Scanned by CamScanner

How English Works

A grammar practice book

M ichael Sw an & Catherine W alter

With answers

Oxford University Press

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 Ox fo rd Unive rsi ty Press
Grea t C la r e n d o n Street. Oxfo rd 0x 2 6 dp

Ox fo rd N e w York
A t h e n s A u c k l a n d B a n g k o k B o go ta B u e n o s A ire s
C a lc u t t a Ca pe T o w n C h e n n a i D a r e s S a l a a m
Delhi F lo re n ce H o n g K o n g Is ta nb u l K a r a c h i
K u a la L u m p u r M a d ri d M e l b o u r n e M e x ic o City
M u m b a i Nai ro bi Paris S a o P a u lo S in g a p o r e
Taipe i T o k y o T o r o n t o W a r s a w

a n d a s s o ci a te d c o m p a n i e s in
Berlin Ib a d a n

OXI -' QRD a n d O X F O R D L N G I . I S H

a r e t r a d e m a r k s o f Oxfo rd U niv er sit y Press

IS B N о 19 4 3 1 4 5 6 I ( w i th a n s w e r s )
isbn o 19 4 3 1 4 5 7 x ( w i t h o u t a n s w e r s )

M ic h a e l S w a n a n d C a t h e r in e W a lt e r 1 9 9 7

First p ub lis he d 1 9 9 7
S ix th im pr ess io n 2000

No unauthorised photocopying
Al l righ ts re se rv ed . N o p art o f this p u b li c a t io n m a y be r ep ro du ce d , store d in a
ret rieval s ys te m , or tr an s m itt ed , in a n y form or by a n y m e a n s , elec tro nic ,
m e c h a n i c a l , p h o t o c o p y i n g , r e c o r d i n g o r o t h e r w is e , w i t h o u t the prior w r it t e n
p erm iss io n o f Ox fo rd Unive rsi ty Press.

T h is bo o k is sold s u b je c t to th e co n d it io n t h a t it shall not. by w a y o f tr ad e or

o th e r w is e , be lent, resold, hired o u t, o r o t h e r w i s e c i r c u l a t e d w i t h o u t the
p u b li s h e r' s prior c o n s e n t in a n y for m o f b in d in g o r c o v e r o t h e r t h a n tha l in
w h i c h it is p u b li s h e d a n d w i t h o u t a s im ila r c o n d it io n in c l u d i n g this c o n d it io n
be in g impos ed on th e s u b s e q u e n t p u rch ase r.

D es ig n e d by R ic h a r d Mo rris, Stone sfie ld Des ign . O x fo rd s h i re

P a i n t i n g s by David D o w n t o n
D r a w i n g s o n p age 1 2 9 by pupils in Y e a r 1 o f Stone sfie ld S c h o o l. Ox fo rd sh ir e
M a p o n p a g e 145 by Neil Gower. A ll e z Stud ios, B r ig h to n

T y p e s e t in M o n o t y p e P h o t i n a a n d F ra nk lin G o th ic by
T r a d e s p o o ls Ltd. Fro m e . So m e rs e t

P ri nt e d in C h in a

In w r i t i n g this bo o k th e a u t h o r s o b ta in e d i n f o r m a t io n fro m t h e British

N a t i o n a l C o rp u s . T h e British N a t i o n a l C o rp u s is a c o l la b o r a t i v e initiative
c a rri e d o u t by Oxford U n iv e rs it y Press as a Lead P a r tn e r . L o n g m a n .
C h a m b e r s Har ra p. Oxfo rd U n iv e rsi ty C o m p u t i n g Ser v ic es . L a n ca s te r
U n iv e r s i ty ' s Unit for C o m p u t e r R e s e a r c h in th e Engl ish L a n g u a g e , a n d the
British Library.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
Contents
Introduction 1

Test yourself 3

Test yourself: answers 11

Explanations and exercises: list of sections 12

Phonetic alphabet 15

Explanations and exercises 17

Answers to exercises 303

Index 351

Authors' acknowledgements
We could not have produced this book without several kinds of help. Гп
particular, we would like to express our gratitude to:
. Keith Brown, Brian Graver and Diann Gruber, for their care in reading the
original typescript: their comments and suggestions have resulted in many
important improvements
• Inge Bullock and Barbara Hately-Broad, for organising our personal and
professional lives while we were doing the writing
. our children Mark and Helen, for putting up with us while it was going on

. Stewart MeLluish of Oxford University Press'and Richard Morris, our editor

and designer, for the expertise, creativity, patience and good humour with
which they handled us and the typescript.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
Publisher's acknowledgements
The Publisher thanks the following for their kind permission to reproduce cartoons:

Andre Deutsch Ltd: p. 2 2 4 . from M odem Times by Mel Caiman (G Mel Caiman 1 9 8 8 ):
S and С Caiman: pp. 30. 13 7 (© S and С Caiman): Encyclopaedia Britannica
International Ltd: p. 1 1 1 . Britarmica Y earbook o f Science and the Future 1 9 9 5 ('& 1 9 9 6
by Sidney Harris): Mirror Syndication International: pp. 5 5 , 1 4 2 . 2 1 0 . 2 5 2 (© Mirror
Group Newspapers): The New Yorker Magazine Inc.: pp. 2 4 (Dana Fradon).
78 (Vietor). 8 2 (Gahan Wilson). 1 1 5 (Drucker). 1 1 6 (Mankoff). 1 58 (M Stevens).
1 4 3 (Gahan Wilson). 2 2 6 (Barsotti). 2 5 0 (Joseph Farris): Private Eye: pp. 39 (Nick
Newman). 1 7 5 (Michael Heath). 1 8 7 (Michael Heath). 2 4 4 (Ken Pyne): Punch
Cartoon Library: pp. 2 7 . 2 9 . 34. 3 7 . 4 7 . 4 9 . 55. 57. 6 0 . 6 7 . 75. 8 7 . 8 8 . 8 9 . 9 4 . 9 6 .
9 8 . 1 0 1 . 1 0 5 . 1 0 7 . 1 0 8 . 1 1 0 . 1 1 7 . 1 2 3 . 1 25. 1 3 1 . 1 35. 1 3 6 , 1 5 1 . 1 5 3 . 1 55, 1 7 1 .
174. 175. 177. 193. 203. 216. 218. 223. 232. 234, 235. 245. 253. 2 54. 255. 256.
2 6 1 . 2 6 3 . 2 6 6 . 2 7 3 . 2 7 4 . 2 8 2 . 2 8 6 . 2 9 1 . 2 9 5 : Solo Syndication Ltd: pp. 4 9 . 55. 1 46.
1 5 8 . 2 1 5 (© Associated Newspapers Ltd): The Spectator: pp. 2 7 . 3 3. 37. 6 5 . 6 7 . 73.
1 2 5 . 1 3 2 .1 3 4 . 1 4 3 . 1 4 6 . 1 4 8 . 1 5 8 . 1 9 2 . 1 9 9 . 2 1 3 . 2 1 9 . 2 2 1 : The Tessa Sayle
Agency: pp. 4 7 . 9 6 . 1 8 3 . 1 9 5 (© R Searle 1 9 4 8 . 1 9 5 1 . 1 9 4 4 . 1 9 4 4 ).

The Publisher thanks the following for their kind permission to use extracts and
adaptations from copyright material:

Clarks and McCann Erikson (Manchester) Ltd: p. 7 1 . Springers advertisement Feel like
you're in Paradise", from Life magazine. The Observer. 7 May 1 9 9 5 : Didcot Herald:
pp. 6 4 . headline 'Football club burglars cut home phones'. 2 9 September 1 9 9 4 . 73.
advertisements 'Wonderful, tall energetic g u y ....'. 2 June 1 9 9 4 and 'Wood Street'.
2 June 1 9 9 4 . 1 7 8 . extract 'A driver has been sent to ja il...'. 2 7 January 1 9 9 4 : Dorling
Kindersley Ltd: p. 1 7 3 . extract from Chronicle o f the 2 0 th Century (Longman. © Jacques
Legrand S A International Publishing. Paris): David Higham Associates: p. 1 1 2 .
abridged extract from Under M ilk W ood by Dylan Thomas (J M Dent. 1 9 5 4 . 1 9 5 5 .
© Dylan Thomas Trustees): The Independent: p. 6 4 , headlines 'Channel ferry safety drill'
(James Cusick). 2 6 September 1 9 9 4 . and 'Decision day in rail dispute' (Barrie
Clement). 2 7 September 1 9 9 4 : International Music Publications Ltd: p. 1 2 1 . extract
from the lyric ‘W hat shall I say?’ by Peter Tinturin (£■ 1 9 7 3 Chappell & Co. Inc.. USA.
Warner/Chappell Music Ltd. London W 1Y 3FA): Penguin Books: p. 2 1 8 . Potato
Pancake recipe from Father in the Kitchen by Bruce Beeby (Michael Joseph. 1 9 7 7 .
© Bruce Beeby 1 9 7 7 ): Peters Fraser & Dunlop: pp. 1 4 1 . extracts from The General by
С S Forester (Penguin. 1 9 3 6 . © С S Forester Estate). 2 2 5 . M odern H um our by E M
Delafield (Everym an’s Library Ltd. S E M Delafield's estate). 2 4 1 . The Two B rothers by
V S Pritchett from The Complete Short Stories (Chatto & WLndus. C V S Pritchett 1 9 9 0 ).
2 9 7 . Three Rusty Nails by Roger McGough from In the C lassroom (Jonathan Cape Ltd.
© Roger McGough 1 9 7 6 ): James Thurber Literary Estate: p. 1 7 3 . adapted extract from
'The Little Girl and the W o lf. Fables F or Our Time (HarperCollins. © 1 9 4 0 James
Thurber. © 1 9 6 8 Rosemary A Thurber): Ed Victor Ltd: p. 1 6 5 . adapted extract from
Playback by Raymond Chandler (Hamish Hamilton. 1 9 5 8 . © Raymond Chandler
1 9 5 8 . Estate of Raymond Chandler): Witt. Thomas Productions: p. 2 1 0 . transcription
from an episode of the American TV serial Soap (© Witt. Thomas Productions): W riter's
Digest Books: p. 2 6 9 . extract from W ho w rote that song ? by Dick and Harriet [acobs
(W riter's Digest Books. Cincinnati. Ohio. © Harriet Jacobs 1 9 9 4 ).

Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright material used in this book,
but we should be pleased to hear from any copyright holder whom we have been
unable to contact.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
Introduction
The purpose of the book
How English Works is for learners of English who want to speak and write
more correctly. It contains:
• short clear explanations of the rules of English grammar
. examples of correct use
. exercises.

How to use the book

If } ou are studying with a teacher, he or she will help you to use the book
effectively. If you are studying at home, the following suggestions may be
useful:
• Don’t go through the whole book from beginning to end. How English
Works contains explanations of basic rules (e.g. how to make questions),
intermediate points (e.g. the use of passives) and more advanced problems
(e.g. difficult structures with who, whom and which). Different learners will
need to study different parts of the book.
• Start by trying the tests on pages 4 - 9 . These will help you to decide what
you need to learn - what are the most important problems in English
grammar for you.
• Use the list of sections (at the beginning) and the Index (at the end) to help
you find the sections that you want. Read the explanations and do the
exercises. If you still have problems with a point, work through the
section again.
• You will sometimes need to know some of the words that we use when we
talk about grammar in English (e.g. verb, preposition, tense, plural,
countable). These words are explained on pages 2 9 8 -3 0 2 .

The explanations
We have tried to make these as clear and simple as possible. You can find
more complete explanations of some points in Michael Swan’s book Practical
English Usage (Oxford University Press).
Sometimes we ask you to try to work out a rule for yourself. When you have
tried these "Do It Yourself activities, you can look at the blue pages
(3 0 3 -3 0 5 ) at the back of the book to see if you were right.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
2

The e x e r c i s e s

Most of the exercises are simple in structure. More difficult exercises are
marked with the sign A
A few exercises are designed lor group work in class.

What kind of English does the book teach?

We teach the grammar of everyday spoken and written British English. We

have used the British National Corpus - a collection of 10 0 million words of
modern spoken and written English - to help us make sure that our rules and
examples give a true picture of the present-day language.
For information about differences between British and American English, see
Practical English Usage.

How important i s grammar?

Grammar is not the most important thing in the world, but if you make a lot
of mistakes you may be more difficult to understand, and some kinds of
people may look down on you or not take you seriously. Hardly anybody
speaks or writes a foreign language perfectly, but you will communicate more
successfully if you can make your English reasonably correct. We hope this
book will help.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
Test yourself

These tests will help you to decide what you need to learn. First of all, try the
‘basic points’ test on pages 4 - 5 and check your answers on page 11. If you
have problems with any оГ the points, go to the sections where these are
explained and do the exercises: then try the test again. The tests on pages
6 -9 are suitable for intermediate and advanced students, and can be done in
the same way.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
Test yourself: basic points
Here are some of the basic grammar points from How English Works. Do you
know them all? Check your answers on page 11.

Choose the correct answer(s). One or more answers may be correct.

1 She’s ... university teacher.

A a В an С the D one

2 I like ... small animals.

A the В — (= nothing) С every D aJI

3 Is this c o a t... ?
A yours В your С the yours

4 Is Diana ... ?
A a friend of yours В a your friend С your friend
5 Who are ... people over there?
A that В the С these D those

6 ... is your phone number?

