How to represent

geospatial data in SDMX

SDMX Experts Workshop 2018
Juan Muñoz López
SDMX-TWG, INEGI
 Agenda

• Basic Concepts on Geolocation

• Representation of Geographic Coordinates and Areas
• Proposal to Represent Geospatial Data in SDMX
• Some Examples of Information Systems With Intensive Use Geo-
Referenced Data
• Discussion
• Conclusions
Basic Concepts on
Geolocation
 Some Basic Concepts
• Geospatial data refers to geographical
aspects like geodesic coordinates, regions,
countries, cities, addresses, places, etc.
• This kind of data is georeferenced, because it
represents location, size and shape of an
object on planet Earth.
• Geo-Reference: To locate something into the
physical space. We establish a reference
between an object and its position on Earth.
• ISO 19115-1:2014 defines the schema
required for describing geographic
information and services by means of
metadata.
 Reference frameworks
• To geo-reference we can use:
• Coordinates system: establish imaginary
points over the Earth. A coordinate system is
a reference system used to represent the
locations of geographic features, imagery,
and observations, such as Global Positioning
System (GPS) locations, within a common
geographic framework.
• Map projection: transform latitudes and
longitudes on the surfaces of an sphere or an
ellipsoid into locations on a plane. Is a
systematic transformation of the latitudes and
longitudes of locations from the surface of a
sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a
plane.
 Map Projections

• Map projections: Conical,

Cylindrical, Pseudocylindrical
(Combination of conical and
cylindrical), Azimuthal (planar).

• Orientation: normal, oblique or

transversal

• Cuts: tangent or secant

 Projection Examples

Mercator: Is a cylindrical map

projection presented by the
Flemish geographer and
cartographer Gerardus Mercator
in 1569
Van der Griten: Is a projection
of the Earth into a circle. Polar
regions are subject to extreme
distortion
Google Maps, WMS and OpenStreetMap used a
Mercator projection (EPSG:3857).
From August 2018 Google is using a 3D Globe Model
 The Universal Transverse Mercator
• Uses a 2-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system to
(UTM)
give locations on the surface of the Earth. Like the
traditional method of latitude and longitude, it is a
horizontal position representation, i.e. it is used to
identify locations on the Earth independently of
vertical position.
• The UTM system is not a single map projection. The
system instead divides the Earth into sixty zones, each
being a six-degree band of longitude, and uses a
secant transverse Mercator projection in each zone.
• Instead of using latitude and longitude coordinates,
each 6° wide UTM zone has a central meridian of
500,000 meters. This central meridian is an arbitrary
value convenient for avoiding any negative easting
coordinates. All easting values east and west of the
central meridian will be positive.
• If you’re in the northern hemisphere, the equator has a
northing value of 0 meters. In the southern
hemisphere, the equator starts at 10,000,000 meters.
 Geoid, Ellipsoid, Datum
• Geoid: Is the shape that the surface of the oceans would take
under the influence of Earth's gravity and rotation alone, in the
absence of other influences such as winds and tides.
• Ellipsoid: Is a three-dimensional geometric figure that
resembles a sphere, but whose equatorial axis (a in Figure
2.15.1, above) is slightly longer than its polar axis (b).
Ellipsoids are commonly used as surrogates for geoids so as to
simplify the mathematics involved in relating a coordinate
system grid with a model of the Earth's shape. Many ellipsoids
are in use around the world.
• Geodetic datum: Is a coordinate system, and a set of reference
points, used to locate places on the Earth (or similar objects)
which is related to a specific ellipsoid. A datum in the modern
sense is defined by choosing an ellipsoid and then a primary
reference point. Therefore giving the ellipsoid used is not
enough
 Cartesian Coordinate System

