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Western astrology
(Dr. Anil Kumar Porwal)
Western astrology is the system of astrology most popular in Western
countries. Western astrology is historically based on Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos (2nd
century CE), which in turn was a continuation of Hellenistic and ultimately
Babylonian traditions.
Western astrology is largely horoscopic, that is, it is a form of divination
based on the construction of a horoscope for an exact moment, such as a
person's birth, in which various cosmic bodies are said to have an influence.
Astrology in western popular culture is often reduced to sun sign astrology, which
considers only the individual's date of birth (i.e. the "position of the Sun" at that
date).
The zodiac
The zodiac is the belt or band of constellations through which the Sun,
Moon, and planets move on their journey across the sky. Astrologers noted these
constellations and so attached a particular significance to them. Over time they
developed the system of twelve signs of the zodiac, based on twelve of the
constellations through which the sun passes throughout the year, those
constellations that are "Enlightened by the mind". Most western astrologers use
the tropical zodiac beginning with the sign of Aries at the Northern hemisphere
Vernal Equinox always on or around March 21 of each year. The Western Zodiac is
drawn based on the Earth's relationship to fixed, designated positions in the sky,
and the Earth's seasons. The Sidereal Zodiac is drawn based on the Earth's
position in relation to the constellations, and follows their movements in the sky.
Due to a phenomenon called precession of the equinoxes (where the
Earth's axis slowly rotates like a spinning top in a 25,700-year cycle), there is a
slow shift in the correspondence between Earth's seasons (and calendar) and the
constellations of the zodiac. Thus, the tropical zodiac corresponds with the
position of the earth in relation to fixed positions in the sky (Western Astrology),
while the sidereal zodiac is drawn based on the position in relation to the
constellations (sidereal zodiac).
The twelve signs
In modern Western astrology the signs of the zodiac are believed to
represent twelve basic personality types or characteristic modes of expression.
The twelve signs are divided into four elements fire, earth, air and water. Fire and
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air signs are considered masculine, while water and earth signs are considered
feminine. The twelve signs are also divided into three qualities, Cardinal, fixed and
mutable.
Approximate dates of
Sun signs
Sign Element Quality
Start End

Aries The Ram March 21 April 20 Fire Cardinal

Taurus The Bull April 21 May 20 Earth Fixed

Gemini The Twins May 21 June 20 Air Mutable

Cancer The Crab June 21 July 21 Water Cardinal

Leo The Lion July 22 August 21 Fire Fixed

Virgo The Virgin August 22 September 21 Earth Mutable

Libra The Scales September22 October 21 Air Cardinal

The
Scorpio October 22 November 21 Water Fixed
Scorpion

Sagittarius The Archer November22 December 21 Fire Mutable

The
Capricorn Mountain December 22 January 20 Earth Cardinal
Sea-Goat

The Water
Aquarius January 21 February 19 Air Fixed
Bearer

Pisces The Fish February 20 March 20 Water Mutable

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• Note: these are only approximations and the exact date on which the sign
of the sun changes varies from year to year.

Zodiac sign for an individual depends on the placement of planets and the
ascendant in that sign. If a person has nothing placed in a particular sign, that sign
will play no active role in their personality. On the other hand, a person with, for
example, both the sun and moon in Cancer, will strongly display the
characteristics of that sign in their makeup.

In Western astrology, astrological signs are the twelve 30° sectors of the
ecliptic, starting at the vernal equinox (one of the intersections of the ecliptic with
the celestial equator), also known as the First Point of Aries. The order of the
astrological signs is Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio,
Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces.

The concept of the zodiac originated in Babylonian astrology, and was later
influenced by Hellenistic culture. According to astrology, celestial phenomena
relate to human activity on the
principle of "as above, so below", so
that the signs are held to represent
characteristic modes of expression.

The twelve sector division of the

ecliptic constitutes astrology's primary
frame of reference when considering
the positions of celestial bodies, from a
geocentric point of view, so that we
may find, for instance, the Sun in 23°
Aries (23° longitude), the Moon in 7°
Scorpio (217° longitude), or Jupiter in
29° Pisces (359° longitude). Beyond the
celestial bodies, other astrological
points that are dependent on geographical location and time (namely, the
Ascendant, the Midheaven, the Vertex and the houses' cusps) are also referenced
within this ecliptic coordinate system.

