Introduction to Separation Processes - Exercises & Solutions

Problem 10.2-2

Data:
T = 303 K
[CO2] in water = 0.90 × 10−4 kg CO2/kg water
Calculation:
0.90 × 10−4
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2 44
𝑥𝐶𝑂2 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂 = 0.90 × 10−4 1
2 + 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 +
44 18
= 3.68 × 10−5 mole-fraction
From Appendix A.3-18 (for CO2 in water at 303 K)
→ H = 0.186 × 104 atm/mole-fraction
𝑝𝐶𝑂2 = 𝐻𝑥𝐶𝑂2 = 0.186 × 104 . 3.68 × 10−5
= 0.0684 atm
= 6.93 × 103 Pa

Problem 10.2-3

Data:
Gas–liquid system of SO2–air–water
P = 1 atm abs
𝑝𝑆𝑂2 = 0.20 atm
Calculation:
C = 3 components
P = 2 phases
F =C–P+2=3–2+2
=3
Specified variables:
1. Pressure (P)
2. Partial pressure of SO2 (𝑝𝑆𝑂2 ) → automatically determines mole-fraction
compositions (𝑥𝑆𝑂2 or 𝑦𝑆𝑂2 ) in the term of concentration variable.
Unspecified variable:
1. Temperature (T)
Problem 10.3-1

Data:
A → SO2
B → air
C → water
T = 293 K
P = 2.026 × 105 Pa
= 2 atm
𝐿1 & 𝑉1 → in equilibrium condition
Gas inlet (𝑉2 ):
𝑉2 = 5.70 kg mole (air + SO2)
𝑝𝐴2 = 1.52 × 104 atm
Liquid inlet (𝐿0 ):
𝐿0 = 2.20 kg mole (water)
𝑥𝐴0 =0
Calculation:
𝑝𝐴2 1.52×104
𝑦𝐴2 = = 2.026×105
𝑃
= 0.0750 mole-fraction
From Fig. 10.2-1 (Henry’s law) → 𝑝𝐴 = 𝐻𝑥𝐴 = 29.6𝑥𝐴
𝐻 29.6
𝑦𝐴1 = 𝐻 ′ 𝑥𝐴1 = 𝑃 𝑥𝐴1 = 𝑥𝐴1
2
= 14.8𝑥𝐴1
′
𝐿 = 𝐿0
= 2.20 kg mole
𝑉′ = 𝑉2 (1 − 𝑦𝐴2 ) = 5.70 (1 − 0.0750)
= 5.27 kg mole
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝐿′ (1−𝑥𝐴0 ) + 𝑉 ′ (1−𝑦𝐴2 ) = 𝐿′ (1−𝑥𝐴1 ) + 𝑉 ′ (1−𝑦𝐴1 )
𝐴0 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝐴1
0 0.0750 𝑥𝐴1 14.8𝑥
2.20 (1−0) + 5.27 (1−0.0750) = 2.20 (1−𝑥 ) + 5.27 (1−14.8𝑥𝐴1 )
𝐴1 𝐴1
𝑥𝐴1 = 0.0049 mole-fraction
𝑦𝐴1 = 14.8𝑥𝐴1 = 14.8 . 0.0049
= 0.0725 mole-fraction
𝐿′ 2.20
𝐿1 = (1−𝑥 = (1−0.0049)
𝐴1 )
= 2.21 kg mole
𝑣′ 5.27
𝑉1 = (1−𝑦 = (1−0.0725)
𝐴1 )
= 5.68 kg mole
Problem 10.3-2

Data:
Aims: absorb 90% of acetone in gas using pure liquid
A → acetone
B → air
C → water
T = 300 K
P = 101.3 kPa
Equilibrium relation → 𝑦𝐴 = 2.53𝑥𝐴
Gas inlet (𝑉𝑁+1 ):
𝑉𝑁+1 = 30 kg mole/h (air + acetone)
𝑦𝐴𝑁+1 = 0.01
Liquid inlet (𝐿0 ):
𝐿0 = 108 kg mole/h (water)
Calculation:
𝐿′ = 𝐿0
= 108 kg mole/h
′
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑁+1 (1 − 𝑦𝐴𝑁+1 ) = 30 (1 − 0.01)
= 29.7 kg mole/h
A in 𝑉𝑁+1 = 𝑉𝑁+1 𝑦𝐴𝑁+1 = 30 . 0.01
= 0.3 kg mole/h
A in 𝑉1 = 10% from A in 𝑉𝑁+1 = 0.10 . 0.30
= 0.03 kg mole/h
A in 𝐿𝑁 = 90% from A in 𝑉𝑁+1 = 0.90 . 0.30
= 0.27 kg mole/h
𝑉1 = 𝑉 ′ + A in 𝑉1 = 29.7 + 0.03
= 29.73 kg mole/h
A in 𝑉1 0.03
𝑦𝐴1 = = 29.73
𝑉1
= 0.0010 mole-fraction
𝐿𝑁 = 𝐿′ + A in 𝐿𝑁 = 108 + 0.27
= 108.27 kg mole/h
A in 𝐿𝑁 0.27
𝑥𝐴𝑁 = = 108.27
𝐿𝑁
= 0.0025 mole-fraction
Graphical method:
0.01

