7

Strengthened Technical-Vocational
Education Program (STVEP)
Electricity and Electronics
Quarter 4 Week 1-2

Topic: Apply Relevant Electrical Theories

and Principles
 Electrical Theories and Principles

Learning Competency(ies)/ Objectives Code:

1. State the electron Theory.
2. Solve problems regarding problems on Ohm’s law.
3. Formulate at least 5 rules for electric Safety.

I. CONCEPT NOTES:

William Gilbert (1544-1603) was an English scientist and physician who is

credited by many as the “father of electricity and magnetism”. On the other hand,
Michael Faraday A self-taught scientist, Michael Faraday (1791-1867) excelled in
chemistry and physics to become one of the most influential thinkers in history. He's
been called the "father of electricity," (Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison also wear that
crown) and his appetite for experimenting knew no bounds. Electricity is a form of
energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (such as electrons or protons),
either statically as an accumulation of charge or dynamically as a current. Atoms
consist of three basic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. The atoms cause
electricity. Free electrons are not attached to atom. It is free to move under the
influence of electric field, which is what electricity is all about.

Electrons are a type of subatomic particle with a negative charge. Protons are a
type of subatomic particle with a positive charge. Protons are bound together in an
atom's nucleus as a result of the strong nuclear force. Neutrons are a type of
subatomic particle with no charge (they're neutral).
 Given any two electric charges in the universe, each charge exerts a force on the
other one. If they are both positive or both negative, then that force is repulsive: the
charges push each other away. If they are opposite charges, however, then the force is
attractive: the charges pull each other closer together. Electricity flows in two ways
either in an alternating current (AC) or in a direct current (DC). Electricity or "current"
is nothing but the movement of electrons through a conductor, like a wire. The
difference between AC and DC lies in the direction in which the electrons flow. In DC,
the electrons flow steadily in a single direction, unidirectional flow or "forward." In AC,
electrons keep switching directions, sometimes going "forward" and then going
"backward."
Alternating current, it is an electric current which periodically reverses direction
and changes its magnitude continuously with time.mAC is generally used for power
distribution, which is why the mains sockets in our homes and at work provide an
alternating current to power whatever is needed, but direct current, DC is more widely
used for the electronics boards themselves and for many other applications.
Occupational safety and health (OSH), also commonly referred to as health and
safety. As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) "occupational health deals
with all aspects of health and safety. Gain some knowledge on basic electrical safety
tips. These five tips will help you enjoy the devices and appliances you love while
keeping everyone safe from harm.
1. Replace or repair damaged power cords
Exposed wiring is a danger that cannot go overlooked, the NFPA wrote. If you see the
protective coating on a wire is stripped away, be sure to replace it or cover it with
electrical tape as soon as possible.
2. Don’t overload your outlets
Every outlet in your home is designed to deliver a certain amount of electricity; by
plugging too many devices into it at once, you could cause a small explosion or a fire. If
you have a lot of things to plug in, use a power strip (an energy saving one of course!)
that can safely accommodate your needs.
3. Avoid extension cords as much as possible
Running extension cords through the house can trip up residents; this can cause
injury and damage to the wire or outlet if it causes the cord to be ripped out of the wall.
If you find yourself using extension cords very often, consider having an electrician
install new outlets throughout your home.
4. Keep electrical equipment or outlets away from water
Water conducts electricity, so even the slightest exposure to this dangerous mix can
lead to injury. Make sure you wipe up any spills to ensure that plugs don’t get wet.
5. Protect small children from hazards
Toddlers and small children are very curious– and they love to explore just about
everything. Parents of small children should put tamper-resistant safety caps on all
unused electrical outlets. In addition, all loose cords should be tidied up and put out of
reach to avoid kids tugging on them.

Ohm’s Law- How Voltage, Current, and Resistance Related?

The first, and perhaps most important, the relationship between current, voltage,
and resistance is called Ohm’s Law, discovered by Georg Simon Ohm and published in
his 1827 paper, The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically. An electric circuit is
formed when a conductive path is created to allow electric charge to continuously
move. This continuous movement of electric charge through the conductors of a circuit
is called a current.
 The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance is described by Ohm's
law. This equation, i = v/r, tells us that the current, i, flowing through a circuit is
directly proportional to the voltage, v, and inversely proportional to the resistance, r. In
other words, if we increase the voltage, then the current will increase. But, if we
increase the resistance, then the current will decrease.
Using this diagram is an easy way to solve equations.