• Is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely in a

plane by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the
signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular
directed lines, measured in the same unit of length.
• A Cartesian coordinate system for a three-dimensional space
consists of an ordered triplet of lines (the axes) that go
through a common point (the origin), and are pair-wise
perpendicular; an orientation for each axis; and a single unit
of length for all three axes.
• As in the two-dimensional case, each axis becomes a
number line. For any point P of space, one considers a plane
through P perpendicular to each coordinate axis, and
interprets the point where that plane cuts the axis as a
number. The Cartesian coordinates of P are those three
numbers, in the chosen order. The reverse construction
determines the point P given its three coordinates.
 Geographical Coordinates Systems
Geographical coordinates (φ, λ, h):
• Latitude, phi, φ, Y-axis
• Measured as Degrees
• Longitude: lambda, λ, X-axis
• Measured as Degrees
• References:
• X: Meridian of Greenwich
• Y: Equator
• Z: Rotation axis
• Altitude (Height or Elevation), h, Z-axis
• Measured as Meters
• Altitude can be measured:
• Ellipsoidal or Orthometric: A point above
an ellipsoid.
• Geocentric or Cartesian: A point from the
mass of the Earth.
 Latitude, Longitude, Altitude
• Latitude: Coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the
Earth's surface. Is an angle which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or
South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run east–west as circles
parallel to the equator.
• Geodetic Latitude: The angle between the normal and the equatorial plane. The
standard notation in English publications is φ. This is the definition assumed when
the word latitude is used without qualification.
• Longitude: Coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a Point on the
Earth’s Surface. Longitude the angle between a plane containing the Prime Meridian
and a plane containing the North Pole, South Pole and the location in question. This
forms a right-handed coordinate system with the z axis pointing from the Earth's
center toward the North Pole and the x axis extending from Earth's center through
the equator at the IERS Prime Meridian (derived from the Greenwich Meridian).
• Geodetic Longitude: Angle from the prime meridian plane to the meridian plane
passing through the given point, eastwards usually treated as positive. The standard
notation in English publications is λ.
• Altitude: Synonym of elevation or height. Is the mean distance above sea level.
• Geodetic Altitude: The distance from the selected point to the reference geoid,
measured along the geodetic local vertical, and is positive for points outside the www.britannica.com
 Some Reference Ellipsoids
Parameter Value Name Semi-Major Semi-Minor 1/Flattening
Axis (a) Km. Axis (b) Km.
Semi-major axis a Airy 1830 6377.563 6356.257 299.32
Reciprocal of 1/F Modified Airy 6377.340 6356.034 299.32
flattening Australian National 6377.160 6356.775 298.25
Semi-minor axis b Bessel 1841 6377.397 6356.079 299.15
b=a(1-F) Clarke 1886 6377.206 6356.584 294.98
Clarke 1880 6377.249 6356.516 293.46
First eccentricity 𝑏𝑏2
Everest 1830 6377.276 6356.075 300.80
𝑒𝑒 2 = 1− = F(2-F)
squared 𝑎𝑎2
Fischer 1960 6378.155 6356.773 298.30
Second eccentricity 𝑏𝑏2 𝐹𝐹(2−𝐹𝐹) Helmert 1906 6378.200 6356.818 298.30
𝑒𝑒′2 = −1=
squared 𝑎𝑎2 (1−𝐹𝐹)2 Indonesian 1974 6378.160 6356.774 298.25
International 1924 6378.388 6356.912 298.00
Krassovsky 1940 6378.245 6356.863 298.30
South American 1969 6378.160 6356.774 298.25
WGS 72 6378.135 6356.751 298.26
GRS 80 6378.137 6356.752 298.257
WGS 84 6378.137 6356.752 298.257
 Some Reference Datum
Datum Ellipsoid
Adindan Clarke 1880
European 1950 (ED 50) International 1924
European 1979 (ED 79) International 1924
Pulkovo 1942 Krassovsky
Word Geodetic System (WGS 84) WGS84
Korean Geodetic System WGS84
North American 1927 (NAD 27) Clarke 1866
North American 1983 (NAD 83) Clarke 1866
South American 1969 South American 1969
Most GPS receivers and map services
South American Geocentric GRS80
like Apple Maps, Google Maps,
OpenStreetMap, among others, use a Tokyo Bessel 1841
Cartesian coordinate System based on International Terrestrial Reference System 1992 (ITRF92) GRS80
WGS 84 (EPSG:4326); GRS80 ellipsoid is
close enough to align without International Terrestrial Reference System 2008 (ITRF08) GRS80
correction. International Terrestrial Reference System 2014 (ITRF14) GRS80
Representation of Geographic
Coordinates and Areas
 Representing Coordinates

