaired electrons
B is not correct because this has three unpaired electrons
C is not correct because this has two unpaired electrons

Number
B is not correct because this uses 4 atoms per molecule
C is not correct because this counts types of atoms only
D is not correct because this is the number of molecules

Number
A is not correct because it could be covalent
B is not correct because it could be ionic
D is not correct because it must be a compound

Number
B is not correct because there must be electron density

between the atoms
C is not correct because these are antibonding orbitals
D is not correct because it shows no overlap of orbitals

Number
B is not correct because this uses AuO not Au2O3
C is not correct because this uses Au3O2 not Au2O3
D is not correct because this uses Au3O not Au2O3

Number
A is not correct because this omits the residual CO
C is not correct because this uses 800 cm3 of CO2 and 500
cm3 of N2 only
D is not correct because T & P are the same for all

measurements

Number
11(a) 11(a). The only correct answer is C (1)
A is not correct because the reaction does not involve

redox so not a displacement
B is not correct because the reaction is not a

neutralization
D is not correct because the reaction does not involve

redox

Number
11(b) 11(b). The only correct answer is B (1)
A is not correct because this the ratio of molar masses

expressed as a percentage
C is not correct because this the ratio of masses

expressed as a percentage
D is not correct because the molar masses have been

used the wrong way round

Number
A is not correct because IE1 is endothermic and EA1 is

exothermic
B is not correct because IE1 is exothermic and EA1 is

exothermic
D is not correct because IE1 is endothermic and EA1 is

endothermic
Number
A is not correct because the ∆H values have been added

and the sign reversed
C is not correct because C because the ∆H values have

been subtracted but the sign reversed
D is not correct because the ∆H values have been added

Number
B is not correct because F−F bond is weak and H−F bond

is strong
C is not correct because the H−H bond being strong would

make the reaction less exothermic
D is not correct because the H−H bond is strong

Number
A is not correct because the yellow chromate(VI) ions

would be attracted to the anode and the green mixed
colour would be in the middle
B is not correct because the blue copper(II) ions would be

attracted to the cathode and the green mixed colour
would be in the middle
C is not correct because the yellow chromate(VI) ions

would be attracted to the anode and blue copper(II) ions
would be attracted to the cathode

Number
A is not correct because the longest chain has 8 carbons
B is not correct because the longest chain has 8 carbons
C is not correct because the longest chain has 8 carbons

Number
A is not correct because it is trans
B is not correct because it is trans and E
D is not correct because it is E

Number
A is not correct because it has a σ bond and a π bond
B is not correct because it has a σ bond and a π bond
D is not correct because it has a σ bond and a π bond

Number
B is not correct because hazard is fixed but risk varies
C is not correct because risk varies
D is not correct because hazard is fixed

Section B

Number
20(a)(i) 2-methylpropene 2-methylpropan-2-ene (1)
ALLOW
2-methylprop-1-ene / methylpropene E-2-methylpropene
IGNORE
Omission of hyphens Z-2-methylpropene

Number
20(a)(ii) C4H8 CH2CHCH2CH3 (1)

Number
20(a)(iii) A and B have the same molecular Just ‘formula’ (2)
formula Mr
ALLOW
Same number of C and H atoms (1)
but different structural formulae /

structures (1)
IGNORE
Reference to the carbon-carbon double
bond
spatial arrangement

Number
20(a)(iv) (1)
ALLOW
Skeletal formula
Number
20(a)(v) There are two different groups bonded (1)
to each of the carbon atoms of the
double bond in compound B
ALLOW
Reverse argument for A: A has two
methyl groups / H atoms attached to
one C
IGNORE
References to energetic barriers to free
rotation about the double bond

Number
20(b)(i) (Liquid) bromine Br2(aq) / bromine (1)
OR bromine in a non-polar solvent / water/
suitable named solvent aqueous bromine /
bromide
ALLOW
Br2(l) / Br2 in an organic solvent /
bromine gas / Br2(g)
IGNORE
Br2

Number
20(b)(ii) Bromine water / aqueous bromine Br2(l) (1)
(Liquid) bromine
ALLOW
Additional reagents
Br2(aq) / ‘bromine and water’
Bromic(I) acid
IGNORE
Concentrated/dilute
Number
20(b)(iii) Skeletal and structural (1)
formulae
ALLOW
OH for O—H
IGNORE
Attachment to OH unless the bond is
clearly C—H—O

Number
20(c)(i) Electrophilic (1) (2)
Addition (1)

Number
20(c)(ii) Penalise incorrect halogen once in c(ii) (2)
and c(iii)
δ+ δ-
MP1 Arrows
Arrow from π bond to H or close to H
and
Arrow from bond to Cl or just beyond
Cl (1)
MP2 Dipole (1)

Number
20(c)(iii) (4)
: -
H H H H
H C C C C H
H Cl H H
Intermediate with correctly placed

(secondary) positive charge
Penalise primary intermediate here (1)
Cl− with correctly placed curly arrow

close to C atom (1)
lone pair at start of curly arrow (1)
Final product (1)
TE for MP 2, 3 and 4
Bromoalkane

Number
20(c)(iii) One repeat unit (1)
C H3 C H3
C H2 C H2
C H2 C H C H2 C H
ALLOW
Branch chains in any direction

C2H5 for CH3CH2
Ethyl groups on carbon atoms 2 and 3
IGNORE
brackets and ‘n’

Number
21(a)(i) (2)
(24Mg and 26
Mg atoms) have 12 protons (1)
IGNORE
(24Mg and 26Mg atoms) have the same number
of protons / proton number
24 26
Mg has 12 neutrons but Mg has 14 neutrons
ALLOW
26 24
Mg has two more neutrons than Mg (1)
ALLOW for 1 mark
Just ‘24Mg and 26Mg atoms have the same
number of protons/proton number and different
numbers of neutrons /neutron number’
IGNORE
‘24Mg and 26Mg atoms have the same atomic
number but different mass numbers’
References to electrons unless incorrect

Number
21(a)(ii) 24 (2)
Percentage Mg = x
(24x + 26(100 – x) ÷ 100 = 24.433 (1)
2x = 2600 – 2443.3 = 156.7
24
% Mg = x = 78.35;
26
% Mg = 100 – x = 21.65
ALLOW
78.4 and 21.6 OR 78.3 and 21.7 (1)
Correct answers with no working scores 2
marks.
Ignore SF except 1

Number
21(b)(i) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 (1)
OR
1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 3s2
Number
21(b)(ii) (1)
Mg(g) → Mg+(g) + e(−)((g))
OR
Mg(g) − e(−)((g) → Mg+(g)

Number
*21(b)(iii) (2)
Ionized / outer electrons are in the 3s Filled / half-filled
/ same orbital/subshell (for each atom) orbital has greater
stability
ALLOW
Same shell (for subshell)
Atoms have the same inner shell
shielding (1)
Mg has one more proton (in the

nucleus) Magnesium is Mg2+ but
sodium is Na+
(so attractive force is greater)
ALLOW
Mg has higher charge
Higher proton number density (than Na)
Greater effective nuclear charge
Reverse argument (1)
IGNORE
References to atomic radius
Atomic number
Number
21(b)(iv) (2)
(The nuclear charge is greater but ....) Filled 3s orbital is
stable
Ionized / outer electron of aluminium is
in a (3)p orbital / the (3)p subshell (1)
which is further from the nucleus than
the (3)s orbital
OR
is at a higher energy than the (3)s
orbital
OR
is shielded by the (inner) 3s orbital
ALLOW
Use of 3s subshell for 3s orbital
Reverse argument (1)
IGNORE
Use of 2s and 2p for 3s and 3p if
consistent

Number
21(c)(i) (1)
When heat is supplied to a system, it is
very difficult / impossible to measure
the heat absorbed by the reaction
OR
When heat is supplied to a system, it is
very difficult / impossible to measure
the temperature change due to the
reaction
ALLOW
When heat is supplied to a system, it is Just ‘difficult /
very difficult / impossible to measure impossible to measure
the temperature change the temperature
change’
OR
Difficult to measure the temperature of
a solid
IGNORE
Reference to thermicity of the reaction
Number
21(c)(ii) Enthalpy / heat change of a reaction is (1)
independent of the route.
ALLOW
Enthalpy / heat change is independent
of the route.

Number
21(d)(i) Just ‘to ensure complete (1)
So that all the MgCO3 reacts.
reaction’
ALLOW
So that all the solid reacts
So that all the solid reacts
IGNORE
Reference to limiting factors

Number
21(d)(ii) No heat loss (2)
(Good thermal insulation) reduces heat
transfer with the surroundings
ALLOW
Reduces heat loss to the surroundings

(1)
(Low heat capacity) less / little heat is

used to heat / cool the container (1)

Number
21(d)(iii) (1)
(∆E) = 50.0 x 4.18 x 18.5
= 3866.5 (J)
OR
3.8665 = 3.87 kJ
IGNORE
SF except 1 SF
+/− signs
Number
21(d)(iv) (3)
Molar mass MgCO3 = 84.3 (1)
∆H = (−)answer 21(d)(iii) ÷ mol MgCO3
= (−)3866.5 ÷ (2.50/84.3 )
OR
= (−)3866.5 ÷ 0.029656
OR
= (−)3866.5 x 33.72 (1)
= (−)130378
= −130 000 / −1.30 x 105 J mol−1
OR
= −130 kJ mol−1 (1) Answer not to 3 SF
TE at each stage
130 kJ mol−1
Correct answer with no working scores 3
Correct answer with no working and no
or incorrect units and / or sign scores 2

Number
21(e)(i) (1)
MgCO3(s) MgO(s) + CO2(g)
2HCl(aq) 2HCl(aq)
MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
IGNORE
Omission of 2HCl(aq) (on lhs)

Number
21(e)(ii) (2)
∆H1 = ∆H2 − ∆H3 (1)
= −126 – (−231)
= +105 kJ mol−1 (1)
Correct answer including sign, with no
working scores 2
105 kJ mol−1 / −105 kJ mol−1 / +105 all
score 1 mark
No TE on incorrect cycle equation
Number
21(f) (2)
The student values were much smaller /
smaller magnitude / less negative than
the Data Book values which indicates a
systematic error (1)
Uncertainties will give values scattered
about the true value (so cannot explain
the discrepancy)
OR
The results obtained by the students are
precise but inaccurate (1)
If no other mark is scored allow
uncertainties are too small to account for
the discrepancy scores 1
IGNORE
References to likely sources of error such
as heat loss

Number
22(a)(i) Na+(g) + Cl−(g) → NaCl(s) NaCl(s) → Na+(g) + Cl−(g) (1)

Number
22(a)(ii) Born-Haber (cycle) (1)

Number
*22(a)(iii) (3)
Sodium chloride is purely ionic (1)
Silver chloride is partly / significantly
covalent (1)
because
silver ion / Ag+ is polarising / has a silver ion has a higher
high(er) charge density charge
OR
chloride ion / Cl− is polarised (by Ag+)
OR
There is orbital overlap between silver
and chloride ions
OR
Large electronegativity difference Reference to
between Na and Cl electronegativity
and differences between
ions
Small(er) electronegativity difference
between Ag and Cl (1)

Number
22(b) Na S O (3)
% 29.1 40.6 30.3
%÷ 29.1 40.6 30.3 (1)
Ar /23 /32.1 /16
= = =
1.265 1.265 1.894
(÷ 1 1 1.5 (1)
1.265)
Ratio 2 2 3
Formula = Na2S2O3 (1)
(1)
ALLOW other correct methods
Number
22(c) (2)
2
Covalent bonding
Na O
2
Two sodium ions (indicated in any
way)
ALLOW
No electrons (1)
Oxide ion (1)
Penalise omission of / incorrect charges
once only
Charges reversed scores max 1 (for
electron configurations and 2:1 ratio)

Number
23(a)(i) (1)
CH2
ALLOW
C1H2
H2C

Number
23(a)(ii) (1)
CnH2n
ALLOW
Any general representation of n

Number
23(b)(i) (1)
Fractional distillation Just ‘distillation’
OR
Fractionation
Cracking followed by
fractional distillation

Number
23(b)(ii) (1)
C5H12 → C5H10 + H2
OR
Displayed / skeletal /structural
formulae
IGNORE
Conditions even if incorrect

Number
23(c)(i) (1)
Ultraviolet / UV (radiation / light)
ALLOW
Sunlight
IGNORE
heat
Question Acceptable Answer
Reject Mark
Number
23(c)(ii) See below (2)
OR
C5H10 + Cl● → C5H9● + HCl (1) charged

species
C5H9● + Cl2 → C5H9Cl + Cl● (1)
Penalise omission of unpaired electron once only
Penalise incorrect location of unpaired electron on
displayed formulae once only
+ Cl● → + HCl (1)
+ Cl2 → + Cl● (1)

Number
23(c)(iii) Structural or skeletal or (1)
molecular formulae


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Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Tuesday 22 May 2018 – Morning Paper Reference

Candidates must have: Scientific calculator. Total Marks
Instructions
• centre
Answer
Information
Advice
• Check
• Show allyouryouranswers if you have time at the end.
• working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
Turn over
*P51942A0124*
P51942A
5/4/5/2/1/1/

SECTION A

If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a
cross .
1 The type of formula that shows all the bonds and all the atoms in a molecule is
A an empirical formula.
B a molecular formula.
C a structural formula.
D a displayed formula.
2 The concentration of potassium ions in human blood is in the range 3.5 × 10–3 to

5.0 × 10–3 mol dm–3.

An average person has 5 dm3 of blood.
What is the minimum mass of potassium ions in the blood of an average person?
[Molar mass of potassium = 39.1 g mol–1]
A 0.137 g
B 0.684 g
C 0.978 g
D 684.0 g
3 What is the number of atoms present in 3.06 dm3 of carbon dioxide, at 373 K?

[Molar volume of a gas at 373 K is 30.6 dm3 mol–1, Avogadro constant = 6.0 × 1023 mol–1]

A 1.8 × 1022
B 6.0 × 1022
C 1.8 × 1023
D 6.0 × 1023

2
*P51942A0224*

4 A sample of seawater contains 3.54% sodium chloride by mass.

What is the concentration of sodium chloride in parts per million?
A 3.54 × 10–6
B 3.54 × 10–4
C 3.54 × 104
D 3.54 × 106
5 Hot packs and cold packs are used to heat and cool parts of the body.
What are the signs of the standard enthalpy changes of reaction used in hot packs
and cold packs?
Hot packs Cold packs

A negative negative
B positive negative
C negative positive
D positive positive
6 For reactions with the ionic equation
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
the type of enthalpy change is

A ΔHatomisation
B ΔHcombustion
C ΔHformation
D ΔHneutralisation


3

7 An excess of zinc powder is added to a solution of copper(II) sulfate and the
maximum change in temperature of the solution is measured.

The energy transferred is calculated using
Energy transferred in joules = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change
In this calculation, it is usual to assume that the
A mass is equal to the mass of zinc added to the mass of copper(II) sulfate solution.
B mass is equal to the volume of copper(II) sulfate solution.
C specific heat capacity is the average of the specific heat capacities of the solution and zinc.
D specific heat capacity is the specific heat capacity of zinc.
8 When 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3 nitric acid is mixed with 20 cm3 of 1 mol dm–3

sodium hydroxide solution, there is a temperature rise of ΔT.

If the reaction is repeated with 20 cm3 of nitric acid of 1 mol dm–3 and 20 cm3 of
1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution, the temperature rise is
A 2 ΔT
B 1.5 ΔT
C ΔT
D 0.75 ΔT
9 Which of the following equations shows the process occurring when the
second ionisation energy of magnesium is measured?
A Mg(s) – 2e– → Mg2+(g)
B Mg(g) – 2e– → Mg2+(g)

C Mg+(g) + e– → Mg(s)
D Mg+(g) – e– → Mg2+(g)

4
*P51942A0424*

10 Graph 1 shows the variation in first ionisation energy with increasing atomic number.
Graph 1
Element
Graph 2 shows the variation in successive ionisation energies for sodium.
Graph 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Number of electrons removed
(a) What quantities were plotted on the y‑axes to produce these graphs?
(1)
Graph 1 Graph 2
First ionisation energy of Successive ionisation energies
successive elements of sodium
A actual value log of value
B log of value log of value
C log of value actual value

D actual value actual value
(b) What is the number of quantum shells in a sodium atom suggested by Graph 2?
(1)
A Two
B Three
C Four
D Six

5

11 The smallest ion which is isoelectronic with the sodium ion, Na+, is
A hydride ion, H–.

B nitride ion, N3–.
C oxide ion, O2–.
D fluoride ion, F–.
12 The electronic configuration of a metal ion with a charge of +3 could be

A 1s22s22p6
B 1s22s22p63s1
C 1s22s22p63s23p1
D 1s22s22p63s23p3



6
*P51942A0624*

13 Two pieces of filter paper are soaked in water and attached to microscope slides.
A few crystals of purple potassium manganate(VII) are placed on the filter paper
attached to the first slide.

A few crystals of blue copper(II) sulfate are placed on the filter paper attached to the
second slide.
Both are connected to a DC supply of 20 V for a few minutes.
Which electrodes do the colours on the filter papers move towards?
Filter paper with Filter paper with

potassium manganate(VII) copper(II) sulfate
A positive positive
B positive negative
C negative positive
D negative negative
14 The similarity between metallic elements and ionic compounds is that both
A are held together by forces of attraction between positive and negative ions.
B are held together by electrostatic forces.
C consist of lattices containing only positive ions.
D consist of giant structures of atoms.

7

15 In what states do sodium and sodium chloride conduct electricity?

Sodium Sodium chloride
A solid and liquid liquid
B solid and liquid solid and liquid
C solid solid
D liquid solid
16 Four dot‑and‑cross electron diagrams are shown.
H
X
]–
X
[
X
H C
X X
H O X
X O HXC X
X
CXH X
X I X
X
X X
X

H
W X Y Z
Which diagrams are correct?

A W, X, Y and Z only
B W, Y and Z only
C W and Z only
D X and Z only


8
*P51942A0824*

17 Which molecule contains the greatest number of π bonds?

A CO2
B C2H4
C C2H6
D C4H8
18 The diagrams show the shape and relative size of four of the atomic orbitals occupied
in a magnesium atom.
E F G H
Which diagram shows a 2s orbital?
A E
B F
C G
D H
19 The number of structural isomers with formula C6H14 is

A 3
B 4
C 5
D 6

9

SECTION B

20 This question is about mass spectrometery.
(a) A diagram of a mass spectrometer is shown.
+
P
vaporised R
sample
electron
source
to vacuum

pump
detector
Identify P and state its purpose.

(i)
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Identify Q.
(ii)
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Suggest two ways in which the ions following path R could differ from the
(iii)
ions that reach the detector.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10
*P51942A01024*

(b) The mass spectrum of magnesium shows the presence of three isotopes.
(i) Complete the table to show the numbers of subatomic particles in the atom
of each isotope.
(2)
Isotope mass Number of Number of Number of
number protons neutrons electrons
24
25
26
(ii) Explain, with reference to the subatomic particles of the isotopes of

magnesium, the meaning of the term isotope.
Quote data from the table in (b)(i).
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11

(iii) Data obtained using the mass spectrum of magnesium are given in the table.

Isotope mass Relative
number abundance
24 0.786
25 0.101
26 0.113
Calculate the relative atomic mass of magnesium in the sample.

Give your answer to two decimal places.
(2)

(c) State two further uses of mass spectrometers.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12
*P51942A01224*

21 Cyclohexane, C6H12, is a colourless liquid which shows the typical reactions of alkanes.
cyclohexane
Data: Boiling temperature = 81°C Density = 0.779 g cm–3
(a) Cyclohexane is carefully added to bromine water in a test tube.

The test tube is shaken, allowed to settle and then the mixture is allowed to stand
in sunlight.
(i) Describe what you see in the test tube before it is shaken.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Describe what you would see in the test tube after it is shaken and allowed
to settle.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Describe the change you would see in the test tube after it is allowed to stand
in sunlight.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

(b) The reaction that occurs in (a)(iii) is a free radical substitution.
Draw the skeletal formula and give the name of the monosubstitution
(i)

product of this reaction.
(2)
Name................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................
(ii) Write the equation for the initiation step of the reaction. Include appropriate
curly arrows.
(2)

Draw the skeletal formula for the product of a termination step of the
(iii)
reaction between two cyclohexyl free radicals, .C6H11.
(1)
(c) Write the equation for the reaction when cyclohexane burns completely in air.

Use molecular formulae and give the state symbols for the reactants and products
at room temperature.
(2)

14
*P51942A01424*

(d) Suggest why cyclohexane is often added to petrol for use in

internal combustion engines.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) (i) Complete the equation, including state symbols, for the atomisation of
gaseous cyclohexane.
(1)
C6H12(g) →
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change of atomisation of gaseous cyclohexane, using

the bond energies in the table. Include a sign and units in your answer.
Mean bond energy

Bond
/ kJ mol–1
C–C 347
C–H 415
(2)
(iii) Suggest how the enthalpy change of atomisation for liquid cyclohexane

would differ from the value for gaseous cyclohexane calculated in (e)(ii).

Justify your answer.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

(a) But‑2‑ene has two geometric isomers.

(i) Draw the skeletal formulae of these two isomers and give their names.
(2)
*(ii) Explain how geometric isomerism arises in but‑2‑ene.

(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) (i) Give the mechanism for the reaction between hydrogen bromide and but‑2‑ene.
Use appropriate curly arrows and include relevant dipoles and lone pairs.
(4)

16
*P51942A01624*

*(ii) 2‑bromobutane is formed by the addition of hydrogen bromide to both

but‑1‑ene and but‑2‑ene.
Explain why the atom economy, by mass, for the formation of 2‑bromobutane
is different for each reaction.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Name the product of the reaction between but‑2‑ene and acidified

(c)
potassium manganate(VII).
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) (i) Draw the structure of poly(but‑2‑ene). Show two repeat units.
(2)
(ii) State a problem associated with the disposal of used polymer products such
as poly(but‑2‑ene).
. (1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State one way in which the use of polymers can be made more sustainable.
(iii)
. (1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

23 This is a question about nitric acid, HNO3, and nitrates.
(a) Nitric acid can be prepared in the laboratory by heating concentrated sulfuric acid

with sodium nitrate in a glass retort.
glass retort cold water
reactants
nitric acid
heat
(i) Write the chemical equation for this reaction in which nitric acid and
sodium hydrogensulfate are the only products.
(1)

(ii) The nitric acid obtained by this method is coloured by dissolved oxides
of nitrogen. Pure nitric acid is colourless, and normally stored in brown
glass bottles.
Suggest why nitric acid needs to be stored in brown glass bottles.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Complete the table by giving the meanings of the three hazard symbols
associated with concentrated nitric acid.
(2)

18
*P51942A01824*

*(iv) Silver and copper react with concentrated nitric acid to form soluble salts but
pure gold does not react. Gold is often alloyed with silver and/or copper.
Use this information to outline the steps required to determine the
percentage of gold in an alloy of gold, silver and copper.