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003

Theoretical stages = 3.7 (graphically)

Analytical method:
𝐿 108
𝐴1 = 𝑚𝑉0 = 2.53 .
1 29.73
= 1.436
𝐿𝑁 108.27
𝐴𝑁 = =
𝑚𝑉𝑁+1 2.53 . 30
= 1.426
𝐴 = √𝐴1 𝐴𝑁 = √1.436 . 1.426
= 1.431
𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥𝐴0 1 1 0,01 − 2.53 . 0 1 1
ln[ 𝐴𝑁+1 (1− )+ ] ln[ (1− )+ ]
𝑦𝐴1 − 𝑚𝑥𝐴0 𝐴 𝐴 0,0010 − 2.53 . 0 1.431 1.431
𝑁 = =
ln 𝐴 ln 1.431
= 3.66
Theoretical stages = 3.66 (analytically)
Problem 10.4-2

Data:
𝑘𝑦′ = 1.465 × 10−3 kg mole/s.m2
𝑘𝑥′ = 1.967 × 10−3 kg mole/s.m2
𝑦𝐴𝐺 = 0.25 mole-fraction
𝑥𝐴𝐿 = 0.05 mole-fraction
Equilibrium data:

Calculation:
a. Using interface mass-transfer coefficients
1st trial:
(1 − 𝑦𝐴 )𝑖𝑀 =1
(1 − 𝑥𝐴 )𝑖𝑀 =1
𝑘 ′ /(1−𝑥 ) 1.967×10−3 /1
Slope = − 𝑘 𝑥′ /(1−𝑦𝐴 )𝑖𝑀 = − 1.465×10−3 /1
𝑦 𝐴 𝑖𝑀

= − 1.342
𝑦𝐴𝑖 = 0.098 mole-fraction
𝑥𝐴𝑖 = 0.163 mole-fraction
2nd trial:
(1−𝑦 )−(1−𝑦𝐴𝐺 ) (1−0.098)−(1−0.25)
(1 − 𝑦𝐴 )𝑖𝑀 = ln[(1−𝑦𝐴𝑖 = ln[(1−0.098)/(1−0.25)]
𝐴𝑖 )/(1−𝑦𝐴𝐺 )]
= 0.824
(1−𝑥 )−(1−𝑥𝐴𝑖 ) (1−0.05)−(1−0.163)
(1 − 𝑥𝐴 )𝑖𝑀 = ln[(1−𝑥𝐴𝐿 = ln[(1−0.05)/(1−0.163)]
𝐴𝐿 )/(1−𝑥𝐴𝑖 )]
= 0.892
𝑘 ′ /(1−𝑥 ) 1.967×10−3 /0.892
Slope = − 𝑘 𝑥′ /(1−𝑦𝐴 )𝑖𝑀 = − 1.465×10−3 /0.824
𝑦 𝐴 𝑖𝑀

= − 1.240
𝑦𝐴𝑖 = 0.102 mole-fraction
𝑥𝐴𝑖 = 0.169 mole-fraction
3rd trial:
(1−𝑦 )−(1−𝑦𝐴𝐺 ) (1−0.102)−(1−0.25)
(1 − 𝑦𝐴 )𝑖𝑀 = ln[(1−𝑦𝐴𝑖 = ln[(1−0.102)/(1−0.25)]
𝐴𝑖 )/(1−𝑦𝐴𝐺 )]
= 0.822
 (1−𝑥 )−(1−𝑥𝐴𝑖 ) (1−0.05)−(1−0.169)
(1 − 𝑥𝐴 )𝑖𝑀 = ln[(1−𝑥𝐴𝐿 =
𝐴𝐿 )/(1−𝑥𝐴𝑖 )] ln[(1−0.05)/(1−0.169)]
= 0.889
𝑘 ′ /(1−𝑥 ) 1.967×10−3 /0.889
Slope = − 𝑘 𝑥′ /(1−𝑦𝐴 )𝑖𝑀 = − 1.465×10−3 /0.822
𝑦 𝐴 𝑖𝑀