There are several standards to represent geo-spatial

coordinates:
• ISO 6709:2008; Standard representation of geographic point
location by coordinates.
• KML 2.3, Open Geospatial Consortium, ISO 19111
• GML, Open Geospatial Consortium, ISO 19136
 ISO 6709:2008; Standard representation of
geographic point location by coordinates.
resenting Coordinates
• ISO 6709:2008; Standard representation of geographic point location by
coordinates.
• The horizontal position shall be described through a pair of coordinates.
• Latitude: is a number preceded by a sign character. A plus sign (+) denotes
northern hemisphere or the equator, and a minus sign (-) denotes southern
hemisphere.
• Longitude: is a number preceded by a sign character. A plus sign (+) denotes
east longitude or the prime meridian, and a minus sign (-) denotes west
longitude or 180° meridian (opposite of the prime meridian).
• For digital data interchange, decimal degrees shall be the preferred
representation. However, for backward compatibility with the first edition of this
International Standard, sexagesimal degrees may be used.
• Height (or depth): Its representation is optional. Height or depth from the
reference surface in the positive direction shall be designated using a plus sign
(+). Height or depth from the reference surface in the negative direction shall be
 ISO 6709:2008 Single Text
Representation Examples (Annex H)
• Latitude and Longitude:
• Degrees: +40-075CRSWGS_84/
• Degrees and decimal degrees: +40.20361-75.00417CRSWGS_84/
• Degrees and minutes: +4012-07500CRSWGS_84/
• Degrees, minutes and decimal minutes: +4012.22-07500.25CRSWGS_84/
• Degrees, minutes and seconds: +401213-0750015CRSWGS_84/
• Latitude, Longitude and Height or Depth:
• Degrees and decimal degrees: +40.20361-75.00417+350.517CRSWGS_84/
• Degrees, minutes, seconds and decimal seconds: +401213.1-0750015.1+2.79CRSWGS_84/
• Rules:
• The number of digits for latitude, longitude and height indicates the precision
• There shall be no separator between the elements for latitude, longitude, height (depth) and CRS.
• The use of designators “+”, “−” and “CRS” preceding the value part of each element permits the recognition of
• The start of each element and the termination of the previous one.
• The point location string shall be terminated. The terminator character shall be a solidus (/).
• Representation in XML (From Annex G):
<point>
+40.20361-75.00417CRSWGS_84/
</point>
 ISO 19136 Geography Markup
Language (GML), OGC
• Is the official XML representation of ISO 6709
• Is the XML grammar defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) to express geographical features. GML serves
as a modeling language for geographic systems as well as an open interchange format for geographic transactions on
the Internet.
• Is an XML grammar written in XML Schema for the description of application schemas as well as the transport and
storage of geographic information.
<gpl:GPL_CoordinateTuple>
<gpl:tuple srsName=" http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326"> 50.42 -22.59 </gpl:tuple>
</gpl:GPL_CoordinateTuple>

<gpl:GPL_CoordinateTuple>
<gpl:tuple srsName=" http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326 " srsDimension=“3"> 0.42 -22.59 543.43 </gpl:tuple>
</gpl:GPL_CoordinateTuple>

<gml:Point gml:id="p21" srsName="http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326">

<gml:pos srsDimension="2">45.67 88.56</gml:pos>
</gml:Point>

<gml:posList srsDimension="2">45.67 88.56 55.56 89.44</gml:posList>

<gml:tupleList>45.256,-110.45 46.46,-109.48 43.84,-109.86 45.8,-109. 2</gml:tupleList> (OGC 07-036 OpenGis)