Various approaches to measuring and dividing the sky are currently used by
differing systems of astrology, although the tradition of the Zodiac's names and
symbols remain consistent. Western astrology measures from Equinox and
Solstice points (points relating to equal, longest and shortest days of the tropical
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year), while Jyotisha or Vedic astrology measures along the equatorial plane
(sidereal year). Precession results in Western astrology's zodiacal divisions not
corresponding in the current era
to the constellations that carry
similar names, while Jyotisha
measurements still correspond
with the background
constellations.

In Western and Indian

astrology, the emphasis is on
space, and the movement of the
Sun, Moon and planets in the sky
through each of the zodiac signs.
In Chinese astrology, by contrast,
the emphasis is on time, with the
zodiac operating on cycles of
years, months, and hours of the day. A common feature of all three traditions
however, is the significance of the Ascendant — the zodiac sign that is rising (due
to the rotation of the earth) on the eastern horizon at the moment of a person's
birth.

Western zodiac signs

Zodiac history and symbolism
The twelve ecliptic signs, each dot marks the start of a sign and they are
separated by 30°. The intersection of the celestial equator and the ecliptic define
the equinoctial points: First Point of Aries ( ) and First Point of Libra ( ). The great
circle containing the celestial poles and the ecliptic poles (P and P'), intersect the
ecliptic at 0° Cancer ( ) and 0° Capricorn ( ). In this illustration, the Sun is
schematically positioned at the start of Aquarius ( ).

While Western astrology is essentially a product of Greco-Roman culture,

some of its more basic concepts originated in Babylonia. Isolated references to
celestial "signs" in Sumerian sources are insufficient to speak of a Sumerian
zodiac. Specifically, the division of the ecliptic in twelve equal sectors is a
Babylonian conceptual construction.
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By the 4th century BC, Babylonians' astronomy and their system of celestial
omens were influencing the Greek culture and, by the late 2nd century BC,
Egyptian astrology was also mixing in. This resulted, unlike the Mesopotamian
tradition, in a strong focus on the birth chart of the individual and in the creation
of horoscopic astrology, employing the use of the Ascendant (the rising degree of
the ecliptic, at the time of birth), and of the twelve houses. Association of the
astrological signs with Empedocles' four classical elements was another important
development in the characterization of the twelve signs.

The body of astrological knowledge by the 2nd century AD is described in

Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos, a work that was responsible for astrology's successful
spread across Europe and the Middle East, and remained a reference for almost
seventeen centuries as later traditions made few substantial changes to its core
teachings.

The following table enumerates the twelve divisions of celestial longitude,

with the Latin names (still widely used) and the English translation (gloss). The
longitude intervals, being a mathematical division, are closed for the first
endpoint (a) and open for the second (b) — for instance, 30° of longitude is the
first point of Taurus, not part of Aries. Association of calendar dates with
astrological signs only makes sense when referring to Sun sign astrology.

Sign Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo

Celestial 0° to 30° to 120° to 150° to
60° to 90° 90° to 120°
longitude 30° 60° 150° 180°
Symbol
The The
Gloss The Bull The Twins The Crab The Lion
Ram Maiden
Sign Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces
Celestial 180° to 210° to 240° to 300° to 330° to
270° to 300°
longitude 210° 240° 270° 330° 360°
Symbol
The
The The The Water-
Gloss The Archer Mountain The Fish
Scales Scorpion bearer
Sea-goat
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Polarity and the four elements

A simple diagram displaying the planets' sign positions on May 16th, 2012.
The signs are colored according to the associated element. Each planet is
represented by a glyph next to its longitude within the sign. Additional symbols
may be added to represent apparent retrograde motion( ), or apparent
stationary moment (shift from retrograde to direct, or vice versa: S).

Empedocles, a fifth-century BC Greek philosopher, identified Fire, Earth,

Air, and Water as elements. He explained the nature of the universe as an
interaction of two opposing principles called love and strife manipulating the four
elements, and stated that these four elements were all equal, of the same age,
that each rules its own province, and each possesses its own individual character.
Different mixtures of these elements produced the different natures of things.
Empedocles said that those who were born with near equal proportions of the
four elements are more intelligent and have the most exact perceptions.