A Which В What С How

7 Could I have ... drink?

A other В an other С another

8 There aren’t ... for everybody.

A chairs enough В enough chairs С enough of chairs

9 They’re ... young to get married.

A too much В too С very too

10 M ost... like travelling.

A of people В of the people С people

11 Ann and Peter phone ... every day.

A them В themself С themselves D each other

12 It’s ... weather.

A terrible В a terrible С the terrible

13 The plural of car iscars. Which of these are correct plurals?

A journeys В ladys С minuts D sandwichs E babies
14 Which o f these is/are correct?
A happier В more happier С unhappier D beautifuller
15 This is ... winter for 20 years.
A the more bad В worse С the worse D worst
E the worst

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
TEST YOURSELF

16 She’s much taller... me.

A than В as С that
17 He lives in the same street... me.
A that В like С as D than
18 Her eyes... a very light blue.
A are В have С has
19 ...helpme?
A Can you to В Do you can С Can you
2 0 Y ou ... worry about it.
A not must В don’t must С must not D mustn’t
21 I t ... again. I t ... all the time here in the winter.
A ’s raining, ’s raining В rains, rains
С rains, 's raining D ’s raining, rains
22 I ... sh e... you.
A think, likes В am thinking, is liking
С think, is liking D am thinking, likes
23 W ho... the window?
A open В opened С did opened
24 W hy...?
A those men are laughing
В are laughing those men
С are those men laughing
25 W hat...?
A does she want В does she wants С she wants
26 I didn’t ... he was at home.
A to think В think С thinking D thought
27 ...a hole in my sock.
A There’s В There is С It’s D It is E Is
28 I’Usee you... Tuesday afternoon.
A at В on С in
2 9 What time did you arrive... the station?
A at В to С—
30 We’re going... the opera tomorrow night.
A at В — С in D to

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
6 TEST YO U R S E L F

Test yourself: intermediate points

Here are some of the intermediate grammar points from How English Works.
Do you know them all? Check your answers on page 11.

Choose the correct answer(s). One or more answers may be correct.

31 I went out w ithout... money.

A some В any

32 He’s g o t... money.

A much В many С a lot of D lots of

33 ‘Who’s there?’ ‘. . . .’
A It’s me В It is I С Me D I

34 Although he felt very.... he smiled....

A angrily, friendly В angry, friendly С angry, in a friendly way

35 I ... to America.
A have often been В often have been С have been often
36 My m other... my birthday.
A always forgets В always is forgetting С forgets always

37 You look ... a teacher.

A like В as С the same like
38 How many brothers and sisters ... ?
A have you got В do you have С are you having

39 Goodl I ... work tomorrow.

A mustn’t В don’t have to С haven't got to

40 I ... smoke.
A — (= nothing) В use to С used to
41 Andrew ... to see us this evening.
A will come В comes С is coming

42 A lice... have a baby.

A will В shall С is going to
43 I knew that h e ... waiting for somebody.
A is В was С would

44 ... Gloria last week?

A Have you seen В Did you see С Were you seeing

45 She’s an old friend — I ... h e r ... years.

A ’ve known, for В know, for С 've known, since
D know, since

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
46 We met when w e... in France.
A studied В were studying С had studied
47 As soon as she came in I knew I ... her before.
A have seen В saw С had seen
48 This picture... by a friend of my mother’s.
A is painting В is painted С was painting D was painted
49 Can you... ?
A make me some tea В make some tea for me
С make for me some tea
50 T ry... be late.
A not to В to not
51 I went to London... clothes.
A for buy В for to buy С for buying D to buy
52 You can’t live very long without....
A to eat В eat С eating D you eat
53 I enjoy.... but I wouldn’t like... it all my life.
A to teach, to do В teaching, doing С to teach, doing
D teaching, to do
54 Her parents don’t w ant... married.
A her to get В her get С that she get D that she gets
55 I'm not sure w hat...
A do they want? В do they want. С they want.
56 The policeman ... me not to park there.
A asked В said С told D advised
57 I ... you if you... that again.
A hit, say В ’11hit, ’II say С hit, ’11say D ’II hit, say
58 It would be nice if w e... a bit more room.
A would have В had С have
59 If you... me, I ... in real trouble last year.
A didn’t help, would have been
В hadn’t helped, would have been
С hadn’t helped, would be
D didn’t help, would be
60 There’s the m an... took your coat.
A which В who С that D—

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
Test yourself: advanced points
Here are some of the more advanced grammar points from How English Works.
Do you know them all? Check your answers on page 11.

Choose the correct answer(s). One or more answers may be correct.

61 My family ... thinking of moving to Birmingham.

A is В are
62 We watched a ... on TV last night.
A war film В war’s film С film of war
63 He >vas wearing... riding boots.
A red old Spanish leather В old leather red Spanish
С old red Spanish leather D Spanish red old leather
64 ... he gets......
A The richer, the more friends he has
В Richer, more he has friends
С Richer, more friends he has
D The richer, the more he has friends
65 It’s ... if you take the train.
A quicker В the quicker С quickest D the quickest
66 H e... very annoying.
A ’s В ’s being
67 T h at... be Roger at the door - it’s too early.
A can’t В mustn’t С couldn’t
68 At last, after three days, they... get to the top of the mountain.
A could В managed to С succeeded to D were able to
69 It was crazy to drive like that. Y ou... killed somebody.
A may have В might have С could have D can have
70 I wonder if John ... this evening.
A will phone В phones
71 W ho... you that ring?
A ’s given В gave
72 H e... quite different since h e ... married.
A is, has got В has been, has got С is, got D has been, got
73 This is the first time I ... a sports car.
A 've driven В ’m driving С drive
74 On her birthday....
A she was given a new car В a new car was given to her
75 We can’t use the sports hall yet because i t ....
A is still built В is still building С is still being built
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
TEST YO U R SELF

76 I look forward ...you soon.

A seeing В to seeing С to see
77 If you have trouble going to sleep, try ... a glass of milk before bedtime.
A drinking В to drink С drink
78 This is my friend Joe. I ... met, have you?
A don’t think you’ve В think you haven’t
7 9 How...!
A be works hard В hard he works
8 0 Which o f these sentences are correct in spoken English?
A Car’s running badly. В Seen Peter?
С Can’t come in here, sony. D Careful what you say.
E Lost my glasses. F Have heard of her.
81 Nobody phoned, did... ?
A he В she С they D it E he or she F anybody
82 If you were ever m trouble, I would give you all the help you....
A will need В would need С need D needed
83 My wife will be upset....
A if I don’t get back tomorrow В unless I get back tomorrow
84 Tell me at once... Margaret arrives.
A if В when С incase
85 It’s time you ... home, but Г d rather you... here.
A go. stay В went, stayed ' С go, stayed D went, stay
86 I wish I ... more time.
A had В have С would have D will have
8 7 John Hastings...... has just come to live in our street.
A that I was at school with В I was at school with
С with who I was at school D with whom I was at school
88 She keeps tapping her fingers,... gets on my nerves.
A which В what С that which
8 9 Can you finish the jo b ... Friday?
A till В until С by D for
9 0 There’s a supermarket... our house.
A in front of В opposite С facing

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
Test yourself: answers
basic points Intermediate points advanced points

seepage seepage see раде

1 A 18 31 В 32 61 А,В 60
2 B, D 22 32 С, D 40 62 А 63
3 A 28 33 А, С 48 63 С 73
4 A, С 28 34 С 6 8 ,7 0 64 А 84
5 B,D 30 35 А 74 65 А, С 86
6 В 31 36 А 74 66 А. В 94
7 С 43 37 А 90 67 А, С 108
8 В 44 38 А, В 102 68 В. D 114
9 В 44 39 В. С 113 69 В, С 122
10 С 47 40 А, С 128 70 А 137
11 D 51 41 А, С 1 3 0 ,1 3 4 71 В 153
12 А 56 42 С 132-3 72 С, D 162
13 А, Е 58 43 В 141 73 А 170
14 АС 79 44 В 154 74 А 180
15 В 80 45 А 156 75 С 181
16 А 87 46 В 164 76 В 198
17 С 88 47 С 166 77 А 205
18 А 95 48 D 176 78 А 217
19 С 106 49 А В 183 79 В 221
20 C.D 106 50 А 188 80 А, В, С,
21 D 142 51 D 192 D, Е 224
22 А 148 52 С 196 81 С 227
23 В 210 53 D 1 9 9 ,2 0 4 82 D 245
24 С 210 54 А 202 83 А 264
25 А 210 55 С 251 84 А, В 265
26 В 213 56 A.C.D 252 85 В 267
27 А, В 222 . 57 D 256 86 А 269
28 В 284 58 В 258 87 D 276
29 А 284 59 В 262 88 А 277
30
к D 285 60 В, С 270 89 С, D 286
90 В, С 287

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
Explanations and exercises:
list of sections
(Note: for explanations of the words that we use for talking about
grammar, see pages 2 9 8 -3 0 2 .)

determiners: articles, possessfves and 57 uncountable nouns: special cases

demeswtrathres 58 plurals o f nouns: spelling
59 plurals o f nouns: special cases
17 a and an
60 mixed singular and plural
17 a/an and one
62 possessive's
18 a/an: main uses
63 noun + noun
20 a/an in descriptions
64 noun + noun or preposition
21 th e = ‘y°u know which one(s)’
structure
22 generalisations without the
65 noun + noun and possessive’s
24 the and no article: special cases
66 possessive’s or the o f structure
26 articles: revision
28 possessives (my and mine etc)
30 this and th at
a«f©etfves and adverbs
68 adjectives and adverbs
other determiners 70 confusing adjectives and adverbs
71 and with adjectives
31 which? and what?
72 adjectives without nouns
32 some and any
73 adjectives: order before nouns
34 some/any and no article
74 word order: adverbs with the verb
35 no = ‘not a/any’
76 focusing adverbs: even and only
36 any = ‘it doesn’t matter which’
77 adverbs at the end of a sentence
37 some, any and no: revision
78 still, yet and already
38 all, everybody and everything
39 whole and all
40 much, many, a lot (of), little.
comparison, degree
few
42 less and least, fewer and fewest 79 com paratives and superlatives
43 other(s) and another 80 irregular com parison
44 enough, too and too much 81 com parative and superlative
46 o f with determ iners adverbs
82 m uch etc with comparatives
83 comparative or superlative?
pronetms and «шив 84 comparatives: other points
86 superlatives: other points
48 personal pronouns: I and me etc
87 than, as and th at
50 reflexive pronouns (myself etc)
88 a s ... as
52 you, one and they
90 like and as
54 one(s)
91 so and such
55 pronouns and possessives: revision
92 very and too
56 countable and uncountable nouns
93 very (much) with past participles

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
b e, «1©assd hawe 148 non-progressive verbs
149 h e’s always borrowing money etc
94 be: progressive forms; do be
150 revision of present tenses
95 be: age. colour etc
96 do: emphatic auxiliary
98 do and m ake toneeK perfect and past
100 have: actions
151 simple present perfect: introduction
102 have (got): possession etc
152 present perfect and past: news
104 have: habitual and repeated actions
154 present perfect and past: time words
105 have + object + verb form
156 present perfect: situations ‘up to now’
158 present perfect progressive
Modal апхШагу verbs 160 present perfect progressive or
simple?
106 modal auxiliary verbs: basic rules
161 since and for
108 most, can, may, might: how'certain?
162 tenses with since and for
110 must, should etc: obligation
163 present perfect and past: revision
112 m ust and have (got) to: obligation
164 past progressive
113 m ust not, do n ot have to etc
166 past perfect
114 can (ability): special problems
168 past perfect progressive
116 can. conld, may: permission etc
170 perfect tenses with this is th e first etc
118 will: willingness etc
171 past and progressive in requests etc
120 will and would: typical behaviour
172 revision of past and perfect tenses
121 shall in questions
122 should have, could have etc
124 revision of modal verbs passives
126 need
176 passive structures
127 had better
178 reasons for using passives
128 used to ...
180 passives: verbs with two objects
129 supposed to
181 passives: progressive, perfect etc
182 passives: complex structures
tames: fMure
130 future: will (and shall) sbmetuires after werbs, adjective» and
132 future: going to ■twins
134 future: present progressive
183 verbs with two objects
135 future: comparison of structures
184 verbs with prepositions and particles
136 future: simple present
186 structures with get
137 future: tenses after if and when
188 infinitives
138 future progressive
189 perfect infinitives (to have gone etc)
139 future perfect
190 infinitive with and without to
140 future: la m t o ...
191 I don’t w ant to etc
141 future in the past
192 infinitive of purpose
193 interested and interesting etc
tM M K present 194 -ing forms as subjects, objects etc
196 preposition + -ing
142 the two present tenses
197 preposition + -ing: special cases
144 present tense stories etc
198 to ...ing
146 present progressive for changes
199 verb + infinitive or -ing form
147 simple present: spelling
200 go ...ing

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
14 LIST OF S E C T IO N S

201 need ...ing 252 indirect speech: infinitives

202 verb + object + infinitive 253 tell and say
204 -ing form and infinitive both possible 254 indirect speech: special cases
206 adjective + infinitive or -ing form 255 revision of indirect speech
207 noun + infinitive or -ing form
208 f o r ... t o ... after adjective/noun
structures with If, unless, In case etc
256 if: ordinary tense-use
basic sentence-structures
258 if: special tense-use
210 questions 260 if I go and if I went: the difference
212 w h a t... like, w hat time. 261 if I were
w hat sort etc 262 if: unreal past situations
213 negative structures 264 unless
214 negative questions 265 in case
216 n ot and no 266 it’s time, would rath er: structures
217 negatives: I don’t th ink etc 268 wish, if only: structures
218 imperatives
220 let’s
relative clauses
221 exclam ations
222 th ere is 270 relative who, w hich and th at
224 dropping sentence-beginnings 272 leaving out relative pronouns
225 dropping words after auxiliaries 274 w hat = ‘the thing that’ etc
226 question tags: basic rules 275 relative whose
227 question tags: advanced points 276 non-identifying relative clausee
228 short answ ers and attention 278 reduced relative clauses
signals 229 relatives: revision
229 I (don’t) th in k so etc 280 reading relative clauses
230 so am I etc 282 whoever, no m atter who etc
232 it: preparatory subject and object
234 emphasis with it, w hat etc
prepositions

284 prepositions with verbs, nouns etc

conjunctions
285 a t Ain and to
236 conju nctions 286 by and until
237 conju nctions and clauses: position 287 for and during
238 using conjunctions 287 opposite and in front o f
240 con ju nctions with -ing forms 288 betw een and among
241 -ing clauses without conju nctions 289 prepositions at the end o f questioi
242 b o th ... and; n e ith e r... nor 290 prepositions in relative clauses
243 leaving out th a t 292 prepositions in passive clauses
244 tenses after conjunctions 293 preposition after adjective +
infinitive
Indirect speech
miscellaneous
246 indirect speech: why things change
247 indirect speech: ‘here’ and ‘now’ 294 num bers
248 indirect speech: tenses 296 contractions
2 50 indirect speech: present situations 298 grammar: useful words
251 indirect speech: questions

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 15

Phonetic alphabet
It is necessary to use a special alphabet to show the pronunciation of English
words, because the ordinary English alphabet does not have enough letters to
represent all the sounds of the language. The following list contains all the
letters of the phonetic alphabet used in this book, with examples of the words
in which the sounds that they refer to are found.