Do not include practical details or an explanation of the calculation.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(v) Magnesium reacts with very dilute nitric acid to form a solution of

magnesium nitrate and hydrogen.
Write the ionic equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
(2)
19

(b) (i) The lattice energy of silver nitrate is found to be –832 kJ mol–1 using the
energy cycle.

Ag+(g) + NO3–(g) → AgNO3(s)
ΔHx
Ag(g)
Ag(s) + ½N2(g) + 3/2O2(g)
Calculate ΔHx.

Value / kJ mol–1

Enthalpy change
ΔHf [AgNO3(s)] –124
ΔHat [Ag(s)] +285
First ionisation energy [Ag(g)] +731

(2)

20
*P51942A02024*

*(ii) The theoretical lattice energy for silver nitrate is –820 kJ mol–1.
What can you deduce about the bonding in silver nitrate? Justify your answer.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Silver nitrate sticks are used for the treatment of warts. The affected area is
moistened and rubbed with the stick.
(i) Suggest why the skin is moistened.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) A stick weighing 20.0 g contains 95% silver nitrate by mass.

Calculate the number of moles of silver nitrate in the stick.
[molar mass of silver nitrate = 169.9 g mol–1]
(2)


21
*P51942A02124*
*P51942A02224*
BLANK PAGE
22
23
*P51942A02324*
BLANK PAGE
*P51942A02424*
24
Summer 2018
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced
Level in Chemistry (WCH01) Paper 01
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Summer 2018
Publications Code WCH01_01_MS_1806

scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero
marks if the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit


( ) means that a phrase/word is not essential for the award of the
mark, but helps the examiner to get the sense of the expected
answer.
ecf/TE/cq (error carried forward) means that a wrong answer given in
an earlier part of a question is used correctly in answer to a later part of
the same question.

candidates to:
 write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation
 organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist
vocabulary when appropriate.
abilities.

Number
A is not correct because it shows the simplest ratio of atoms present
B is not correct because it shows the actual numbers of atoms present in a molecule
C is not correct because it shows the structural arrangement but not all the bonds

Number
A is not correct because it is the mass of potassium ions in 1 dm3, not 5 dm3
C is not correct because it is the maximum mass of potassium in 5 dm3
D is not correct because it is the mass of potassium ions multiplied by 1000.

Number
A is not correct because it is a factor of ten out
B is not correct because it is just the number of molecules present
D is not correct because it is failing to find the number of moles and failing to multiply by 3
Number
A is not correct because it is dividing by 106
B is not correct because it is dividing by 104
D is not correct because it is multiplying by 106

Number
A is not correct because cold packs have a positive value
B is not correct because cold packs have a positive value and hot packs a negative value
D is not correct because hot packs have a negative value

Number
A is not correct because atomisation produces gaseous atoms
B is not correct because combustion is reaction with oxygen
C is not correct because formation is the formation of a compound from its elements
Number
A is not correct because it should not include the mass of zinc
C is not correct because the specific heat capacity of water is usually used
D is not correct because the specific heat capacity of water is usually used

Number
A is not correct because though twice as much heat released it heats 1.33 x volume of solution
C is not correct because twice amount of heat released as twice as much reactant
D is not correct because twice amount of heat released as twice as much reactant

Number
A is not correct because it is enthalpy of atomisation plus first and second ionisation energies
B is not correct because it is first and second ionisation energies
C is not correct because it is addition of electrons

Number
10(a) The only correct answer is A (1)
B is not correct because the log of the of first value is unnecessary
C is not correct because the values on Graph 2 have too big a range
D is not correct because the values on Graph 2 have too big a range

Number
10(b) The only correct answer is B (1)
A is not correct because it confuses quantum shell and types of sub-shell
C is not correct because it counts all four sub-shells
D is not correct because it counts all orbitals

Number
A is not correct because it is the largest and not isoelectronic
B is not correct because it is the second largest
C is not correct because it is larger than F-

Number
B is not correct because it is not metal ions
C is not correct because it is not metal ions
D is not correct because it is not metal ions

Number
A is not correct because copper(II) ions move towards the negative electrode
C is not correct because manganate(VII) ions move towards the positive electrode and copper(II) ions
move towards the negative electrode
D is not correct because manganate(VII) ions move towards the positive electrode

Number
A is not correct because both do not contain ions
C is not correct because both contain negative particles as well
D is not correct because ionic compounds do not contain atoms – they contain positive ions and
negative ions
Number
B is not correct because sodium chloride only conducts in the liquid state
C is not correct because sodium conducts as a liquid
D is not correct because sodium chloride only conducts in the liquid state

Number
A is not correct because the oxygen atoms are missing their non-bonding pairs of electrons
C is not correct because Y is correct
D is not correct because W and Y are correct, the oxygen atoms are missing their non-bonding pairs
of electrons

Number
B is not correct because it contains 1 π bond
C is not correct because it contains no π bonds
D is not correct because it contains 1 or no π bonds

Number
A is not correct because it shows a 1s orbital
C is not correct because it shows a 3s orbital
D is not correct because it shows a 2p orbital

Number
A is not correct because it is too few
B is not correct because it is too few
D is not correct because it is too many

Section B

Number
20(a)(i) M1 P is the electric field Magnetic field (2)
OR
Electric / charged plate(s) (1) Magnets
IGNORE
-ve / +ve charges on the plates
M2 To accelerate the ions To ionise
OR
To get ions travelling in a straight line
OR
To get ions moving with the same velocity/speed (1)

Number
20(a)(ii) Electromagnet (1)
ALLOW
(variable) Magnetic (field) / electromagnetic (field) / Magnet
IGNORE
Deflector
Or
Anything else
Number
20(a)(iii) Any two from (2)
M1 Ions have low(er) mass/light(er) 0020 (1)
M2 Doubly charged
ALLOW
High(er) charge / more ionised / lost more than 1 electron (1)
M3 Low(er) mass to charge ratio (1)
Ignore references to charge density / size of ions
If no other mark is awarded, different mass and different charge

scores 1 max
Number
20(b)(i) (2)
Isotope Number Number Number

mass of protons of of
number neutrons electrons
24 12 12 12
25 12 13 12
26 12 14 12
All three columns correct (2)
Any two columns / rows correct (1)

Number
20(b)(ii) (Isotopes / atoms / they / species that have the) same numbers of (2)
protons (and electrons) but different numbers of neutrons (1)
Magnesium has 12 protons and at least 2 out of 12, 13 or 14 neutrons
ALLOW
Magnesium has 12 protons and number of neutrons increases by 1 as
(isotopic) mass increases by 1 (1)
If MP1 or MP2 not scored then allow 1 mark for
Same atomic number, different mass / nucleon number

Number
20(b)(iii) 0.786 x 24 + 0.101 x 25 + 0.113 x 26 = 24.327 (2)
1.000
= 24.33
24.32
Numerator (1)
Answer to 2 DP (1)
ALLOW internal TE’s
Correct answer with no working scores 2

Number
20(c) Any two from: (2)
Radioactive dating / carbon dating / hydrogen dating (1)
IGNORE
Reference to specific isotopes even if incorrect e.g C-12
Space research (1)
Testing for (anabolic) steroids / drugs (in sport)

(1)
Identifying compounds (e.g. for possible drugs in the pharmaceutical

industry
OR
Determination of molecular structure/Mr (1)
IGNORE
Anything else unless a direct contradiction

Number
21(a)(i) Notice that credit can be given for the idea of two layers in any part (2)
of (a), but mark must be awarded in (a)(i)
M1 Two layers would form (1)

Red
M2 Lower layer yellow / orange / brown Red-brown
and
Upper layer is colourless (1)

Number
21(a)(ii) The colour moves to the other layer (1)
IGNORE
Any other information even if incorrect

Number
21(a)(iii) (The yellow/orange / brown colour) would turn colourless (1)
ALLOW decolourises
IGNORE
Description of layers
Number
21(b)(i) C-Br bond missing (2)
M1
ALLOW br (1)
M2 bromocyclohexane
ALLOW
Any other number
1- bromocyclohexane
OR
Correct name elements in any order
Eg cyclobromohexane
IGNORE punctuation
M2 depends on M1, but ALLOW M2 for correct name
If C-Br bond is missing from formula
OR
If displayed or structural formula is drawn
OR
If incorrect halogen and consistent name used (1)
Number
21(b)(ii)
M1 Br − Br  Br + Br
+ or — charges (2)
OR
Br2  2Br (1)
M2 Appropriate curly half-arrows (1)

IGNORE
UV and hv
ALLOW
M2 for curly arrows using incorrect halogen or Br—OH
IGNORE
Anything else

Number
21(b)(iii) (1)
H atoms
IGNORE
Bond angles
Number
21(c) C6H12(l) + 9O2(g)  6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) (2)
Left side (1)
Right side (1)
No / wrong state symbols 1 max
Correct species and state symbols but no/incorrect balancing 1 max

Number
21(d) To prevent pre-ignition / knocking / pinking/compression ignition (1)
OR
(Promotes) smooth / efficient burning
OR
(Promotes) smooth / efficient combustion
ALLOW
High(er) octane number
OR Lower octane number
Cyclic compound
IGNORE More branched Less branched

Number
21(e)(i) C6H12(g)  6C(g) + 12H(g) Multiples (1)

Number
21(e)(ii) 6 x 347 + 12 x 415 = (+)7062 (kJ mol-1) (2)
(1) (1)
ALLOW
For 1 mark (+)6715 OR –7062

(+)7892
IGNORE Units
Number
21(e)(iii) (The standard enthalpy change) would be more (positive / endothermic) (1)
/ higher / greater
and
(because) energy / heat would be needed to form gas
OR
energy / heat would be needed to break intermolecular forces

break bonds
OR
Intermolecular forces are stronger in liquid

Number
22(a)(i) (2)
Cis-but-2-ene / Z-but-2-ene
Trans-but-2-ene / E-but-2-ene
M1
Formulae correct
ALLOW displayed/part displayed/structural formulae (1)
IGNORE
Incorrect connectivity of methyl groups
M2
Names correct linked to correct orientation (1)
IGNORE punctuation
One correct formula with correct name scores 1 mark
IGNORE
Any additional incorrect structural / displayed / skeletal formulae

Number
*22(a)(ii) (There are two geometric isomers of but-2-ene because) there is no / (2)
restricted rotation (about the double / π bond)
OR
the double / π bond is formed by overlap of adjacent p-orbitals (1)
there are (two) different groups attached to each of the double bond
carbon atoms
OR
there is a methyl / alkyl group (and a hydrogen) on each double bond

carbon (1)
Number
22(b)(i) (4)
Penalise M3 for incorrect alkene used even if correct carbocation is

given
M1 Arrow from double bond to H (1)
M2 Polarity of HBr bond and arrow from H of H-Br bond to Br or just

beyond (1)
M3 Carbocation (1)
M4 lone pair on Br- and arrow from lone pair/negative charge on Br- to
C+ and product consistent with carbocation (1)
IGNORE
Spare bond on C+
dipole on product unless incorrect Br-
Number
*22(b)(ii) M1 Atom economy with but-2-ene is 100% (2)
OR
only 2-bromobutane/only one product forms from but-2-ene

(1)
M2 With but-1-ene some 1-bromobutane forms (so it is less than

100%) (1)
If no other mark allow but-1-ene forms more than one product for 1
max
Number
22(c) Butan-2,3-diol But-2,3-diol (1)
OR
Butane-2,3-diol
OR
2,3-dihydroxybutane
OR
2,3-butandiol
OR
2,3-butanediol
IGNORE formula
IGNORE punctuation
Number
22(d)(i) (2)
Structure of two units (1)
Extension bonds (1)
ALLOW
Extension bonds for one or more than two units 1 max
IGNORE
Missing brackets
Any use of letter n
Orientations
Number
22(d)(ii) They are not biodegradable (1)
ALLOW
Recognisable spellings of biodegradable
Toxic fumes released when burnt
(Filling up) landfill
Harmful/toxic to wildlife
IGNORE non renewable

Number
22(d)(iii) Recycling (1)
OR
Reusing
OR
Using renewable (energy) sources (in their production)
OR
Using chemicals from plants / bio-sources
OR
Making polylactic acid (PLA)
ALLOW
Using biopolymers as alternatives
OR
Manufacture from recycled materials
OR
Using polymers as a feedstock
OR
Using catalysts in production
(Total for Question 22 = 15 Marks)

Number
23(a)(i) (1)
H2SO4 + NaNO3  HNO3 + NaHSO4
ALLOW multiples

Number
23(a)(ii) (1)
To prevent it decomposing/reacting in sunlight/UV
ALLOW
To prevent it reacting with/decomposing in light
OR
To shield it from (sun)light
IGNORE
Just ‘to prevent it oxidising/reacting/decomposing/corroding’

Number
23(a)(iii) Meaning 1 (2)
Corrosive Irritant
IGNORE burning/acidic
Meaning 2
Oxidising Flammable
ALLOW oxidant/oxidising agent
Meaning 3
Toxic/poisonous Harmful
ALLOW recognisable spelling eg posiones
All three correct (2)
Any two correct (1)

Number
*23(a)(iv) Comment (3)
 Scroll right down
 Read the whole answer before marking
 Use the highlighter to show by underlining where marks awarded
M1 Dissolve in excess (concentrated) nitric acid

OR
nitric acid added until no more alloy dissolves (1)
M2 Filter, (wash) and dry (1)
M3 Weigh the alloy at the start and weigh the gold at the end (1)
Number
23(a)(v) Mg(s) + 2H+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + H2(g) (2)
Left side (1) Right side (1)
Fully correct but with no/wrong state symbols 1max
ALLOW fully correct ionic equation with NO3-(aq) on both sides for 1
max
ALLOW fully correct overall equation with state symbols for 1 max
ALLOW fully correct state symbols and ionic equation for formation of
Mg+ for 1 max
2Mg(s) + 2H+(aq)  2Mg+(aq) + H2(g)
OR
fully correct state symbols and ionic equation as below for 1 max
Mg(s) + H+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + ½H2(g)
ALLOW multiples
Number
*23(b)(i) Hf[NO3−(g)] = -124 –(-832) -285 -731 (1) (2)
= -308 (kJ mol-1) (1)
ALLOW for 1 mark (+)308
Lose 1 mark per error if working clear.

Ignore units
Number
*23(b)(ii) Route A (2)
M1 Silver nitrate is (almost completely) ionic (1)
M2 Because there is reasonable agreement (1)
OR
Route B
M1 Nitrate ions are slightly polarized Silver ion is

(slightly)
OR Polarized
Covalent bonds
silver nitrate has (slight) covalent character/slight covalent bonding
(1)
M2 Because the Born Haber lattice energy is (slightly) more

negative/exothermic than the theoretical lattice energy. (1)
Number
23(c)(i) So silver nitrate/ions will dissolve (onto the skin) (1)
ALLOW
Nitrate is soluble / nitrates are soluble
OR
Silver (ions) dissolve / soluble
OR
It is soluble / dissolves
OR
(Water) acts as a solvent / to form a solution / ions in aqueous state
IGNORE
To dilute the silver nitrate only
Any additional information even if dubious/incorrect unless a clear
contradiction
For example:
Water is needed to react
OR
Water absorbs the heat of the reaction
OR
It makes it easier to rub (the skin)
Number
23(c)(ii) 20 x 0.95 = 0.112/0.11/0.111830488 (mol) (2)
169.9
(1) (1)
Correct answer, no working (2)
Penalise second mark for:

incorrect rounding eg 0.111, 0.12 etc
OR
incorrect unit e.g. g
incorrect scaling can still score TE for division of their mass by 169.9.
Example values are 0.1239 and 0.1177

PMT

Surname Other names

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary

Instructions
Information
t written
Advice
t Keep
t Try toananswer
eye on the time.
every question.
Turn over
P44880A
*P44880A0128*
6/6/6/5/1/
PMT
SECTION A
a cross .
1 In which order do the electrons fill the orbitals of an atom?

A 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 4p 3d
B 1s 2s 2p 3s 3d 3p 4s 4p
C 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p
D 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
2 Ions are separated in the mass spectrometer by

A a vacuum pump.
B a magnetic field.
C an ionization chamber.
D electron bombardment.
3 Which of the following contains one mole of neutrons?
A 1 g of 11H
B 1 g of 126C
C 2 g of 24
12Mg
D 2 g of 22
10Ne
2
*P44880A0228*
PMT
4 Solutions of barium chloride and silver nitrate are mixed together.

The reaction that takes place is an example of
A displacement.
B neutralization.
C oxidation.
D precipitation.
5 The Avogadro constant is numerically equal to the number of
A ions in 1 mol of sodium chloride, NaCl

B atoms in 1 mol of hydrogen gas, H2
C electrons in 1 mol of helium gas, He
D molecules in 1 mol of oxygen gas, O2
6 10 g of magnesium is added to 1 dm3 of 1 mol dm−3 copper(II) sulfate solution and

the mixture is stirred until no further reaction occurs.
Which of the following is a result of this reaction?

A The resulting solution is colourless.
B 10 g of copper is displaced.
C 63.5 g of copper is displaced.
D All the magnesium reacts.
3
PMT
7 Which of the following gas samples has the same volume as 7.0 g of
carbon monoxide?
A 1.0 g of hydrogen
B 3.5 g of nitrogen
C 10.0 g of argon
D 35.5 g of chlorine
8 Which of the following aqueous solutions contains the greatest number of negative ions?
A 500 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm−3 Na2SO4(aq)

B 250 cm3 of 0.12 mol dm−3 BaCl2(aq)
C 250 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm−3 KI(aq)
D 500 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm−3 Zn(NO3)2(aq)
9 In an experiment carried out at 200 oC and 1 atm pressure, 20 cm3 of ammonia gas
reacted with an excess of heated copper(II) oxide.
3CuO(s) + 2NH3(g) o 3Cu(s) + 3H2O(g) + N2(g)
If all measurements were made at 200 oC and 1 atm pressure, what would be the total
volume, in cm3, of gaseous products?
A 10
B 20
C 30
D 40
4
*P44880A0428*
PMT
10 Ammonia is manufactured from hydrogen and nitrogen in the Haber process.
3H2(g) + N2(g) U 2NH3(g)
If 60 tonnes of hydrogen produces 80 tonnes of ammonia, what is the percentage

yield in the reaction?
80
A × 100%
170
80
B × 100%
340
30
C × 100%
80
60
D × 100%
80
11 Which of the following compounds has the greatest ionic character?

A Caesium fluoride
B Caesium iodide
C Potassium fluoride
D Potassium iodide
12 Which species has a dative covalent bond?
A H3O+
B H 2O
C OH−
D O2
5
PMT
13 The atomic radius of potassium is larger than that of sodium because potassium has
A a larger nuclear charge.
B a larger nucleus.
C more occupied electron shells.
D a smaller first ionization energy.
14 Consider the following data.

S(s) + H2(g) o H2S(g) ǻH 9 = a
H2(g) + ½O2(g) o H2O(l) ǻH 9 = b
S(s) + O2(g) o SO2(g) ǻH 9 = c
H2S(g) + 1½O2(g) o H2O(l) + SO2(g) ǻH 9 = d
What is the relationship between a, b, c and d?
A a=b+c−d
B a=d−b−c
C a=b−c−d
D a=d+c−b
6
*P44880A0628*
PMT
15 In which of the following does X represent the mean bond enthalpy for the O−H
bond in water?
A H2O(g) o O(g) + H2(g) ǻH = 2X
B H2O(g) o O(g) + 2H(g) ǻH = 2X
C H2O(g) o O(g) + H2(g) ǻH = X
D H2O(g) o O(g) + 2H(g) ǻH = X
16 Which of the following is a step in the propagation stage of the chlorination of methane?
A Cl2 o Cl. + Cl.
B CH3. + Cl. o CH3Cl
C CH3. + Cl2 o CH3Cl + Cl.
D CH4 + Cl. o CH3Cl + H.
17 A molecule of Z has the following structure:
H
H H
H N H
Molecule of Z
What are the total numbers of ı -bonds and ʌ -bonds in a molecule of Z?
Number of ı-bonds Number of ʌ-bonds
A 3 11
B 8 3
C 11 3
D 14 6
7
PMT
18 Which is the structure of Z-1,2-dibromoprop-1-ene?

A
Br CH3
C C
H Br
B
H CH2Br
C C
Br H
C
H CH3
C C
Br Br
D
Br CH2Br
C C
H H
8
*P44880A0828*
PMT
19 The skeletal formula of 3-methylcyclobut-1-ene is shown below.
What is the skeletal formula of 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclopent-1-ene?
9
PMT
20 Which of the following fuels, when burned, would make no significant contribution
to climate change?
A Hydrogen
B Methane
C Petrol
D Coal
10
*P44880A01028*
PMT
BLANK PAGE
11
PMT
SECTION B
21 A propellant for a rocket consists of a fuel, kerosene, and an oxidizer, liquid oxygen.
(a) The formulae of some hydrocarbons present in kerosene are shown in the table
below.
Hydrocarbon Formula
B CH3(CH2)10CH3
(i) Name the homologous series to which the compounds A, B, C and E belong.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
*P44880A01228*
PMT
(ii) Name the compound A.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Explain the term structural isomers, by reference to two molecules selected
from the table in part (a).
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Give the molecular formula of the compound D.

(2)
13
PMT
(b) In the petrochemical industry, other fuels are obtained by the cracking and
reforming of kerosene.
Using appropriate letters, A to D, identify a molecule listed in the table that could
be formed from E by
(i) cracking alone
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) cracking and then reforming

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Suggest how engine performance is improved by using a fuel containing the
molecule that you have identified in (b)(ii).
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) The energy density of a fuel is defined as the energy produced per kilogram of fuel.
Calculate the energy density of dodecane, C12H26, in kJ kg−1. Give your answer to
two significant figures.
The enthalpy change of combustion of dodecane is −8086 kJ mol−1.
[Molar mass: C12H26 = 170 g mol−1]
(3)
energy density = .......................................................................... . . kJ kg−1
14
*P44880A01428*
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BLANK PAGE
15
PMT
22 Born-Haber cycles can be used to determine experimental values of lattice energies.

(a) The diagram below shows a Born-Haber cycle for the formation of strontium chloride
from strontium and chlorine.
Sr2+(g) + 2e− + 2Cl(g)
ǻH5 ǻH6
Sr2+(g) + 2e− + Cl2(g)

Sr2+(g) + 2Cl–(g)
ǻH4
Sr+(g) + e− + Cl2(g)
ǻH3
Sr(g) + Cl2(g) ǻH7

ǻH2
Sr(s) + Cl2(g)
ǻH1
SrCl2(s)
Using symbols from ǻH1 to ǻH7 as appropriate, identify the

(i) enthalpy change of atomization of strontium
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) bond enthalpy of chlorine

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) first electron affinity of chlorine

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) enthalpy change of formation of strontium chloride

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
*P44880A01628*
PMT
(b) The table below shows the energy changes that are needed to determine the
lattice energy of strontium chloride, SrCl2.
Energy change ǻH / kJ mol−1
enthalpy change of atomization of strontium +164
first ionization energy of strontium +550
second ionization energy of strontium +1064
enthalpy change of atomization of chlorine, ½Cl2 +122
first electron affinity of chlorine −349
enthalpy change of formation of strontium chloride −829
(i) Define the term lattice energy.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Calculate the lattice energy of strontium chloride, in kJ mol−1.