Each sign is associated with one of the classical elements, and these can
also be grouped according to polarity: Fire and Air signs are considered positive or
extrovert, masculine signs; while Water and Earth signs are considered negative
or introvert, feminine signs. The four astrological elements are also considered as
a direct equivalent to Hippocrates' personality types (sanguine = air; choleric =
fire; melancholic = water; phlegmatic = earth). A modern approach looks at
elements as "the energy substance of experience" and the next table tries to
summarize their description through keywords.

Polarity Element Symbol Keywords Signs

Enthusiasm; drive to express self; Aries; Leo;
Positive Fire
faith Sagittarius
(self-
expressive) Communication; socialization; Gemini; Libra;
Air
conceptualization Aquarius
Practicality; caution; material Taurus; Virgo;
Negative Earth
world Capricorn
(self-
containing) Water Cancer;
Emotion; empathy; sensitivity
Scorpio; Pisces
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Classification according to element has gained such importance, that some

astrologers start their interpretation of a natal chart, by studying the balance of
elements shown by the position of planets and angles (especially the Sun, the
Moon and the Ascendant).

The three modalities

Each of the four elements manifests in three modalities: Cardinal, Fixed and
Mutable. As each modality comprehends four signs, these are also known as
Quadruplicities. They are occasionally referred to as crosses because each
modality forms a cross when drawn across the zodiac. Christian astrology relates
the three qualities to the three aspects of God in the trinity.

Modality Symbol Keywords Signs

Aries; Cancer; Libra;
Cardinal Action; dynamic; initiative; great force
Capricorn
Resistance to change; great willpower; Taurus; Leo; Scorpio;
Fixed
inflexible Aquarius
Gemini; Virgo;
Mutable Adaptability; flexible; resourceful
Sagittarius; Pisces

The combination of element and modality provides a basic sign

characterization. For instance, Capricorn is a cardinal earth sign, meaning that it is
associated with action (cardinal modality) in the material world (earth element).
That can translate into ambition or practical application to the concrete, everyday
necessities of life. The next table displays the twelve combinations of elements
and modalities.

Nature Fire Earth Air Water

Cardinal Aries Capricorn Libra Cancer
Fixed Leo Taurus Aquarius Scorpio
Mutable Sagittarius Virgo Gemini Pisces
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Sun-sign astrology
Newspapers often print astrology columns which purport to provide
guidance on what might occur in a day in relation to the sign of the zodiac that
included the sun when the person was born. Astrologers refer to this as the "sun
sign", but it is often commonly called the "star sign". These predictions are vague
or general; so much so that even practising astrologers consider them of little to
no value. Experiments have shown that when people are shown a newspaper
horoscope for their own sign along with a newspaper horoscope for a different
sign, they judge them to be equally accurate on the average. Other tests have
been performed on complete, personalized horoscopes cast by professional
astrologers, and have shown similarly disappointing results, contrary to the claims
of professional astrologers.

Meanings of the symbols-Astrological planets

The glyphs of the planets are usually (but not always) broken down into
four common elements: A circle denoting spirit, a crescent denoting the mind, a
cross denoting practical/physical matter and an arrow denoting action or
direction.

Name Symbol Symbol represents Meaning of symbol

Divine spirit (circle) surrounding seed
Sun Solar symbol (circled dot)
of potential
Mind or evolving human spirit through
Moon A crescent
receptivity (crescent)

Mercury's winged helmet

Mercury Mind (crescent) poised over divine
and caduceus
spirit (circle) and matter (cross)
Hand mirror or necklace (see
Venus Divine spirit (circle) over matter (cross)
Venus symbol)
Earth; a Solar symbol (sun
Planet Earth — the cardinal directions.
cross)
Earth
Earth; a Solar symbol
cf. Globus cruciger
(alternate symbol)
Mars Mars's shield and spear. Drive (arrow) over divine spirit (circle)
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Scythe (handle down), A stylized sickle, a crescent of