<gml:doubleOrNilReasonTupleList>101.2 101.3 101.4 101.5 101.6 101.7 101.7 101.8 101.9 102.0 102.1
102.2</gml:doubleOrNilReasonTupleList> (OGC 07-036 OpenGis)
 KML 2.3, Google-Open Geospatial
Consortium (OGC)
• KML encodes what to show in an earth browser, and how to show it. It was proposed by Google and accepted by
OGC
• Datum: The set of parameters used by a coordinate reference system that define the position of the origin, the scale,
and the orientation of a coordinate system [ISO 19111]. The datums in used by the KML coordinate reference system
are a vertical datum based on the geoid earth model and a (horizontal) and a geodetic datum, which specifies the
ellipsoid model, area of use, and position of the prime meridian. Uses the WGS84 EGM96 Geoid vertical datum
• A kml:Location element shall contain the kml:longitude, kml:latitude child elements outside of an update context, that
is when not a descendant of kml:Update.
• kml:latitude Geodetic latitude of origin in decimal degrees.
• kml:longitude Geodetic longitude of origin in decimal degrees.
• kml:altitude Altitude of origin measured in meters and interpreted according to kml:altitudeMode.
• Example:
<Location>
<longitude>39.55375305703105</longitude>
<latitude>-118.9813220168456</latitude>
<altitude>1223</altitude>
</Location>
<Point>
<coordinates>-122.0822035425683,37.42228990140251,0</coordinates>
</Point>
<coordinates> -112.265654928602,36.09447672602546,2357
-112.2660384528238,36.09342608838671,2357
-112.2668139013453,36.09251058776881,2357
-112.2677826834445,36.09189827357996,2357
-112.2688557510952,36.0913137941187,2357
</coordinates>
 Representation of Geographical
Areas
• A geographical area is portion of land
that can be considered as a unit for the
purposes of some geographical
classification.
• It may be as small as a park or a
neighborhood, or as large as a continent
or an ocean. Metropolitan areas, for
example, help define the borders of large
population centers for a census and other
official purposes.
• A geographical area may be represented
by means of a name referred to a
 National Geostatistical Framework (MGN)

• Basis for the

geographical reference of
census and statistical
surveys
• Divides the Mexican
territory in parts called
“geo-statistical areas”
• Contains three
disaggregation levels:
• Estate (AGEE)
• Municipality (AGEM)
• Basic (AGEB)
• Urban or Rural
• Contains localities and
blocks
 Elements of the MGN