(2)
17
PMT
*(c) The lattice energies of sodium fluoride and magnesium fluoride are shown in the
table below.
Explain, in terms of the sizes and charges of the ions involved, why the
lattice energy of MgF2 is more negative than that of NaF.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
*P44880A01828*
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BLANK PAGE
19
PMT
(a) Give the general formula for the homologous series of alkenes.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Give the structural formula of the organic product formed when
ethene, CH2=CH2, reacts with
(i) hydrogen
(1)
(ii) chlorine
(1)
(iii) acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII)

(1)
(iv) bromine water

(1)
20
*P44880A02028*
PMT
(c) When propene, CH3CH=CH2, reacts with hydrogen chloride, there are two
possible products, a major product and a minor product.
(i) Draw the displayed formulae of these products.
(2)
Major product Minor product
(ii) Give the mechanism for the reaction of propene with hydrogen chloride
which forms the major product.
(3)
21
PMT
(d) Propene can be polymerized.

(i) Write a balanced equation for the polymerization of propene to form
poly(propene), drawing the displayed formula of the repeat unit of
poly(propene).
(3)
(ii) State a problem associated with the disposal of waste poly(propene).

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
*P44880A02228*
PMT
(e) Standard enthalpy changes of combustion can be used to calculate the standard
enthalpy change of formation of propene.
3C(s) + 3H2(g) C3H6(g)
Values for some standard enthalpy changes of combustion, ǻHc9, are shown in the
table below.
C(s) −394
H2(g) −286
C3H6(g) −2058
(i) Complete the Hess cycle below to enable you to calculate ǻH f9 from
combustion data.
(1)
ǻH f9
3C(s) + 3H2(g) C3H6(g)
(ii) Calculate ǻH 9f , in kJ mol−1.

(2)
standard enthalpy change of formation of propene = ............................................................................ kJ mol−1
23
PMT
24 The diagram below shows the pattern in the first ionization energies of the first
18 elements.
2500 He
Ne
2000
First Ar
ionization 1500
energy H
/ kJ mol–1 1000
500
Li Na
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Atomic number (Z)
(a) Give the equation, including state symbols, for the first ionization energy of
fluorine.
(2)
*(b) Explain why there is a general increase in the first ionization energies from
sodium to argon.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
*P44880A02428*
PMT
(c) *(i) Explain why the first ionization energy of aluminium (Z = 13) is less than that
of magnesium (Z = 12).
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(ii) Explain why the first ionization energy of sulfur (Z = 16) is less than that of
phosphorus (Z = 15).
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) The table below, which is incomplete, refers to the elements sodium to sulfur.
Element Na Mg Al Si P S
Melting
low high
temperature
Structure giant
Electrical
high
conductivity
(i) Complete the melting temperature row by using only the words
‘high’ or ‘low’.
(2)
(ii) Complete the structure row by using only the words ‘giant’ or ‘molecular’.
(2)
(iii) Complete the electrical conductivity row by using only the words
‘high’ or ‘low’.
(1)
25
PMT
(e) In an experiment, 2.76 g of sodium completely reacted with water to form

500 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide.
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) o 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
(i) Calculate the number of moles of sodium that reacted.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the maximum volume, in dm3, of hydrogen that can be formed at
room temperature and pressure.
(2)
(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the sodium hydroxide solution,
NaOH(aq), formed in the experiment.
(2)

26
*P44880A02628*
PMT
BLANK PAGE
27
*P44880A02728*
PMT
28
*P44880A02828*
PMT
Summer 2015

PMT

Summer 2015
PMT
 All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first
 Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for
what they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
used appropriately.
should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark
scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if the
 Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the principles by
 When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme to a
 Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it with
an alternative response.
 Mark schemes will indicate within the table where, and which strands of QWC,
are being assessed. The strands are as follows:
when appropriate
PMT

Number
1 D 1

Number
2 B 1

Number
3 C 1

Number
4 D 1

Number
5 D 1

Number
6 D 1

Number
7 C 1

Number
8 D 1

Number
9 D 1

Number
10 B 1

Number
11 A 1

Number
12 A 1
PMT

Number
13 C 1

Number
14 A 1

Number
15 B 1

Number
16 C 1

Number
17 C 1

Number
18 C 1

Number
19 A 1

Number
20 A 1

PMT
Section B

Number
21(a)(i) Alkane(s) 1
IGNORE
Any references to ‘branched’ /
‘aliphatic’ / ‘hydrocarbons’

Number
21(a)(ii) 2,3-dimethyloctane 1
IGNORE
Incorrect or missing punctuation

Number
21(a)(iii) 1st mark: 3
(Isomers) A and C (1)
NOTE
If no isomers or isomers other than A ‘Different
& C have been chosen, then award chemical
one mark max providing both 2nd and formulae’
3rd marking points are evident.
2nd mark:
(They/A and C) have the same
molecular formula / C10H22 / same
number of C and H (atoms)
(1)
3rd mark:
(They/A and C) have different
structural formulae/displayed
formulae / skeletal formulae /
different structures/different
arrangement of atoms
IGNORE
Any references to ‘in space’ / ‘spatial’
Any references to names
Any references to general formulae
(1)
PMT

Number
21(a)(iv) C12H24 2
1st mark: C12

(1)
2nd mark: H24

(1)

Number
21(b)(i) A 1
OR
B
ALLOW lower case letters

IGNORE any names or formulae

Number
21(b)(ii) C 1
OR
D
ALLOW lower case letters
IGNORE any names or formulae
PMT

Number
21(c) Any one of: 1
(It improves engine performance by)
Promoting efficient combustion

OR
Allowing smoother burning
OR
Increasing octane number
OR
Reduces knocking / prevents
knocking
OR
Pre-ignition being less likely
OR
Being (more) efficient (fuels)
OR
Better burning / fuels easier to burn
OR
Combusting more easily
OR
Improving combustion / complete
combustion
OR
Burns more cleanly
OR
More miles per gallon
IGNORE any references to energy
density / boiling temperature /
volatility
PMT

Number
21(d) [FIRST, check the answer on the 3
answer line
IF answer = 48000 (kJ kg—1) award
(3) marks]
1st two marks
1000 (1) x 8086 (1)

170
OR
8086 (1) x 1000 (1)

170
NOTE: second mark in both cases

dependent on first mark unless one
minor transcription error in first mark
e.g. use of 110 rather than 170
3rd mark
= 47564.70588
= 48000 (1)
Answer must be to 2 sf
Ignore signs and / or incorrect
units at any stage
48 scores (2)
47.56 scores (1)
1374.6 scores (0) even if rounded to
2SF
PMT

Number
22(a)(i) ∆H2 1
ALLOW ∆H2 = ………

Number
22(a)(ii) ∆H5 ∆H5 1
ALLOW ∆H5 = ……… 2

Number
22(a)(iii) ∆H6 ∆H6 1
2
OR ∆H6 / 2 OR ∆H6 ÷2 OR 0.5 ∆H6

Number
22(a)(iv) ∆H1 ∆H7 1
ALLOW ∆H1 = ………
PMT

Number
22(b)(i) (The energy change / enthalpy ‘Energy / 2
change that accompanies / energy enthalpy
released / enthalpy released) required’ /
the formation of one mole of ‘used’
a(n ionic) compound
(1) ‘molecule’ no 1st
mark
product
from its gaseous ions ‘gaseous atoms’

(1) no 2nd mark
NOTE
‘one mole of gaseous ions’ scores
max (1)
(ie 2nd mark only available)
IGNORE
References to ‘constituent elements’
References to ‘standard conditions’
energy change / enthalpy change per

mole (1)
Sr2+(g) + 2Cl—(g) → SrCl2(s)

ALLOW
Any correct ‘generic‘ equation with
state symbols included
(1)
PMT

Number
22(b)(ii) [FIRST, check the answer on the answer
line 2
IF answer = —2153 (kJ mol—1) then
award (2) marks, with or without working]
1st Mark:
∆H1 = ∆H2 + ∆H3 + ∆H4 + ∆H5 + ∆H6 + ∆H7
OR
∆H7 = ∆H1 − [∆H2 + ∆H3 + ∆H4 + ∆H5 +
∆H6]
OR
∆H7 = −829 – [164 + 550 + 1064 +
(122 x 2) + (2 x −349)]
(1)
2nd Mark:
∆H7 = −2153 (kJ mol−1) (1)
NOTE:
The following answers score (1) mark
with or without working
+2153 (kJ mol−1)
−2031 (kJ mol−1)
−2502 (kJ mol−1)
−2380 (kJ mol−1)
NO OTHER TEs are allowed on an

incorrect expression involving ∆H7
PMT

Number
22*(c) (Lattice energy of MgF2 more exothermic 3
than that of NaF because)
1st mark: No 1st

Mg2+ is smaller (than Na+) mark if
only
ALLOW mention Mg
“Magnesium / Mg is smaller (than sodium / atom or
Na)” atomic
(1) radius
2nd mark:
Mg2+ higher charge / higher charge density “Mg2+

(than Na+) higher
nuclear
ALLOW charge”
Any reference to Mg2+ and Na+ in answer
for the 2nd mark, unless nuclear charge
mentioned
(1)
3rd mark:
(So electrostatic forces of) attraction
between ions stronger in MgF2 (than in
NaF)
ALLOW
Stronger ionic bonds in MgF2 / stronger
ionic bonding in MgF2
(1)
OR reverse arguments

PMT

Number
23(a) CnH2n
1
ALLOW
Letters other than n
ALLOW: (partially) displayed or skeletal formulae throughout

Q23(b)
IGNORE: additional incorrect non-organic products

Number
23(b)(i) CH3CH3 C2H6 1

Number
23(b)(ii) ClCH2CH2Cl / CH2ClCH2Cl C2H4Cl2 1
ONLY PENALISE ONCE ONLY in (b)(iii) & (b)(iv) THE CONNECTIVITY

BETWEEN C and OH if CLEARLY a C to H covalent bond has been
drawn

Number
23(b)(iii) HOCH2CH2OH / CH2OHCH2OH C2H6O2 / 1
OHCH2CH2OH

Number
23(b)(iv) HOCH2CH2Br / CH2OHCH2Br BrCH2CH2Br / 1
C2H5OBr /
C2H4Br2
PMT
PENALISE USE OF Br instead of Cl once only in parts (c)(i) &

(c)(ii)
PENALISE missing H atoms from displayed formulae once only in
parts (c)(i) & (c)(ii)

Number
23(c)(i) H Cl H 2
H C C C H
H H H
(Major product) (1)
H H H
H C C C Cl
H H H
(Minor product) (1)
Both DISPLAYED structures, with all

bonds and atoms shown but in the
wrong boxes scores (1)
PENALISE
CH3 not fully displayed ONCE only
So
CH3CH(Cl)CH3 and CH3CH2CH2Cl
scores (1)
PMT

Number
23(c)(ii) H3 C 3
H
H3 C H
C C H C C H + Cl
H H H
H
carbocation (1)
Cl
both arrows (1)
H3C H3 C
H H
H C C H H C C H
H Cl H
(:)Cl
attack of chloride ion (1)
Full +
and –
1st mark: charges
Curly arrow from C=C to H (in H―Cl) AND curly on HCl
arrow from bond in H―Cl to the Cl (dipole not reqd)
Incorrect
Curly arrows must start from the bonds NOT the polarity
atoms (1) on HCl
2nd mark:
Extra /
Structure of correct secondary carbocation (1)
spare
bond
dangling
from
the C+
carbon
3rd mark:
Curly arrow from anywhere on the chloride ion
(including the minus sign) towards the C+ on the δ- on
chloride
carbocation (1)
ion
instead
NOTE: The chloride ion must have a full negative of Cl
―
charge, but the lone pair of electrons on the Cl―
need not be shown
ALLOW: TE on major product given in (c)(i)
Skeletal formulae can be used

PMT

Number
23(d)(i) H 3
H
H C H
C C
nC3H6  H H n
TWO ‘n’ in the equation and a correct

formula (molecular or structural) for
propene on the left-hand side of the
equation (1)
One correct repeating unit, with the

methyl branch shown
(1)
ALLOW
CH3 fully displayed or just as CH3
BOTH continuation bonds (with or

without bracket shown) (1)
If C=C bond left in polymer on right-

hand side, then max (1)
Mark the three points

independently
PMT

Number
23(d)(ii) Non-biodegradable 1
IGNORE
References to toxicity of
poly(propene) / flammability
IGNORE
Litter / pollution / waste of resources
/ costs
ALLOW
People are reluctant to recycle
OR
Harmful to marine life / harmful to
wildlife
OR
References to ‘landfill’
OR
References to ‘incineration’ producing
toxic fumes/toxic gases / CO2 /
Greenhouse gases
OR
References to use of energy/fuel
used in transport (of waste)
OR
It takes a long time to degrade
PMT

Number
23(e)(i) 1
3C(s) + 3H2(g) ∆Hf
C3H6(g)
(+4½O2) (+4½O2)
3CO2(g) and 3H2O(l)
Both arrows in the correct direction
AND
3CO2 and 3H2O in lowest box

incorrect
IGNORE extra O2 molecules in box or
alongside arrows

Number
23(e)(ii) 1st mark 2
(−394 x 3) + (−286 x 3)
OR
= −2040 (kJ mol−1) (1)
2nd mark:
∆Hf = −2040 – (−2058)
= (+)18 (kJ mol−1) (1)
NOTE:
The following answers score (1)
mark
−18 (kJ mol−1)
(+)1378 (kJ mol−1)
(+)806 (kJ mol−1)
(+)590 (kJ mol−1)
−4098 (kJ mol−1)
(Total for Question 23 = 17 marks

PMT

Number
24(a) F(g) → F+(g) + e(—) Electron affinity 2
equation (0)
OR overall
F(g) – e(—) → F+(g)
Equations with
Species (1) F2(g) score (0)
overall
State symbols
IGNORE
Any state symbols on electrons
(1)
2nd mark is dependent on the first

NOTE:
F(g) + e(—) → F+(g) + 2e(—)
Use of ‘Fl’ max (1)

Number
24*(b) 1st mark: 3
Number of protons increases /
increasing nuclear charge / increasing
effective nuclear charge
IGNORE
Just ‘the atomic number increases’
(1)
2nd mark:
‘Shielding
Same shielding / same number of
increases’ (0)
(occupied) shells / electron removed
for 2nd mark
from the same shell / atomic radius
decreases
(1)
3rd mark:
Greater (electrostatic) attraction
between nucleus / protons and
(outermost) electron
(1)
PMT

Number
24(c)*(i) For aluminium 2
1st mark:
(Electron lost from) (3)p-subshell / Mention of 2p,
(3)p-orbital no 1st mark
ALLOW
Correct electron configuration for Al:
1s22s22p63s23p1 or
[Ne]3s23p1 or drawn as electrons-in-
boxes
(1)
NOTE
First mark must refer to aluminium
2nd mark:
at higher energy / further from the
nucleus / (more) shielded (by 3s)
OR
Magnesium electron is at lower

energy / closer to the nucleus / less
shielded
(1)
IGNORE
References to stability of 3s2 or full s-
orbitals / full s sub-shell in Mg
PMT

Number
24(c)*(ii) For sulfur 2
1st mark:
(Electron lost from a) pair of
electrons / an orbital with electrons
(spin-) paired / a full (p) orbital
ALLOW
Mention of (3)p4
OR
Correct electron configuration for
S:1s22s22p63s23p4 or
[Ne]3s23p4 or drawn as electrons-in-
boxes
(1)
2nd mark:
(increase in) repulsion (allows e— to
be removed more easily)
(1)
If no correct reference to Sulfur,

then allow one mark for P (atom)
has half-filled p sub-shell / p3
(arrangement) is stable.
PMT

Number
24(d)(i) (Al) (Si) (P) (S) 2
high high low low
Four correct (2)

Three correct (1)

Number
24(d)(ii) (Na) (Al) (Si) (P) (S) 2
giant (giant) giant giant molecular molecular
ALLOW ‘giant molecular’ for Si

ALLOW ‘simple molecular’ for P and/or S
Five correct (2)

Four correct (1)

Number
24(d)(iii) (Na) (Al) (Si) (P) (S) 1
high (high) high X low low
All four must be correct
IGNORE
Any word written over X in the Si
box
PMT

Number
24(e)(i) ( 2.76 ) = 0.12(0) (mol) 1
23.0

Number
24(e)(ii) Moles H2 = ½ x mol Na (1) 2
Volume H2 = 0.06(0) x 24
= 1.44 (dm3) (1)
ALLOW
ECF from moles of Na in (e)(i)
ALLOW
Both marks if answer given 1440 cm3
Correct answer, no working

scores (2)
NOTE:
The following answers score (1)
mark
2.88 (dm3) / 2880 cm3
5.76 (dm3) / 5760 cm3
However, check as 2.88 could score 2

as a TE of 0.24 mol from (e)(i)
IGNORE
SF except 1 SF
PMT

Number
24(e)(iii) 1st mark: 2
Moles NaOH = moles of Na (1)
Can be implied by use of value from

(e)(i)
2nd mark:
( 0.12 ) = 0.24(0) (mol dm—3) No 2nd mark if
0.500 (1) give wrong units,
e.g
ALLOW “mol/dm—3”
TE from moles of Na in (e)(i) “dm3/mol”
Correct answer, no working
scores (2)
IGNORE
SF except 1 SF
NOTE: TE from first mark to second

mark only if answer from (e)(i) has
been used in some way e.g. answer
to (e)(i) × 2 would not score mark 1,
but could then be used to score mark
2 as a TE

PMT


Surname Other names
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Thursday 13 October 2016 – Morning Paper Reference

Instructions
• centre
Answer
Information
• – usemarks
Advice
• Keep
• Try toananswer
eye on the time.
every question.
Turn over
P51506A
*P51506A0124*
4/6/6/5/

SECTION A

a cross .
1 Mohr’s salt, (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O, is a blue-green crystalline solid usually made by
dissolving equimolar amounts of iron(II) sulfate and ammonium sulfate in
dilute sulfuric acid and then crystallising.
The reaction may be represented by the equation

FeSO4.7H2O + (NH4)2SO4 → (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O + H2O
Molar masses 278 132 392 18
/g mol−1
(a) What mass of Mohr’s salt would be produced from 2.78 g of iron(II) sulfate with
excess ammonium sulfate, if the yield in the reaction was 80%?
(1)

A 2.22 g

B 2.78 g
C 3.14 g
r
D 3.92 g
la
FpT
(b) How many cations are there in each mole of Mohr’s salt?
[Avogadro constant, L = 6.0 × 1023 mol−1]
(1)
A 6.0 × 1023
B 1.2 × 1024
em
A
C 1.8 × 1024
D 3.0 × 1024

exR
(c) What is the percentage by mass of water in Mohr’s salt?

(1)
A 4.6%
D
B 18%
D
C 28%
D 72%

2
*P51506A0224*

2 Magnesium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid.

MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(a) What mass of magnesium carbonate would react with excess hydrochloric acid to
produce 240 cm3 of carbon dioxide, measured at room temperature and pressure?
1 mol of any gas occupies 24.0 dm3 at room temperature and pressure
Data:
Molar mass of magnesium carbonate = 84.3 g mol−1
(1)
A 0.843 g
B 8.43 g
C 84.3 g
D 843 g
(b) What is the minimum mass of magnesium carbonate needed to neutralise

50.0 cm3 of 0.250 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid?
(1)
A 0.423 g
B 0.527 g
ar
C 1.05 g
D 2.11 g
(c) What would be seen at the end of the reaction with excess acid?
pTl
(1)
A A colourless solution
mF
B A coloured solution
C A white precipitate
xReA
D A coloured precipitate

De
3

3 The following molecules are alkenes.

P Q R S
(a) Which molecule has a geometric isomer?

(1)
A P
B Q
C R
D S

(b) Which molecule would produce 2-bromohexane as the major product on
addition of hydrogen bromide?
(1)
r
A P
la
FpT
B Q
C R
D S
(c) Which molecule has 14 hydrogen atoms?

em
A
(1)
A P
B Q

exR
C R
D S
D

D

4
*P51506A0424*

4 The structure of Z-3-methylpent-2-ene is
CH3 H
C C
C2H5 CH3
Which of the following shows two repeat units of the polymer made from
Z-3-methylpent-2-ene?
 CH3 H CH3 H   CH3 H CH3 H 

   
A  C C C C  B  C C C C 
   
   
 C2H5 CH3 C2H5 CH3  CH3 C2H5 C2H5 CH3
 CH3 H H CH3   CH3 CH3 H CH3 

   
C  C C C C  D  C C C C 
   
   
 C2H5 CH3 CH3 C2H5  C2H5 H CH3 C2H5
ar
5 What is the systematic name for the following molecule?
CH3
pTl
CH3 CH CH2 C CH3

mF
C2H5 C2H5
xReA
A 2,4-diethyl-2-methylpentane
B 2,4-diethyl-4-methylpentane
C 3,3,5-trimethylheptane
D 3,5,5-trimethylheptane

De
5

6 Nitrogen can form the following species with hydrogen:
H  H +
–

×× ×× ● 
 ×× 

 ×× 

H N H H N N H 
H N H 
H N H 
●×
●×
●×
●×
●×
×
●×
●×
 
●
●× ●×  ●×  ●×
 
 
H H  H 
NH3 NH2 NH2 NH2– NH4+
Which of these species has a dative covalent bond?

A NH3
B NH2NH2
−
C NH2
D NH4+
7 Which of these elements in Period 3 has the highest melting temperature?

A Na
B Al
r
C Si
la
D P
FpT
8 The conduction of electricity by a solution is evidence that ions are present in the solution.
What could be formed when an electric current is passed through
aqueous sodium chloride?
em
A
A Chlorine at the anode

B Hydrogen at the anode

exR
C Sodium at the cathode

D Oxygen at the cathode

D
6
*P51506A0624*

9 An example of an equation to illustrate the cracking of an alkane from crude oil is
C15H32 → 2C2H4 + C3H6 + C8H18

pentadecane ethene propene octane

Molar masses / g mol−1 28 42 114
(a) What is the atom economy for this reaction in terms of production of alkenes?
Use the expression
Total mass of desired product(s)
Atom economy = × 100%
Total masss of all products
(1)
A 26%
B 33%
C 38%
D 46%
(b) The chemical industry uses cracking in the processing of crude oil because
(1)
A fractional distillation is too slow and expensive.
ar
B crude oil contains insufficient quantities of desired compounds.
C reforming requires a catalyst.
pTl
D cracking separates crude oil components.

mF
10 Scientists are developing alternatives to fossil fuels.

xReA
Which of the following is not a result of carbon dioxide emissions?

A The increase in global warming.
B The melting of the ice caps.

C The increase in pH of the oceans.
D The rise in sea level.