Ceres emblematic of Ceres as receptivity resting on a cross of
goddess of the Harvest. matter.
Jupiter's thunderbolt or Mind (crescent) rising above the
Jupiter
eagle horizon of matter (cross)
Matter (cross) taking precedence over
Saturn Saturn's sickle
mind or human spirit (crescent)
H in symbol taken from The circle of spirit and a dominant
discoverer's last name, cross of matter, in form of an antenna
Herschel that uses matter as a way to insight.
Uranus Astronomical glyph often used
Derived from a combination astrologically.
of the Mars and Sun symbols Drive over a divine spirit (circle)
surrounding seed of potential
Mind or receptivity (crescent)
Neptune Neptune's trident
transcending matter (cross)
Pluto's Cap of invisibility (the
circle) and a bident (the arc Mind (crescent) transcending matter
under the circle), also a (cross) to reach for divine spirit (circle)
Pluto typical attribute of Pluto.
PL monogram for Pluto and Astronomical symbol occasionally used
Percival Lowell astrologically.

Signs of the zodiac

Name Meaning Symbol Symbol Represents
Aries Ram Face and horns of ram
Taurus Bull Face and horns of bull
Gemini Twins Companion
Cancer Crab Crab's claws
A script form of the Greek letter "lambda", which
Leo Lion is the first letter of the Greek word leon, which
means "lion"
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Derived from the Greek letters ΠΑΡ, which are the

Virgo Virgin first three letters of the Greek word parthenos,
which means "virgin"
Libra Scale Scales
Scorpio Scorpion Stinger of a scorpion
Sagittarius Archer Arrow of the centaur
Sea-goat or
Body and head of a goat with the tail of a fish or
Capricorn mountain
face and horns of goat.
goat
Aquarius Waterbearer Ripples of water.
Two fish tied together yet swimming in opposite
Pisces Fish
directions

Aspects
Name Symbol Angle Explanation
Two or more planets in the same sign
Conjunction 0° A circle with a line implying two objects are in the
same place (also, the starting point of an angle)
One sign apart, The intersecting lines from the
Semisextile 30° inner angles of the upper half of a hexagon (see
Sextile)
(also known as the "octile" or "semiquartile") The
Semi-square 45°
bisecting line of a right angle (see Square)
Two signs apart, The intersecting lines from the
Sextile 60°
inner angles of a hexagon
(also known as the "quartile")/Three signs
Quintile 72°
apart/Same modality
A regular quadrilateral that represents the right
Square 90°
angle
Four signs apart/Same elemental triplicity, An
Trine 120°
equilateral triangle.
Sesquiquadrate 135° (also known as the "sesquisquare," "square-and-
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a-half," and/or "trioctile")

The glyph of the Semi-Square under the glyph of
the Square, implying the sum of them both
Biquintile 144° (also known as the "inconjunct")/Five signs apart
The intersecting lines from the inner angles of the
Quincunx 150° lower half of a hexagon (see Sextile) Six signs
apart
The glyph of the Conjunction plus a circle on top
Opposition 180° of its line, implying two objects are in front
(opposed) of each other.

Lunar phases
Name Symbol Explanation
New moon Denotes the new moon or a soli-lunar arc in the range 0°-45°.
Denotes a waxing crescent moon or a soli-lunar arc in the
Crescent moon
range 45°-90°.
First quarter Denotes a first quarter moon or a soli-lunar arc in the range
moon 90°-135°.
Denotes a waxing gibbous moon or a soli-lunar arc in the
Gibbous moon
range 135°-180°.
Full moon Denotes a full moon or a soli-lunar arc in the range 180°-225°.
Disseminating Denotes a waning gibbous moon or a soli-lunar arc in the
moon range 225°-270°.
Last quarter Denotes a last quarter moon or a soli-lunar arc in the range
moon 270°-315°.
Denotes a waning crescent moon or a soli-lunar arc in the
Balsamic moon
range 315°-360°.
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Miscellaneous symbols
Symbol
Name Symbol Explanation
represents
The ascendant (also known as the "ascensum
coeli") is the rising intersection of the ecliptic with
Ascendant Angle the celestial horizon at a particular moment in
time; it is used in the construction of a
horoscope/natal chart
The midheaven (also known as the "medium
coeli") is the point where the ecliptic crosses the
Midheaven Angle local meridian; it is used in the construction of a
horoscope/natal chart