Vowels and diphthongs (double vowels)

i: seat /si:t/, feel /fill/ ei take /teik/, wait /weit/

i sit /srt/. in /in/ ai mine /main/, light /lart/
e set /set/, any /'enn/ oi oil /oil/, boy /boi/
ae sat /saet/, match /mastf/ au no /паи/, open /'эирап/
a: march /mtutj/. after /'a:ft9 (r)/ au house /haus/. now /паи/
d pot /pDt/, gone /gDn/ ia hear /hia(r)/. deer /dia(r)/
э: port /po:t/, law /b:/ ea air /еэ(г)/, where /wea(r)/
и good /god/, could /kud/ ua tour /tua(r)/, endure /m'djua(r)/
u: food /fiL-d/, group /grurp/
л much /niAtjy. front /fr/vnt/
з: turn Дзinf. word /w3:d/
a away /a'wei/, collect /ka'lekt/.
until /antil/
J*
Consonants

p pull /pul/, cup /клр/ tj cheap /tji:p/, catch /kaetj/

b bull Zbul/. rob /шЬ/ d3 jail /d3 eil/. bridge /bnd3 /
f ferry /‘feri:/, life /laif/ к case /keis/, take /teik/
v very /Veri:/, live /lrv/ 9 go /даи/, rug /глд/
0 think /Gu] к/, bath /ba:0/ m my /тал/, come /клт/
6 then /беп/, with /wi6 / n no /паи/, on Дэп/
t take /teik/, set /set/ r) sing /sig/. finger /’firjga(r)/
d day /dei/. red /red/ 1 love /L\v/, hole /haul/
s sing /snj/, rice /rais/ r round /raund/, carry /'kaeri:/
z zoo /zu:/. days /deiz/ w well /wel/
f show /faи/, wish /wif/ j young/jAT)/
3 pleasure /‘р1езэ(г)/, h house/haus/
occasion /a'kei^n/

The sign (') shows stress.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
a and an
We use a before a consonant and a n before a vowel.
But it dep ends on the pronunciation of the following word, not the spelling.
a dog a hat a one-pound coin (/э w/m.../) a union (/э juinian/)
an orange an uncle an hour (/эп аоэ/) anM P (/эпст'ру./)

1 A or an?
1 elephant 7 half-honr lesson 13 hand
? university 8 one-hour lesson 14 linderpass
umbrella 9 useful book 15 unit
4 ticket 10 SOS 16 CD
5 VIP 11 X-ray 17 exam
6 honest man 12 European 18 school

a/an and one

We use one. not ajan:
• in contrast with a n o th er or other(s)
• in the expression on e d a y
• with hundred and thousand when we want to sound precise
(see page 294J
• in expressions like o n ly on e and ju s t one.
One g ir l wanted to go out. but th e oth ers wanted to stay at home.
One d a y I’ll take you to meet my family.
‘How many are there? About a hundred?’ ‘Exactly on e hundred and three.'
We've got plenty o f sausages, but o n ly on e egg.

1 A or one?
1 day last year - it was 2 veiy hot afternoon in June - 1 was hurrying
to get home. I was about 3 hour late - well, to be precise, exactly 4
hour and ten minutes: I had taken the train that arrived at the station at
6.15. Anyway, there was 5 woman standing under the trees, and there
were several children with her. I saw . 6 child clearly - she w as_Z_
lovely dark-haired girl - but I only heard the others. Suddenly 8 strange
thing happened. The girl took some stones and leaves out of her pocket,
and threw 9 stone after another into the air.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
18 D E T E R M IN E R S : A R T IC L E S , P O S S E S S I V E S A N D D E M O N S T R A T IV E S

a/an: main uses

We use a la n to say w hat kind o f thing somebody or something is. w hat
job a p :rson does, or w hat something is used as. A/an has no plural.
She's a fa r m e r . They 'refa r m e r s .
He worked as a taxi-driver. They worked as taxi-drivers.
Don't use the plate as a n a s h tra y . Don't use the plates as ash tra y s.

1 Say w hat these people’s jobs are, using the words in the box.
Example:
.1 is и vihlurlor.

builder butcher conductor cook doctor electrician

gardener hairdresser lorry driver mechanic musician
painter photographer scientist secretary teacher

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
D E T E R M I N E R S : A R T I C L E S , P O S S E S S I V E S A N D D E M O N S T R A T IV E S 19

A lan can mean ‘any example o f som ething’.

In the plural, we use no article or som e (see page 34 for the difference).
A sp id er has eight legs. S piders have eight legs.
A CD costs more than a cassette. CDs cost more than cassettes.
I'd like a cu p o f coffee. I’d like som e chips.

2 Say w hat these people and things are. Then m ake some sim ilar sentences o f
your own. Examples:
\dorter is a pri son who helps people who are ill.
1 pm is a thing used for writing.

curtain person that water comes out of

dictionary thing who helps people to learn things
dentist who services and repairs cars
lawyer used for finding the meanings of words
mechanic who helps people to keep their teeth healthy
tap that you put across a window
teacher who helps people with legal problems
telephone used for talking to people who are far away

A lan can mean ‘a particular one’, if you don’t say exactly who or which.
In the phiral. we use so m e or no article.
A m an catted while you were out. S om e m en called.
James married a doctor. They both married doctors.

3 Complete these sentences in any way you like.

1 There's a/an__ _ in my pocket/handbag.
2 In my town, there’s a big____
3 If you see a/an____you’ll have good/bad luck.
4 I recently bought a/an____
5 I’ve got a beautiful____

We don’t use a/an with uncountable nouns, (not e-rain)

We don’t use a/an with possessives. (not a my friend)
After k in d o f or so rt o f, a/an is usually dropped, a kind o f tree ( n o t akind of a tree)
In exclam ations with w hat, a/an is n ot dropped. What a pity! ( n o t What pity!)
A/an usually comes after qu ite, r a th er and such, quite/rather/such a nice day

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
20 D E T E R M IN E R S : A R T I C L E S , P O S S E S S I V E S A N D D E M O N S

a/an in descriptions
Descriptions: He’s got a long nose, ( n o t ... th e long nose.)
She's get a n interesting face, ( n o t ... th e interesting face.)

1 M ake sentences like those above to describe th e people in th e

pictures, using some o f th e words from th e box.

long/small nose long neck round/square/oval face

big/small mouth big/small moustache long/short beard
nice smile/laugh quiet/loud voice bad temper
good sense of humour

i&ft h .f>

i
'Ai * ъ

(S i

f.
ъ
11 12 /
2 Describe people you know, using a /a n + singular as m uch as
possible. If you can w ork w ith a partner, describe another person
w ithout giving th eir name. Your partner m ust try to guess who it is.

Note that h a ir is singular, and has no article.

She’s got d a r k h a ir, (n o t ... a dark hair OR ... dark hairs-.)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
D E T E R M IN E R S : A R T I C L E S . P O S S E S S I V E S A N D D E M O N S T R A T IV E S 21

the = ‘y°u know which one(s)’

The means 'you know w hich (one/ones) I mean'.
I bought a radio and a CD player, but th e CD p la y e r didn't work.
1 = the CD player I just told you about - you know which one.)
The w om en over there work with my sister.
( = the women I’m pointing out to you - you know which ones.)
Please close th e d oor. (You can see which one.)
He's been to th e N orth Pole. (It's obvious which - there’s only one.)
We often use th e with on ly and with superlatives.
She’s th e on ly woman for me. It's the best restaurant in town.

1 Put in th e if th e speaker and hearer 2 Put in the, a la n or - ( = no article).

probably know exactly w hich
‘Do you see _ i _ man standing near
(one/ones). Put in a la n o r - ( = no
2 door? He works as 3 assistant
article) if not.
in same shop as I do. Well, I saw
1 Who opened____ window? him the other day and he was driving
2 She lives in ____centre of Glasgow. 5 big red Porsche. And do you see
3 I'd like____glass of water. 6 expensive clothes he’s wearing?
4 My sister is married to ___ _ farmer. Where does he get 7 . money to pay
5 man in ____next flat is French. for it all? 8 month ago he hadn't got
6 He’s ____olSest child in ____ school. 9 penny. I told you about Ю
7 Who’s ____girl by piano? burglary that we had at_JUL shop,
8 They’ve got____boy and____ girl. didn’t I? Do you think I should go to
____boy’s two years older than____ _ 12 police?’
girl.
9 Today is _____only day that I’m free.
10 ‘Which coat is yours?’ ‘_____red one.’

A 3 W ork with another student if you can. If you say th e following

expressions, will he/she know which one(s) you probably mean?
If not. add some words so th at he/she will know which one(s).
Examples:
the teacher O h) the window -» the window on the rii/lu

the teacher the window the light the lights

the ceiling the door the light switch the school
the lesson the dictionary the place the car the bus
the house the post office the station the President
the government the restaurant

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
22 D E T E R M IN E R S : A R T IC L E S , P O S S E S S I V E S A N D D E M O N S T R A T IV E S

generalisations without the

The does not mean ‘all’.
We do not use th e in generalisations with plural and uncountable
nouns. Compare:
1 like m u sic. (NOT ... th e m usic.) Can you turn off th e m u sic?
She's very interested in n atu re. What is th e n atu re o f his illness?
People have to live in society. I’ve joined th e P oetry Society.
B o o k s are expensive. Put th e b o o k s on the table.

1 Put th e o r —( = no article) in each blank.

There must be something wrong with me__ 1 _ people usually think that
2 babies are sweet and 3 teenagers are annoying. Not me. I think
4 babies are boring. For me, 5 children are only interesting from
about 6 age of two, when you can understand 7 things that they
say. But 8 time between ages thirteen and twenty are 9 years that I
like best. Oh, it’s difficult at times, but I still prefer talking about 10
money with a teenager to cleaning a baby's bottom.

We do n ot normally use th e in generalisations with plural anu

uncountable nouns, even if there is an adjective before th e noun.
She's studying C hinese h istory . He collects an tiq u e cIocUs.
But we use the when a description with o/follows the noun.
She’s studying th e h isto ry o f C hina.

2 Use some adjectives from th e box, o r other adjectives, to write

true (or false!) sentences about yourself. Don’t use the. If you are
in a group, pass the sentences round; see if everyone can guess
who wrote what.

casual classical detective foggy formal historical

Italian really hot pop romantic spicy stormy

1 I like eating____food.
2 I can’t stand listening to ____music.
3 I (don’t) like reading___novels.
4 I hate_weather.
5 I love_weather.
6 I like wearing____ clothes.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
We can use the in generalisations with singular countable nouns, to talk about a whole
class of things. This is common in scientific and technical language.
Who invented th e telescope? The tig er is in danger o f dying out
1 can't play th e p ian o. I hate th e telephon e.
Note also:
I love th e sea. Do you like living in th e country?
I never go to the cin em a or th e theatre.

3 Complete th e sentences w ith some o f the expressions from th e box.

the aeroplane the ballpoint pen the Bible the camera the computer
the dog the fax machine the novel the personal stereo the typewriter
the violin the whale the wheel the X-ray machine

1 Before people invented____, they couldn’t transport heavy loads easily.

2 In its early years,____wasn’t thought to be good reading for young ladies.
3 Scientific calculations were much slower before the invention of____
4 ____is one of the hardest instruments to play.
5 What did people write with before____?
6 ____is a much faster way of sending letters than the post.
7 What can we do to save____from dying out?
8 ____isM valuable tool for doctors, but it has its dangers as well.

Never lend books, for i don’t know anything This, books can do -
no one ev er retu>ns i botit music - in my line nor this alone: they give
them; the only books I you don't have to. New views to life, and
have immy library are Eivis Presley teach us how to live.
the books that other George Crabbe
people h_ye lent me.
Classical music is the
Anatole France
kind we keep thinking I quite admit that
will turn into a tune. iitodern novels have
Without music, life Kin Hubbard many good points. All
wculd be a mista ke. that Iinsist on is that,
Nietzschj as a class, they are
Give me book!,, fruit,
quite unreadabr".
French wine and fine
Oscar Wilde
1would give anything to weather and a little
hear a.id to love mus.c. music out of doors,
I ut ao the bert 1can. it played by someLcJy Nature is usually wrong.
is Just noise and Ido not Iciow. The painter James McNeill Whistler
nothing more. John Keats
Catherine the Great o f Russia

For expressions like the blind, the old, see page 72.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
24 D E T E R M IN E R S : A R T I C L E S , P O S S E S S I V E S A N D D E M O N S T R A T IV E S

the and no article: special cases

Sorn“ common expressions with no article after a preposition:
to/at/from school, university, college, church, work at/from home
to / in( to) / out of hospital prison, bed to/in(to)/from town on holiday
by car/bus/plane etc (but on foot) to/at/after breakfast, lunch etc
at night (BlrT in the moming/aftemoon/evening) on Monday Jtc
in spring, summer etc (or in th e spring etc) at Easier, Christmas etc
Compare:
She’s in p rison . (= She's a prisoner.) She works as a cook in th e prison .
You should be in bed. (= resting) I found chewing gum in th e bed again.