De
7

−
11 Which of the following is isoelectronic with the chloride ion, Cl ?
−
A F

−
B Br
+
C Na
D Ar
12 An excess of zinc powder was added to 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm−3 copper(II) sulfate in a
polystyrene cup. The temperature of the copper(II) sulfate solution was measured at
30 s intervals. The zinc was added after 90 s. The results are shown on the graph.
75 –
65 –

55 –
r
45 –
la
FpT
Temperature
/ °C
35 –
25 –
em
A
15 –
0–
exR
–
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

Zinc added Time /s
D
What temperature change should be used when calculating the energy transfer?
D
A 45°C
B 52°C
C 65°C
D 72 °C

8
*P51506A0824*

13 Hess’s law can be used to determine enthalpy changes which cannot be measured
directly, such as the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate.
ΔH1
2HCl(aq) ΔH2 ΔH3 2HCl(aq)
CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Using Hess’s law, the expression to determine ΔH1 is

A ΔH1 = ΔH2 – ΔH3
B ΔH1 = ΔH2 + ΔH3
C ΔH1 = 2ΔH2 – 2ΔH3
D ΔH1 = 2ΔH2 + 2ΔH3

ar
pTl
mF
De
9

SECTION B

14 This question is about isotopes, and the use of mass spectrometry to detect their
presence and measure their abundance.
(a) Boron has two naturally occurring isotopes, 10B and 11B.
(i) A sample of boron contained 13.9% of isotope 10B and 86.1% of isotope 11B.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of boron in this sample. Give your answer
to three significant figures.
(2)

r
(ii) Complete the following definition of relative atomic mass.
la
(1)
FpT
The relative atomic mass is the weighted mean mass of an atom of an element
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
em
A
(iii) Boron-12 is a short-lived radioactive isotope.

Name the subatomic particles in an atom of boron-12 and give the number of each.
(2)

exR
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D
10
*P51506A01024*

(b) (i) A mass spectrometer operates under a vacuum. Suggest the effect on the
ions in a mass spectrometer if particles from the air were present.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Suggest how, if at all, the electric field in the mass spectrometer would affect
molecules that are not ionised.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(iii) The reaction of ethene with aqueous potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4,

produces ethane-1,2-diol, CH2OHCH2OH.
Data: molar mass of ethane-1,2-diol = 62 g mol−1
In an experiment, KMnO4 containing only 18O reacts with ethene.

Suggest how the mass spectrum of ethane-1,2-diol data could be used
to decide whether the oxygen atoms in ethane-1,2-diol came from the
manganate(VII) ion, water, or a combination of the two.
ar
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pTl
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mF
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xReA
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
De
11

(c) A student sketched the mass spectrum of chlorine gas which contained 75% of
the 35Cl isotope and 25% of the 37Cl isotope.

Relative
Intensity

30 40 50 60 70 80
r
m /e
la
(i) Identify and correct the two errors made by the student in this sketch.
FpT
(2)
Error 1 . ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Correction 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Error 2 . ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

em
A
Correction 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Give the formula of the ion responsible for the peak with m / e = 74, showing

the isotope(s) present.
exR
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D

D
12
*P51506A01224*

15 Alkanes react with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) light.

(a) Write the equation for the overall reaction of bromine with methane to form
bromomethane. State symbols are not required.

(1)
(b) Propane reacts with chlorine to produce C3H7Cl. There are two possible isomers
with this molecular formula.
Draw the skeletal formulae of these two isomers and give their systematic names.
(4)
ar
Name: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................. Name: ................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pTl
(c) Ethane reacts with chlorine in UV light by a free radical substitution mechanism
mF
involving a number of steps.

(i) Explain why ethane does not react with electrophiles.
(1)
xReA
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain why ethane undergoes substitution and not addition reactions.
(1)
De
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

(iii) The first step of the reaction of chlorine with ethane in UV light involves
homolytic fission.

Write the equation for this fission and state the name of this reaction step.
(2)
Equation:
Name of reaction step ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) The ethyl free radical is an intermediate in the propagation stage of the reaction.
Draw the dot-and-cross diagram of this free radical.
Use dots (•) for the hydrogen electrons, crosses (x) for the electrons of one of
the carbon atoms and asterisks (*) for the electrons of the other carbon atom.
Show only outer shell electrons.

(2)
r
la
FpT
(v) What change to the reaction mixture of ethane and chlorine would increase
em
the production of polychlorinated alkanes such as 1,1-dichloroethane and

A
1,2-dichloroethane?
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
exR
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D
14
*P51506A01424*

16 This is a question about ionisation energies.

(a) Define in words the term ‘first ionisation energy’.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Write the equation for the second ionisation energy of lithium.
(1)
ar
(c) Why is it not possible to determine the third ionisation energy for helium?
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pTl
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mF
De
15

(d) Complete the sketch of the log (ionisation energy) of sodium.
(4)

Log
(ionisation
energy)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
r
Number of electrons removed
la
FpT
*(e) Explain why there is a general decrease in the values of the first ionisation energy
on descending a group in the Periodic Table.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
em
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

exR
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D
D
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16
*P51506A01624*

*(f ) Explain why the first ionisation energy of sulfur is less than that of phosphorus.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(g) The first ionisation energy for sodium is +496 kJ mol–1 and for magnesium is +738 kJ mol–1.
Hence suggest a value for the first ionisation energy of aluminium and justify your choice.
(3)
Ionisation Energy Value: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ar
Justification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pTl
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mF
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xReA
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

De
17

17 The following data can be used in the Born-Haber cycle for sodium iodide, NaI.
Energy change ΔH / kJ mol–1

Enthalpy change of atomisation of iodine +107
Enthalpy change of atomisation of sodium +107
First ionisation energy of sodium +496
First electron affinity of iodine −295
Enthalpy change of formation of sodium iodide −288
(a) Complete the Born-Haber cycle diagram for sodium iodide by adding the first
ionisation energy of sodium and the first electron affinity of iodine. Include any
relevant entities and arrow directions.
(3)

r
la
FpT
Na+(g) + I−(g)
Na(g) + I(g)
em
A
d
ΔH at
Na(g) + ½I2(s) Lattice energy

exR
d
ΔH at
Na(s) + ½I2(s)
D
D
d
ΔH f
NaI(s)

18
*P51506A01824*

(b) Calculate the lattice energy for sodium iodide.

Give a sign and units in your answer.
(1)
(c) Explain why the enthalpy changes of atomisation of sodium and of iodine are
endothermic. For each substance, state the type of bonding present in the solid.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ar
(d) The numerical value for the lattice energy of sodium iodide obtained from the
Born-Haber cycle is more negative than the theoretical value.
(i) Explain why the Born-Haber value is more negative than the theoretical value.
(2)
pTl
mF
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xReA
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Draw an electron density map for the iodide ion in sodium iodide showing
any effect the sodium ion has on the iodide ion.
(1)
De
Na+ I–

19

18 The reaction of liquid bromine is a standard test for alkenes.
(a) (i) Complete the equation for the reaction of cyclohexene with liquid bromine,

using a skeletal formula.
(1)
+ Br2 →
(ii) What colour change would you see when this reaction occurs?
(1)
From . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ to .................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Gaseous but-1-ene is another alkene that readily reacts with liquid bromine.
Using molecular formulae, the equation for the reaction is
C4H8 + Br2 → C4H8Br2
(i) Using the bond enthalpy values in the table, calculate the enthalpy change for

this reaction.
(2)
Bond enthalpy
Bond
/kJ mol–1
r
C H 413
la
FpT
C C 347
C C 612
C Br 290
Br Br 193
em
A

exR
D
20
*P51506A02024*

Give one reason why the value calculated for the reaction in part (b)(i) using
(ii)
bond enthalpies is different from the true value.
Do not consider experimental error, mean bond enthalpy values or
non-standard conditions.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Using appropriate curly arrows, write the mechanism of the reaction between
but-1-ene and bromine.
(3)
ar
pTl
mF
(iv) Identify, by name or by displayed formula, the product formed when

bromine water is added to but-1-ene.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

De


21
*P51506A02124*
D
22
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A
em
FpT
la
BLANK PAGE
r
*P51506A02224*
D
De
xReA
mF
pTl
BLANK PAGE
ar
*P51506A02324*
23
D
*P51506A02424*
r
la
FpT
em
A
exR
24
D
October 2016
Pearson Edexcel International GCE

in Chemistry (WCH01) Paper 1

October 2016

the last.
lie.
be consulted.



same question.

candidates to:
when appropriate.
abilities.

Number
1(a) C 1
Incorrect Answers:
A – This is 80% of the starting
material and not the product
B - Same mass as the starting
material & not the product
D- This is 100% yield and not 80%

Number
1(b) C 1
Incorrect Answers:
A – This is only for one mole not
three
B - This is for two moles not three
D- This is for five moles not three

Number
1(c) C 1
Incorrect Answers:
A – This is for one water molecule not
six
B - This is the Mr value of water just
as a percentage
D- This is the percentage of the salt
which is not water

Number
2(a) A 1
Incorrect Answers:
B– Ten times too big
C - 100 times too big
D- Thousand times too big

Number
2(b) B 1
Incorrect Answers:
A – Incorrect Mr and ratio used
C - The 2:1 ratio has not been used
D- The 2:1 ratio has been used the
wrong way round

Number
2(c) A 1
Incorrect Answers:
B – There are no coloured
compounds
C - There is no white precipitate
D- There are no coloured precipitates

Number
3(a) A 1
Incorrect Answers:
B – Two groups attached to one of
the carbons in the double bond are
the same
C - Two groups attached to one of
the carbons in the double bond are
the same
D- Two groups attached to one of the
carbons in the double bond are the
same

Number
3(b) D 1
Incorrect Answers:
A – The major product is 3-
bromohexane
B - The major product is 3-bromo-3-
methylpentane
C- The major product is 2-bromo-2-
methylpentane

Number
3(c) B 1
Incorrect Answers:
A – There are 12 hydrogen atoms
C - There are 12 hydrogen atoms
D- There are 12 hydrogen atoms

Number
4 A 1
Incorrect Answers:
B – The methyl groups are bonded to
the same carbon
C - The double bonds are still present
D- The double bond has moved and
results in pentavalent carbons

Number
5 C 1
Incorrect Answers:
A – The longest consecutive chain is
7 not 5
B - The longest consecutive chain is 7
not 5
D- The numbering of the longest
chain is wrong

Number
6 D 1
Incorrect Answers:
A – There is no dative covalent bond
B - There is no dative covalent bond
C- There is no dative covalent bond

Number
7 C 1
Incorrect Answers:
A – Melting temperatures increase
across the period with a peak at
group IV not Group I
B - Melting temperatures increase
group IV not Group III
D- Melting temperatures increase
group IV not Group V

Number
8 A 1
Incorrect Answers:
B– Hydrogen ions do not go to the
anode
C - Sodium would not be formed in
water
D- Oxygen ions do not go to the
cathode

Number
9(a) D 1
Incorrect Answers:
A – Atom economy of ethene, not all
alkenes
B - Ethene not doubled in numerator
but doubled in denominator
C- Atom economy where ethene not
doubled

Number
9(b) B 1
Incorrect Answers:
A – Incorrect reason for use of
cracking
C - Incorrect reason for use of
cracking
D- Incorrect reason for use of
cracking

Number
10 C 1
Incorrect Answers:
A – Carbon dioxide does cause global
warming
B - Carbon dioxide does cause ice
caps to melt
D- Carbon dioxide does cause sea
levels to rise

Number
11 D 1
Incorrect Answers:
A – Electron configuration lacks
energy level 3 electrons
B - Electron configuration has an
extra 18 electrons
C- Electron configuration lacks energy
level 3 electrons

Number
12 B 1
Incorrect Answers:
A – The change is not to the
extrapolated peak
C - The change starts at zero and not
20 and goes to only the observed
peak
D- The change starts at zero and not
20

Number
13 A 1
Incorrect Answers:
B – The enthalpy changes are added
and not subtracted
C - The enthalpy changes are
incorrectly doubled
D- The enthalpy changes are doubled
and added both incorrectly

Section B

Number
14(a)(i) (RAM = (13.9 x 10) + (86.1 x 11)) = 10.861
(1)
100 g/%
= 10.9 answers not
IGNORE amu / g mol-1 to 3sf
(1)
Correct answer without working scores

(2) 2

Number
14(a)(ii) compared to one twelfth the mass of a
carbon-12 (atom/isotope)
ALLOW
where (one atom of) carbon-12 has a
mass of exactly 12 1

Number
14(a)(iii) 5 protons and 5 electrons (1)
7 neutrons (1)
ALLOW use of letters p, e and n for sub-

atomic particles 2

Number
14(b)(i) Any one from 1
 deflect the ions from their normal path

 additional/false peaks from particles in
the air Air
 ions would collide with particles in the molecules
air
IGNORE
Reference to chemical reactions/anomalous
results/decreased speed of ions/
wrong percentage abundance given

Number
14(b)(ii) No effect / unaffected / they would not be 1
accelerated/Only affects charged particles
IGNORE
Reference to detection/deflection/magnetic
field

Number
14(b)(iii) Any one correct statement scores (1) Reference 2
Three correct statements scores (2) to peaks at
32,34,36 or
both oxygen atoms from the manganate(VII) 63 or 65
ion gives a (molecular / parent ion) peak at 66
one oxygen atom from the manganate(VII) ion

/ one from water gives a (molecular / parent
ion) peak at 64
both oxygen atoms from the water gives a

(molecular / parent ion) peak at 62
18
IGNORE O peak
ALLOW
Both oxygen atoms from the magnagate(VII)
ion gives a (molecular/parent ion) peak four
more

Number
14(c)(i) (Error 1) peaks at 35 and 37 should be in 3:1 Just 2
ratio/the peak at 35 should be three times the ‘greater’
height of the peak at 37
ALLOW
Reference to the height of the peak at 35 being
at 75% compared to the height of the peak at
37 being at 25%
(1)
(Error 2) there should be a peak at 72

IGNORE
Reference to the height/intensity of the peak at
72 (1)

Number
14(c)(ii) (37Cl―37Cl)+ (37Cl+37Cl)+ 1
OR
[37Cl―37Cl]+
OR
(37Cl37Cl)+
OR
37
Cl―37Cl+ 2 37
Cl+
OR
37
Cl2+


Number
15(a) CH4 + Br2 → CH3Br + HBr C2H6 1
IGNORE
Reference to uv light

Number
15(b) The names must correspond to the formulae but 4
there is no TE on incorrect formulae
Cl
(1)
Name: 1-chloropropane
(1)
Cl
(1)
Name: 2-chloropropane
(1)
IGNORE bond angles, bond lengths, bond

orientations, punctuation

Number
15(c)(i) (Ethane) has no electron-rich area/no electron-dense Charge 1
area/ density/
has no delta negative centre/no δ― No lone
(for the electrophile to react with) pair
IGNORE
No double bonds / no ∏ bonds but this can be credited
in (c)(ii)
Has maximum number of hydrogen atoms

Number
15(c)(ii) (Ethane) has no multiple bonds/ has no double bond / Incorrect 1
has no π bond / has only single / has only σ bonds chemistry,
e.g.
ALLOW donates
Ethane is saturated protons
NOTE
This may be explained in the answer to (c)(i)
IGNORE
Ethane is an alkane

Number
15(c)(iii) (Equation) Cl2 → 2Cl• (1) 2
IGNORE curly arrows even if incorrect
(Name of reaction step) Initiation (1)
IGNORE
Free radical substitution/Homolytic fission
Mark independently

Number
15(c)(iv) Carbon with only two hydrogens has single electron 2
(1)
Missing
Dot and cross of C−C and all C−H bonds correct H’s
(1)
Example:
ALLOW
One mark for ethane dot and cross diagram
One mark for methyl free radical, example

Number
15(c)(v) Increase the proportion of chlorine/ Chloride 1
Use excess / more chlorine Cl
ALLOW
decrease proportion of ethane
OR
Use less ethane
Ignore references to temperature, pressure

and uv light


Number
16(a) The energy required Energy 3
ALLOW energy / enthalpy given out /
change/endothermic (1) energy
produced/
exothermic
to remove one electron from each atom in

one mole of atoms
ALLOW
to remove one mole of electrons from one
mole of atoms
Or
to produce one mole of singly charged
positive ions from one mole of atoms
(1)
(all species) in the gaseous state

(1)
IGNORE equation even if correct

Number
16(b) Li+(g) → Li2+(g) + e(−) 1
OR
Li+(g) − e(−) → Li2+(g)
IGNORE missing (g) if gaseous is in part (a)
DO NOT penalise missing gaseous state

symbol if omission of gaseous is already
penalised in part (a)

Number
16(c) Helium only has two electrons/ Helium does 1
not have a third electron to lose
IGNORE
Helium only has two valence electrons/ only
has two electrons in its outer shell

Number
16(d) Marking point 1 4
One cross for electron 1 significantly below those
already present
(1)
Marking point 2
One cross for electron 2 slightly below the three
crosses already present
(1) ‘big’
increase
Marking point 3 anywhere
Crosses for electrons 6 to 9 on an approximately between
straight line upwards continuing from electrons 3 crosses 6 to
to 5 (1) 9
Marking point 4
Cross for electron 10 significantly above the cross ‘big’
for electron 9 increase
and from cross
cross for electron 11 slightly above the cross for 10 to cross
electron 10 11
(1)
Mark Independently
IGNORE
Lines drawn between crosses
Example

Number
16(e) Any three from Reference 3
to
molecule,
Increased shielding (by inner electron shells) max 2
/ greater repulsion between inner shell
electrons (1)
More shells
(1)
Ionic radius
Greater distance from nucleus (to outermost
electron) / increased (atomic) radius
(1)
These outweigh the increased nuclear

attraction from the greater number of protons
(1)

Number
16(f) (For sulfur) the outermost electron is paired in 4p 2
the p orbital
(1)
Repulsion between (paired) electrons

(reduces ionisation energy)
(1)
If no correct reference to sulfur then allow

one mark for phosphorus (atom) having more
stable p3/half-filled p sub-shell

Number
16(g) (Ionisation energy value) 3
Any value in the range of (+)520-700 (kJ mol-
1
)
[Actual value (+)578]
2p
ALLOW
Any range within the values given above
(1) Higher
energy
The outermost electron for aluminium is in a level/shell
p orbital / subshell
(1)
Which has higher energy (than the s orbital)
ALLOW
is further away from the nucleus (and
requires less energy to remove) than the 3s
electrons (of aluminium)
Or
Shielded by the 3s electrons
(1)
ACCEPT
Reverse arguments


Number
17(a) Diagram similar to: 3
Marking point 1
Arrow upwards for first ionisation energy of sodium
and correct label on arrow (from correct entities)
(1)
Marking point 2
Arrow downwards for electron affinity of iodine and
correct label on arrow (from correct entities)
(1)
Marking point 3
Correct entities with states (on horizontal line)
Ignore missing electron

(1)
ALLOW
Numerical values for labels on arrows
Recognisable symbols for labels on arrows, such as
∆HIE, ∆HEA

Number
17 (b) (LE = 107+107+496+288-295=) ―703 kJ mol-1 1

Number
17 (c) Energy is required to break bonds 3
(1)
In sodium these are metallic

bonds/(electrostatic) attractions between
metallic cations and the sea of delocalised
electrons (1)
In iodine these are covalent bonds

(between the iodine atoms and London
forces) (1)
Mark independently

Number
17(d)(i) (Sodium iodide has) some covalent character 2
/ some covalency/some polarisation
ALLOW
the electron cloud of the iodide ion is distorted
Ignore references to
NaI being not 100% ionic/
NaI being just ‘covalent’
(1)
which results in stronger bonding (than purely

ionic)
(1)
Ignore
References to standard conditions/expt. error

Number
17(d)(ii) Diagram with distorted electron density cloud Iodine 1
towards the sodium ion contour line
overlaps
with sodium
contour line
Example
Ignore the size difference between the ions

Acceptable Answers Reject Mark

Question
Number
18(a)(i) 1
+Br2 + H2
IGNORE bond angles, bond lengths, bond

orientations

Number
18(a)(ii) From red-brown / red / brown to colourless Clear/white 1
Orange/yellow/
Orange-brown

Number
18(b)(i) (Bonds broken =) 612 + 193 = (+)805 2
(Bonds made=) 347 + (290x2)=(-) 927
(1)
Enthalpy of reaction =(805 ― 927=) ―122 (kJ

mol-1)
Correct answer with no working scores two marks
ALLOW
(All bonds broken=)+4803
(All bonds made = )-4925
(1)
Enthalpy of reaction = (+4803 – 4925=) -122 (kJ

mol-1) (1)
Award one mark for (+) 122 (kJ mol-1)

Award one mark for a correct subtraction using
one of the correct values above, example
4538 − 4925 = −387 (kJ mol-1)

Number
18(b)(ii) Bond enthalpies are for gaseous compounds 1
and
bromine is a liquid / 1,2 dibromobutane is a
liquid
IGNORE
Reference to just ‘different states’

Number
18(b)(iii) Mechanism drawn similar to 3
Marking point 1
Curly arrow from double bond to Br and curly
arrow from Br-Br bond to the Br (dipoles not Incorrect
required) (1) dipole
Marking point 2
Correct carbocation structure
(1)
Marking point 3
Curly arrow from anywhere on the bromide ion δ−
Br
(including the minus sign) towards the
carbocation and the correct product
ALLOW TE on primary carbocation
(1)
Note the bromide ion must have a full negative

charge but the lone pair of electrons need not be
shown

Number
18(b)(iv) 1-bromobutan-2-ol / CH3CH2CHOHCH2Br/ Missing 1
H’s
ALLOW
2-bromobutan-1-ol / CH3CH2CHBrCH2OH/
ALLOW 2-bromo-1-butanol
ALLOW skeletal or structural formulae
Penalise contradictory names/formulae

TOTAL FOR QUESTION 18 = 9 MARKS
(TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS)

Surname Other names
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Unit 1: Core Principles of Chemistry
Tuesday 10 October 2017 – Morning Paper Reference

Candidates must have: Scientific calculator. Total Marks
Instructions
• centre
Answer
Information
• – usemarks
• written
Advice
• Checkanswer
Try to every question.
• Show allyouryouranswers if you have time at the end.
• working in calculations, include units where appropriate.
Turn over
*P50750A0124*
P50750A
6/6/6/5/5/1/

SECTION A

a cross .
1 Crude oil is separated by fractional distillation in a fractionating column.
A compound obtained from higher up the column has a
(1)
A higher boiling temperature and higher density.

B higher boiling temperature and lower density.
C lower boiling temperature and higher density.
D lower boiling temperature and lower density.