Not all astrologers use the lunar nodes; however,

Ascending
Lunar node their usage is very important in Vedic astrology.
Node
They are alternately known as the "Dragon's
Head" (Rahu, Caput Draconis, or Anabibazon) and
the "Dragon's Tail" (Ketu, Cauda Draconis, or
Descending Catabibazon). The two nodes together are most
Lunar node
Node commonly referred to simply as the nodal axis, the
lunar nodes, or the Moon's nodes.
The traditional Black Moon Lilith is the position of
the mean lunar apogee as measured from the
geocenter; variants of the Black Moon include
replacing the mean orbit with a "true" osculating
Black Moon Lunar
orbit or with an interpolated orbit; charting the
Lilith apogee
empty focus of the Moon's orbit instead of the
apogee; and measuring the desired point's
barycentric or topocentric position instead of its
geocentric position.
Apparent
Retrograde Symbol represents the apparent retrograde
retrograde
motion motion of a planet in an astrological chart
motion
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The planets
In modern Western astrology the planets represent basic drives or impulses
in the human psyche. These planets differ from the definition of a planet in
astronomy in that the sun, moon, and recently, Pluto and Ceres (considered as
dwarf planets in astronomy), are all considered to be planets for the purposes of
astrology. Each planet is also said to be the ruler of one or two zodiac signs. The
three modern planets have each been assigned rulership of a zodiac sign by
astrologers and Ceres has been suggested as the ruler of Taurus or Virgo.
Traditionally rulership of the signs was, according to Ptolemy, based on seasonal
derivations and astronomical measurement, whereby the luminaries being the
brightest planets were given rulership of the brightest months of the year and
Saturn the coldest furthest classical planet was given to the coldest months of the
year, with the other planets ruling the remaining signs as per astronomical
measurement. It is noteworthy that the modern rulerships do not follow the same
logic.

Classical planets
The astrological 'planets' are the seven heavenly bodies known to the
ancients. The sun and moon, also known as 'the lights', are included as they were
thought to act like the astronomical planets. Astrologers call Mercury, Venus and
Mars the 'personal planets', as they represent the most immediate drives. The
'lights' symbolise respectively the existential and sensitive fundamentals of the
individuality.

The following table summarizes the rulership by the seven classically known
planets of each of the twelve astrological signs, together with their effects on
world events, people and the earth itself as understood in the Middle Ages.

Traditional planets with their rulership of signs and effects on people and the world

Effect on
Rules the Person's Effect in Effect in
Symbol Planet world
sign nature life earth
events

Sun Leo Wisdom, Gold

Good
generosity,
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'sunny' fortune
disposition

Travel,
Moon Cancer Wandering Silver
lunacy

Changeability,
eagerness,
Gemini Rapid Mercury
Mercury Action quickness,
and Virgo change (quicksilver)
'mercurial'
temperament

Libra and Fortunate Beauty,

Venus Good luck Copper
Taurus events amorousness

Aries, Strength,
classically endurance, Conflicts,
Mars War Iron
also 'martial' misfortune
Scorpio temperament

Cheerful,
Sagittarius, Good
magnanimous, Good
Jupiter classically times, Tin
'jovial' fortune
also Pisces prosperity
temperament

Wisdom,
Capricorn, Accidents,
stability,
classically Disastrous disease,
Saturn persistence, Lead
also events treachery,
'saturnine'
Aquarius bad luck
temperament
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The Moon's nodes

Also important in astrology are the moon's nodes. The nodes are where the
moon's path crosses the ecliptic. The North, or Ascending Node marks the place
where the moon crosses from South to North (or ascends), while the South, or
Descending Node marks where the moon crosses from North to South (or
descends). While Lunar nodes are not considered by Western astrologers to be as
important a factor as each of the planets, they are thought to mark sensitive
areas that are worth taking into account.

• - North or ascending Node. Also the ruler of Pathways and Choices.