1 Choose a word or expression for each blank, and add a preposition.

bed bus car Christmas Easter the evening foot home

hospital night school summer town university work

1 ‘How do you usually get____to do your shopping?’ ‘Oh, I usual ly go there____ ,

but sometimes if I have a lot to carry I go____ '
2 After a hard day____my mother used to come home and go____ to rest for half an hour
before making supper.
3 Children go____to learn to read and write.
4 Does your family usually go away____or do you stay____ ? „
5 Don’t drink coffee____if you have trouble s le e p in g ___
6 When Juliet was studying____, she broke her leg and had to stay____ for two weeks.

2 W hich version o f the cartoon caption do you th ink is correct?

Drawing by Dana Fradon: © 1994

The New Yorker Magazine. Inc.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 P lace nam es w ith no article:
continents, most countries Africa. Germany, Peru (BUT The Netherlands)
states, counties etc Texas, Oxfordshire, Normandy
towns Ottawa. Prague. Sydney (BUT The Hague)
most streets Fifth Avenue. Oxford Street
lakes, most mountains lake Superior. Everest, Mont Blanc
town + buildings Oxford University, York Airport, Reading Station
Place nam es w ith the:
name includes common noun the Czech Republic, the United States
seas, rivers, deserts the Atlantic, the Thames, the Sahara Desert
mountain and island groups the Alps, the Himalayas, the West Indies
most ge jg aphical regions the Far East, the Ruhr, the Midwest
hotels. CMiittas. theatres the Ritz, the Playhouse

▲ 3 M ake sentences u.,ing words and expressions from the box.

Example:
A 1/10/16: Anna goes to work on foot. OR Anna often goes to work on foot ij
the weather's fine. OR Everybody in the office except Anna comes to work
on foot.
В 3/9/25/31 С 2/11/14 D 1/7/29/18 E 5/30/33
F 6/25/34/16 G 1/24/28/33 H 5/25/32/16 I 1/26/23
J 4/2/9/26 К 3/11/29 L 13/21/22 M 5/20
N 4/H/10/17 О 6/28/30/13 P 3/8/27

1 Anna 7 to college 13 by train 19 the Pacific 25 Oxford 31 Prison

2 Paul 8 in prison 14 by car 20 Everest 26 Stirling 32 Town
3 the King 9 at dinner 15 by plane 21 the Alps 27 Cardiff Hall
4 I 10 to work 16 on foot 22 the North Sea 28 Ottawa 33 Airport
5 all of us 11 home 17 by bike 23 Lake Huron 29 Sydney 34 Station
6 it's easy 12 at work 18 by bus 24 the Hague 30 Boston

IT yon are in a group, w rite some ‘num ber sentences’ for other
students.

4 W rite th e English names o f ten places you have been to, and ten
places you woukHike to go to.

Other expressions with no article:

He was elected P resident. She became Queen. They made her M anager.
What's on TV? Let's w atch television.
(BUT on -h e rad io, listen to th e r a d io )
This is Alice's hou se. (MO®... th e Atov’e fenwsc. see page 62)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
26 D E T E R M IN E R S : A R T I C L E S , P O S S E S S I V E S A N D D E M O N S T R A T IV E S

articles: revision
1 A, an , th e o r - (nothing)?
1 ____diplomat is______person who can tell you to go to hell in such a way
that you actually look forward to ___ trip. Caskie Stinnett
2 ____dog is_______only thing on earth that loves you more than you love
yourself. Josh Billings
3 ____Americans like__________________________________ fat books and_thin women. Russe
4 ____accountant is ________________________________________________:_man who is hired to
make____money you did. Anonymous
5 ____actor’s _____ guy who, if you ain’t talking about him, ain’t listening.
Attributed to Marlon Brando
6 ____ optimist is someone who thinks____ future is uncertain.
Anonymous
7 ____death is_____nature’s way of telling you to slow down.
Anonymous
8 ~ diplomacy is the art of saying ‘nice doggie!’ until you can find____
stone. Wynn Catlin
9 ____equality is ____ lie - _____women are better. Anonymous
10 ____birds do it;____ bees do it; even____ educated fleas do it. Let’s do it.
Let’s fall in ____love. Cole Porter
11 I always pass on : good advice. It is____only thing to do with it. It is -ч
never any use to oneself. Oscar Wilde
12 I love acting. It is so much more real than____ life. Oscar Wilde
13 Never put anything o n ____paper, my boy, and never trust____ man
with___ small black moustache. P G Wodehouse
14 Nothing’s illegal if____hundred businessmen decide to do it, and that’s
true anywhere in ____world. Andrew Young
15 Remember that a s____teenager you are a t____ last stage in your life
when you will be happy to hear that____ phone is for you.
Pran Lebowitz
16 Save____ water, shower with____ friend. Anonymous
17 ___ happiest time of anyone’s life is just after_____ first divorce.
John Kenneth Galbraith
18 Treat____work of art like____ prince: let it speak to you first.
Attributed to Arthur Schopenhauer
19 When I was____boy of fourteen, my father was so ignorant I could
hardly stand to have___ : old man around. But when I got to be twenty-
one, I was astonished at how much he had learned in seven years.
Mark Twain
20 When I was bom, I was so surprised that I couldn't talk for____year
and____half. Grade Allen
21 A banker is____ man who lends you____ umbrella when_____ weather
is fair, and takes it away from you when it rains. Anonymous
22 California is____great place - i f you happen to be _ _ orange. F Allen
23 Writing about____art is like dancing about____ architecture.
Anonymous

For - «planatlon» of the words that we use to talk about grammar, see pagom 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
D E T E R M I N E R S : A R T I C L E S . P O S S E S S I V E S A N D D E M O N S T R A T IV E S 27

2 Complete th e captions w ith a, an, th e or and say w hich cartoons

they go with.
1 ‘One night you’ll get me out of____bed and it really will be____ burglar.’
2 ‘I don’t think much o f____wedding photographer. ’
3 ‘For heaven's sake, Harry! Can’t you just relax and enjoy____ art,____
music,____ religion,____ literature,____ drama and____ history,
without tiying to tie it all together?’
4 ‘Good morning. Mr Dolby! It’s 5.15 a.m., and this is radio station WJRM.
If you name____next tune you will win____ ride o n _____ elephant and
____ two tickets to____ rock concert!’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
possessives (my and mine etc)
DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Complete th e table and then ch eck your answ ers in the key.
This belongs to me. This is my coat. This is mine.
This belongs to you. This is ____money. This is__
This belongs to _ This is his car. This is__
This belongs to her. This is__ office. This is__
This belongs to ____ This is our house. This is__
This belongs to them. This is ____dog. This is__
Who does this belong to? ____bike is this? . is this bike?
Note also: its name (NOT i t ’s name); its value; its h istory .

2 Put in the right possessives.

1 ‘Is this Alice’s book or (your/yours), do you know?’ ‘It's (her/hers).’
2 ‘(Who/Whose) car is that in the drive?’ ‘I don’t know - not
(our/ ours).'
3 Take (your/yours) feet off the table. (It/Its) legs aren't very strong.
4 John’s bringing____ guitar and Catherine’s bringing_____ drums.
5 Chris and Pat never cut the grass in ____ garden.
6 The Whartons are spending August in (ourI ours) flat, and we’re
borrowing (their/theirs).
7 That’s (my/mine) coat, and the scarf is_____too.

You can’t put possessives immediately after articles or after this/that etc.
She's a friend o f mine, (not She's a my friend.)
How’s th a t b roth er o f yours? (NOT How’s tl rt-t tr brother?

3 Join up the Ideas to m ake expressions.

1 that + your smelly dog 7 some + his distant relations
that smelly dog of yours 8 a + her beautiful cousin
2 that + her unemployed brother 9 this + your wonderful news
3 another + my good friend 10 that + our lazy son
4 a + my brilliant idea 11 those + their impossible children
5 these + his stupid plans 12 these + our silly cats
6 those + your old books

For explanations of tfo» words that we use to talk about grammar, see page» y s - 3 0 2 .
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
We normally use possessive* with parts o f th e body and clothes.
Anne broke h e arm skiing. (NOT ... Ыоке the arm ...)
He stood there, h is eyes closed and h is hands in h is pockets.

4 P u t in one o f th e words from th e box w ith a suitable possessive.

coats foot jacket mouth tail raincoat

1 Martin stood up and put____on.

2 Helen hurt____very badly yesterday.
3 That dog’s hurt____
4 They took off____and sat down.
5 Look at the weather - and I’ve forgotten_____again.
6 I’ll tell you everything if you promise to keep____shut.

5 Complete th e cartoon caption w ith a suitable possessive.

‘No. he's not____ ! We thought you’d brought him.’

\\ e often use tJu, instead of a possessive in expressions with prepositions,

especially when wre talk about common kinds of pain, illness and physical
contact, and when the po; sessor has already been mentioned.
He's got a pain in th e chest. A n n 's got a cold in th e head.
She hit m e on th e head. I looked hint in th e eye.
We use possessives with own.
m y ow n rwm /a room o f m y ow n (NOT t i o wn room)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
30 D E T E R M IN E R S : A R T IC L E S , P O S S E S S I V E S A N D D E M O N S T R A T IV E S

this and that

TH AT

DO IT YO U R S E LF

Study th e examples, and th ink about the difference between

th is/th ese and th at/th ose.
Come and look at this picture. What's that on the rooP
This isn't a very good party. He’s ill. That’s why he's away.
Do you like this music? Stop that noise!
Listen - this will make you laugh. Thanks - that was a great meal.
(on the phone) This is Ann. (on the phone) Who’s that?
This is my friend Paula. I didn’t like those stories he told.
These shoes are hurting my feet. Do you remember those people
These grapes are really sweet. we met in Edinburgh?

DO IT Y C U R S E L F

2 Look a t th e examples again. W hich words and expressions in the

box go with th is/th ese, and w hich go w ith that/those? Check your
answ ers in th e key.

finished happening now said before just about to start

here near over there distant unwanted

3 Put in th is/th a t/th ese/th ose. 4 This o r that?

1 Why am I living in _ country?
2 Get m e ___ box from the table.
3 Ugh - ____potatoes taste burnt!
4 What was____noise?
5 Who are____people over there?
6 Come____way, please.
7 Isn’t ____weather great?
8 Did you hear ___ rain in the night?
9 Tell her to stop_____shouting.
10 ____was a nice meal - thanks.
11 Who said. _?
12 Why did she m ariy___ idiot?
13 Do it____way, not like.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
O TH ER D E T E R M I N E R S

which? and what?

\Ve ask which? when there is We ask what? when there
a limited choice. is a wide choice.

W hich size do you want - W hat is your shoe size?

small, medium or large?

Sometimes both are possible.

W hichfW hat day next week can you come and see us?
Before of and one, we can use which but not what.
W hich o f the countries in Europe have you visited? (NOT W hat o f ...?)
Look at all those stars. W hich on e is the nearestJ (not Wha t o n e ...?)

1 W hich or w h at?
1 We’ve got red wine and white - ____will you have?
2 ____books did you read for last year's English class?
3 ____ of the books on the list have you already read?
4 ____French queen said. ‘Let them eat cake'?
5 ____’s your name?
6 ____hand do you write with?
7 ____kind of car have you got?
8 ____one is yours?
9 ____party do you think will win the election?
10 ____subject do you prefer, chemistry or physics?
11 ____was your favourite subject at primary school?

When there is no noun, we use who for people, not which. Compare:
W hich b ox er won? W ho won? ( n o t W hich wen?)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
32 O T H E R D E T E R M IN E R S

some and any

Som e means ‘a certain (not large) num ber o r am ount o f’.
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Same is used mostly in affirmative sentences.
✓ SOME ✓
We also use some in questions when we expect people to say ‘Yes'
✓✓✓✓✓✓
(for example, in requests and offers).
She’s got som e interesting ideas. There’s som e mud on the carpet.
C ould I h a v e som e coffee?’ ‘Sure. And w ou ld y o u l i k e so m e biscuits?’

We use a n y instead of some in negative sentences, in most questions, ЛХХЛЛХ

with if, and with words like never, hai dly, without, refuse, doubt (whhh X ANY ?
have a negative kind o f meaning). ? ? ? ? ? ?

Do y o u kn ow any_good jokes? He hasn't got a n y money.

I f you find a n y mistakes, please tell me. She n ever has a n y fun.
We got there w ith ou t a n y difficulty. I refu se to give him a n y help.
The difference between somebody/anybody, someone/anyone, something/anything etc is the
same as the difference between some and any.
There’s somebody outside. Would you like something to drink?
Does anybody understand this? She didn ’t say anything.

1 Here are some sentences w ith any. W hich word in each sentence
gives th e ‘negative kind o f m eaning’? Examples:
He never listens to anyone. We ve hardly got any cat food.
1 The baby refuses to eat anything.
2 I doubt that you’ll find any bread now.
3 There was hardly anybody in town.
4 You never get any sense out of her.
5 You seldom hear any birds here.
6 I left the house without any money.

2 Affirmative/negative: choose the right word.

1 I can’t find (some/any) butter, but we’ve got (some/any) margarine.
2 Emma has got (some/any) old pictures of the house to show us.
3 I haven’t got (something/anything) to wear to the party.
4 There aren’t (some/any) buses on Sunday.
5 Helen brought me (some/any) beautiful roses from her garden.
6 There’s (somebody/anybody) waiting for you at reception.