• For each
disaggregation level,
the MGN contains:
• Code lists
• Polygons
 Proposal to Represent
Geospatial Data in SDMX
 Including Geographical Coordinates and
Areas at any Level (like Observation)
• To represent any geographical place we can add an attribute (Coordinates:
COORD) or a set of attributes (Latitude: LAT Longitude: LON [Height: H]
[Coordinates Reference System: CRS])
• We need to decide which would be the representation that we are going to use:
• ISO 6709
• GML
• KML
• A SDMX defined
• To represent any geographical area we can add an attribute (RefPolygon)
composed by a set of coordinates.
• We need to decide which would be the way we want to represent the polygon:
• GML
• KML
• A SDMX defined
 Including Geographical Coordinates and
Areas at any Level
• Original:
<OECD:Series SUBJECT="PRINTO01" LOCATION=“MEX" MEASURE="GP" FREQUENCY="A" TIME_FORMAT="P1Y" UNIT="PC"
POWERCODE="0">
<OECD:Obs TIME="2016" OBS_VALUE="1.42512554281149" />
<OECD:Obs TIME="2017" OBS_VALUE="1.1922746281357" />
</OECD:Series>
• ISO 6709 Single String:
<OECD:Series SUBJECT="PRINTO01" LOCATION=“MEX" COORD=“+19.4319716-99.13342539+2250.0CRSWGS_84/” MEASURE="GP"
FREQUENCY="A" TIME_FORMAT="P1Y" UNIT="PC" POWERCODE="0">
<OECD:Obs TIME="2016" OBS_VALUE="1.42512554281149" />
<OECD:Obs TIME="2017" OBS_VALUE="1.1922746281357" />
</OECD:Series>
• Notes: Height and CRS would be optional. If CRS is not set then we would interpret that WGS84 is
being used
• ISO 6709 / ISO 19136/ GML:
<OECD:Series SUBJECT="PRINTO01" LOCATION=“MEX" COORD=“19.431971 -99.13342539 89.44 2250.0”
SRS=“http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326” MEASURE="GP" FREQUENCY="A" TIME_FORMAT="P1Y" UNIT="PC"
POWERCODE="0">
<OECD:Obs TIME="2016" OBS_VALUE="1.42512554281149" />
<OECD:Obs TIME="2017" OBS_VALUE="1.1922746281357" />
</OECD:Series>
 Including Geographical Coordinates and
Areas at any Level
• Original:
<OECD:Series SUBJECT="PRINTO01" LOCATION=“MEX" MEASURE="GP" FREQUENCY="A" TIME_FORMAT="P1Y" UNIT="PC"
POWERCODE="0">
<OECD:Obs TIME="2016" OBS_VALUE="1.42512554281149" />
<OECD:Obs TIME="2017" OBS_VALUE="1.1922746281357" />
</OECD:Series>
• KML 2.3 (A):
<OECD:Series SUBJECT="PRINTO01" LOCATION=“MEX" COORD=“19.4319716,-99.13342539,2250.0” MEASURE="GP"
FREQUENCY="A" TIME_FORMAT="P1Y" UNIT="PC" POWERCODE="0">
<OECD:Obs TIME="2016" OBS_VALUE="1.42512554281149" />
<OECD:Obs TIME="2017" OBS_VALUE="1.1922746281357" />
</OECD:Series>
• Notes: Altitude would be optional. KML defines WGS 84 (EPSG-4326) as the Coordinate Reference
System to be used
• KML 2.3 (B):
<OECD:Series SUBJECT="PRINTO01" LOCATION=“MEX" LATITUDE=“>19.4319716” LONGITUDE=“-99.13342539”
ALTITUDE=“2250.0” MEASURE="GP" FREQUENCY="A" TIME_FORMAT="P1Y" UNIT="PC" POWERCODE="0">
<OECD:Obs TIME="2016" OBS_VALUE="1.42512554281149" />
<OECD:Obs TIME="2017" OBS_VALUE="1.1922746281357" />
</OECD:Series>
• Notes: Altitude would be optional. KML defines WGS 84 (EPSG-4326) as the Coordinate Reference
 Including Geographical Coordinates and
Areas at any Level
• Original:
<OECD:Series SUBJECT="PRINTO01" LOCATION=“MEX" MEASURE="GP" FREQUENCY="A" TIME_FORMAT="P1Y"
UNIT="PC" POWERCODE="0">
<OECD:Obs TIME="2016" OBS_VALUE="1.42512554281149" />
<OECD:Obs TIME="2017" OBS_VALUE="1.1922746281357" />
</OECD:Series>
• SDMX own set of attributes:
<OECD:Series SUBJECT="PRINTO01" LOCATION=“MEX" LAT=“19.4319716” LON=“-99.13342539”
H=“2250.0” CRS=“WGS_84” MEASURE="GP" FREQUENCY="A" TIME_FORMAT="P1Y" UNIT="PC"
POWERCODE="0">
<OECD:Obs TIME="2016" OBS_VALUE="1.42512554281149" />
<OECD:Obs TIME="2017" OBS_VALUE="1.1922746281357" />
</OECD:Series>
• Notes: H and CRS are optional. If CRS is not set then we would interpret that WGS84
is being used
 Defining a Geographical Area by
a Polygon
• A geographical area can be represented by a Polygon of coordinates
• The polygon can be included as an attribute (GEO_POLYGON)
• We can represent it in different ways:
• In a GML tupleList Style: GEO_POLYGON=“45.256,-110.45 46.46,-109.48 43.84,-
109.86 45.8,-109. 2”

• In GML/KML Style: GEO_POLYGON=“-112.265654928602,36.09447672602546,2357

-112.2660384528238,36.09342608838671,2357 -
112.2668139013453,36.09251058776881,2357
-112.2677826834445,36.09189827357996,2357 -
112.2688557510952,36.0913137941187,2357”

• In a SDMX defined Style: GEO_POLYGON=“45.256,-110.45;46.46,-109.48;43.84,-

 Including Geographical
References to CL_AREA
• Geographical areas (CL_AREA)
• This code list provides code values for geographical areas, defined as areas
included within the borders of a country, region, group of countries, etc.

