DD Jubnov Seny A subnoma siny oa r p a, i
ni te squue
N NN -
Suh Nn s a
al subaup d 4i,i 9,L-, ,
D Novna skmy A aitr sqneue da subgroA
N.N, N- - - Ne { }
is Said t b noml sun4y t g p a, ik eatk N; is
Subgr up G.
A norma seny alway Subnamal ,but cnvuse neo
net be tm r abelian gmupi, Jhe notioy t subnorwa
OLd cinide, Jine e y ubGmup N
a
Slvable Gonnp A grp a is said to be solable itu
D
can Rud a Ruite chain dt mbgops
a N N, Na N «
quhnr oup Ni/N, abtlian
OK
h e snbnarmal any N;? s Nat all guhmFvop
M/NH av ablian. Ta
above sriy md o ay s slurabl
Suny d Ca.
CAtadov Subanp u a,b ba avbtary akmtn ota g n
called comutator a a and b taku
C. The elemn a
s a a b l3bea3 Mau he Subgm guratel by
calld Cosurav mbgap ad a is Swalls Subjooup couaiuia.
Ci
s n is Anite bat not hud
CawAmuth Subgrp d a gop a. Thun a i
abtian ik a: {}
Pys Le br ab1hia ad let xecbe avbitory
hn x= ab d ' b cdde
2a
Covuly, lek a,ba b bimy, mun
ab ba ab
a abelian
Le&be omwnntr SubgeuP tagouph. Theu a'is
narnal n G a Glis abtiam
cCa'cG
A(4aha)e 6 o4 u a subgoup
e
Considur a'a, a'b e /a' a,beG
d'ab =aba ab =a'babb =&'ba
(
Thuy 4/a abelian.
Th18 le a'>n Yhe Cnwnanbor SubgroP a jup G. 1f H ir any
nai Suop , a n /p i abliau aleH,
Prost L /u bL ablîan, n (HXH)HH) r a,b6-G
Hab Hba
Haba=H ab a'beH
" e H b S S * ec
HC
u t a i me Swnlly sabsonp o& conan C. Huntt a'c
tonvsslt, 1k &'c H H H ) = Hab = H(ab)ab = Hba
(Lta
Da Leta be a o p . Foy evey nen-ngahn intgw n, dehinn
o4 l l w
(nM)
(
Thn &is calld cowwtator subgup ov n denivnd Subanp
Th 19 A selablt i t
9op a {«} ov sone iatagwn
. (k)
Wnt N = hun NA s a nomal sbganp et Nu tK,
Le = {3, wIte
C2) (),
N N,-, Na
Thn saeh N rwal subouY Na
Thernr
- O
ASo NNkn
H s soluable s n y br G ond kues a is a doluablt qou.
Convunely, Le a buasolvable gmup so Irat 3 a Jolvable Juny bv6,
aud P/N a
wur N s a
norwa submvP otN4
abuliam Gop +K om h. 18
NCN, a'eN
ad CNa N N,'> =a
NCNg N N'> ( -
T a
Any subgp H a slvabl 9 p a solvable.
Le H be subgoup o a
a olvablt q oup o drata a
solvable sSeny o r , namtly
a No N, N
H Ho HONHAN -HON-{i}
o N; ov o(1D (n-1) , murbor
i norma Subgonp
Hi H ON is novm in i HON;
Dehine waP
F: HH; Ni/N Sunh at
An) = A N *AEH', x N
F1) = ) N eNiyNn) = ka £ty)
Hee oa hownowerphsm. Als t i onh by consrhou,
Ker ixeH; ALa)= Ni=duny N/N
n e H| E NiM HON H
HHiH N/Ni abelham,
isabelian sine Ni/N
H)
-
H fe} a
solvablk seny d-H,
isa solua ble 9oup
anod it a a aw p ing
T) &is a slvablt goup
olable.
oahun á s alo
k b howowaphi
anennphc i t 6,
Pms Siee is
{ hv Jonne k (aaiselable)
G . Siee
i
{*? for Saune k
& s Jolvable.
T 2 IF H isa norwa sabgne solvable mue a, muu 6/p
aso soluable.
Pros
f)= Hx AEG
en is on by cansmehan aA
Any) Hey) HaHy P ) AY) 3 P is hauonarphij
=
/H nomewophi lun s G, Hunte a/4 ialso soluablt.
ad
Th 3 Lh Hbea neina nbgrup 2p . Tt boh H
a/H are soluabl, hun &is Jalabl.
Pyost t H b a narwo sabpaup ta. Th
ain/H Ywal in ai/H a /+/41 is abelian,
h u aak aiy i n a l in ai, AUo Am/H {H3 hm= H,
Pwrhur H Ho H,Ha -
audaek Hin i m a l in H; a d Hi/H; y ablian
Lef: i/4 /ait
Tn on
ihawrmarpsm Le , a tA
Aa)ECH)
lain) - ain/
G/
in/H
isablian oy ai/H_ sabtliam. Hunst O
Thus a/a ain/
solvrable Suny tor a. Huee Jolvablc }op