• - South or descending Node. Also the ruler of Karma and the Past.

Essential dignity
In astrology, "essential dignity" is the strength of a planet or point's zodiac
position, judged only by its position by sign and degree, what the pre-eminent
17th-century astrologer William Lilly called "the strength, fortitude or debility of
the Planets [or] significators." In other words, essential dignity seeks to view the
strengths of a planet or point as though it were isolated from other factors in the
sky of the natal chart. Traditionally, there are five dignities: domicile and
detriment, exaltation and fall, triplicity, terms, and face. However, the later two
have diminished in usage. A planet's domicile is the zodiac sign over which it has
rulership.

The horoscope
Western astrology is based mainly
upon the construction of a horoscope,
which is a map or chart of the heavens at a
particular moment. The moment chosen is
the beginning of the existence of the subject
of the horoscope, as it is believed that the
subject will carry with it the pattern of the
heavens from that moment throughout its
life. The most common form of horoscope is
the natal chart based on the moment of a
person's birth; though in theory a horoscope can be drawn up for the beginning of
anything, from a business enterprise to the foundation of a nation state.
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Interpretation
In Western horoscopic astrology the interpretation of a horoscope is governed
by:

• The position of the planets in the astrological signs of the zodiac,

• The position of the planets in the houses of the horoscope,
• The position of the primary angles of the horoscope, namely the horizon
line (called the ascendant/descendant axis), and the prime vertical line
(called the zenith/midheaven and nadir/imum coeli axis),
• The angles formed by the planets relative to each other and the primary
angles, called aspects
• The position of deduced astronomical entities, such as the Lunar nodes.

Some astrologers also use the position of various mathematical points such as the
Arabic parts.

The primary angles

There are four primary angles in the horoscope (though the cusps of the houses
are often included as important angles by some astrologers).

• - The ascendant or rising sign is the eastern point where the ecliptic and
horizon intersect. During the course of a day, because of the Earth's
rotation, the entire circle of the ecliptic will pass through the ascendant and
will be advanced by about 1°. This provides us with the term rising sign',
which is the sign of the zodiac that was rising in the east at the exact time
that the horoscope or natal chart is calculated. In creating a horoscope the
ascendant is traditionally placed as the left-hand side point of the chart. In
most house systems the ascendant lies on the cusp of the 1st house of the
horoscope.

The ascendant is generally considered the most important and personalized angle
in the horoscope by the vast majority of astrologers. It signifies a person's
awakening consciousness, in the same way that the Sun's appearance on the
eastern horizon signifies the dawn of a new day. Due to the fact that the
ascendant is specific to a particular time and place, it signifies the individual
environment and conditioning that a person receives during their upbringing, and
also the circumstances of their childhood. For this reason, the ascendant is also
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concerned with how a person has learned to present him or herself to the world,
especially in public and in impersonal situations.

The opposite point to the ascendant in the west is the descendant, which denotes
how a person reacts in their relationships with others. It also show the kind of
person we are likely to be attracted to, and our ability to form romantic
attachments. In most house systems the descendant lies on the cusp of the 7th
house of the horoscope.

• - The midheaven or medium coeli is the point on the ecliptic that is

furthest above the plane of the horizon. For events occurring where the
planes of the ecliptic and the horizon coincide, the limiting position for
these points is located 90° from the ascendant. For astrologers, the
midheaven traditionally indicates a person's career, status, aim in life,
aspirations, public reputation, and life goal. In quadrant house systems the
midheaven lies on the cusp of the 10th house of the horoscope.

The opposite point to the midheaven is known as the imum coeli. For astrologers
the nadir or IC traditionally indicates the circumstances at the beginning and end
of a person's life, their parents and the parental home, and their own domestic
life. In quadrant house systems it lies on the cusp of the 4th house of the
horoscope.

The houses
The horoscope is divided by astrologers into 12 portions called the houses.
The houses of the horoscope are interpreted as being 12 different spheres of life
or activity. There are various ways of calculating the houses in the horoscope or
birth chart. However, there is no dispute about their meanings, and the 12 houses

Many modern astrologers assume that the houses relate to their

corresponding signs, i.e. that the first house has a natural affinity with the first
sign, Aries, and so on.