For explanation» of the word» that we m e to tr lk г bout grammar, — e pag— 298-302.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
O T H E R D E T E R M IN E R S

3 Questions: Choose so m e/a n y lsom eb od y /an y bo d y lsom eth in g /an y th in g .

1 Did you meet___ interesting at the party? 5 Is there-----1 can do?
2 Can I offer you__ .wine? 6 Would you like _ _ to help you?
3 Shall we listen to music? 7 Do you know — _ German?
4 Have you got___ children?

4 Choose th e righ t word.

1 Have you got (some/any) time free on Wednesday afternoon?
2 There’s (something/anything) strange about the way Pete’s acting today.
3 Nobody can find out (something/anything) about when the exams will be.
4 Is there (something/anything) we should bring to the meeting?
5 (Some/Any) of Laura’s friends were at the party last night.
6 Shall I bring you (something/anything) to read while you wait?
7 I had three sets of house keys, and I can’t find (some/any) of them now.
8 Hardly (some/any) of the smaller cars have enough leg room for Jill.
9 Do you know i{ (some1any) of the Morrises are coming on Sunday?
10 Can I get you (some/any) coffee? I've just made (some/any).
11 She refuses to have (something/anything) to do with her family now.
12 I haven’t done (some/any) revision for the exam - 1 know I’ll fail.
13 If there’s (some/any) soup left, could you put it in the fridge, please?
14 I doubt that there’s (something/anything) we can do now.
15 Never trust (someone/anyone) who has a perfectly tidy desk.
16 Helen can ride a bike without (some/any) help now.
17 Has Eve got (some/any) brothers or sisters, do you know?
18 Harriet has got (some/any) beautiful jewellery, but she never wears it.

5 Complete th e cartoon caption.

'Oh. he's right here beside me making his “I don’t want

to go____where with _ body at____time” face.’

For any meaning ‘it doesn’t matter which’, see page 36.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
34 O TH ER D E T E R M IN E R S

some/any and no article

We use some/any to talk about indefinite, n ot very large num bers or
am ounts - when we don’t know, care or say exactly how much/many.
We use no article when we are thinking about unlimited num bers or
amounts, or n o t thinking about numbers/amounts at all. Compare:
I’ve planted some roses. (A limited number: it isn’t clear how many.)
1like roses. (No idea of number.)
We got talking to some students. (A limited number.)
Our new neighbours are students. (The idea is classification, not
number.)
Is there any water in the fridge? (The speaker wants a limited amount.)
Is there water on the moon? (No idea of amount.)

1 Put some, any, o r no article. 2 Choose th e co rrect version o f the

cartoon caption.
1 This car hardly uses____ petrol.
2 This car doesn’t use_____petrol:
it’s battery-powered.
3 Would you like____beer?
4 In Belgium they make a stew with
____beef and____ beer.
5 Do you ever read____novels?
6 I read______ wonderful novels by
O’Brian when I was on holiday.
7 Are your sisters____ doctors too?
8 We met_____doctors at the party.
9 Could you lend m e____ money?
10 Is ___ money something you
worry about?
11 Do you like____mushrooms?
12 Are there____mushrooms left?
13 We need____________ more milk. ‘Did we have children /some children
14 Cheese is made from_____ milk. that grew up and went away?’

We do n ot use some/any when it is clear exactly how much/many.

Compare:
You’ve got some great books.
You've got pretty toes. (You’ve got some pretty toes would suggest that
the speaker is not making it clear how many - perhaps six or seven.)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
O T H E R D E T E R M IN E R S

no = ‘not a/any’
No is a more emphatic way of saying ‘n ot a ’ or ‘n ot any'.
At the bcginnisig of a sentence, no is almost always used.
Sony. I've got n o time.
There were n o letters for you this morning.
No cigarette is completely harmless. (NOT Not a n y cigarette...)
No tourists ever come to our village.
Nobody, nothing etc are used in the same way.
N obody loves me. I've got absolutely n othin g to say.
Before of. we use none, not no (often with a singular verb).
N one o f his friends likes his wife.

1 P u t in n o/n on e fn o b od if.
1 ‘Why can’t I have toast for breakfast?’ ‘Because there's____bread.’
2 ‘My students expect me to know everything.’ ‘____knows everything.’
3 ____ newspaper tells the whole truth.
4 ‘What were your photos like?’ ‘I’m afraid____of them came out.’
5 ‘Do you think he’s honest?’ ‘____politician is completely honest.’
6 ____ of the people there remembered seeing anything unusual.
7 I’ve got____ patience with people like her.
8 There’s ____I can talk to in this place.
9 ____ of you care what I think.
10 He had_____money_____ job and____ place to live.

2 W rite answ ers. Use no, none, n othin g, and n obody.

1 ‘Why can’t you take me to school in the car today?’
Because I've got no time.
2 ‘Can you ask someone in your family to help you with your French?’
3 "Jeremy says his father speaks seventy-six languages.’
4 ‘Do we have to go out tonight? Can’t we eat at home?’
5 ‘Do you think I could ask you for a cup of coffee?’
6 ‘Why don’t you phone home to find out if your letter’s arrived?’
7 ‘If you’re bored, why don’t you go to the cinema?’
8 ‘Why didn't you buy any flowers?’
9 ‘Why didn't you join in the conversation last night?’
10 ‘How many of your brothers are married?’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 /
36 O TH E R D E T E R M IN E R S

any = ‘it doesn’t matter which’

A ny can mean ‘it doesn’t m atter w hich’.
With this meaning, any is common in affirmative sentences.
In negative sentences, we can use ju st any to make this meaning clear.
A n y doctor will tell you that smoking is bad for you.
He gets angry with a n y man who boks at his wife.
Come a n y time you like.
I don’t do ju s t a n y work: I choose jobs that interest me.
Anybody, anything etc can be used in the same way.
A n ybod y can sing if they really want to.
‘Can 1 have something to eat?’ ‘Of course, take an y th in g you like.'

Any is n ot negative - it is the opposite of no or not any. Compare:

That's easy: a n y b o d y can do it.
That’s too hard: n ob od y can do it.
I’m really hungry - I’ll eat an ythin g.
I ’m not hungry —I don’t want an ythin g.

1 Choose th e best word o r expression for each sentence.

1 (Any/No) doctor can tell you if you’ve got flu.
2 (Any/No) doctor can tell you exactly how long you’re going to live.
3 Just say (anything/nothing), so we can see if the microphone works.
4 If the police arrest you, say (anything/nothing) until your lawyer
gets there.
5 What do you mean, music? I (can’t hear / can hear) any music.
6 You can hear (any/no) kind of music you like at the Reading Festival.
7 Anna’s very secretive: she talks to (anybody/nobody) about her problems.
8 Jim tells his problems to (anybody/ nobody) who will listen.

▲ 2 Answer th e questions using an y .

1 Where can you get: a plane ticket? any trawl agent's
lead-free petrol? dog food? stamps? running shoes? a dictionary?
2 Who can give you advice on: English pronunciation? getting a divorce?
paying your taxes? problems with your camera? milking cows?
3 Write advertisements for toothpaste, shampoo, a computer, an airline
etc, using ‘Don't buy/use/etc just an y ..., buy/etc...'
Example: Don't buy just any car. buy a Jaguar.

For explanation» of the words that we u ie to talk <b> u t grammar, see |es 296-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
some, any and no: revision
1 Fill in th e blanks and put together th e four sentences. W hich goes
w ith w hich cartoon?

Cook___ you want for supper he’s not seeing____ today

I suppose you’ve brought me here I’m sorry
in the church There’s ____place for women
to tell me you haven't got____money It’s your birthday?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
38 O TH ER

all, everybody and everything

A ll (of) can be used w ith a noun or pronoun.
AU is n ot used without a noun or pronoun to mean ‘everybody’.
Compart:
A ll th e p eo p le were tired.
E v ery bod y was tired. (NOT A ll were tired.)

A ll can be used to mean ‘everything’ or ‘th e only thing’, but only with a
relative clause (all that...). Compare:
She gave me a ll/ev ery th in g (th at) s h e h ad .
A ll (th at) I w an t is a place o f my own.
The thieves took ev erythin g. (NOT The thiwee-took-aU-.)

1 Put in a l l if possible; i f not, put in everythin g.

1____I need to make a comedy is a park, a policeman and a pretty girl.
Charlie Chaplin
2 I hurry to laugh a t____, for fear of having to cry. Beaumarchais
3 I can resist____except temptation. Oscar Wilde
4 You can only have power over people so long as you don’t take____
away from them. Solzhenitsyn
5 ‘Beauty is truth, truth b eau ty ,'-th atis____
Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. John Keats
6 They say____in the world is good for something. ]ohn Dryden
7 [A cynic] knows the price of____and the value of nothing. Oscar Wilde
8 Life is like nothing, because it is____ William Golding
9 [We don’t know] whether Laws be right,
Or whether Laws be wrong:
____that we know who lie in gaol
Is that the wall is strong. Oscar Wilde

2 Put in a l l o r every body.

1 ____women become like their mothers. That is their tragedy. No man
does. That’s his. Oscar Wilde
2 In the future.____will be famous for fifteen minutes. Andy Warhol
3 ____human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4 I am free of____prejudices - 1 hate.____ equally. W С Fields
5 He who praises____praises nobody. Samuel Johnson
6 Justice is open to _____people in the same way as the Ritz Hotel.
Judge Sturgess

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
O TH ER D E T E R M IN E R S 39

whole and all

We use i>.'ioIt most often with singular countable nouns.
We js e a ll most often with uncountable and plural nouns.
Compare:
a wholt plate - a ll the food the whole sweater - a ll the wool
a whole concert - a ll the music the whole orchestra - a ll the
musicians
Note the word order with the: the whole... /a ll the ...
Before place names, we most often use the whole of.
the whole o f Europe

1 W rite an expression w ith whole o r a ll for each item. Examples:

a football team -*■ a whole football team
the flowers -*■ all the flowers

a family the islands the road system South Africa

the children the country the traffic Asia a week
the vegetables the political party the students
the luggage the meat MPs a class

Note: In some common time expressions, both whole and all are possible.
the whole ajtemoon/night/week —all (the) afternoon/night/week
the whole day - all day: the whole time - all the time; my whole life —all my life

/ Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
40 O TH ER D E T E R M IN E R S

much, many, a lot (of), little, few

We use m u ch with singular (uncountable) nouns and m a n y with plurals.
How m uch tim e have we got? How m an y tickets do we need?

M uch and m a n y are most common in questions and negatives, and after m . as.
to o and very.
In other informal affirm ative sentences, we generally picfer a lo t (of), lo ts (o f)
or p len ty (of). All three of these can be used with both m countables arid plurals.
‘Do you have m uch trouble with English?' '1don’t have m uch trouble speaking, but 1 have
lo ts o f difficulty writing. ’ ( n o t ... m u ch difficulty...)
‘Are there m an y opera houses in London? ‘Not m an y , but a lo t o f theatres and p len ty o f
cinemas.' ( n o t m a n y theatres and many-einemas.')
I love you so m uch. Take a s m u ch as you like.
There a re too m an y people here.

1 W rite a t least eight sentences about yourself. Have you got n ot

m uch, n ot m an y , a lo t /lo ts o f, o r p len ty of...? Examples:
I haven 7 got much ambition.I’ve got lots o f cousins.

ambition cousins problems nice clothes energy

books confidence work to do old friends free time

2 W rite m u ch /m an y w ith so, a s, to o o r very for each blank.

1 Thank you____for your help. 5 Bob feels____ better today.
2 Are there____chairs as people? 6 I don’t know____ poems as you.
3 You can never have____love. 7 She’s got____ relatives!
4 I like your hair____ 8 Get____ tickets as you can.

In a formal style, many and much are more common in affirmative

sentences.
The researches of m an y commentators have already thrown m uch
darkness on this subject, and it is probable that if this continues we shall soon
know nothing at all about it. Mark Twain

For explanations of the word* that we use to talk abor t grammar, see
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 (Л) little is used with singular (uncountable) nouns and (a ) fe w with plurals.
L ittle and fe w are rather negative: they mean ‘n ot much/many’.
A little and a fe w are more positive: tneir meaning is more like ‘some’.
Cactuses need little w ater.
Give the roses a little w a ter every day.
His ideas are very difficult, and fe w p eo p le understand them.
His ideas are very difficult, but a fe w p eop le understand them.
Little and few (without a) are rather formal: in a conversational style we more often say
only a little/few or not much/many.
Cactuses o n ly need a little water. Not m an y people understand his ideas.

3 W rite little or few .

1 There is friendship in the world, and least of all between equals. Francis Bacon
_

2 A ____learning is a dangerous thing. Alexander Pope

3 Men of____words are the best men. William Shakespeare (Henry V)
4 Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so____
Winston Churchill
5 Never before have we had so time in which to do so much. Franklin Roosevelt
_

6 A country having a ____inflation is like a woman being a little pregnant.

Leon Henderson
7 W e____, we happy____ we band of brothers:
For he today that sheds his blood with me
Shall be my brother. William Shakespeare (Henry V)
8 Death is one of th e____things that can be done as easily lying down. Woody Allen

4 L ittle o r a little? Few o r a few?

1 It is____ use trying to change her mind.
2 Could you possibly give m e__________________________ help?
3 ____teenagers in the village could read.
4 Slowly,_______________________ children began coming to school.
5 I only need_______minutes to get ready.
6 She only wanted____love,____ kindness.
7 Nadia drank_____ coffee and no alcohol.
8 Unfortunately, he had____friends.

Now w rite sentences 1 , 3 , 7 and 8 in a more conversational style.