• A Polygon of coordinates may be associated to each code as an

Annotation

• A reference to the Capital City (or to a centroid of the polygon) may be

associated with a Coordinates attribute or a set of LAT LON [H] [CRS]
attributes
 Defining a New Type of Dimension
• Geographical Dimension might be incorporated to the SDMX
Information Model
• This dimension may be useful for precise geographical localization of
statistical data and their representation into maps
• This dimension should be derived from DimensionComponent
• It would include attributes like:
• Latitude
• Longitude
• Height
• Datum
• GeoPolygon
• LayerID
 SDMX Concepts Related to
Geographical Issues

• Counterpart reference area (VIS_AREA)

• The secondary area, as opposed to the reference area, to which the measured data
is in relation.
• Reference area
• Country or geographic area to which the measured statistical phenomenon relates.
• Geographical areas (CL_AREA)
• This code list provides code values for geographical areas, defined as areas
included within the borders of a country, region, group of countries, etc.
 SDMX Concepts Related to Geographical
Issues

• Comparability – geographical (COMPAR_GEO)

• Extent to which statistics are comparable between geographical areas.
• Coverage (COVERAGE)
• The definition of the population that statistics aim to cover. The term "coverage"
encompasses the descriptions of key dimensions delimiting the statistics
produced, e.g. geographical, institutional, product, economic sector, industry,
occupation, transaction, etc., as well as relevant exceptions and exclusions.
• The term Coverage describes the scope of the data compiled, rather than the
characteristics of the survey.
 Some Examples of Information Systems
With Intensive Use Geo-Referenced Data
 Mexico in Numbers
• Information from national to municipal level
• Several domains:
• Economy
• Environment
• Demography
• Society
• Government
• Visualization in charts of maps
• Thematic, cartographic or satellite maps

http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/app/areasgeograficas/?ag=01#tabMCcollapse-Indicadores
 National Statistical Directory of Business
Units (DENUE)
• Identification and
localization of 5’078,714
active business units in
Mexico
• Data from 2012,
permanently updated
• Selection of
establishments by size,
economical activity, and
geographical area
• Geographical space http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/app/mapa/denue/
chose by the user
National Statistical Directory of
Business Units (DENUE)

http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/app/mapa/denue/
 National Inventory of Dwellings
(INV)
• Data of dwellings, population and
urban environment
• Information from the 2010 National
Census of Population and Dwelling
and the grown between 2010 and
2015
• Shares the DENUE platform
• Indicators contained:
• 12 of dwelling
• 7 of population
• 14 of urban environment (vial
infrastructure, equipment and services,
access and commerce in the public
National Inventory of Dwellings (INV)

http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/app/mapa/INV/Defaul
t.aspx?ll=22.993165420735874,-108.9915234375&z=5
National Inventory of Dwellings (INV)
Discussion
 Questions to Solve About Representing
Geospatial Data in SDMX
• Is it relevant to represent geographical information in SDMX?
• Which representation style may be used to represent geographical
coordinates in SDMX?
• Which representation style may be used to represent geographical areas
in SDMX?
• CL_AREA must be modified to associate geographical polygons or is it
better to create a new code list (CL_GEOAREA)?
• Who would be in charge of maintaining this code-list?
• Geographical information must be set as any regular dimension? Or, do
we need to include a new type of dimension (Geographical Dimension)
in SDMX?
• What else will we need to support this characteristics (modifications to
Conclusions
Space to fill with the conclusions…
 Additional Questions or
Comments?
Contact:
[email protected]
[email protected]
 References
• Encyclopedia Britannica (www.britannica.com)
• International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
(www.iers.org)
• International Hydographic Organization (www.iho.int)
• International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (www.iugg.org)
• ISO (www.iso.org)
• John A. Dutton E-Education Institute, PennState (www.e-
education.psu.edu)
• National Geographic (www.nationalgeographic.org)
• Open Geospatial Foundation (www.ogc.org)
• Open Source Geospatial Foundation (www.osgeo.org)
 Some Known Names for Common
CRS
NGVD 29 Sea Level Datum 1929
OSGB36 Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936
SK-42 Systema Koordinat 1942 goda
ED50 European Datum 1950
SAD69 South American Datum 1969
GRS 80 Geodetic Reference System 1980
ISO 6709 Geographic point coord. 1983
NAD 83 North American Datum 1983
WGS 84 World Geodetic System 1984
NAVD 88 N. American Vertical Datum 1988
ETRS89 European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989
GCJ-02 Chinese obfuscated datum 2002
Geo URI Internet link to a point 2010
ITRF92-ITRF2014 International Terrestrial Reference System
SRID Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)