Aspects
The aspects are the angles the planets make to each other in the horoscope,
and also to the ascendant, midheaven, descendant and nadir. The aspects are
measured by the angular distance along the ecliptic in degrees and minutes of
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celestial longitude between two points, as viewed from the earth. They indicate
focal points in the horoscope where the energies involved are given extra
emphasis. The more exact the angle, the more powerful the aspect, although an
allowance of a few degrees each side of the aspect called an orb is allowed for
interpretation. The following are the aspects in order of importance

• - Conjunction 0° (orb ±8°). The conjunction is a major point in the chart,

giving strong emphasis to the planets involved. The planets will act
together to outside stimulus and act on each other.
• - Opposition 180° (orb ±8°). The opposition is indicative of tension,
conflict and confrontation, due to the polarity between the two elements
involved. Stress arises when one is used over the other, causing an
imbalance; but the opposition can work well if the two parts of the aspect
are made to complement each other in a synthesis.
• - Trine 120°(orb ±8°). The trine indicates harmony, and ease of
expression, with the two elements reinforcing each other. The trine is a
source of artistic and creative talent, but can be a 'line of least resistance'
to a person of weak character.
• - Square 90°(orb ±8°). The square indicates frustration, inhibitions,
disruption and inner conflict, but can become a source of energy and
activation to a person determined to overcome limitations.
• - Sextile 60°(orb ±6°). The sextile is similar to the trine, but of less
significance. It indicates ease of communication between the two elements
involved, with compatibility and harmony between them.
• - Quincunx 150°(orb ±3°). The quincunx indicates difficulty and stress,
due to incompatible elements being forced together. It can mean an area of
self-neglect in a person's life (especially health), or obligations being forced
on a person. The quincunx can vary from minor to quite major in impact.
• - Semisextile 30° (orb ±2°). Slight in effect. Indicates an area of life where
a conscious effort to be positive will have to be made.
• - Semisquare 45°(orb ±2°). Indicates somewhat difficult circumstance.
Similar in effect to semisextile.
• - Sesquiquadrate 135°(orb ±2°). Indicates somewhat stressful conditions.
Similar to semisextile.
• - Quintile 72° (orb ±2°). Slight in effect. Indicates talent and vaguely
fortunate circumstances.
• - Biquintile 144° (orb ±2°). Slight in effect. Indicates talent and vaguely
fortunate circumstances.
 19

• - Retrograde: A planet is retrograde when it appears to move backwards

across the sky when seen from the earth, due to one planet moving more
quickly relative to the other. Although it is not an aspect, some astrologers
believe that it should be included for consideration in the chart. Planets
which are retrograde in the natal chart are considered by them to be
potential weak points.

Modern modifications to the Ptolemaic system

Modern planets
These are the planets discovered in modern times, which have since been
assigned meanings by Western astrologers.

Planets discovered in modern times, with signs and effects

Claimed
Rules Claimed effects
Symbol Planet Representing effects on
the sign on people
world events

Letter 'H' for

Sudden or
planet's Innovation,
Uranus Aquarius disruptive
discoverer, William technology
change
Herschel

Trident, weapon of Confusion,

Neptune Pisces
sea-god Neptune sensitivity

PL for astronomer
Percival Lowell Transformation,
Pluto Scorpio
who predicted fate, death
Pluto's discovery
 20

Sidereal and tropical astrology

There are two camps of thought among western astrologers about the
"starting point", 0 degrees Aries, in the zodiac. Sidereal astrology uses a fixed
starting point in the background of stars, while tropical astrology, used by the
majority of Western astrologers, chooses as a starting point the position of the
Sun against the background of stars at the Northern hemisphere vernal equinox
(i.e. when the Sun position against the heavens crosses over from the southern
hemisphere to the northern hemisphere) each year.

As the Earth spins on its axis, it "wobbles" like a top, causing the vernal
equinox to move gradually backwards against the star background, (a
phenomenon known as the Precession of the equinoxes) at a rate of about 30
degrees (one Zodiacal sign length) every 2,160 years. Thus the two zodiacs would
be aligned only once every 26,000 years. They were aligned about 2,000 years ago
when the zodiac was originally established.