Few pec pie cun b e happy u n less they h ate

som e other person, nation or creed.
Bertrand Russell

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
less and least, fewer and fewest
Im is and fe w e r are com parative (seepage /9 ): they are me opposite otmot-e
L east andfe w e s t s r ju perlative ciee page 79): they are th t oppcsite ul'most
Lessrar J le a s t ar&uscd r.'. :th singular ^uncountable; tiouu:
Few er and fe w e s t are used with plural nouns,
I’ve got less m on ey than I thought.
Of all my friends. Jake does the le a s t w ork.
There were fe w e r p ro b lem s than we expected.
Ann was the person who made the fe w es t m ista k e s in the translation exam.
In modem English, many people use less with plurals (e.g. There were less p ro b lem s than
we expected). Some people feel this is incorrect.

1 W rite less /th e le a s t /fe w e r /the few est.

1 Of all British cars, this one uses____petrol. It also needs____ repairs.
2 ____girls than boys do mathematics at university. This may be because
girls get____encouragement to study maths at school.
3 As the years went by. they had____things to say. and____ interest in
talking to each other.
4 Do you want more time and____money, or more money and____ time?
5 Liz is very clever, but she has got_____self-confidence of anyone I know.
6 I've had_____ days off work of anybody in the office.

L. ss . j least gait also be J with adjectives and ^adverbs.

Ann’s less s h y than Pat.
It was the le a s t su ccessfu l party we’d given.
He drives less c a r e fu lly than I expected.

2 Put le s s /th e lea st in each blank, with one o f the words in the list
(or another word, if you prefer). I f you are in a group, compare
answers.

shy shyly easily prosperous selfish fluently

pessimistic politely worried optimistic confident
confidently quickly dangerous religious

1 I feel____about the future than I did a year ago.

2 My mother is/was____person you can imagine.
3 I spoke English____a year ago than I do today.
4 I think this country is____than it was a year ago.
5 People from the north of my country speak___ than people from the
south.
6 My home town is ____place I know.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
other(s) and another
When other is used before a plural noun, it does n ot have -s.
When o th e r is used withnut a noun, it h as-s In the plural. Compare:
Tell the other people, ( n o t ... the others peopler)
Tell the others.
Can you show me some other shoes?
Can you show me some others?

1 W rite other or others.

1 I could see Karima and Nedjma at their desks - but where were the____?
2 Long after all th e____cars had left, Dawson’s BMW was still there.
3 I’ll phone all the____if you’ll phone Ted and Lucy, OK?
4 I can play the Sonata in C, but not any of the____
5 Do you know any people who might have a reason to do this?
6 This doesn’t suit me. Have you got any____colours?
7 Some metals are magnetic and____aren’t.
8 The police arrested Jane, Fred and two____
9 I wish that girl would play more with____children.
10 Gerald DurrelJ wrote a book called ‘My Family and_____Animals’.

We can use a n o th er (one word) to mean ‘one m ore’. But with

uncountable and p\ura\s. we do not generally use other to mean ‘more’ .
Compare:
Have a n oth er potato, ( n o t ... an other potato.)
Have some m ore m eat, ( n o t ... o th er m ea t.)
We need m ore cups.

We can use a n o th e r + fe w or a n o th er + a num ber with a plural noun.

Let’s wait a n o th er fe w m inutes. (= ... a few more minutes.)
The job will take a n o th er ten d ay s. (= ... ten more days.)

2 W rite expressions with an oth er or with more. Examples:

English more English book -*■ (mother book eggs -*■ more eggs

clothes friends child three pages hour mile

sleep job possibilities few days hundred pounds money
time freedom holidays problem twenty miles

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
enough, too and too much

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Look a t the examples and choose th e co rrect forms o f th e rules.

Check your answ er in th e key.
This isn’t h o t en ou gh, ( n o t ... en ou gh h ot.)
Am 1going f a s t en ou g h ?
There is never en ou gh tim e.

Rules
E n ou gh normally comes (b efore/a fter) an adjective o r adverb.
E n ou gh normally comes (b efore/a fter) a noun.

2 Put in words from th e box together with en ou gh.

big champagne clever confidence good
hard money time friends old

1 In art the best is good ciiour/h. Goethe

2 I never had____when I was young: now I never have_____
3 This town isn’t ____for both of us.
4 Susie hasn’t got___ to play with.
5 Bob’s not____to travel by himself.
6 There was________________ to give everybody a glass.
7 If you work____ , you don’t have to be very intelligent.
8 She was____to do anything she wanted, but she didn’t have____ to try.

We use to o before an adjective w ithout a noun, or an adverb.

We use to o m uc't/m any before a noun (with or without an adjective).
He’s too old . (NOT ... too m uch old.) She's driving to o fa s t.
My problem is: to o m uch w o rk and to o m an y la te n ights.

3 Invent answers to the questions, using too, too m u ch or too m an y.

1 Why did Jack leave his car at the pub and take a taxi home? (beer)
H e'd d ru n k to o m u c h beer.
2 Why did they drive to the cinema in two cars? (people)
3 Why didn’t ]оалпа stop for lunch yesterday? (busy)
4 Why don’t we go to the Caribbean for our holiday ? (expensive)
5 Why don’t you let the children cycle to school? (traffic)
6 What went wrong in your exam? (slowly)
7 Why did you have the phone installed in the other room? (noise)
8 Can you understand what he’s saying? (quickly)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
O TH ER D E T E R M IN E R S 48

4 W rite descriptions for th e pictures using not enough or too much/many.

Note the structures... enough (f o r ...) t o ... and to o ... (f o r ...) t o ...
She's old enough to vote. It's not warm enough fo r me to swim.
The box was too heavy to lift. He spoke too fast fo r us to follow .

5 Complete the sentences w ith too/enough and words from the list.
1 The food was too spicy for the <hildren to eat. clean/people/swim
2 Sally’s not the dog for a walk. fast/police/catch
3 They were speaking what they were saying. muddy/them/see
4 Near some beaches the sea's not in. old/take
5 There’s someone out there, but I can’t see if it’s Emma. spicy/children/eat
6 The water was anything. quietly/me/hear
7 I’ll work on this tomorrow - I’m it tonight. tired/understand
8 I don’t understand Arabic to Egyptian radio. well/listen
Vvp Лтгме Y\vrc\ vae4Y|&ecv&e

We can drop a noun after enough or t«< much/many if tht meaning is clear.
I've eaten too .nuch. ‘How many people live here?’ ‘Too many. ’

We can use too much as an adverb: He talks too much.

We don’t normally use too before adiective + noun.
She doesn't like men who are too ta ll, (n o t ... too ta ll тент)
Compare: We haven’t got enough big nails. = We need more of them.
We haven’t got big enough nails. = We need bigger ones.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
46 O TH ER D E T E R M IN E R S

of with determiners
The following determ iners have o f before articles (the/a/an ), poujessives
{m y /y o u r etc), dem onstratives (th is/th a t etc) and pronoun., (it/u s/y ou /th em ):
some, any, much, many, more, most, too much etc, enough, little, less, leart.
few, all both each every one none, and num'uers one. two etc.

some, any, of the, a/an (ADjUCTIVE + ) some, any, of it, us.

much, more. my, your, etc NOUN much, more. you, them
etc this, that, etc etc
some of the older people none of it
most o f my friends every one o f us
a few o f those grapes all o f you
too many o f his books enough o f them

In other rases, we use these determ iners w ithout o f.

some, any, etc ( adjective ) NOUN

some strange ideas a little water most people few changes

Every and no are used instead of every one and none,
every two minutes no time

1 Put in o f o r nothing (-).

Dear Phil,
Well, some 1 _ our luggage has arrived, so things could be worse. I've
got the books and papers, but I’ve lost most 2 my clothes. I haven’t
got any 3 socks at all, and I’ll have to buy some more 4 jeans, but
at least I’ve got enough 5 underwear for the week. (They don’t sell it
here. I don’t think they wear it.) I’m going to buy a few 6 those
woollen shirts that you like, and one 7 the big coats that we looked
at. They’ve got no 8 shoes in my size, unfortunately, and none 9
the jackets suit me. Anyway, I’m not alone. Every one 10 us has lost
something - in fact, three 11 people have got n o_12 luggage at all.
Well, as they say. into each_13 life a little_14 rain must fall.
See you on the 17th.
Andy

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
O TH E R D E T E R M IN E R S 47

Note the difference between most people (talking about people in general)
and most o f the people (talking about particular people).
Most people want to have children.
Most o f the people I know live in the country.

2 Put in most people or most o f the people.

1 ____enjoy talking about themselves.
2 ____who wanted to see the match were disappointed.
3 I know____in our street.
4 ____ like music.
5 I think fishing for sport is wrong, but____would disagree.
6 ____on the train had no tickets.
7 He gets on with____
8 ____at the party were friends of Jan’s.

‘Straighten your tie. Stephen. The world is ‘Girls, girls!-(A little less noise /
already filled with (enough disorder / A little less of noise), please.'
enough of disorder).'

Alter a l l and both, we often drop o f before determiners.

a ll (o f) my friends both (o f) his eyes
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
personal pronouns: I and me etc
I. you, he, she, it, we, they arv used as subjects before verbs.
Me, you him, her. it, us. them are normally used in other cases.
subjects before v e r b s : I li k e Mary. We can't go on like this.
OBJECTS A F T E R V E R B S : Mary hates me. Tell us what to do.
A FTER P R E P O S IT IO N S : Look at her. Why is she with him?
Everybody except me was late.
A FTER B E : ‘Who’s that?’ ‘It’s me.’ (NOT normally ^tris4^)

In short answ ers we can use me, him etc (informal) or I. he etc w ith a verb (more
formal). Jh e same thing happens after as and than.
IN FORMAL MORE FORMAL
‘I ’m thirsty. ’ ‘Me too. ’ ( n o t ‘I too.’) ‘I'm thirsty. ’ ‘I am too. ’ / ‘So am I.’
‘Who’s paying?’ ‘Her. ’ ‘Who’s paying?’ ‘She is. ’ (NOT ‘She. ’)
I ’ve got the same number as him. I ’ve got the same number as he has.
She gets paid more than me. She gets paid more than I do.

Put an appropriate pronoun in each blank (the sentences are informal).

Nobody except____knows where the John’s two years younger than Alice,
key is kept, and I’m not telling you. but____’s nearly as tall as____
‘Who bought these flowers ?’ ‘It was ‘Who said that?’ ‘It was____- the man
____ I thought you’d like them.’ in glasses.’
‘I haven’t met Mark yet - is____here?’ You’ve got almost the same colour eyes
‘That’s ____over there.’ as____
‘I’ve had enough of this party.’ You may be older than____, but I don’t
‘____too.’ have to do what you say.
He’s faster than___, but I’m stronger 10 ‘Which is John’s wife?’ ‘That must be
than____ ____just getting out of the car.'

2 Change these to m ake them m ore formal or less formal. Example:

I live in the same street as him. I live in the same street as he ilocs.
1 Anne’s got the same car as me. 6 We are not as old as they are.
2 They’ve been here longer than us. 7 He had a bigger meal than I did.
3 I’m much taller than him. 8 I am not as quick as she is.
4 ‘He’s going to Mexico.’ ‘Me too.’ 9 ‘We are from York.’ ‘So am I."
5 ‘Who said that?’ ‘Her.’ 10 ‘Who wants a drink?’ ‘I do.’

Fof ixplaiuiiJoni of the words that we use to talk about

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
L ib 'лгивчш:
P R O N O U N S A N D N O UN S 49

We generally use who as both subject and object. Whom is unusual,

especially in questions except in a formal style. (For whom in relative
clauses, see page 270.)
Who do you want to see? (More natural than Whom do you want to see?)

We use it to refer to nothing, i vn y thing, something and anything.

We a’so use it when identifying people.
Nothing is ever the way you expect it to be.
‘Who’s the woman in red?’ 'It's Chris Lewis. ' (not ’She’s CfiFis Lewis.’)
People generally use he and she for their cats. dogs, horses etc; some people
use she for their cars, motorbikes and boats. Countries are usually it.
Don’t ride him on the main road - he’s a bit nervous. £
'How's the car?’ ‘She's running beautifully. ’
Britriu uiiports more than it exports.

3 P u t in a suitable pronoun.
1 ‘What's your cat's name?’ ‘Annie_____understands everything we say.’
2 Thailand is quite unusual:_____ has never been ruled by another
country.
3 ‘Do you know who the managing director is?’ ‘ __ Rose Berczuk.’
4 My bike’s been giving trouble, so I’m taking____into the garage.’
5 Nothing happened while 1 was away, did____ ?
6 ____ did you have lunch with?
7 ‘Who’s that on the phone?’ ‘____________________’s your father.’
8 Australia doesn't accept as many immigrants as_____used to.
9 1 don’t know____she’s going out with now.
10 Everything always happens when you don’t want_______ to.

‘I don’t know anybody ‘Me?’

who says “It is Г .’
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 reflexive pronouns (myself etc)
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself
ourselves, yourselves, themselves

We use reflexives when the o b ject is the same person/thing as the

subject.
I cut m y s e lf shaving this morning, (not I cut m e ...)
H e tried to kill h im self. (Different from He tried to kill him .)
The lig h ts switch th em selves on at night.
Sometimes a reflexive pronoun refers to something that is not the subject.
H is letters are all about h im self. I told h e r the truth about h erself.

j 1 Put in m y self, y o u r s e lf etc o r m e, y ou etc.

1 Mary bought a book and taught____ to play the guitar.
2 John fell and hurt____yesterday.
3 The computer will turn____ off if you don't use it.
4 We looked a t____ in the mirror to check our makeup.
5 Don’t pay any attention to ____- he always complains.
6 How much time do you give___ to drive to work?
7 June can’t afford to buy____a new car, so her dad’s going to buy one
for____
8 Who gave___ those lovely flowers?
9 It hurt____when I realised Kim wasn’t going to phone me.