2 A hydrocarbon contains, by mass, 80% carbon and 20% hydrogen.
The molecular formula for the hydrocarbon is
(1)
r
A CH3
la
FpT
B C2H5
C C2H6
D C4H10

em
A
3 The number of alkene isomers with the molecular formula C4H8 is

(1)
A 2

exR
B 3
C 4
D
D 5
D

2
*P50750A0224*

4 What is the systematic name of the compound shown below?

(1)
A E-3-methylpent-2-ene
B E-3-methylpent-3-ene
C Z-3-methylpent-2-ene
5 Propene gas is shaken with bromine water. The main product is

(1)
A 1,2-dibromopropane
B 1-bromopropan-2-ol
C 2-bromopropan-1-ol
ar
D propane-1,2-diol

pTl
6 The ionic equation for the reaction between copper(II) oxide and sulfuric acid is
(1)
mF
A 2H+(aq) + SO42−(aq) + CuO(s) → H2O(l) + CuSO4(s)
B 2H+(aq) + SO42−(aq) + CuO(s) → H2O(l) + Cu2+(aq) + SO42−(aq)
xReA
C 2H+(aq) + CuO(s) → H2O(l) + Cu2+(aq)
D 2H+(aq) + O2−(s) → H2O(l)

De
3

7 How many neutrons are present in 1.0 g of helium?
[Avogadro constant = 6.0 x 1023 mol−1; molar mass of helium = 4.0 g mol–1]

(1)
A 3.0 × 1023
B 1.5 × 1023
C 1.0 × 1023
D 0.5 × 1023
8 Sodium sulfate is formed when sulfuric acid reacts with sodium chloride
under suitable conditions.
H2SO4 + 2NaCl → Na2SO4 + 2HCl
[Molar mass/g mol–1: H2SO4 = 98.1 NaCl = 58.5 Na2SO4 = 142.1 HCl = 36.5]

The atom economy by mass for the formation of sodium sulfate is
(1)
r
A 64%
la
B 66%
FpT
C 80%
D 91%

em
A
9 The nitrogen dioxide content of air on a particular day was 0.150 ppm by mass.
The density of the air was 1.225 kg m−3.
What was the mass of nitrogen dioxide in 1 m3 of air on that day?
(1)

exR
A 1.83 × 10−7 kg
B 1.83 × 10−10 kg
D
C 1.84 × 10−7 kg
D
D 1.84 × 10−10 kg


4
*P50750A0424*

10 100 cm3 of ethane, C2H6, is completely burned in 400 cm3 of oxygen.

C2H6(g) + 3½O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
What is the final volume of the gas mixture, in cm3, if all volumes are measured under
standard conditions of 298 K and 100 kPa?
(1)
A 200
B 250
C 500
D 550
11 Sodium reacts with water to produce hydrogen.

Na(s) + H2O(l) → NaOH(aq) + ½H2(g)
What volume of hydrogen, in cm3, under standard conditions, is formed when

ar
2.3 g of sodium reacts with excess water?
[Molar volume of a gas = 24 dm3 mol−1, molar mass of sodium = 23.0 g mol−1]
(1)
pTl
A 1.2
B 2.4
mF
C 1200
D 2400
xReA

De
5

12 Which of these compounds contains the greatest percentage by mass of nitrogen?

Molar mass
Formula
/ g mol−1
A (NH2)2CO 60
B NH4NO3 80
C NH4Cl 53.5
D NH4F 37
(1)
13 The melting temperatures, in kelvin, of nine successive elements in the

Periodic Table are given.
The numbers of the elements are not their atomic numbers.

Element 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Tm / K 3950 63 55 53 25 371 922 933 1683
r
Which element is a noble gas?
la
(1)
FpT
A 2
B 3
C 4
D 5
em
A


exR
D
6
*P50750A0624*

14 To calculate the heat energy change, Q, for a reaction in aqueous solution, the
equation used is
Q = mc Δ T
It is usual to take the value of c, the specific heat capacity of the solution, as the
specific heat capacity of water, 4.18 J g−1 °C−1, and the value of m, the mass of
solution, as the volume of solution.
Which statement about these values is true?
(1)
A Both these are exact values for the solution.
B The value for c is exact but the value of m is approximate.
C The value for c is approximate but the value of m is exact.
D Both these are approximate values for the solution.

15 Which diagram best represents the shapes of the electron density contours for the
ions in sodium fluoride?
ar
(1)
−
A +
pTl
−
mF
B +
xReA
−
C +
δ−
D δ+
De


7

16 Ammonia gas is oxidised in the presence of a platinum catalyst.

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
Standard enthalpy change of formation

Substance
/ kJ mol−1
NH3(g) −46.1
NO(g) +90.2
H2O(g) −241.8
From the data in the table, what is the standard enthalpy change of the reaction, in kJ mol−1?
(1)
A +905.6
B +105.5

C −105.5

D −905.6

r
la
17 In which reaction would the standard enthalpy change of reaction be closest to the
FpT
value calculated only using mean bond energy data?

(1)
A CH3CH3(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3CH2Cl(g) + HCl(g)
B CH3CH2CH3(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3CH2CH2Cl(l) + HCl(g)
C CH3CH2CH2CH3(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl(l) + HCl(g)
em
A
D CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3(l) + Cl2(g) → CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2Cl(l) + HCl(g)

exR
D
8
*P50750A0824*

18 When 0.10 mol of ammonium nitrate is dissolved in 100 cm3 of water, the temperature
falls by 5.0 K.
What would be the temperature fall when 0.02 mol of ammonium nitrate is dissolved
in 10 cm3 of water, under the same conditions?
(1)
A 1.0 K
B 2.0 K
C 5.0 K
D 10.0 K
19 Which of the following enthalpy changes cannot be determined directly by experiment?

The enthalpy change of
(1)
A combustion of carbon.
B combustion of ethane.
C formation of water.
ar
D formation of ethane.

pTl
20 In which pair do both molecules contain a triple bond?

(1)
mF
A CO and N2
B CO and O2
xReA
C CO2 and N2
D CO2 and O2

De
9

SECTION B

21 This question is about the preparation of ammonium iron(III) sulfate-12-water,
NH4Fe(SO4)2.12H2O. It is a double salt containing ammonium ions, iron(III) ions,
sulfate ions, and water of crystallisation.
(a) The first step of a preparation is to make iron(III) sulfate solution.
0.050 mol of iron(II) sulfate-7-water is dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid.
This solution is heated to boiling and concentrated nitric acid is added in
portions of about 1 cm3, until the reaction is complete.
6FeSO4(aq) + 2HNO3(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) → 3Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l)
(i) Write the ionic equation for this reaction. State symbols are not required.
(2)

(ii) Calculate the mass of 1 mol of iron(II) sulfate-7-water, FeSO4.7H2O.
r
[Ar Fe = 55.8, S = 32.1, O = 16, H = 1]
la
(1)
FpT
(iii) Calculate the mass of 0.050 mol of iron(II) sulfate-7-water.

(1)
em
A

exR
(iv) Show that 12.5 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm−3 sulfuric acid is the minimum amount of
sulfuric acid needed to react with 0.050 mol of iron(II) sulfate-7-water.
(2)
D
10
*P50750A01024*

(v) Name the piece of apparatus which should be used to add portions of about 1 cm3
of concentrated nitric acid while the mixture is boiling.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(vi) After each addition of the nitric acid, a drop of the mixture is added to
potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution. If iron(II) ions are present, the
following reaction occurs.
2K3[Fe(CN)6](aq) + 3Fe2+(aq) → Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2(s) + 6K+(aq)
State the type of reaction that occurs between iron(II) ions and
potassium hexacyanoferrate(III).
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The second step of this preparation is to make ammonium sulfate solution by
neutralising 12.5 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid.
(i) Write the equation, including state symbols, for the formation of
ammonium sulfate by neutralising dilute sulfuric acid with ammonia solution.
(2)
ar
pTl
mF
(ii) Calculate the minimum volume of 2.0 mol dm−3 ammonia solution needed to
react with 12.5 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm−3 sulfuric acid.
xReA
(1)
De
11

(iii) In practice, it is difficult to ensure the concentration of ammonia solution is
exactly 2.0 mol dm−3, so a slight excess is usually needed. Describe a test
and its result that could be used to show that excess ammonia solution has

been added.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The next step of the reaction is to mix the solutions of iron(III) sulfate and
ammonium sulfate. To obtain crystals, the solution is concentrated by boiling off
some of the water.
(i) How would you know if sufficient water has been removed?
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r
(ii) State the best way to ensure that large crystals form from the
concentrated solution.
la
FpT
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) When the crystals have formed, the mixture is filtered.

em
A
State the two practical steps then needed to obtain pure, dry crystals.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

exR
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D
D
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12
*P50750A01224*

(d) The process gives a 40% yield of ammonium iron(III) sulfate-12-water.

Calculate the mass of crystals formed from the initial 0.050 moles of
iron(II) sulfate-7-water.
1 mol of iron(II) sulfate forms 1 mol of ammonium iron(III) sulfate.

[Molar mass ammonium iron(III) sulfate-12-water = 482 g mol−1]
(2)

ar
pTl
mF
De
13

22 2-methylpropane, previously known as isobutane, is a gas under standard conditions.

2-methylpropane
(a) (i) Give the empirical formula for 2-methylpropane.

(1)
(ii) Explain why it is not essential to give the prefix '2-' in the name 2-methylpropane.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) 2-methylpropane is used in fuels for portable camping stoves and as a refrigerant.
(i) Write the chemical equation for the complete combustion of
2-methylpropane. State symbols are not required.
r
(1)
la
FpT
em
A
(ii) Suggest the safety hazard associated with its use as a refrigerant.
(1)

exR
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D
14
*P50750A01424*

(c) 2-methylpropane reacts with chlorine, in the presence of ultraviolet radiation, to

form 2-chloro-2-methylpropane, molecular formula C4H9Cl, and other products.
(i) State the type and mechanism of this reaction.

(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Write an equation to show the initiation step of this reaction, using curly half-arrows.
(1)
Write the two equations to show the propagation steps for this reaction to
(iii)
form 2-chloro-2-methylpropane. Use molecular formulae.
(2)
ar
pTl
(d) One minor product of this reaction is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane.

mF
Give the structural formula of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane.

(i)
(1)
(ii) Name the type of step in the mechanism that produces

2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane.
(1)
De
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

(iii) Explain how 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane forms as one of the products in this reaction.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) 2-methylpropane is used to make 2-methylpropene.

(i) What type of reaction occurs?
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(ii) 2-methylpropene reacts with hydrogen bromide.

Give the mechanism for this reaction forming the major product.

Use appropriate curly arrows and show the relevant dipole and lone pair.
(4)
r
la
FpT
em
A

exR
D
16
*P50750A01624*

(iii) In the presence of a suitable catalyst, 2-methylpropene forms a

mixture of dimers. Two of these dimers react with hydrogen to form
2,2,4-trimethylpentane.
Draw the skeletal formula for 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. Use this to draw the
skeletal structure of one of the dimers formed from 2-methylpropene.
(2)
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
Dimer
ar
(f ) 2,2,4-trimethylpentane is also known as isooctane. It was first added to fuel for
internal combustion engines in 1926. From this, the octane rating of fuel was
pTl
devised by assigning a value of 100 to isooctane and a value of 0 to heptane.

(i) What is the structural feature of isooctane which gives it a higher octane
mF
rating than heptane?

(1)
xReA
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Suggest one advantage of using a high octane fuel.

(ii)
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
De

17

23 This question is about the elements chlorine, argon and potassium.
Data for atomic numbers (Z), relative atomic masses (Ar), first ionisation energies (Em1),

and standard enthalpy changes of atomisation (ΔH at) for these elements are given in
the table.
Element Z Ar Em1/ kJ mol−1 ΔH at / kJ mol–1

Chlorine 17 35.5 1251 121.7
Argon 18 39.9 1521 0
Potassium 19 39.1 419 89.2
(a) (i) Give two reasons why the standard enthalpy change of atomisation of argon is zero.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
la
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FpT
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(ii) In the Periodic Table, elements are placed in order of increasing atomic number.
Use the data in the table to explain why elements are not placed in order of
increasing atomic mass.
(2)
em
A
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
exR
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D
D
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18
*P50750A01824*

(b) Chlorine contains two isotopes 35Cl and 37Cl.

(i) State the numbers of subatomic particles in the nucleus of each isotope.
Use these to explain what is meant by the term isotope.

(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) A sample of chlorine has a relative atomic mass of 35.453.

Calculate the percentage abundance of each of the isotopes of chlorine in this sample.
Give your answer to four significant figures.
(2)
ar
pTl
(c) (i) Give the equation for the first ionisation energy of chlorine. Include state symbols.
(1)
mF
xReA
*(ii) Explain why argon has a higher first ionisation energy than chlorine.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
De
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

(iii) Draw the shape of the outermost occupied orbital in an argon atom and in a
potassium atom. Label each orbital as s, p or d.
(2)

Argon Potassium
(d) Potassium burns in chlorine to form potassium chloride.

(i) Draw a dot and cross diagram for potassium chloride showing all electrons

and charges.
(2)
r
la
FpT
em
A
(ii) State how potassium ions, chloride ions and argon atoms are similar.

(1)
exR
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) (i) Name the law which is applied in a Born-Haber cycle.

D
State the law.

D
(1)
Name ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Law .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20
*P50750A02024*

(ii) The following data can be used in the Born-Haber cycle for potassium chloride.
Lattice energy of potassium chloride = −711 kJ mol−1
Standard enthalpy change of formation of potassium chloride = −436.7 kJ mol−1

Standard enthalpy change of atomisation of potassium = +89.2 kJ mol−1
Standard enthalpy change of atomisation of chlorine (½Cl2) = +121.7 kJ mol−1
First ionisation energy of potassium = +419 kJ mol−1
The following diagram summarises the Born-Haber cycle for the formation of
an ionic solid such as potassium chloride from its elements.
Gaseous ions Ionic solid
Gaseous atoms
Elements
ar
Label the arrows with the appropriate values and hence calculate the
electron affinity of chlorine.
(3)
pTl
mF
De


21
*P50750A02124*
D
22
exR
A
em
FpT
la
BLANK PAGE
r
*P50750A02224*
D
De
xReA
mF
pTl
BLANK PAGE
ar
*P50750A02324*
23
D
*P50750A02424*
r
la
FpT
em
A
exR
24
D
October 2017
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced

Level Chemistry (WCH01) Paper 01
Unit 1: The Core Principles of
Chemistry

October 2017
Publications Code WCH01_01_MS_1710

the last.
lie.
be consulted.



same question.

candidates to:
when appropriate.
abilities.

Number
A is not correct because both should be lower
B is not correct because boiling temperature is lower
C is not correct because density is lower

Number
A is not correct because it is an empirical formula
B is not correct because there are too few hydrogens
D is not correct because there are too few hydrogens

Number
A is not correct because it is too few
B is not correct because it is too few
D is not correct because it is too many

Number
B is not correct as not a -2-ene
C is not incorrect as not an E isomer
D is not incorrect as not a -2-ene or an E isomer

Number
A is not correct as not the main product
C is not correct as not the main product
D is not correct as not the main product

Number
A is not correct because it contains spectator sulfate ions and

incorrect state of product
B is not correct because it contains spectator sulfate ions
D is not correct because oxide ions are not involved in this way

Number
B is not correct because as it is based on 1 neutron per

molecule
C is not correct because it is based on half a neutron per atom
D is not correct because it is not multiplied by 6.0

Number
A is not correct because it is has been divided by incorrect

value
C is not correct because it has been divided by only one HCl

value
D is not correct because it has been divided by only one NaCl

value

Number
A is not correct because the value has been incorrectly rounded
B is not correct because the value has been incorrectly rounded

and divided by 1000
D is not correct because the value is divided by 1000

Number
A is not correct because the volume of oxygen left has been

ignored
C is not correct because water has been included in the

calculation and the volume of oxygen left ignored
D is not correct because water has been included in the

calculation

Number
A is not correct because it has not been converted to cm3
B is not correct because it has not been converted to cm3 and

twice the hydrogen moles have been used
D is not correct because twice the hydrogen moles have been

used

Number
B is not correct because the mass of three oxygens are much

greater than one oxygen and one carbon
C is not correct because there is insufficient nitrogen
D is not correct because there is insufficient nitrogen

Number
A is not correct because it is too high
B is not correct because it is too high
C is not correct because it is too high

Number
A is not correct because it is the opposite of D and both

statements are incorrect
B is not correct because it is not an exact value
C is not correct because m is not an exact value

Number
A is not correct because the negative ion is slightly polarised
B is not correct because positive ions cannot be polarised
D is not correct because the negative ion is very polarised

Number
A is not correct because the sign is incorrect
B is not correct because there are no multiples and the sign is

incorrect
C is not correct because there are no multiples

Number
B is not correct because it involves liquids
C is not correct because it involves liquids
D is not correct because it involves liquids

Number
A is not correct because it would be true if 0.02 mol were

added to 100 cm3
B is not correct because it would be true if 0.02 mol were

added to 50 cm3
C is not correct because it would be true if 0.01 mol were

added to 50 cm3

Number
A is not correct because they can be determined directly by

experiment
B is not correct because they can be determined directly by

experiment
C is not correct because they can be determined directly by

experiment

Number
B is not correct because oxygen contains a double bond
C is not correct because carbon dioxide contains two double

bonds
D is not correct because oxygen contains one double bond and

carbon dioxide contains two double bonds

Section B

Number
21(a)(i) 3Fe2+ + NO3− + 4H+  3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O Eqs with iron (2)
ions cancelled
ALLOW out as
spectators
Multiples
H+ shown as H+ + 3H+/ 2H+ + 6H+
correct species (1)
correct ratios (1)
ALLOW
Equal numbers of sulfate ions included on each

side (3 or 6) scores (1)
Equation with HNO3 on left not ionised and
correct H+ from sulfuric acid scores (1)

Number
21(a)(ii) 277.9 (g) (1)
ALLOW
278

Number
21(a)(iii) (0.050 x 277.9) (1)
= 13.895 /13.90 / 13.9 /14(g) 13.89
TE from (a)(ii)
IGNORE SF unless 1SF
Number
21(a)(iv) (From the equation 6 mol of FeSO4.7H2O react (2)
with 3 mol H2SO4) 0.05
mol requires 0.025 mol
(1)
Volume = (1000 x 0.025 )

2
= 12.5 (cm ) / 0.0125 dm3
3
(1)
OR
12.5 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm−3 H2SO4 contains

12.5 x 2 / 1000 = 0.025 mol (1)
(From the equation) this is equivalent to

0.05 mol of FeSO4.7H2O (1)

Number
21(a)(v) teat pipette / measuring cylinder (small) Beaker/ (1)
Glass/
ALLOW pipette/ dropping pipette/ dropper/ burette/
graduated pipette spatula/ flask

Number
21(a)(vi) (ionic) Precipitation (1)
ALLOW
Precipitant/ precipitate
Number
21(b)(i) 2NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  (NH4)2SO4(aq) (1)
ALLOW
2NH4OH(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  (NH4)2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Species (1)

Number
21(b)(ii) 25 cm3 /0.025 dm3 (1)
TE from (i)
e.g. If ratio = 1:1 then 12.5 cm3 / 0.0125 dm3
If b(i) is blank allow 25 cm3 / 0.025 dm3

Number
21(b)(iii) For indicator tests the second mark can be Smell of ammonia/ (2)
allowed if solution is used. Testing for ammonia
with HCl fumes/
MP1: Spot onto red litmus paper Using litmus on
ALLOW fumes from heating
Use red litmus paper solution with NaOH
Dip red litmus paper into mixture (1) or from just heating
solution
Note: mark MP2 independently if a suitable
indicator has been selected
MP2: Turns blue (when excess ammonia added)
(1)
OR
other suitable indicator papers, including
universal indicator / UI / pH paper (1)
with alkaline colour (green/ blue/ purple) (1)
OR
Use a pH meter or UI paper (1)
pH value > 7 (1)
Number
21(c)(i) Dip glass rod in solution (add to microscope slide), Heat to constant (1)
cool, crystals form mass/ heat until
no more water is
ALLOW given off
Observation of crystals starting to form around the
edge of the solution / on surface/ in solution
OR
Reference to two thirds/ about half of volume (of
solution) removed

Number
21(c)(ii) Let the mixture cool/evaporate slowly Any use of heat (1)
ALLOW
Leave in the air (to dry)/ keep at low
temperature/ leave a long time/ leave it to cool
IGNORE
Further filtering after crystal are formed. Filter concentrated
Comments on stirring solution

Number
21(c)(iii) Wash with (a small volume of cold) water (1) (2)
Dry crystals between filter papers/by dabbing with

filter paper/ on filter paper/ with paper towel/ in a Just “drying”/
desiccator Just “dry on
paper”
ALLOW
Dry in the sun/ in an oven/ warm place In a hot oven
IGNORE
Leave to dry (1)
Number
21(d) (0.050 x 40/100) = 0.020 (mol) (1) (2)
0.020 x 482 = 9.6(4) (g) (1)
OR
0.050 × 482 = 24.1(g) (1)
24.1 × 40/100 = 9.6(4)(g) (1)
ALLOW
40% of 482 = 192.8 (1)
192.8 X 0.05 = 9.6(4) (g) (1)

Number
22(a)(i) C2H5 / H5C2 C4H10 (1)
CH3CH2
IGNORE CnH2n+1
Displayed formula

Number
22(a)(ii) There is only one place a methyl group can be (1)
attached (without extending the carbon chain)/
If added to C1 or C3 it would not be branched/
If added to C1or C3 it would be butane/
Attachment of methyl to either end gives butane/
The methyl is on C2 counting from either end
ALLOW
There are no other isomers of methylpropane
IGNORE
methylpropane is symmetrical

Number
22(b)(i) C4H10 + 6½O2  4CO2 + 5H2O Incorrect alkane (1)
formula
ALLOW
Multiples

Number
22(b)(ii) 2-methylpropane is (in)flammable / could be It may be burned/ (1)
ignited (by an electric spark) / explosive “easy to burn”/
“takes part in
ALLOW combustion
Catches fire easily reactions”
“impurities cause
IGNORE explosions”
Volatile/ it is a gas/ toxic
Greenhouse gas
Corrosive
Irritant
Number
22(c)(i) (Free) radical (1) (2)
Substitution (1)
ALLOW
In either order
IGNORE
Homolytic fission/ halogenation

Number
22(c)(ii) Full arrows (1)
Cl – Cl  2Cl / Cl + Cl Cl- ions
Arrows must start from near bond and finish on

or just beyond Cl.
One arrow above and one below bond.
ALLOW
Omission of unpaired electron in this part
Electron pair shown in Cl-Cl bond
All outer shell electrons shown

Number
22(c)(iii) Cl + C4H10  C4H9 + HCl (1) (2)
C4H9 + Cl2  C4H9Cl + Cl (1)
In any order
ALLOW
Skeletal, displayed, structural
Use of incorrect alkane score max (1)
Penalise omission of unpaired electron dot once

only in this part
IGNORE Curly arrows

Number
22(d)(i) (CH3)3C-C(CH3)3 / (CH3)3CC(CH3)3 (1)
ALLOW
CH3C(CH3)2C(CH3)2CH3
CH3C(CH3CH3)C(CH3CH3)CH3
End CH3 fully

displayed
IGNORE
Fully displayed/ skeletal/ extra brackets

Number
22(d)(ii) Termination/ (1)
Termination step/
Termination reaction/
Chain termination/
Terminal (step)
IGNORE
Formulae/ equations

Number
22(d)(iii) Two (radicals) (CH3)3C combine / react/ join (1)
OR
two radicals (CH3)3C combine
OR
the equation 2C4H9•  C8H18
Allow any valid response with variables of