This phenomenon gives us the conceptual basis for the Age of Aquarius,
whose "dawning" coincides with the movement of the vernal equinox across the
cusp from Pisces to Aquarius in the star background.

Dignity and detriment, exaltation and fall

A traditional belief of astrology, known as essential dignity, is the idea that the
Sun, Moon and planets are more powerful and effective in some signs than
others, because the basic nature of both is held to be in harmony. By contrast,
they are held to find some signs to be weak or difficult to operate in because their
natures are thought to be in conflict. The most important of these categories are
Dignity, Detriment, Exaltation and Fall.

• Dignity and Detriment : A planet is strengthened or dignified if it falls

within the sign that it rules. In other words, it is said to exercise Rulership of
the sign. For example, the Moon in Cancer is considered "strong" (well-
dignified). Seventeenth century astrologer William Lilly compared rulership
to a king on his throne, with considerable dignity. If a planet is in the sign
opposite that which it rules (or is dignified), it is said to be weakened or in
Detriment (for example, the Moon in Capricorn).
 21

In traditional astrology, other levels of Dignity are recognised in addition to

Rulership. These are known as Exaltation (see below), Triplicity, Terms or bounds,
and Face or Decan, which together are known as describing a planet's Essential
dignity, the quality or ability to give of one's true nature. Contemporary
traditional astrologers like John Frawley or J Lee Lehman explain further on the
concept of Essential Dignity.

• Exaltation and Fall : In addition, a planet is also strengthened when it is in

its sign of Exaltation. In traditional horary astrology, Exaltation denotes a
level of dignity somewhat exaggerated compared to rulership. Exaltation
was considered to give the planet (or what it signified in a horary chart)
dignity, with the metaphor of an honoured guest – who is the centre of
attention but the extent of their ability to act is limited. Examples of planets
in their Exaltation are: Saturn (Libra), Sun (Aries), Venus (Pisces), Moon
(Taurus), Mercury (Virgo, although some disagree to this classification),
Mars (Capricorn), Jupiter (Cancer). A planet in the opposite sign of its
Exaltation is said to be in its Fall, and thus weakened, perhaps seemingly
more so than Detriment. The Planet in fall is passively rejected or ignored
by the sign that it's in. It can be likened to a mayor of a rival city trying to
make suggestions to the hosting mayor for how he should run his city: The
host mayor finds it difficult to trust him and cannot see how his input could
have relevancy to his city. The people of the city feel the same as their
ruler. The result is impasse and failure on behalf of both mayors and the
city. There is no agreement as to the signs in which the three extra-
Saturnian planets may be considered to be exalted.

The following table summarizes the positions described above:

Planet
Dignity Detriment Exaltation Fall
(Symbol)
Sun ( ) Leo Aquarius Aries Libra
Moon ( ) Cancer Capricorn Taurus Scorpio
Sagittarius and
Mercury ( ) Gemini and Virgo Aquarius Leo
Pisces
Venus ( ) Libra and Taurus Aries and Scorpio Pisces Virgo
Mars ( ) Aries and Scorpio Libra and Taurus Capricorn Cancer
Jupiter ( ) Sagittarius and Pisces Gemini and Virgo Cancer Capricorn
 22

Capricorn and
Saturn ( ) Cancer and Leo Libra Aries
Aquarius

In addition to essential dignity, the traditional astrologer considers

Accidental dignity of planets. This is placement by house in the chart under
examination. Accidental dignity is the planet's "ability to act." So we might have,
for example, Moon in Cancer, dignified by rulership, is placed in the 12th house it
would have little scope to express its good nature. The 12th is a cadent house as
are the 3rd, 6th and 9th and planets in these houses are considered weak or
afflicted. On the other hand, Moon in the 1st, 4th, 7th or 10th would be more
able to act as these are Angular houses. Planets in Succedent houses of the chart
(2nd, 5th, 8th, 11th) are generally considered to be of medium ability to act.
Besides Accidental Dignity, there are a range of Accidental Debilities, such as
retrogradation, Under the Sun's Beams, Combust, and so forth.