Reflexive pronouns ran also be used to em phasise the su bject or o bject

to say ‘th at; erson/thing and nobody/nothing else".
It’s best if you do it y ou rself.
I’ll see the President h im s e lf if necessary.
The house i t s e l f is nice, but the garden’s small.

2 Put in suitable reflexive pronouns.

1 No one is going to help us, so we’ll have to do it____
2 Veronica always cuts her hair____, and it always looks great.
3 Robert____is quite friendly, but the rest of his family is very cold.
4 Did you know that the Morrises built their house____?
5 I don’t trust anyone else to do my accounts; I always do them____
6 I got to see the gardens, but the palace____was closed.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 PRONOUNS AND NOUNS

Note the difference fcetween -selves and each other.

They are looking at them selves. They are looking at ea ch oth er.

\ j 3 E ach o th e r o r -selves?
1 Hilary and June write to _____________________every week.
2 Agnes and Pat have bought_______________ a flat in Rome.
3 Do you and your wife tell____everything?
4 You will all need photos of_____ for your membership cards.
5 We’ve promised_____to telephone if one of us is going to be late home.
6 We’ve decided to give____a really nice holiday this year.

4 Put in m y s e lf etc, ea ch o th er or m e, y ou etc.

1 We decided to keep most of the fruit for____
2 Before leaving Eric’s office the robbers tied____up and pulled out all the
phone wires.
3 Christine and I always take_____ to lunch on our birthdays.
4 Mum, please don’t help me - I’d rather do it____
5 Did you ask Alice whether her brother had phoned_____yet?
6 Don’t just stand there shouting a t____- do something!
7 I’ve just got up - can I phone you back when I’ve made_____a cup of tea?
8 I’ve never met John, but we’ve been writing to ____for over a year now.
9 The necklace______ wouldn’t normally be valuable, but it belonged to
Queen Elizabeth I. so it will certainly bring a very high price.
10 When babies first start to feed____, they usually make a big mess.
11 You can’t be sure that she got the message unless you told her____
12 Your teenage children want to be independent - but they expect____to
be ready to help___ whenever they ask you to.

Common expressions w ith reflexives: behav: yoursdf, enjoy yourself,

help yourselfm ake yourself at home, by oneself (= ‘alone’, ‘without help’).
Verbs normally used w ithout reflexives: wash, xha"e. dress, fe e l hurrij.
One another can be used instead of each other.
Ovm replaces possessive reflexives: my own room (n o t m & .'ip » won’j.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
you, one and they
One and you can mean ‘people In general' ^including the speaker and hearer.
One is more formal than you.
One/You can’t learn French in a month.
One dials / You dial 999 in an emergency.
One’s/Your own problems always seem important.
To talk about people not including the speaker/hearer, we use they or a passive.
They speak English in this shop. /English is spoken in this shop.
( n o t One speaks English in this shop.)

Then (informal) can mean 'tin people around’ or ‘the authorities’, ‘the ovemment'.
They don't like strangers around here. They say she’s pregnant again.
They 're always digging up the roads. They don’t care about old people.

1 W rite some sentences with you and one. Examples:

a card /this phone: One needs 1 You need a curd to use this phone.
see her / appointment: One ) ou can 'l see her without an a ppointm ent.
1 get into the US / a passport 5 grow oranges / a warm climate
2 a ticket /a train 6 get a driving licence /seventeen
3 fly directly /Gdansk /Prague? 7 eat soup / a fork
4 good at maths / a physicist 8 see animals in the forest /get up early

2 W rite you, your, they or them.

‘ i 've put the price

of stamps up again.’
‘Oh. _
have i ? 4 seem to do it more
and more often, s can't buy more
than a few stamps at a time, or else
f> have to buy extra lp stamps
‘I know. And it’s got to add to all 7 letters.’
so expensive! Nowadays » think
twice before 9 write a letter. Of course
io 've got special rates for businesses -
it’s only ordinary people that
pay the extra.’ ‘I know.
It makes ] i
wonder why we keep
electing L!_-’

For explanation* off the word! i that we изо to talk about grammar, s w page» 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
PR O N O U N S AND NOUNS

We can also use they, them and their(s) to refer to a singular indefinite
person - for example, after somebody, anybody, nobody, who. a person.
Somebody phoned and said they wanted to see you.
If anybody calls, tell them I'm out.
Who’sforgotten their umbrella-

3 They/lhemftheirftheirs or an oth er pronoun?

1 Someone's left me a note, but____haven’t signed it.
2 The person who phoned wouldn’t give____name.
3 Nobody in the club has paid____ annual subscription yet.
4 I can’t help anybody unless____bring all the right documents with
5 If I find out who’s made this mess in the kitchen, I’ll kill____
6 Judy says somebody’s stolen_____________ lecture notes.
7 Some idiot has taken my bag and left m e___________ !
8 If anybody can fill in this form,_____ ’re brighter than me.
9 Nobody will believe me unless I show_____the picture.
10 That woman I was talking to had____ car stolen yesterday.

Diplomacy - the They cannor scare me with their empty spaces

patriotic art of lyint, Between stars - on stars where no human race is.
for one’s country. Ihave it in me so much nearer home
Ambrose Bierce To scan» Tr'self with my own desert places.
Rob.rt Frost

Knowing what you

can not do is more You can get much Watermelon - it’s a
imp Trtant than knowing f Jirther with a kind good fruit. You eat,
rgrhat you can do. wor]and a gun than you drink, you wash
Lucille Ball you can with a kind your face.
word alone. Enrico Caruso
A! Capone
Most people don’t use
their eyes except to If the child possesses
keep from running into You cannot feed the the nationality or
things. hungry on statistics. citizenship of another
S o n y Hale David. Earl Lloyd George country, they may lose
this when they get a
British passport.
I was [judged] in my Britain would be a great
Passport application form
absence and sentenced country if only you
to death in my abi enc s, could roof it over.
so Isaid they could Anonymous I hate to spread
shoot me in my rumours, but what else
absence. can one do with them?
No one can make you
Brendan Behan Amanda Lear
feel inferior without
your consent.
Eleanor Roosevelt

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
one(s)
We use on e(s) to avoid repeating a countable noun.
'What sort o f c a k e would you like?' ‘A big on e with cream.'
I'd like some sh o es like the on es in the window.
‘Could you lend me a pen ?’ ‘Sorry, 1 haven’t got one. ’
We don’t use on e for an uncountable noun.
We haven’.t got fresh cream . Would you like tinned?
(n o t ... tinned-ene.)

1 Put in words and expressions from th e box w ith o r w ithout one(s).

big grey leather blue Chinese long sunny new

red woollen sharp solid practical tall unsweetened

1 ‘What colour cardigans would you 6 ‘What sort of holiday are you having this
like to see?’ ‘ B lu e o n es , please.’ year?’ ‘A
2 I’ve lost my jacket. It’s a 7 This isn’t Thai food, it’s
3 ‘What kind nf jnice is that?’ ‘ 8 I don’t want pretty shoes, but
4 ‘Which glasses do I use?’ ‘The 9 Hand me a knife, will you - a
5 She doesn’t sell used cars, only 10 There’s my suitcase, the !

I f th ere is no ad'ective: we do not use a with one.

‘What sort o f cake would you like?’ ‘One with cream. ’ ( n o t -A one...’)
We use some/any without ones. We use mine etc instead of my one etc.
‘Could you lend me some stamps?' 7 haven't got any.'
(NOT ‘... any ones.’)
‘Which car shall we take?’ ‘M ine.' (NOT ‘M y one. ’)

2 Put in one, some, any or m in elyou rs lv tc .

1 ‘What sort of job would you like to do?’ ‘____where I travel a lot.’
2 I haven’t got a train timetable, but ask Adrian - he may have____
3 ‘Is that your car or Anna’s?’ ‘____- Anna hasn’t got a car.’
4 There aren’t any matches here, but there may be____in the kitchen.
5 I need a watch - ____with an alarm.
6 ‘Where are the forks?’ ‘Oh, no! We didn’t bring____ !’
7 Barry has put his name on this book, but Liz says it’s ____
8 If you haven’t got enough plates. I’ll be happy to bring____

For explawatlon» of the word» that we u*e to talk about gr. m m ar «ее page» 29&-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 pronouns and possessives: revision
1 Choose th e best words to com plete the cartoon captions.

‘It's just natural, that’s all!___ love

because you’re____ like the car.’ ‘____sold what to__
(we/you/they/ours/yours) (you/she/my/his/what/who)

‘Could____tell____ If____ glasses are ready yet?' ‘Haveseen a lady

_

(you,'he/me/us/myself/my/your) without_____ ?’
(I/you/her/me/myself)

'Yes. of course it's important enough to ‘Have____any “Do It____ ” books?’

disturb____ ’ (me/him/himself) (you/he! herself/themselves)
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
countable and uncountable nouns
Countable nouns have plurals, and can be used with a la n .
a chair-chairs a house - houses an idea-ideas

Uncountable nouns have no plurals, and can n ot normally be used

with a /a n . Examples: air, water, sand, intelligence, English, weather.
She speaks good E n g lish. (NOT ... a good E n g lish .)
It’s terrible w eather, ( n o t ... a terrible w eather.)

1 Can you divide these into uncountable and countable?

book, cup, dust, flour, flower, happiness, knowledge, love, milk, meat,
mountain, music, oil, piano, rain, river, snow, song, table, wall

Seme nouns cm be used both uncm m tably and couiitably.

Wood is made from p ap er. I’m going out 10 buy a p ap er.
Did you remember to buy c o ffee ? I’ll have a (cup of) coffee, please.
My mother never drinks wine. Spain produces some wonderful
w ines. ( - kinds of wine)

2 Uncountable, singular countable (with a la n ) o r plural?

Complete th e sentences.
1 Could you pass m e____ ? (glass)
2 This table is made of____ (glass)
3 I need a piece of_____________ (wood)
4 The house was near____ (wood)
5 She looked at him with____ (pity)
6 It’s ____Anne isn’t here, (pity)
7 ____goes so quickly. (time)
8 She phoned six_____yesterday. (time)
9 Three____, please, (beer)
10 ____makes you fat. (beer)
11 He hasn’t got much_____(experience)
12 It was____I won’t forget. (experience)
13 There’s ____in the garden, (chicken)
14 Do you want _ or beef? (chicken)

With a few uncountable nouns referring to emotional and mental activity,

we use a/an when there is an adjective or other description.
an excellent knowledge o f German a good education a love o f music

For explanation» of the word» that we u w to talk about rami наг, see page» 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 PR O N O U N S AND NOUNS

uncountable nouns: special cases

Sometimes uncountable and countabb nouns have similar meanings.

1 Test yourself. Can you put these words in pairs (one uncountable,
one countable) expressing sim ilar ideas? Example:
rnmiUire - tat

accommodation advertisement baggage banknote

bread cars fact flat furniture information job
journey loaf money publicity suitcase table
traffic travel work

A 2 These nouns are normally uncountable. Most can be made

countable by adding p iece (e.g. a p iece o f advice). D o you know
w hich th ree can be made countable by adding a f l a s h o f, a stro k e
o f and a c la p of?

advice knowledge lightning luck news research

rubbish spaghetti thunder

3 Choose th e co rrect form o f th e caption for each cartoon.

'An advice. /A word of advice. /Some advices, Arthur:

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
58 PR O N O U N S AND N O U N S

plurals of nouns: spelling

DO IT YO U R S E LF

Look a t th e examples and answ er th e questions. Check your

answ ers in th e key.
babies books boys buses buzzes cars chairs
cities dishes echoes Eskimos foxes gases heroes
holidays kilos ladies lorries matches monkeys
photos pianos potatoes quizzes radios
shops tables taxes times tomatoes watches
ways wishes zoos
1 What is the most common way of making the plurals of nouns?
2 How do we make the plurals of words ending in consonant + -y?
3 How do we make the pluraJs of words ending in vowel + -y?
4 After which letters and groups of letters do we add -es to the singular?
5 Four common words ending in -o have plurals in -es. Can you close your
eyes and remember which they are?

2 W rite the plurals o f these nouns.

address box brush computer desk face guy

list loss mess patch peach play poppy
reply toy tree video witch worry

3 W rite a sentence using at least two plurals from 1 above.

Example:
l-'oxes don't lik e u m ia lo es.

If you can w ork with another student, give him/her two plurals
to m ake a sentence with.

One potato^, two potatoes

IN JUN E 1992, US Vice-President Dan Quayle
visited a school class in New Jersey while the
children were having a spelling competition.
When 12-year-old William Figueroa wrote the
wordpotato correctly on the blackboard, Quayle
told him he should add an e. William became
a schoolchildren’s national hero (without an e)
and appeared on television; the Vice-President
became an international laughing-stock as
echoes (with an e) of his mistake went round
the world.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 P R O N O U N S A N D N O UN S 59

plurals of nouns: special cases

A 1 Here are seven groups o f nouns. Look in th e box and find two
more nouns to add to each group.

aircraft crisis dozen mathematics means mouse

news police scissors sheep shelf thousand
tooth wolf

1 COUNTABLE NOUNS W IT H SINGULAR (AND PLU RA L ) IN -S

series crossroads analysis - analyses
2 OTHER NOUNS WITH SINGULAR AND PLU RAL THE SAM E
trout deer fish salmon
3 NOUNS THA T HAVE A PLURAL W ITHO UT -S AFTER A NUMBER
hundred (e.g. two hundred) million
4 NOUNS WIT H SINGULAR IN -f(e ), PLURAL IN -V eS
calf-calves half knife leaf life loaf self
thief wife
5 OTHER NOUNS WIT H IR REGULAR PLURALS
child - children foot - feet fungus - fungi goose - geese
man - men medium - media ox - oxen penny - pence
phenomenon - phenomena woman - women
6 UNCOUNTABLE SINGULAR NOUNS ENDING IN - S (NORMALLY NO PLU RA L)
athletics billiards economics gymnastics measles
physics politics
7 PLURAL NOUNS WIT H NO SINGULAR
arms belongings cattle clothes congratulations
contents earnings goods outskirts people
remains surroundings thanks troops trousers

deer fish

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
mixed singular and plural
Singular nouns for groups of people often have plural 1 erbs and
pronouns in British English, especially when we are talking about personal
kinds of action. Compare:

My f a m i ly a r e very angry with me: th ey think I should go to university.