(CH3)3C eg C4H9

Number
22(e)(i) Dehydrogenation Hydrogenation (1)
Elimination (of hydrogen) Reforming Reduction
Redox
ALLOW Decomposition
Oxidation
(Catalytic) cracking
Number
*22(e)(ii) (4)
H missing
from bonds
MP1:
Curly (not half headed) arrow from C=C to H and
Curly arrow from bond in H-Br to Br (1) Cδ+
MP2: Tertiary carbocation (1)
MP3: Br must have lone pair and negative charge Brδ—

and Curly arrow from (lone pair) on Br− to C+ (1)
ALLOW
From anywhere on the Br−
MP4:
Dipole on HBr bond, and correct final product
ALLOW
TE from incorrect carbocation (1)
Formation of primary bromoalkane loses second mark
Mechanism for propene going to 2-bromopropane

scores max (3) for MP1, MP2 and MP3, propene to 1-
bromopropane scores max (2) for MP1 and MP3
Number
22(e)(iii) (2,2,4-trimethylpentane:) (2)
(1)
(Dimers:)
OR
(1)
ALLOW
CH3 on branches of skeletal formula /
Structural/displayed formulae for both
IGNORE
Bond angles/ orientation

Number
22(f)(i) Isooctane is a branched chain molecule (1)
(and heptane is a straight chain molecule)
ALLOW
Isooctane has branches/ is branched / has
branched chains.
IGNORE
The chain is longer/ has more C atoms/ is more
stable / more chains
Number
22(f)(ii) They reduce pre-ignition/ knocking/ pinking (1)
OR Less global
More efficient combustion warming/
Less incomplete combustion/ Cheaper/
More energy produced per mole/ Slower rate of
Less carbon monoxide produced/ combustion
Cleaner combustion/
More miles per gallon
ALLOW
smooth combustion
IGNORE
More volatile
Highly flammable

Number
23(a)(i) Argon is a gas (in its standard state) (2)
ALLOW
Argon is a noble gas (1)
Argon exists as single atoms/ Just “Argon consists of

is monatomic atoms”
ALLOW
Ar molecules are monatomic
IGNORE
Argon is unreactive (1)

Number
*23(a)(ii) MP1: Recognition that Ar would come after K in (2)
the Periodic Table (because Ar has greater
atomic mass)
OR
K has smaller atomic mass than Ar / Ar has

greater atomic mass than K
IGNORE
Atomic masses vary because of different
proportions of isotopes. (1)
MP2: One of the following explanations:
chemical properties would not match other

Group 1/0 elements
it would put K with noble gases
it would put Ar with alkaline metals
elements in the Groups (1/0) would not have

similar properties
This would break periodic trends in properties

e.g trend in ionisation energies
Number of electrons in the outer shell would be

out of order (1)
Number
35
23(b)(i) Cl consists of 17 protons and 18 neutrons 17 electrons (2)
37
Cl consists of 17 protons and 20 neutrons (1)
Isotopes have the same number of protons (and

electrons) but different numbers of neutrons
OR
Isotopes have the same atomic number but
different mass number (1)

Number
23(b)(ii) MP1 (2)
Let y be percentage abundance of 35
35y + (100 – y)37 = 35.453 (1)

100
MP2
35y + 3700 – 37y = 3545.3
154.7 = 2y
77.35 = y
35 37
Cl = 77.35(%) Cl = 22.65(% ) (1)
OR MP1
y may be taken as a fraction in which case
35y + (1 – y)37 = 35.453 (1)
MP2
0.7735 = y
35 37
Cl = 77.35(%) Cl = 22.65(% ) (1)
Correct answer with no working (2)

Number
23(c)(i) Cl(g)  Cl+(g) + e− Cl2 (1)
OR
Cl(g) – e(−)  Cl+(g)

Number
*23(c)(ii) MP1 (2)
Nuclear charge/number of protons is increasing
(1)
MP2
While electron is removed from the same quantum
shell (so greater attraction) /
Electron has same amount of shielding Less shielding
in Ar
IGNORE
The outer shell in argon is full.
Electrons in argon are all paired in orbitals.
Chlorine has an unpaired p electron.
The atomic radius of argon is smaller.
Comments on charge density. (1)

Number
23(c)(iii) Argon (1) Potassium (1) (2)
Axes need not be shown
(3)p (4)s
ALLOW
Any orientation of p orbital
More than one p orbital for Ar
2 correct diagrams without labels scores (1)
IGNORE
Electrons in boxes diagrams
Dot and cross diagrams
Number
23(d)(i) (2)
Covalent bonding
(1) (1)
Brackets not essential

1 Max if changes not shown
ALLOW
All crosses or all dots
Diagram showing outer shells only; potassium
may be shown with 0 or 8 electrons and charges
correct. Scores (1)

Number
23(d)(ii) All three have the same number of electrons/ (1)
have 18 electrons/
are isoelectronic/
have the same electron configuration/
have configuration 2,8,8/
have the configuration of argon/
have 8 outer shell electrons
ALLOW
Have full outer shells/
Have the same number of outer shell electrons

Number
23(e)(i) Hess’s law / Hess Law Conservation of (1)
energy
and
The total enthalpy change (in a reaction) is

independent of the route
Number
23(e)(ii) -711 (3)
419 + EA
-436.7
89.2 + 121.7 / 210.9
One mark for labels for arrows with or without EA in wrong place
EA being shown (1)
Electron affinity Use of 2x121.7
= -436.7 – [89.2 + 419 + 121.7 + (-711)]

{Hess applied correctly} (1)
= -355.6 / -356 (kJ mol-1) (1)
Correct answer with no working scores both

calculation marks.
+355.6 / +356 (kJ mol-1) scores 1 calculation

mark
ALLOW
TE from a transcription error of one of the data
or from 2x121.7 (gives -477.3)


International
Advanced Level
Tuesday 9 October 2018

Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
You must have: Scientific calculator Total Marks
Instructions
• Fill
Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centrein the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
Information
• written
Advice
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over
*P55423A0124*
P55423A
5/2/2/2/2/2/2/

SECTION A

a cross .
1 Silicon dioxide reacts with hydrogen fluoride to form water and a compound with the
formula H2SiF6 .
SiO2 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... HF → H2SiF6 + .................... H2O
The mole ratio of HF to H2O in the balanced equation is

A 1 : 2
B 3 : 1
C 2 : 1
D 6 : 1

2 For safety reasons, the concentration of lead in paint should not

r
exceed 600 parts per million (ppm) by mass.
la
Therefore, the mass of lead in one kilogram of paint should not exceed
FpT
A 0.06 g
B 0.60 g
C 6.0 g
D 60 g
emA
3 The solution containing the greatest number of chloride ions is

exR
A 10 cm3 of 1.00 × 10−2 mol dm−3 AlCl3

B 20 cm3 of 1.50 × 10−2 mol dm−3 MgCl2
D
C 30 cm3 of 1.50 × 10−2 mol dm−3 HCl

D 10 cm3 of 2.50 × 10−2 mol dm−3 CaCl2
2
*P55423A0224*
4 Which statement is true about the ions 55Mn2+ and 56Fe2+?
55
A Mn2+ is deflected less in a mass spectrometer than 56Fe2+.
B They have the same number of electrons.

55
C Mn2+ has more protons than 56Fe2+.
D They have the same number of neutrons.
5 10 cm3 of a 1.00 × 10−2 mol dm−3 solution needs to be diluted to make the
concentration 5.00 × 10−4 mol dm−3.
What volume of water, in cm3, should be added?
A 20
B 40
C 190
D 200

ar
6 The Avogadro constant is 6.0 × 1023 mol−1.
The number of atoms in 15 g of nitrogen monoxide, NO, is
pTl
A 3.0 × 1023
B 6.0 × 1023
mF
C 2.4 × 1024
D 9.0 × 1024
xReA

De
3

7 Nitrogen monoxide reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide.
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)

200 cm3 of nitrogen monoxide is mixed with 350 cm3 of oxygen.
What is the total volume, in cm3, of the gaseous mixture when the reaction is complete?
A 200
B 350
C 450
D 550
8 The first six successive ionisation energies of an element X are given in the table.

Ionisation energy 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
Value / kJ mol−1 789 1577 3232 4356 16 091 19 785

r
The formula of the oxide of X is most likely to be
la
FpT
A XO2
B XO3
C X2O
D X2O3
emA
9 The total number of occupied orbitals in the third quantum shell of a silicon atom in
its ground state is
exR
A 2
B 3
D
C 4
D 5
4
*P55423A0424*
10 Which of these statements is correct?
A The ionic radii of the alkali metals increase down the group.
B The ionic radii for the ions Na+, Mg2+, Al3+ increase across this series.
C The first ionisation energies of the alkali metals increase down the group.
D The melting temperatures of successive elements in Period 3 always increase
across the period.
11 Which compound would be expected to show the greatest covalent character?

A LiBr
B LiI
C KF
D KCl
12 Phosphoric(V) acid, H3PO4, can be made from phosphorus in two stages.

ar
P4 + 5O2 → P4O10
P4O10 + 6H2O → 4H3PO4
Data
pTl
Formula P4 O2 P4O10 H2O H3PO4

mF
Molar mass / g mol–1 124 32 284 18 98
The percentage atom economy, by mass, for the production of phosphoric(V) acid
xReA
from phosphorus is
A 58.0
B 69.0
C 72.4
D 100

De
5

13 This question is about the reaction of nickel(II) carbonate and hydrochloric acid.
NiCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → NiCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(a) The ionic equation for this reaction is
(1)
A NiCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) → Ni2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
B Ni2+(s) + 2Cl−(aq) → NiCl2(aq)
C Ni2+(s) + 2HCl(aq) → NiCl2(aq) + 2H+(aq)
D NiCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → Ni2+(aq) + 2Cl−(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(b) Excess hydrochloric acid reacts with 0.20 mol of nickel(II) carbonate.

What is the volume, in dm3, of gas produced at room temperature and pressure?
(1 mol of any gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure)
(1)
A 1.2
B 2.4

C 4.8
D 9.6
r
la
(c) What is the minimum volume of hydrochloric acid with a concentration of
FpT
4.0 mol dm–3 that reacts with 0.20 mol of nickel carbonate?

(1)
A 20 cm3
B 50 cm3
C 100 cm3
emA
D 200 cm3
(Total for Question 13 = 3 marks) DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

exR
D
6
*P55423A0624*
14 When 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm−3 sodium hydroxide solution is added to 100 cm3 of
2.0 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid (an excess) to form sodium sulfate, the temperature rise is 12.5 °C.
Energy transferred (J) = mass × 4.2 × temperature change

What is the enthalpy change of the reaction in kJ mol–1?
200 × 4.2 × 12.5

A ∆H = −
0.4
B ∆H = – 100 × 4.2 × 12.5 × 0.4
200 × 4.2 × 12.5

C ∆H = −
0.2
D ∆H = – 100 × 4.2 × 12.5 × 0.2
15 Hydrogen is manufactured using the reaction

CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2

The percentage yield of hydrogen in this process is 90%.
ar
The mass of hydrogen, in tonnes, which can be produced from 160 tonnes of
methane is
A 27
pTl
B 54
C 60
mF
D 67

xReA
De
7

16 The repeat unit of a polymer is shown.
 C2H5 H 

 
 C C 
 
 CH3 CH3
 
What is the systematic name of the monomer which forms this polymer?
A 2-ethylbut-2-ene
B 2,3-dimethylbut-1-ene
C 2-ethylpent-2-ene
D 3-methylpent-2-ene

17 A compound contains 31.25% Ca, 18.75% C and 50.00% O.
Its empirical formula is
r
A CaC2O4
la
B Ca2CO3
FpT
C Ca2CO2
D CaCO3

emA
18 Which reagent reacts with but-2-ene to form the compound with the formula shown?
OH
exR
OH
A Water
D
B Sodium hydroxide
C Hydrogen peroxide
D Acidified potassium manganate(VII)
8
*P55423A0824*
SECTION B
19 A sample of zinc has the relative atomic mass 65.44. The sample contains four isotopes.
The abundance of three of these isotopes is shown.
Relative isotopic mass 64 66 67

Abundance (%) 49.00 27.90 4.50
(a) (i) Use these data to calculate the relative isotopic mass of the fourth isotope.
Show your working, and give your answer to an appropriate number of
significant figures.
(3)
ar
pTl
mF
xReA
(ii) State and explain what difference, if any, you would expect between the
chemical properties of the lightest and heaviest isotopes of zinc.
(1)
De
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

(b) Isotopic masses are determined using a mass spectrometer. The sample under
investigation is first converted into gaseous ions.

(i) Ions then pass through slits in a series of electrically charged plates.
Give two reasons for this procedure.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) State how ions of different mass are separated.

r
(1)
la
FpT
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) The ions eventually produce a current in the detector. Data from the detector
are used to produce a mass spectrum.
State how the horizontal axis of a mass spectrum is labelled.
emA
Give your answer in words, not symbols.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
exR
(c) Complete the electronic configuration of an atom of zinc using s p d notation.

(1)
D
1s2.. . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
*P55423A01024*
(d) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, the bonding in a sample of zinc. You should
state the attractions which hold the particles together in the solid.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ar
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pTl
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

mF
xReA
De
11
*P55423A01224*
r
BLANK PAGE
la
FpT
emA
exR
12
D
20 (a) The second ionisation energies of some elements in Period 3 are shown on the grid.
2500
2000 P
Al
Second ionisation
energy /kJ mol–1
1500 Si
Mg
1000
12 13 14 15 16
Atomic number
ar
(i) Mark on the grid, with a cross, the value you would expect for sulfur.
(1)
(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the second ionisation of
aluminium.
pTl
(2)
mF
xReA
De
13

*(iii) Explain why the second ionisation energy of aluminium is greater than both
the second ionisation energy of magnesium and the second ionisation energy
of silicon.

(4)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
la
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FpT
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Predict, with a reason, which element in Period 3 has the

emA
highest second ionisation energy.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
exR
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
*P55423A01424*
(b) Magnesium and sulfur both react with chlorine to form chlorides with a formula XCl2.
Magnesium chloride, MgCl2, is ionic. Sulfur dichloride, SCl2, consists of covalently
bonded molecules.
(i) Describe how the electrical conductivity of these two compounds differs.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram for sulfur dichloride.

Use crosses ( ×) for electrons in sulfur and dots ( • ) for electrons in chlorine.
Only show outer shell electrons.
(2)
ar
pTl
mF
(iii) Sketch an electron density map of sulfur dichloride.

(1)
xReA
De
(iv) State how the electron density map of magnesium chloride differs from that
of sulfur dichloride.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

(c) The Born-Haber cycle can be used to determine the lattice energy of magnesium chloride.
The table below shows the enthalpy changes that are needed.

Energy change ΔH / kJ mol–1
Enthalpy change of atomisation of magnesium +147.7
First ionisation energy of magnesium +738
Second ionisation energy of magnesium +1451
Enthalpy change of atomisation of chlorine (½Cl2) +121.7
First electron affinity of chlorine −348.8
Enthalpy change of formation of magnesium chloride −641.3
(i) The diagram shows an incomplete Born-Haber cycle for the formation of
magnesium chloride from magnesium and chlorine.

Complete the diagram by writing the formulae of the correct species,
including state symbols, on the five empty horizontal lines.
(4)
r
la
FpT
Mg2+(g) + 2Cl−(g)
emA

exR
Mg(s) + Cl2(g)
D
16
*P55423A01624*
(ii) Calculate the lattice energy of magnesium chloride in kJ mol–1.
(2)
ar
pTl
mF
xReA
De
17

21 The compound hydrazine, N2H4, is a liquid which is used as a rocket fuel.
H H

N N
H H
It reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen and water.

(a) Complete the Hess cycle and, using data in the table, calculate the enthalpy change
for the oxidation of hydrazine, ΔH reaction
d
.
Standard enthalpy change of formation

Species
/ kJ mol–1
N2H4(l) +50.6
H2O(l) −285.8
(2)
ΔH reaction
d

N2H4(l) + O2(g) N2(g) + 2H2O(l)
r
la
FpT

emA

exR
D
18
*P55423A01824*
(b) Some bond enthalpies are given in the table.

N N 158
O O 498
N N 945
H O 464
N H 391
(i) Calculate the enthalpy change for the oxidation of hydrazine, using the bond
enthalpy values in the table.
N2H4(l) + O2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(l)

(3)
ar
pTl
mF
Give two reasons why the enthalpy change calculated using bond enthalpies
(ii)
differs from ΔH reaction
d
calculated from the Hess cycle.
xReA
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
De
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

22 One component of petrol is decane, C10H22.
(a) Decane reacts with chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet light to form a mixture

of products.
(i) Complete the equation for the initiation step, including appropriate
curly arrows.
(2)
Cl Cl
(ii) Write equations, using molecular formulae, for two propagation steps.
(2)

r
(iii) Write equations, using molecular formulae, for two termination steps,
other than the one in which chlorine forms.
la
(2)
FpT
emA

exR
(b) The structure of decane can be changed by the process called reforming.
D
Name the compound shown, which can be produced in this process.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
*P55423A02024*
(c) Write an equation, using molecular formulae, for the incomplete combustion reaction
in which decane reacts to form carbon monoxide and one other product.

(1)
(d) Decane can be cracked to form a mixture of butane, and two different alkenes
which have different molecular formulae.
(i) Write an equation for this reaction, using molecular formulae.
(1)
*(ii) Explain why geometric isomerism can occur in alkenes and why alkenes
produced by this cracking reaction may not have geometric isomers.
ar
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pTl
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mF
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xReA
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Draw the structure of the trans, (E), isomer of an alkene produced by
the cracking reaction in (d)(i).
De
(1)

21

*(a) Describe in detail the structure of the C C double bond in alkenes and hence

explain why alkenes are more reactive than alkanes.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Hydrogen bromide reacts with propene to form a mixture of 1-bromopropane

and 2-bromopropane.
r
(i) Draw the mechanism for the formation of the major product in the reaction of propene
with hydrogen bromide. You should show relevant dipoles and curly arrows.
la
FpT
(4)
emA

exR
D
22
*P55423A02224*
(ii) State why the amounts of each product are not equal.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) A derivative of propene called allyl bromide, or 3-bromoprop-1-ene, is used to

make polymers. The formula of allyl bromide is CH2 CHCH2Br.
Write the equation for the polymerisation of allyl bromide, showing the structure
of the polymer.
(2)
ar
pTl
mF

xReA

De
23
*P55423A02324*
*P55423A02424*
r
la
FpT
emA
exR
24
D
October 2018

Paper 01 Core Principles in Chemistry
Pearson aspires to be the world’s leading learning company. Our aim is to help
everyone progress in their lives through education. We believe in every kind of
learning, for all kinds of people, wherever they are in the world. We’ve been involved
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October 2018
Publications Code WCH01_01_1810_MS*

 Mark schemes should be applied positively.
Candidates must be rewarded for what they have shown
they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
 There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on
the mark scheme should be used appropriately.
scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award
zero marks if the candidate’s response is not worthy of
credit according to the mark scheme.
 Where some judgement is required, mark schemes
will provide the principles by which marks will be awarded
and exemplification may be limited.


same question.

candidates to:
when appropriate.
abilities.
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
A is not correct because 6HF and 2H2O are needed to balance

the equation.
C is not correct because 6HF and 2H2O are needed to balance

the equation.
D is not correct because 6HF and 2H2O are needed to balance

the equation.
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
A is not correct because the 0.06 g kg-1 is 60 ppm and this can
be safely exceeded
C is not correct because this equals 6000 ppm
D is not correct because this equals 60 000 ppm
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
A is not correct because mol chloride = 3 x 10-4 < 6 x 10-4
C is not correct because mol chloride = 4.5 x 10-4 < 6 x 10-4
D is not correct because mol chloride = 5 x 10-4 < 6 x 10-4
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
A is not correct because the lighter ion is deflected more
B is not correct because the Fe2+ ion has one more electron
C is not correct because the Fe2+ ion has an extra proton

Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
5 The only correct answer is C (To make solution 1/20 as (1)
concentrated, total volume would be 200 cm3 produced by
adding 190 cm3 to 10 cm3)
A is not correct because this is the dilution factor
B is not correct because this is just based on 5-fold increase in

volume
D is not correct because the final volume would be 210 cm3
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
6 The only correct answer is B (There is 0.5 mol NO and each (1)
molecule contains 2 atoms so answer is 0.5 x 2 x L)
A is not correct because this is 0.5 x L
C is not correct because this is (2/0.5) x L
D is not correct because this is 15 x L
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
A is not correct because this ignores excess oxygen
B is not correct because this assumes all NO and O2 are used

up
D is not correct because this assumes O2 is not used up
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
B is not correct because X is in Group 4 and this is a Group 6

oxide formula
C is not correct because X is in Group 4 and this is a Group 1

oxide formula
D is not correct because X is in Group 4 and this is a Group 3

oxide formula
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
A is not correct because it counts sub-shells not orbitals
C is not correct because it includes 3pz
D is not correct because it treats the subshells as single

orbitals
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
B is not correct because ionic radii decrease across the series
C is not correct because first ionisation energy decreases down

the group
D is not correct because this is only true for the first 4

elements in the period.
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
A is not correct because it is less easy to polarise bromide than

iodide ions.
C is not correct because potassium ions polarise anions less

than lithium.
D is not correct because potassium ions polarise anions less

than lithium.
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
A is not correct because it is the mass of 4H3PO4 divided by the

mass of P4 + 5O2 +P4O10 +6H2O (x100)
B is not correct because it is the mass of 4H3PO4 divided by the

mass of P4 + 5O2 +P4O10 (x100)
C is not correct because it is the mass of P4 + 5O2 divided by

the mass of 4H3PO4 (x100)
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
13(a) The only correct answer is A (1)
B is not correct because carbonate ions are not spectators
C is not correct because carbonate ions are not spectators
D is not correct because HCl is fully ionised
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
13(b) The only correct answer is C (1)
A is not correct because this uses 1/20 instead of 0.2
B is not correct because it is based on a 2:1 ratio
D is not correct because it is based on 0.4 mol gas forming
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
13(c) The only correct answer is C (1)
A is not correct because this based on ratio 4.0 : 0.2
B is not correct because ratio 1 : 2 for NiCO3 :HCl not used
D is not correct because it is twice the amount needed
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
A is not correct because mol reacting = 0.2 not 0.4
B is not correct because mass of solution = 200 cm3 and mol

reacting = 0.2 and energy transferred should be divided by
number of mol
D is not correct because mass of solution = 200 cm3 and

energy transferred should be divided by number of mol
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
A is not correct because this is 90% of 30 tonnes of hydrogen
C is not correct because this is 160 x 6/16 (ie mass 3H2/mass

CH4)
D is not correct because this is 60(the mass of hydrogen) /0.9
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
A is not correct because the name is not based on the longest

carbon chain in the monomer
B is not correct because the name is not based on the longest

carbon chain in the monomer
C is not correct because this monomer has 7C atoms
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
B is not correct because the Ca:C ratio is inverted
C is not correct because this is related to mass, not mol
D is not correct because Ca:C ratio is incorrect
Question
Correct Answer Mark
Number
A is not correct because only acidified KMnO4 gives this product
B is not correct because only acidified KMnO4 gives this product
C is not correct because only acidified KMnO4 gives this product