The Ohm’s Law Equation

Ohm’s principal discovery was that the amount of electric current through a metal
conductor in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage impressed across it, for any
given temperature. Ohm expressed his discovery in the form of a simple equation,
describing how voltage, current, and resistance interrelate:

V=IR
In this algebraic expression, voltage (E) is equal to current (I) multiplied by
resistance (R). Using algebra techniques, we can manipulate this equation into two
variations, solving for I and for R, respectively:

I=V/R R=V/I
If two of these values are known, technicians can reconfigure Ohm’s Law to
calculate the third. Just modify the pyramid as follows:

Try a few sample calculations based on a simple circuit, which includes just one
source of voltage (battery) and resistance (light). Two values are known in each
example. Use Ohm’s Law to calculate the third.

Example 1: Voltage (V) and resistance (R) are known.

Pictorial Diagram of circuit consists of 12 volts and 6 ohms. Current is unknown.

What is the current in the circuit?
I = V/R = 12V/6Ω = 2A

Example 2: Voltage (V) and current (I) are known.

Pictorial Diagram of circuit consists of 24 volts and 6 amperes. Resistance is unknown.

R=V/I
R= 24 V/6 A
R=4Ω
 Pictorial diagram of circuit consists of 8 ohms and 5 amperes. Voltage is unknown.

What is the voltage in the circuit?

V=IxR
V = (5A)(8Ω)
V = 40 V

This equation, I = V/R, tells us that the current, I, flowing through a circuit is
directly proportional to the voltage, V, and inversely proportional to the resistance, R.
In other words, if we increase the voltage, then the current will increase. But, if we
increase the resistance, then the current will decrease.

II. LEARNING TASK:

A. LEARNING TASK NO 1:
Instructions: Select the correct answer that corresponds to the statement of
each number. Write the correct answer at the space provided.
Electrons Alternating Current

Electricity Direct Current

Avoid extension cords as much as

possible

________________1. These are a type of subatomic particle with a negative charge.

________________2. A kind of electricity that has unidirectional flow of an electric charge.
________________3. A form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles
(such as electrons or protons), either statically as an accumulation of charge or
dynamically as a current.
________________4. Electrical safety tells that every outlet in your home is designed to
deliver a certain amount of electricity; by plugging too many devices into it at once, you
could cause a small explosion or a fire.
________________5. It is an electric current which periodically reverses direction and
changes its magnitude continuously with time.
 B. LEARNING TASK NO 2:
Instructions: Write T if the statement is true. Replace the underlined word with the
correct answer if the statement is false.
_________1. On the year (1544-1603), Michael Faraday was an English scientist and
physician who is credited by many as the “father of electricity.
_________2. Running extension cords through the house can trip up residents; this
can cause injury and damage to the wire or outlet if it causes the cord to be ripped
out of the wall.
_________3. Electrical safety tells that every outlet in your home is designed to
deliver a certain amount of electricity.
_________4. The particles will attract if they are having different charges.

_________5. AC is more widely used for the electronics boards themselves and for
many other applications.

C. LEARNING TASK NO 3:
Instructions. Draw the pictorial diagram of the circuits and solve the missing
quantities by applying ohm’s law formula.

1. If 0.6 A current flows through a resistor. Voltage of two points of resistor is 12 V.

What is the resistance of the resistor? Use resistor instead of bulb in your drawing.
Solution:
R = V/I
R= 12V/0.6 A
R= 20 ohms

Diagram:

2. A simple circuit consists 40 Volts DC, 8 ohms resistance. Use bulb in the
diagram. Solve the unknown current.
Solution:
I = V/ R
I = 40V/8 Ω
I=5A
Diagram:
 3. A simple circuit consists 12 Volts DC, 5 ohms resistance. Use bulb in the
diagram. Solve the unknown current.
Solution:

Diagram:

4. A simple circuit consists 2 Amperes, 6 ohms resistance. Use bulb in the diagram.
Solve the unknown DC voltage?
Solution:

Diagram:

III. REFLECTION

Instructions: Complete the statement below.

I have learned that

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With the knowledge and skills that I acquired from this lesson, I can
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