= − 1.241
 The slope is similar to the slope in 2nd trial, so the trial is enough
′
𝑘𝑦 1.465×10−3
𝑁𝐴 = (1−𝑦 (𝑦𝐴𝐺 − 𝑦𝐴𝑖 ) = (0.25 − 0.102)
𝐴 )𝑖𝑀 0.822
= 2.638 × 10−4 kg mole/s.m2
𝑘′ 1.967×10−3
𝑁𝐴 = (1−𝑥𝑥 ) (𝑥𝐴𝑖 − 𝑥𝐴𝐿 ) = (0.169 − 0.05)
𝐴 𝑖𝑀 0.889
= 2.633 × 10−4 kg mole/s.m2
b. Using overall mass-transfer coefficients (gas-phase)
From figure in point (a) → 𝑦𝐴∗ = 0.022 & 𝑥𝐴∗ = 0.290
𝑦 −𝑦 ∗ 0.102−0.022
𝑚′ = 𝑥 𝐴𝑖−𝑥 𝐴 =
𝐴𝑖 𝐴𝐿 0.169−0.05
= 0.672
(1−𝑦 ∗ )−(1−𝑦 ) (1−0.022)−(1−0.25)
(1 − 𝑦𝐴 )∗𝑀 = ln[(1−𝑦𝐴 ∗ )/(1−𝑦𝐴𝐺 =
)] ln[(1−0.022)/(1−0.25)]
𝐴 𝐴𝐺

= 0.859
1 1 𝑚′
= 𝑘 ′ /(1−𝑦 + 𝑘 ′ /(1−𝑥
𝐾𝑦′ /(1−𝑦𝐴 )∗𝑀 𝑦 𝐴 )𝑖𝑀 𝑥 𝐴 )𝑖𝑀
1 1 0.672
= 1.465×10−3 /0.822 + 1.967×10−3/0.889
𝐾𝑦′ /0.859

𝐾𝑦′ = 9.93 × 10−4 kg mole/s.m2

𝐾𝑦′ 9.93×10−4
𝐾𝑦 = (1−𝑦 =
𝐴 )∗𝑀 0.859
−3
= 1.16 × 10 kg mole/s.m2
𝐾𝑦′ 9.93×10−4
𝑁𝐴 = (1−𝑦 (𝑦𝐴𝐺 − 𝑦𝐴∗ ) = (0.25 − 0.022)
𝐴 )∗𝑀 0.859
= 2.636 × 10−4 kg mole/s.m2
c. Using overall mass-transfer coefficients (liquid-phase)
From figure in point (a) → 𝑦𝐴∗ = 0.022 & 𝑥𝐴∗ = 0.290
𝑦𝐴𝐺 −𝑦𝐴𝑖 0.25−0.102
𝑚′′ = ∗ −𝑥 = 0.290−0.169
𝑥𝐴 𝐴𝑖
= 1.223
(1−𝑥 ∗)
)−(1−𝑥𝐴 (1−0.05)−(1−0.290)
(1 − 𝑥𝐴 )∗𝑀 = ln[(1−𝑥𝐴𝐿 ∗ = ln[(1−0.05)/(1−0.290)]
𝐴𝐿 )/(1−𝑥𝐴 )]

= 0.824
1 1 1
= 𝑚′′ 𝑘 ′ /(1−𝑦 + 𝑘 ′ /(1−𝑥
𝐾𝑥′ /(1−𝑥𝐴 )∗𝑀 𝑦 𝐴 )𝑖𝑀 𝑥 𝐴 )𝑖𝑀
1 1 1
= 1.223 . + 1.967×10−3/0.889
𝐾𝑥′ /0.824 1.465×10−3 /0.822
𝐾𝑥′ = 9.05 × 10−4 kg mole/s.m2
𝐾′ 9.05×10−4
𝐾𝑥 = (1−𝑥𝑥 ) =
𝐴 ∗𝑀 0.824
−3
= 1.10 × 10 kg mole/s.m2
 𝐾′ 9.05×10−4
𝑁𝐴 = (1−𝑥𝑥 ) (𝑥𝐴∗ − 𝑥𝐴𝐿 ) = (0.290 − 0.05)
𝐴 ∗𝑀 0.824
= 2.636 × 10−4 kg mole/s.m2

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3