Question
Number
19(a)(i) M1 (3)
% of fourth isotope = 18.60
ALLOW
18.6(0) or 0.186(0) used in the calculation, even if
not explicitly stated (1)
M2
((64 x 49.00) + (66 x 27.90) +(67 x 4.50)) +18.6x ((64 x 49.00)
100 +(66 x27.90)
= 65.44 +(67 x 4.50))
+x
OR =65.44
((64 x 49.00) + (66 x 27.90) +(67 x 4.50))

100
= 52.79
(65.44 – 52.789) x 100 = 68.016

18.60
OR
((64 x 49.00) + (66 x 27.90) +(67 x 4.50))
100
= 52.79
(65.44 – 52.79) = 12.65
18.6x =12.65 (1)

100
M3
(x = 68.016)
Isotopic mass = 68 (1)

Isotopic mass
Final answers of 68.0 / 68.01/68.02 / to more than
68.016 score 2 2SF
Correct answer with no working scores max 2
Question
Number
19(a)(ii) No difference (1)
And chemical properties depend on electron(ic)
configuration/
electron(ic) structure/
same outer shell electrons
ALLOW
On number of electrons (which is the same)
IGNORE
Number of protons is same
number of neutrons differs
Question
Number
19(b)(i) M1 (2)
To accelerate ions /
To make ions travel at same speed /
ALLOW
Just “acceleration”
IGNORE
To control velocity (1)
M2
To select ions travelling
in same direction /
In one direction / To change
on same path direction (of
ALLOW ions)
In a straight line
OR
To produce a (fine) beam (of ions)
OR
To focus ions (1)
IGNORE
To form ions / to deflect ions / to detect ions / to
deviate ions / to concentrate ions
Description of other parts of mass spectrometer
Question
Number
19(b)(ii) Using (1)
a magnetic field /
an electromagnet field /
a magnet /
an electromagnet
IGNORE
By deflection
By their mass
By their charge
Question
Number
19(b)(iii) Mass/ charge (ratio) (1)
ALLOW
Mass number for mass Mass per electron

Mass to charge ratio / value Mass of charge
Mass:charge Mass and charge
Mass over charge
Mass per (unit) charge
Mass divided by charge Mass compared to
Mass relative to charge charge
IGNORE
m/e m/z
Charge density
Question
Number
2 2 6 2 6 10 2
19(c) (1s ) 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s (1)
OR
(1s2) 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10
OR
For 2p and/or 3p: px2 py2 pz2
Question
Number
19(d) (3)
M1
Diagram of regular lattice of positively Electrons just
charged ions with electrons between them around the edge
and at least 2 rows and 2 columns of ions. of lattice
ALLOW touching circles.
Circles that
overlap
Ions may be shown as particles with +, 2+, or Ions labelled

as Zn2+ protons
ALLOW Zn+
Electrons may be shown as e, e− , — or circle Electrons double

with — charge. number of +
Number of electrons should be approximately
equal to number of + charges shown (1)
IGNORE
Lines joining nuclei
M2
Electrons are delocalised (stated or on label of
diagram)
ALLOW
Are mobile/ free/ sea of electrons (1)
M3 Attractions
Held together by between atoms
electrostatic forces OR and electrons
attraction of opposite charges OR
forces between + and — charges OR London forces
force between positive nuclei/ions and
electrons
ALLOW
Just “forces between charges” if + and — are
shown in diagram. (1)
IGNORE
The attractions are metallic bonds
Question
Number
20(a)(i) Cross shown above level of P (vertically (1)
above 16)
(actual value = 2251)
ALLOW
2100 – 2400
IGNORE
A solid line or dotted line joining the crosses
Question
Number
20(a)(ii) (2)
Al+(g) → Al2+(g) + e(-)
ALLOW
Al+(g) - e(-) → Al2+(g)
Al+(g) + e(-) → Al2+(g) + 2e(-)
Equation (1)
State symbols
ALLOW as long as a reasonable attempt to

write the equation
e.g. correct third ionisation energy Equations with
Or Al-
Al+(g) + e(-) → Al2+(g)
(1)
IGNORE
(g) on electron
Question
Number
*20(a)(iii) M1 (4)
In Mg and Al the second electron removed
is from 3s /
from the same orbital /
from the same sub shell
OR
In Mg and Al the second electron has the
same amount of shielding
ALLOW
Electron configurations of the Mg+ and Al+
ions (1) Reference to the
charge on the ions
M2
Al has more protons than Mg OR
Al has higher nuclear attraction than Mg
ALLOW
Al has greater nuclear charge
(1)
M3
The second electron in Si is removed from
a (3)p orbital/sub-shell (1)
M4
(3)p higher (energy) than (3)s OR
(3)p needs less energy to remove OR
(3)p is more shielded than (3)s (1)
IGNORE
Atomic radius/ distance from nucleus
Comments on full versus half full orbitals
Question
Number
20(a)(iv) Na K with correct (1)
And explanation
because electron is removed from a lower
quantum shell /
lower energy level / Different shell
shell closer to the nucleus/
full p shell /
full outer shell /
level 2(p)
ALLOW
Na+ has inert gas configuration (so is
stable)
The + ion with smallest (ionic) radius is Na+
Less shielding
Question
Number
20(b)(i) ONE clear difference needed (1)
Magnesium chloride conducts when molten If no state

OR mentioned
when liquid OR
in (aqueous) solution
and
Sulfur dichloride does not conduct (when

solid, liquid or gas)
Question
Number
20(b)(ii) (2)
Two single bonds each with one shared pair

of electrons (1)
Rest of diagram (remaining electrons) (1)

All electrons
ALLOW circles for dots shown the same
reversed symbols for electrons
Shared pair beside each other
Non bonded electrons not shown in pairs
IGNORE
Inner electrons even if incorrect
Bond angles
Question
number
20(b)(iii) (1)
Diagram with at least one contour line

going round all three atoms
ALLOW
diagrams showing three unlabelled atoms Ions in diagram
diagram with at least one contour line
going round one S and both Cl round just 2 nuclei
diagrams without inner contour lines round
individual atoms round S and Cl2
diagrams without indentations
IGNORE
Orientation/ bond angles of the three
atoms
Question
Number
20(b)(iv) There is no overlap of the (contour) lines No overlap of (1)
around each ion orbitals
OR
there are separated circles /
each ion has discrete contour lines/
contour line do not go around more than
one nucleus
there are gaps between ions/
electron density is zero between ions
ALLOW Mg2+ and Cl2
Contour lines do not join
Information on diagram
Separate circles round Mg2+ and 2Cl-
Question
Number
20(c)(i) 2+ —
Mg (g) + 2Cl(g) (+2e )____________ - (4)
2Cl (g) on top
line
↑ and
Mg+(g) + 2Cl(g) (+e—) (1)
Mg(g) + 2Cl(g) (1)
Mg(g) + Cl2 (g) (1)
(Mg(s) + Cl2 (g))
MgCl2 (s) (1)
ALLOW
Atomisation of Mg and Cl2 in either order
Ionisation of Mg before atomisation of Cl2
IGNORE
Number of electrons shown
Missing state symbol for chlorine
Values added beside arrows
Question
Number
20(c)(ii) Lattice energy = (2)
-641.3 –(147.7 + 738 + 1451 + 2(121.7) + 2(-348.8))
= -2523.8 (kJ mol-1)
Correct method (1)
Final answer with sign (1)
ALLOW
kJ/mol, kJ mol- Incorrect
Final answer with no working scores (2) unit
IGNORE
SF except 1 or 2 SF
COMMON ERRORS
-2872.6 Omission of 2x EA of Cl (1)

-2402.1 Omission of 2x (1)
atomisation of Cl
-2750.9 Omission of 2x EA of Cl (1)
and
2x atomisation of Cl
+2523.8 Incorrect use of Hess (1)
-3919 Incorrect sign with (1)
atomisation of 2Cl

Question
Number
o
21(a) ΔH reaction (2)
N2H4(l) + O2(g) N2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(+50.6) (-285.8 x2)
N2(g) + 2H2(g) + O2(g)

M1
For correct species with state symbols in the lower
box and linked to top line by arrows
ALLOW
Unlabelled arrows / arrows labelled ΔH
Addition of O2(g) shown on both arrows (1)
IGNORE
Direction of arrows
M2
ΔHoreaction = (−(285.8 x2) – 50.6)

= −622.2 (kJ mol-1) (1)
Question
Number
21(b)(i) The total enthalpy changes for breaking and (3)
making bonds need not be shown if the method
of calculating them is shown or if M3 is correct.
M1
Energy to break bonds:
N−N 158
4 x N−H (4x391=)1564
O=O 498
Total: (+)2220 (kJ mol−1) (1)
M2
Energy from making bonds:
N≡N 945
4 x O−H (4x464=)1856
Total: (−)2801 (kJ mol−1) (1)
ΔH = 158 + 4x391 + 498 – 945-4x464 Incorrect

scores M1 and M2 sign
M3
Value for M1-value for M2
If both correct ΔH (= 2220 – 2801)
= − 581 (kJ mol-1)
ALLOW TE for M3 on two wrong energy totals (1)
Question
Number
21(b)(ii) M1 Substances aren’t (2)
Bond energies are based on substances pure
in the gaseous state
OR Incomplete reaction
the Hess cycle is using values for
liquid(s) Heat loss
ALLOW
Energy is released as water turns from
gas to liquid / vaporisation of water is
not included (1)
IGNORE
The reaction is not done under standard
conditions
M2
Bond enthalpies (of N-H and O-H) are
average / mean for the bond in different
compounds
OR
Bond energies vary with the environment
ALLOW
Bond energies are different in different
substances
Mean bond energies do not equal real
values (1)
(Total for Question 21= 7 marks)
Question
Number
22(a)(i) (2)
Balanced equation including dot for

radical(s) and 2Cl• / Cl• + Cl• in
products (1)
Curly half arrows ending on or close to

Cl (1) Use of full arrows
IGNORE
UV above arrow
Question
Number
•
22(a)(ii) C10H22 + Cl → C10H21• + HCl (1) (2)
C10H21• + Cl2 → C10H21Cl + Cl• (1)
ALLOW
equations in either order
max(1) for use of wrong alkane
IGNORE
Curly arrows even if incorrect
Non-subscript numbers
Question
Number
22(a)(iii) C10H21• + Cl• → C10H21Cl (1) (2)
C10H21• + C10H21• → C20H42 (1)
ALLOW
equations in either order
product written C10H21C10H21
Termination steps in which a second Cl

has been substituted eg
C10H20Cl• + Cl• → C10H20Cl2
C10H20Cl• + C10H20Cl• —> C20H40Cl2
Radicals from incorrect alkanes

combining
IGNORE
Curly arrows even if incorrect
2Cl• → Cl2
Question
Number
22(b) 2,2,4-trimethylheptane 4,6,6-trimethylheptane (1)
ALLOW 2-dimethyl,4-methylheptane
4,2,2-trimethylheptane 2,2,4-trimethylseptane
2,2-dimethyl,4-methylheptane 2-dimethyl,4-methylheptane
Question
Number
22(c) C10H22 + 10½ O2 → 10CO + 11H2O (1)
ALLOW
Multiples, 21/2 for 10½ O2, 10.5 O2
IGNORE
Question
Number
22(d)(i) C10H22 → C4H10 + C2H4 + C4H8 (1)
ALLOW structural formulae
IGNORE
Question
Number
*22d(ii) Any TWO of the following: (2)
There is no free rotation/ there is restricted Alkenes lack

rotation (around a C=C bond / pi bond/ in rotation
alkenes) “can’t be flipped”
(1)
Different
There are geometric isomers only if there are “molecules”
(two) different groups on each C at the end attached.
of the C=C bond (and some of the products
do not meet this requirement)
OR reverse argument (1)
Ethene/ but-1-ene/ 2-methylprop-1-ene have

2 H atoms at one end of the double bond so
would not have different (geometric) isomers
ALLOW
Answer even if it is not clear which alkene it
refers to (1)
Question
Number
22(d)(iii) Diagram of trans (E ) but-2-ene (1)
ALLOW
Fully displayed or skeletal formula

Question
Number
*23(a) M1: (3)
(In C=C) there is good/ “head-on” overlap Just ‘C=C’
of orbitals in the sigma bond (1) consists of 1
sigma and 1 pi
M2: bond
Sideways/ parallel overlap the p orbitals OR
The p orbitals are parallel (so overlap is
limited) in the pi bond (1)
ALLOW
Information given on labelled diagram for
both M1 and M2 can score (2) eg
OR
M3:
pi bond breaks more easily/ is weaker (so
the alkene is reactive)
OR
Region of high electron density between the
carbon nuclei / above and below the C-C
bond allows attack by electrophiles (1)
Question
Number
23(b)(i) (4)
M1:
Correct dipole on HBr (1)
M2:
Curly arrow from C=C double bond to Hδ+
and curly arrow from H-Br bond to Brδ- (1) Curly arrow
from C
M3: atom
Structure of intermediate (secondary carbocation)
(1)
M4:
Arrow from anywhere on Br- to C+ and formation
of product (1)
Mechanism showing primary carbocation does not

score MP3, but can score MP4 as a TE if final
product is 1-bromobutane. (Giving max 3)
Penalise missing bonds and missing H atoms once

only
Question
Number
23(b)(ii) A secondary carbocation (intermediate) Just ‘the (1)
is more stable intermediate is more
OR stable’
a primary carbocation is less stable
2-bromopropane is
ALLOW more stable than 1-
CH3CH+CH3 is more stable than bromopropane
CH2+CH2 CH3
Question
Number
23(c) (2)
M1
Structure of polymer and extension bonds
Bond from C to Br
ALLOW
2 monomer units inside the bracket
Absence of brackets if n is correctly

positioned
IGNORE
Structure of monomer (1)
M2
Balancing with n monomers and n after
repeat unit
ALLOW
If dimer is shown
2n monomers and n after repeat unit
OR
n monomers and n/2 in polymer
M2 does not depend on M1

Balancing mark can be awarded if there is
an error in drawing the polymer (1)
(Total for Section B = 60marks)
Total for Paper = 80 marks

Surname Other names
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level
Unit 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
Sample Assessment Materials for first teaching September 2018 Paper Reference
You must have: Total Marks
Scientific calculator, ruler
Instructions
• centre
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where
appropriate.
Information
• There is a Periodic Table on the back page of this paper.
Advice
• Checkanswer
Try to every question.
Turn over
S58309A
1/1/1/1/
*S58309A0124*
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Chemistry 5
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – September 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section.

You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.
For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
a cross .
1 An outline of part of the Periodic Table is shown.

The letters are not the usual symbols of the elements.
R S T
U V W
X Y

Z
(a) Which elements are in the s-block of the Periodic Table?

(1)
A R and U
B T and Y
C V and W
D X and Z
(b) Which element has four occupied quantum shells, with six electrons in the
outermost shell?
(1)
A V
B X
C Y
D Z
2
*S58309A0224*
6 Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Chemistry
(c) In which pair do the ions have the same electronic configuration?
(1)
A R+ and T2−
B T2− and Y2−
C U2+ and T2−
D U2+ and W−
2 This question is about phosphorus and sulfur.

Which species contains 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 18 electrons?
A P3−
B P3+
C S2−
D S2+
3 Which is the electronic configuration of nitrogen?

1s 2s 2p
D

3
*S58309A0324*
Turn over
4 A sample of neon contains the following isotopes.

Isotope Percentage abundance
20
Ne 90.92
21
Ne 0.26
22
Ne 8.82
What is the relative atomic mass of neon to two decimal places?
A 20.00
B 20.09
C 20.18
D 21.00

5 Data from the mass spectrum of a sample of pure iron is given in the table.
m/z Relative peak height

28 0.1
54 6.3
56 100.0
57 2.4
58 0.3
Which species is most likely to cause the peak at m/z = 28?
A Fe+
28
B Fe2+
56
C Si+
28
D Sr3+
84
4
*S58309A0424*
6 Which of these is not a chemical reaction?
A cracking
B fractional distillation
C polymerisation
D reforming
7 Which of these fuels is obtained from fermented sugar cane?

A ethanol
B hydrogen
C petrol
D propane

8 What is the systematic name for this compound?
A E-5-methylhex-2-ene
B Z-5-methylhex-2-ene
C E-2-methylpent-4-ene

5
*S58309A0524*
Turn over
9 Ethene reacts with bromine to form 1,2-dibromoethane.
H H

H H
C=C + Br2 → H C C H
H H Br Br
For the ethene molecule, what is the type of bond broken and the type of bond
fission occurring in this reaction?
Bond broken Bond fission

A π heterolytic
B π homolytic
C σ heterolytic
D σ homolytic

10 There is 0.045 g of solute in 1500 g of a solution.

What is the concentration of the solution in parts per million (ppm)?
A 3.00
B 6.75
C 30.0
D 67.5
11 What is the concentration, in mol dm−3, of a solution containing 7.84 g of

phosphoric(V) acid, H3PO4, in 400 cm3 of solution?
A 0.02
B 0.08
C 0.20
D 19.6
6
*S58309A0624*
12 A sample of a hydrocarbon with mass 7.2 g contained 6.0 g of carbon.
What is the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon?
A CH2
B C5H12
C C6H6
D C7H6
13 Which pair of substances contains the same number of moles at room temperature
and pressure (r.t.p.)?
[Ar values Ca = 40, Li = 7, Al = 27, Mg = 24. Molar volume of gas at r.t.p. = 24 dm3 mol−1]
A 24 dm3 of chlorine, Cl2, and 20 g of calcium, Ca

B 24 dm3 of oxygen, O2, and 14 g of lithium, Li
C 1.2 dm3 of hydrogen, H2, and 2.7 g of aluminium, Al

D 1.2 dm3 of nitrogen, N2, and 1.2 g of magnesium, Mg

7
*S58309A0724*
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14 What are the maximum numbers of electrons in a 2p orbital and in the third quantum shell?

Maximum number of Maximum number of electrons
electrons in a 2p orbital in the third quantum shell
A 2 8
B 2 18
C 6 8
D 6 18
15 Water reacts with H+ ions to form H3O+ ions.

Identify the bonding within the H3O+ ion.
A covalent bonding only

B covalent and dative covalent bonding only
C covalent, dative covalent and ionic bonding
D ionic bonding only
16 What are the shapes of the AlCl3 and PH3 molecules?
Shape of AlCl3 molecule Shape of PH3 molecule

A pyramidal pyramidal
B pyramidal trigonal planar
C trigonal planar trigonal planar DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
D trigonal planar pyramidal

8
*S58309A0824*
17 Which describes the polarity of the C Cl bond and the polarity of the CCl4 molecule?
Polarity of C Cl bond Polarity of CCl4 molecule

A non-polar non-polar
B non-polar polar
C polar polar
D polar non-polar
18 What is the empirical formula of the following molecule?
Cl
Cl
A C4H4Cl
B C4H7Cl
C C8H11Cl2
D C8H14Cl2

9
*S58309A0924*
Turn over
SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.
19 The graph shows the first ionisation energies for the elements with atomic numbers
from 3 to 12.
2500
2000
First 1500
ionisation energy
/ k J mol−1 1000
500

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Atomic number
(a) Write the equation for the first ionisation energy of nitrogen.
(2)
(b) Explain the changes in first ionisation energy for the elements with atomic
numbers from 3 to 10.
(4)
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10
*S58309A01024*
(c) Explain why the first ionisation energy of element 11 is lower than that of element 3.
(2)
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11
*S58309A01124*
Turn over
20 This question is about bromine.
(a) Complete the electronic configuration for a bromine atom, using the s, p, d notation.

(1)
[Ar] . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Bromine exists as two isotopes with mass numbers 79 and 81.
(i) Complete the table to show the numbers of subatomic particles in a
79
Br atom and a 81Br − ion.
(2)
Species Protons Neutrons Electrons

79
Br
81
Br −
(ii) A sample of bromine contained equal amounts of the two isotopes.

Complete the mass spectrum to show the peaks you would expect for Br+2
from this sample of bromine gas.
(2)
100
90
80
70
60
Relative
50
abundance
40
30
20
10
0
157 158 159 160 161 162 163
m/z
12
*S58309A01224*
(iii) Calculate the number of bromine molecules in 2.00 g of Br2.
(2)
Number of molecules = ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) A sample of bromine gas occupied 200 cm3 at a temperature of 77 °C and a
pressure of 1.51 × 105 Pa.
Calculate, using the ideal gas equation, the amount in moles of bromine
molecules in this sample.
[pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1]

(4)
Amount of bromine molecules = .................................................... . . . . . . . . . . mol
13
*S58309A01324*
Turn over
21 Magnesium is a metal in Group 2 of the Periodic Table. It reacts with chlorine to form
the salt magnesium chloride, MgCl2.

(a) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for magnesium chloride.
Show outer shell electrons only.
(1)
(b) Magnesium conducts electricity when it is in the solid state. Magnesium chloride

conducts electricity when it is molten or dissolved in water but not when it is in
the solid state.

Explain these observations.
(3)
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14
*S58309A01424*
(c) Magnesium chloride can also be made by reacting magnesium oxide with dilute
hydrochloric acid.
MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
(i) Write the ionic equation, including state symbols, for this reaction.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the minimum volume of 2.00 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid needed to
completely react with 2.45 g of magnesium oxide.
(3)
Minimum volume of hydrochloric acid = ..................................................... . . . . . . . . . cm3
15
*S58309A01524*
Turn over
(d) A further method for making magnesium chloride is by reacting magnesium carbonate with

MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Calculate the maximum mass of magnesium chloride that could be formed when
2.25 g of magnesium carbonate is added to excess dilute hydrochloric acid.
(2)
Maximum mass magnesium chloride = .............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(e) Explain why the reaction to make magnesium chloride from magnesium oxide

has a higher atom economy than the reaction using magnesium carbonate.
No calculation is required.
(2)
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16
*S58309A01624*
22 The alkanes are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons.
(a) Draw the displayed formulae of the three alkanes with molecular formula C5H12.
(3)
(b) Give the systematic name of compound P.

(1)
Compound P
Systematic name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17
*S58309A01724*
Turn over
(c) The table shows the boiling temperatures of the first four straight-chain alkanes.

Molecular formula
Boiling temperature / °C
of alkane
CH4 −164
C2H6 −89
C3H8 −42
C4H10 −0.5
Predict the molecular formula and boiling temperature of the straight-chain

alkane that has five carbon atoms in its molecules.
(2)
Molecular formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........
Boiling temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........

(d) Alkanes undergo incomplete combustion when they burn in a limited supply of air.
(i) Write the equation for the incomplete combustion of propane, C3H8, to form
carbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water.
(1)
(ii) Explain the toxicity of carbon monoxide.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
*S58309A01824*
(e) Propane reacts with chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. The reaction
starts when some chlorine molecules are split into free radicals. A mixture of
products is formed.
(i) Write the two propagating steps to show how C3H7Cl is formed.
Curly arrows are not required.
(2)
(ii) Identify the different C3H7Cl molecules that are produced in this reaction.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Give a reason why a mixture of C3H7Cl molecules is formed.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Give a reason why some hexane is formed in this reaction.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(v) A small amount of a product with molar mass 113 g mol−1 is formed.
Deduce the structure and name of a possible product with this molar mass.
(2)
Structure ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Name ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
*S58309A01924*
Turn over
23 Alkenes contain a double bond between two carbon atoms.
(a) Some reactions of propene are shown.

H3C H
C C
H H
propene
reagent W
and acidified HCl
catalyst X MnO4–
H H H
H C C C H compound Y major product Z
H H H

(i) Give the names of reagent W and catalyst X.
(2)
Reagent W ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Catalyst X .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Draw the displayed formula of compound Y.

(1)
(iii) Draw the skeletal formula of the major product Z.

(1)
20
*S58309A02024*
(b) Ethene reacts with steam in the presence of a catalyst to form ethanol.
The mechanism takes place in two stages.
(i) Complete the simplified mechanism for the reaction by adding curly arrows
and the relevant dipole.
(4)
H H H H
Stage 1
C C H C C+ H + OH–
H H H
H
O
H H H H
Stage 2
H C C+ H H C C H
H H OH
:OH–
(ii) Predict the shape of the intermediate ion with reference to the
positively-charged carbon. Justify your answer.
H3C C+ H
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
*S58309A02124*
Turn over
(c) Methyl 2-methylpropenoate has the structure:
H COOCH3

C=C
H CH3
Draw a section of the polymer formed from methyl 2-methylpropenoate, showing

two repeat units.
(2)


22
*S58309A02224*
BLANK PAGE
23
*S58309A02324*
24
*S58309A02424*
Unit 1 - Mark scheme

number
1(a) A R and U 1

number
1(b) C Y 1

number
1(c) C U2+ and T2− 1

number
2 A P3− 1

number
3 1
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Chemistry

number
4 C 20.18 1
number
56
5 B Fe2+ 1
29
30
number
6 B fractional distillation 1

number
7 A ethanol 1

number
8 A E-5-methylhex-2-ene 1

number
9 A π, heterolytic 1

number
10 C 30.0 1

number
11 C 0.20 1

number
12 B C5H12 1

number
13 D 1.2 dm3 of nitrogen, N2, and 1.2 g of magnesium, Mg 1
number
14 B 2 electrons in a 2p orbital, 18 electrons in the third quantum shell 1

number
15 B covalent and dative covalent bonding only 1

number
16 D AlCl3 trigonal planar, PH3 pyramidal 1

number
17 D C-Cl bond polar, CCl4 molecule non-polar 1

number
18 B (C4H7Cl) 1

31
32
number
19(a) Examples of equation: 2
correct species in equation (1) N(g) → N+(g) + e(−)
or
correct state symbols (1) N(g) - e(−) → N+(g)

number
19(b) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: 4
general increase across a period/atomic numbers 3-10 due to (1) Allow increase in effective nuclear
increase in nuclear charge charge
the (outer) electrons are added to the same quantum shell or (1)
the shielding is the same.
Irregularities:
atom with atomic number 5 has lower IE than atom with (1) Accept reverse arguments
atomic number 4 as the (2)p electron is better shielded than Accept names for atomic numbers
the (2)s electron (so requires less energy to be removed)
atom with atomic number 8 has lower IE than atom with (1) Allow the 2p sub-shell is further from
atomic number 7 as there is repulsion between the pair of the nucleus than the 2s orbital
electrons in the 2(p) orbital (so less energy is required to Allow a half-filled p sub shell is more
remove one of them). stable
number
19(c) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: 2
(decrease down a group due to) (there is an increase in (1)

nuclear charge from 3 to 11 but this is offset by) the outer
electron is in a higher quantum shell/higher energy level
therefore further from the nucleus/better shielded. (1)

number
20(a) [Ar]3d104s24p5 Allow 4s23d104p5 1
Ignore 1s22s22p63s23p6 for (Ar) written

out but do not allow incorrect
electronic configuration for Ar

number
20(b)(i) 1 mark for each row correct 2
Species Protons Neutrons Electrons

79
Br 35 44 35 (1)
81
Br − 35 46 36 (1)
33
34
number
20(b)(ii) 2
lines at 158 and 160 and 162 (1)
relative abundances 50:100:50 (1) Allow relative abundances

in any ratio 1:2:1,
e.g. 25:50:25
number
20(b)(iii) Example of calculation: 2
calculation of amount (mol) of Br2 (1) Amount of Br2 = 2.00 = 0.0125 (mol)
160
calculation of molecules of Br2 (1) Molecules of Br = 0.0125 × 6.02 × 1023

2
= 7.525 × 1021
or
Amount of Br2 = 2.00 = 0.012516 (mol)

(2 × 79.9)
Molecules of Br2 = 0.012516 × 6.02 × 1023

= 7.5344 × 1021
TE on amount Br2
Correct answer with no working scores both

marks

35
36
number
20(c) Example of calculation: 4
conversion of volume to m3 (1) Volume of bromine = 200 = 2.00 × 10−4 m3

1 × 106
conversion of temperature to K (1) 77+273 = 350
rearrangement of expression (1) 1.51 × 105 × 2.00 × 10−4 = n × 8.31 × 350

TE on volume bromine
evaluation to give n (1) n = 1.51 × 105 × 2.00 × 10−4

8.31 × 350
n = 1.03834 × 10−2
Correct answer with no working scores full

marks
number
21(a) Example of diagram: 1
dot-and-cross diagram, including charges
Allow no electrons or 8 electrons on outer shell of Mg
Allow any combination of dots or crosses for

electrons
Ignore missing square brackets

number
21(b) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: 3
identification of charge carriers: magnesium – electrons and (1)

magnesium chloride – ions
magnesium conducts electricity when solid because (1)

delocalised electrons can flow through
magnesium chloride does not conduct when solid because the (1)
ions cannot move and it does conduct electricity when
molten or dissolved in water as the ions can move.
37
38
number
21(c)(i) Examples of equation: 1
correct balanced ionic equation with state symbols MgO(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2O(l)
or
MgO(s) + 2H3O+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)

number
21(c)(ii) Example of calculation: 3
calculation of moles of MgO (1) moles MgO = 2.45 = 0.060794

40.3
calculation of moles of HCl (1) moles HCl = 2 × 0.060794 = 0.121588
calculation of volume of HCl (1) volume HCl = 0.121588 × 1000 = 60.794 cm3
2.00
Allow use of Ar(Mg) = 24 (61.25 cm3)
Correct answer with no working scores full

marks
number
21(d) Example of calculation: 2
Either
calculation of moles of MgCO3 (1) moles MgCO3 = 2.25 = 0.02669
84.3
calculation of mass of MgCl2 (1) mass MgCl2 = 0.02669 × 95.3 = 2.5436 (g)
or or
use of both molar masses (1) 84.3 g MgCO3 makes 95.3 g MgCl2
calculation of mass of MgCl2 (1) so 2.25 g MgCO3 makes 95.3 × 2.25 = 2.5436 (g) MgCl2
84.3
Allow use of Ar(Mg) = 24 (2.5446 g)
Correct answer with no working scores full marks

39
40
number
21(e) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: Ignore calculations 2
(in the reaction with magnesium oxide) there are fewer (1) Allow reverse arguments
waste products/no carbon dioxide is released/water is the
only waste product
so the molar mass of all products is lower/the denominator (1)

of the equation for atom economy is lower
or
1 mol of magnesium compound produces 1 mol of magnesium (1)

chloride
but the Mr of magnesium carbonate is greater than the Mr of (1)

magnesium oxide/carbon dioxide is an additional waste
product from magnesium carbonate.
number
22(a) 3
(1) Allow CH3 in branches
(1) Allow 2 marks for 3 correct structural or

skeletal formulae or any combination of
these
(1)

number
22(b) 2,4-dimethylhexane Ignore punctuation errors 1
41
42
number
22(c) molecular formula: C5H12 2
(1)
boiling temperature 25 – 40 oC (1) Allow any temperature or range within the
given range

number
22(d)(i) C3H8 + 3½O2 → C + CO + CO2 + 4H2O Allow multiples 1
Ignore state symbols, even if incorrect

number
22(d)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to the following points: 2
(carbon monoxide) reacts with haemoglobin (in the blood) (1) Allow forms carboxyhaemoglobin
preventing it from carrying oxygen (around the body). (1)

number
22(e)(i) C3H8 + Cl• → C3H7• + HCl (1) Allow equations in either order 2
Penalise missing • once only
C3H7• + Cl2 → C3H7Cl + Cl• (1)

number
22(e)(ii) the products are 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane Allow any unambiguous formulae 1
Ignore molecular formulae
number
22(e)(iii) the chlorine free radical can remove a hydrogen from either the end 1
carbon atoms or the central carbon atom

number
22(e)(iv) two propyl (free) radicals react together Ignore just ‘(two free) radicals react 1
or together’
C3H7• + C3H7• → C6H14 Do not allow molecules/ions

number
22(e)(v) Examples of structures and names: 2
structure (1) CH3CH2CHCl2 1,1-dichloropropane

corresponding name (1) CH3CHClCH2Cl 1,2-dichloropropane
CH3CCl2CH3 2,2-dichloropropane
CH2ClCH2CH2Cl 1,3-dichloropropane
Allow displayed, structural or skeletal

formulae or any combination of these

number
23(a)(i) (reagent W) hydrogen/H2 (1) 2
(catalyst X) nickel (1) Allow nickel, Ni/platinum, Pt/palladium,
Pd
43
1
1
Mark
Mark
Additional guidance
Additional guidance
Do not allow C-H-O
Allow OH
Question Answer
Question Answer
23(a)(iii)
23(a)(ii)
number
number

number
23(b)(i) Example of mechanism: 4
+
correct dipole (O − − ) (1)
curly arrow from C=C to H in H2O (1)
curly arrow from O-H bond to O (1)
curly arrow from lone pair on O of OH− to C+ (1)

number
23(b)(ii) trigonal planar (1) Allow M1 and M2 shown on a diagram 3
3 bond pairs/electron pairs (around the carbon atom) (1) Allow bond pairs/electron pairs as far
apart as possible
bond pairs/electron pairs arranged to minimise repulsion (1)
45
46
number
23(c) Example of polymer: 2
4 carbon backbone with continuation bonds (1)

all side chains correct (1)
or
Allow CO2CH3 in side chains
Allow CH3 and COOCH3 groups above or

below the carbon chain
Ignore square brackets and n
Any structure with C=C scores 0
PMT

Surname Other names
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Sample Assessment Material Paper Reference

Instructions
t centrethe
t – there may bequestions
Answer the in the spaces provided
Information
t The marks for each question are shown in brackets
t written
Advice
t Keep
t Try toananswer
eye on the time.
every question.
Turn over
S45360A
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SECTION A
a cross .
1 Which of the following quantities, used in the calculation of the lattice energy of
lithium oxide, Li2O, has a negative value?
A The enthalpy change of atomization of lithium.
B The first ionization energy of lithium.
C The first electron affinity of oxygen.
D The second electron affinity of oxygen.
2 Which of the diagrams below best represents the shapes of the electron contours in
sodium fluoride?
–
+
A
B +
C +
δ–
δ+
D
2
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PMT
3 Which of the equations below represents the first electron affinity for oxygen?
A O2(g) + 2e– → 2O–(g)
B O2(g) – 2e– → 2O–(g)
C ½O2(g) + e– → O–(g)
D O(g) + e– → O–(g)
4 Which pair of ions is isoelectronic?

A Ca2+ and O2–
B Na+ and O2–
C Li+ and Cl–
D Mg2+ and Cl–
5 A drop of sodium manganate(VII) solution is placed at the centre of a piece of moist

filter paper on a microscope slide. The ends of the paper are clipped to a 30 V DC
power supply. After a few minutes,
A a purple colour has moved towards the positive terminal.
B a purple colour has moved towards the negative terminal.
C an orange colour has moved towards the positive terminal.
D an orange colour has moved towards the negative terminal.
6 How many moles of ions are present in 20 cm3 of 0.050 mol dm–3 calcium chloride
solution, CaCl2(aq)?
A 0.0050
B 0.0030
C 0.0020
D 0.0010
3
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PMT
7 The Avogadro constant is 6.0 x 1023 mol–1. The number of atoms in

1 mol of dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, is
A 3.6 × 1024
B 1.8 × 1024
C 6.0 × 1023
D 1.0 × 1023
8 The equation for the complete combustion of ethane is
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
What volume of oxygen, measured at room temperature and pressure, is needed to

completely burn 0.1 mol of ethane?
[The volume of 1 mol of any gas measured at room temperature and pressure is 24 dm3]
A 2.4 dm3
B 4.8 dm3
C 8.4 dm3
D 16.8 dm3
9 A sample of swimming pool water contains 0.482 parts per million (ppm) of chlorine.
This is equal to a percentage of
A 0.000482
B 0.0000482
C 0.00000482
D 0.000000482
4
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PMT
10 Bromine has two isotopes with relative isotopic masses 79 and 81. Which of the
following values for mass/charge ratio could correspond to a peak in the mass
spectrum of bromine, Br2? You should assume the ions detected have a single
positive charge.
A 79.9
B 80
C 159
D 160
11 The first five ionization energies of an element, X, are shown in the table.
Ionization
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
energy
Value
631 1235 2389 7089 8844
/ kJ mol–1
What is the mostly likely formula of the oxide that forms when X burns in oxygen?
A X2O
B XO
C X2O3
D XO2
12 Which of the following has the largest ionic radius?

A S2–
B Cl–
C K+
D Ca2+
5
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PMT
13 Which of the following is a major effect caused by increased carbon dioxide levels
arising from the burning of fossil fuels?
A Melting of polar ice caps.
B Damage to the ozone layer.
C Increased acid rain.
D Increased skin cancer.
14 Which of the following compounds shows geometric (E-Z or cis-trans) isomerism?

A but-1-ene
B 2-methylbut-1-ene
C but-2-ene
D 2-methylbut-2-ene
CH3CH CHCH3
CH3 CH2CH3
A 2-methyl-3-ethylbutane
B 1,2,3-trimethylbutane
C 2,3-dimethylpropane
D 2,3-dimethylpentane
6
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16 This question is about the reaction of methane with bromine in sunlight.

(1)
CH4 + Br2 → CH3Br + HBr
(a) This reaction is best described as

A electrophilic addition.
C free radical addition.
D free radical substitution.
(b) One of the steps in the mechanism of this reaction is

(1)
•CH3 + Br• → CH3Br
This step is
A initiation.
B propagation.
C termination.
D reduction.
(c) This reaction produces a mixture of products.

Which of the following is most likely to form, as well as bromomethane?
(1)
A ethane
B propane
C butane
D pentane
(d) When human skin is overexposed to sunlight, it is likely to lead to skin cancer.
What is the radiation in sunlight that leads to skin cancer?
(1)
A microwaves
B infrared
C visible light
D ultraviolet
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17 Which equation represents the reaction for which the enthalpy change, H, is the
mean bond energy of the C-F bond?
A CF4(g) → C(g) + 4F(g)
B ¼CF4(g) → ¼C(g) + F(g)
C C(g) + 4F(g) → CF4(g)
D ¼C(g) + F(g) → ¼CF4(g)
8
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SECTION B
18 The radioactive isotope iodine-131, 131
53I, is formed in nuclear reactors providing
nuclear power. Naturally occurring iodine contains only the isotope, 127 53 I.
(a) Complete the table to show the number of protons and neutrons in these two
isotopes.
(2)
131 127
Isotope 53 I 53 I
Number of protons
Number of neutrons
(b) When iodine-131 decays, one of its neutrons emits an electron and forms a
proton. Identify the new element formed by name or symbol.
(1)
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
(c) The problem with radioactive iodine is that it accumulates in humans in the
thyroid gland. Its absorption can be reduced by taking an appropriate daily dose
of a soluble iodine compound.
Suggest a suitable iodine compound which could be used.
(1)
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(d) Nuclear power stations are often proposed as suitable alternatives to those
burning coal, gas or oil.
Suggest a country where, because of its location, the dangers of nuclear power
may outweigh the advantages. Justify your answer.
(1)
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19 This question is about the elements arsenic to rubidium which have atomic numbers
33 to 37.
The first ionization energies, Em1, of these elements are given in the table.
Element As Se Br Kr Rb
Em1 / kJ mol–1 947 941 1140 1351 403
(a) Write the equation, with state symbols, which represents the first ionization
energy of arsenic.
(2)
(b) Suggest the formulae of the hydrides of arsenic and selenium.

(2)
(c) (i) Complete the electronic configuration for an arsenic and a selenium atom
using the electrons-in-boxes notation.
(2)
4s 4p
As [Ar] 3d10
Se [Ar] 3d10
10
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*(ii) Explain why the first ionization energy of selenium is lower than that of
arsenic.
(2)
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........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
*(d) Explain why the first ionization energy of krypton is higher than that of selenium.
(2)
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........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
*(e) Explain why the first ionization energy of rubidium is lower than that of krypton.
(2)
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........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
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(f ) Which of the elements, arsenic to rubidium, is likely to have atoms with the
smallest atomic radius?
(1)
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20 Copper(II) sulfate solution, CuSO4(aq), can be made by adding an excess of solid

copper(II) oxide, CuO, to boiling dilute sulfuric acid. This is an exothermic reaction.
The balanced equation for this reaction is
CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
(a) (i) Complete the ionic equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
(2)
CuO(s) +
(ii) Calculate the mass of copper(II) oxide needed, if a 10% excess is required,
when 0.020 mol of sulfuric acid is completely reacted.
[Relative atomic masses: Cu = 63.5 and O = 16.0]
(2)
(b) (i) Suggest, with a reason, how the copper(II) oxide should be added to the
boiling sulfuric acid.
(2)
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(ii) When the reaction is complete, the excess copper(II) oxide is removed by
filtration.
To prepare crystals of copper(II) sulfate-5-water, CuSO4.5H2O, the resulting
solution is boiled to remove excess water.
How would you know when sufficient water had been removed?
(1)
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
(iii) After cooling the solution, crystals form. State the colour of the crystals.
(1)
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
(iv) The crystals all have the same shape. What does this indicate about the
arrangement of the ions?
(1)
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
(c) (i) Calculate the molar mass of copper(II) sulfate-5-water, CuSO4.5H2O.

Remember to include the appropriate units in your answer. You will need to
use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
(2)
14
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(ii) Calculate the percentage yield if 2.7 g of copper(II) sulfate-5-water is obtained

from 0.020 mol of sulfuric acid.
(2)
(iii) What is the most likely reason for the yield being well below 100%?
(1)
.................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................
.................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................
(d) When the crystals are heated, they turn white. On adding water, they return to
their original colour. Suggest a use for this reaction.
(1)
.................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................
.................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................
15
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;*=#',"*(3"="-(0'(>?"40%/$@ Turn over
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16
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21 Sodium hydrogencarbonate decomposes on heating to form sodium carbonate. It is

difficult to measure the enthalpy change of this reaction directly.
2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
One method of determining this enthalpy change is to react known amounts of

sodium hydrogencarbonate and sodium carbonate, separately, with excess dilute
hydrochloric acid.
(a) 0.010 mol of solid sodium hydrogencarbonate was added to 25 cm3 of
dilute hydrochloric acid. A temperature rise of 11 °C was measured using a
thermometer graduated at 1 °C intervals.
(i) Calculate the heat energy produced by this reaction using the equation:
Energy transferred in joules = mass × 4.18 × change in temperature
(1)
(ii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction when one mole of
sodium hydrogencarbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid.
Remember to include a sign and units with your answer which should be
given to three significant figures.
(2)
17
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*(b) The standard enthalpy change for the reaction between sodium carbonate and
dilute hydrochloric acid is found by a similar method to be
H d = –321.6 kJ mol–1
Complete the Hess energy cycle below by adding the missing arrow and entities.
Use it to calculate the standard enthalpy change for the decomposition of two
moles of sodium hydrogencarbonate as in the equation below.
Remember to show your reasoning clearly.
(5)
2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
2HCl(aq)
............................ ( ) + ............................ ( ) + ............................ ( )
18
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(c) The uncertainty for each thermometer reading is ± 0.5 °C.

Calculate the percentage error in the temperature rise of 11 °C.
(1)
(d) Sodium hydrogencarbonate is used in cooking. Suggest what it is used for and
how it works.
(2)
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
19
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20
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22 This question is about ethene and its reactions.

Ethene is produced in industry by cracking.
(a) (i) Write the equation for the cracking of dodecane, C12H26, to produce one mole
of ethene as the only alkene product.
(1)
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus and materials you would use to
crack dodecane and collect a sample of the gaseous alkene in the laboratory.
(4)
21
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(b) Draw a diagram to show the regions of electron density in both parts of the
double bond between the carbon atoms in ethene. Label each region with
appropriate symbols.
(2)
(c) (i) Give the name and structural formula for the product of the reaction between
ethene and bromine, Br2(l).
(2)
Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Formula
(ii) Give the mechanism for the reaction between ethene and bromine.
(3)
22
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(d) Give the displayed formula for the organic product of the reaction between
ethene and acidified potassium manganate(VII).
(1)
(e) (i) Write a balanced equation for the formation of poly(ethene) from ethene,
showing the structure of the polymer clearly.
(2)
(ii) Comment on the atom economy of the reaction in (e)(i).

(1)
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................
........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................

23
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Thursday 14 January 2010 – Morning Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 30 minutes 6CH01/01

1 The isotopes of magnesium, 24 25

A Both ions have electronic configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2.

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

The Avogadro constant is 6.02 × 1023 mol–1.

A 2Na(s) + N2(g) + 3O2(g) → 2NaNO3(s)

C Na(s) + N(g) + 3O(g) → NaNO3(s)

D Na(g) + ½N2(g) + 1½O2(g) → NaNO3(g)

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

A ¼CH4(g) → ¼C(g) + H(g)

C CH4(g) → C(g) + 4H(g)

D CH4(g) → C(g) + 2H2(g)

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

(a) Which element could be an inert gas?

(b) Which element could be X in a covalent compound with formula HX?

(c) Which element could be Y in an ionic compound with formula YH2?

(Total for Question 6 = 3 marks)

Atomic number increasing in steps of 1

Which element could be lithium?

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 The first five ionization energies, in kJ mol–1, of aluminium are

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 Going across the Periodic Table from sodium to aluminium,

A the melting temperature increases.

B the radius of the atom increases.

C the radius of the metal ion increases.

D the bonding in the element changes from metallic to covalent.

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

10 Going down Group 1 from lithium to rubidium

A the radius of the atom decreases.

B the radius of the ion decreases.

C the first ionization energy decreases.

D the polarizing power of the ion increases.

11 A drop of concentrated nickel(II) sulfate solution, which is green, is placed on moist

(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

12 The bonding in magnesium oxide, MgO, is

B metallic and ionic.

C ionic and covalent.

D metallic and covalent.

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

(a) Which compound is 2-methylpropane?

(b) Which compound has the molecular formula C5H12?

(c) Which compounds are isomers?

B compound B and compound C

D compound C and compound D

(Total for Question 14 = 4 marks)

15 The structural formula of 5-chloro-2,2-dimethylhexane is

B H C CH2 CH2 CH2 C CH3

C CH3 C CH2 CH2 C CH3

D CH3 C CH2 CH2 C CH3

(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

(c) In an experiment to make crystals of hydrated magnesium chloride, MgCl2.6H2O,

Lattice energy from Lattice energy from