The average f a m i ly h a s 3.5 members: i t is much smaller than in 1900.
The team are going to lose again. They’re useless.
A cricket team is made up o f eleven players, including its captain.

1 Choose th e best com bination for each blank.

class is club has orchestra is school has staff do

class are club have orchestra are school have staff does

la In England, a state ____ to give time to religious education.

lb My daughter’s ____ decided to hold their sports day next Saturday.
2a T h e___ given £5,000 to charity this year.
2b The___ fifty per cent more members than a year ago.
3 a The___ not like the new manager.
3 b T h e___ not need to be increased.
4a Jane’s ____in Room 6 .
4b O ur____________________________________ planning a party.
5a The_________________________ just tuning up - let’s hurry in.
5b A n____ composed of string, wind, and percussion instruments.

2 Choose th e correct form o f th e cartoon caption.

‘It’s the office. Shall I tell it/them/him you’re sick?’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
P R O N O U N S A N D N O UN S

The following singular expressions also usually have plural verbs:

a number o f ... the majority o f ... a couple of... a group of...
a lot o f + plural noun 'pronoun, the rest o f + plural noun/pronoun.
A number o f us are worried about it
The m ajority disagree.
There are a couple o f children outside.
A lo t o f them лете late.
The rest o f the members are ill.

Some plural expressions have singular verbs:

names of quantities, plural names of countries, compound nouns joined by
•md. more than one + singular noun.
Ttn pounds is too much to pay.
Titret wieks wasn't enough holiday.
Th United Statis is smaller than Canada.
Fish Jnd chips costs £3.
More than one person disagrees.
We also use a singular verb after one o f + plural noun.
One o f your children has lost a shoe.

3 Choose th e righ t verb.

1 A group of teenagers in the town (has/have) organised a scheme to help
old people with their shopping.
2 A number of people (has/have) complained about the noise.
3 Do you think three pounds (is/are) a big enough tip?
4 Hamburger and chips ( is/are) not a very healthy lunch.
5 In the latest rail union vote, the majority (has/have) voted to go on strike:
the rest of the members (is/are) expected to support the strike fairly
solidly.
6 Two kilos (is/are) pretty small for a newborn baby.
7 Our teenage son thinks there (is/are) a number of good reasons for
staying up late and having a good time.
8 More than one house in our street (has/have) been broken into recently.
9 A couple of dangerous-looking men (is/are) waiting for you outside.
10 One of my friends (has/have) just won two free plane tickets to New York.
11 Six weeks (is/are) a long time to wait for news of your family.
12 The majority of the children’s parents (is/are) unemployed.
13 A lot of shops (is/are) opening on Sundays now.
14 The Philippines (has/have) signed the new human rights agreement.
15 The police think that more than one person (was/were) in the stolen car.
16 Tom and Rosie were late, but the rest of us (was/were) on time.
17 (Is/Are) bacon and eggs what you usually eat for breakfast?
18 We’ve just learnt that a couple of our club members (has/have) been
chosen for the national team.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
62 PRONOUNS AND NOUNS

possessive’s
singular noun(s) + ’s: my m o th er’s car, S a r a h a n d H a tty 's house
plural noun + my p a ren ts’ home
irregular plural + V the ch ild ren ’s names

1 M ake possessive forms from the item s in List 1 to com bine with
items from List 2. M ake fifteen com binations. Examples:
y o u r sister s address m y teachers' clothes

LIST 1
your sister Jonathan Ann and Pat those women
my teachers Katie our dog Simon and Jill
most people doctors

LIST 2
address car/cars ideas health legs
father/fathers nose/noses clothes education
fear of heights

Possessives usually replace articles before nouns. We can say the car or
Sue’s car, but not Sue’s the car or the Sue’s car.
But a possessive word can have its own article: the boss’s car.
Note also: that car o f Sue's: a friend ofJoe's (like « friend o f m ine- see page 28).

2 Right or wrong? Put ✓ for co rrect sentences;

rew rite in co rrect ones.
1 Is this the teacher’s pen?
2 Are you the Al’s daughter?
3 Do you know Lesley’s last name?
4 Here’s the Barry’s address.
5 Here’s my parents’ address.
6 It was the school’s responsibility.
7 What’s the Wilsons’ number?
8 That’s an old habit of Marion’s.
9 It’s a crazy idea of Alice.
10 Where is that brother of Carol?

Note: We spent the evening at Anne’s. (= ... at Anne's house.)

She’s at the h a ird resser’s. I bought it at HorrwT*.

For explanations of И м words that wo use to talk about

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
P R O N O U N S AND N O U N S

noun + noun
We can put nouns together in three ways:
1 noun + noun: a shoe shop; a war film
2 preposition structure: the top o f the hill
3 possessive’s structure: my boss’s car; Atm's idea
Usually, an idea can be expressed in only one of these ways, and it is often
difficult to know which is correct. The rules on pages 63-67 will help, but
there are exceptions - this is a very difficult point of grammar.

We often put one noun in front of another. The first noun is rather like an
a d jo l h r . and is usually singular, even if the niear in g is plural.
a h o r s e race (a kind of race) a r a c t horse (a kind of horse)
a s h o e shop (n o t a sh oes shop) a L a n ca sh ire man
. a ten -m ile walk (NOT a ten- tiles wall)
Articles belonging to the first noun are dropped in this structure. Officers in
th e a r m y = a r m y officers. NOT th e a r m y officers.

1 M atch th e expressions on th e left w ith th eir meanings

1 chocolate milk a book describing cases
2 milk chocolate b chocolate made with milk
3 book case с leather for making shoes
4 casebook d drawing done in ink
5 leather shoe e garden with flowers in
6 shoe leather f ink used for drawing
7 flower garden g milk flavoured with chocolate
8 garden flower h piece of furniture for books
9 ink drawing i flower that grows in gardens
10 drawing ink j shoe made of leather

2 W hat do you call these?

1 a shop that sells music 5 the clock in the station
2 a man from Birmingham 6 a rocket that goes into space
3 a frame for a picture 7 a factory that makes biscuits
4 tea made from mint 8 powder made from soap

3 Put these words into pairs to m ake noun + noun expressions.

Change plural to singular if necessary.

antique bicycle bus cowboy door film grapes

juice kitchen map newspapers publisher race
roads shop station

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
64 P R O N O U N S AND N O UN S

noun + noun or preposition structure

We use the noun + noun structure for well-known everyday com binations.
To talk about things that do not go together so often, we usually prefer a
structure w ith a preposition Compare:
a war film a film about a dog (NOT a deg film)
a history book a book about violins (NOT a-\>iolm be e k)
a postman a man from the bank (NOT a bank man)
road signs signs o f anger ( not artgers igns)
a corner table the girl in the corner (NOT the comer girl)

1 Eight o f these ideas fa n naturally be expressed by ‘noun + noun’.

W hich are they? Rew rite them.
1 a cake made of chocolate 7 the door to the kitchen
2 a child in the garden 8 a bottle designed for wine
3 a cupboard in the kitchen 9 a timetable of trains
4 a box for matches 10 a book about the moon
5 paste for cleaning teeth 11 chairs for the garden
6 discussions about furniture 12 a man with a knife

2 Look a t th e labels. Can you th ink o f some m ore names o f food

th at use th e noun + noun structure?

CORN FLAKES
Blackcurrant
Juice Drink
N o artificial cofexjr,
flavour of
sweetener

Newspaper headlines often save space by using the noun + noun structure
instead of the preposition structure. Strings of three or four nouns are
common.

Channel ferry safety drill leaves 18 injured

Decision day Football club

in rail dispute burglars cut
home phones
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
PR O N O U N S AND NOUNS 65

noun + noun and possessive's

We use the noon + n oon structie-e to name common kinds o f thing.
The first noun is often like an object tof a verb or rreposition).
a shoe shop = a shop that sells shoes
a warfilm = a film about war

We use the possessive's structu re most often to talk about something

that belongs to a particular person, group, organisation, country or
animal. The first noun is often like a su bject (usually of the verb have).
my boss's car: my boss has a car Ann’s idea: Ann had an idea

1 Choose th e co rrect noun group.

1 a bus’s station or a bus station 11 vegetables’ soup or vegetable soup
2 a toys' shop or a toy shop 12 China’s history or the China history
3 the teacher’s office or the teacher office 13 a cowboys’ Elm or a cowboy film
4 computer's disks or computer disks 14 street’s lamps or street lamps
5 my mother’s chair or my mother chair 15 the firm’s office or the firm office
6 car's papers or car papers 16 a bath’s towel or a bath towel
7 Tom’s plan or the Tom plan 17 that cat’s tail or that cat tail
8 a telephone’s box or a telephone box 18 a teacher trainer or a teachers’ trainer
9 the dog’s toy or the dog toy 19 the paper’s editor or the paper editor
10 a horse’s race or a horse race 20 a glass’s factory or a glass factory

2 Complete th e cartoon caption.

‘I laid 67.000 eggs last year, and if I don’t

receive a ____ there’ll be trouble.’

Mother Day card Mother Day’s card

Mother’s Day card Mother’s Day’s card

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 66 P R O N O U N S AND NO UNS

possessive’s or the of structure

We use the possessive’s structure especially when the first noun is the
name of a person, group o f people, organisation, country or animal.
In other cases we generally prefer a structure with of. Compare:
my father’s name the name o f the book
the firm ’s structure the structure ofplastic
America’s influence the influence o f alcohol
the dog’s leg the leg o f the table
We also use the possessive’s structure with common ‘tim e when'
expressions, and in expressions of m easurem ent o f time.
today's paper tomorrow’s weather yesterday’s news
a month’s holiday three hours’ delay

A 1 Rew rite these u sin g ’s, ’ o r o f the. Examples:

the club + its monthly meeting the clu b 's m o n th ly m eeting
his parents + their car his p a ren ts ' ca r
the world + its end the cud o f the w orld

Angela + her leg the trees + their highest branches my suitcase + its lock
your dog + its leg the bank + its branch in Paris your office + its floor
the table + its leg my family + its name the town + its atmosphere
our company + its best sales manager the police force + its main problem
next week + its timetable last night + its party today + its news

A 2 M ake two noun groups from each set o f words. Example:

file: your secretary, legal documents:
y o u r s e c r e ta r y 's file, th e f i l e o [ legal docum ents

1 story: Helen, the French Revolution 6 ideas: modern physics, my son

2 bed: the stream, the patient 7 rules: the club, football
3 policy: full employment, the company 8 view: the committee, the lake
4 style: my favourite author, the 1930s 9 head: the cat, the queue
5 place: language education, women 10 arm: the chair, John

For explanations of the wont» t in t wo use to tatk «‘-out gramm ar, — page* 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
▲ 3 Put together th e expressions from the left-hand box. and th ree o f
the expressions from the right-hand box, to m ake captions for the
cartoons.

Fear? your tests' results.

I have here the results of your tests.
He doesn’t know the word’s meaning.
Let's go. I’ve got the meaning of the word.
Right. Mr Wilson. somebody else’s car
parked outside. the car of somebody else

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
ee A D JE C T IV E S A N D A D V E R B S

adjectives and adverbs

adjectives: kind, shy. cold, angry, wonderful, bad, unusual, mad
adverbs: kindly, shyly, coldly, angrily, wonderfully, badly, unusually, madly

We use adjectives to say how something is, seems, becomes, looks,

feels, sounds, tastes or smells.
She is kind. She seems/appears shy. It’s getting cold.
He fe lt angry, ( n ot He felt angrily.) That smells wonderful.

We use adverbs with oth^r verbs to say how something happens or is done.
She spoke kindly but shyly. (NOT She spoke kind...)
He answered me coldly. He closed the door angrily.

1 Complete th e sentences with words from th e box. More than one

answ er may be correct.

beautiful/beautifuliy calm/calmly cheap/cheaply

clear/clearly slow/slowly soft/softly terrible/terribly
unhappy/unhappily

1 I suppose I should be nervous, but I’ve never felt so____in my life.

2 ‘I suppose we’ll never see each other again,’ she said____
3 I haven’t got much money: if I travel this year. I’ll have to do it ____
4 The house is small and rather simple, but Anne has decorated it ____
5 This soup tastes____
6 He spoke very____, but she heard every word like a shout.
7 Good computers are getting quite____now.
8 The train was very____; perhaps they were working on the line.
9 She sat there____lying about everything she had done.
10 This is a ____house. I enjoy looking at it every time I walk past.
11 Her hair is so lovely and_______- like a baby’s hair.
12 This handwriting isn’t very___ ; can you read it any better than me?
13 The team played____last Saturday.
14 Time seemed to go so______When would he arrive?
15 He looks really____: I wonder what’s wrong.
16 Mary doesn’t speak veiy____: I often have trouble understanding her.

For explanation» of the wort» that we u x to talk about grammar, »ee page» 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
A D JE C T IV E S AN D A D V E R B S

We also use adverbs before adjectives, past participles, other adverbs

and prepositional expressions.
It’s terribly cold. INOT ... te rrible С&Щ This is very badly cooked.
You're di Iring unusually fast. He was madly in love with her.

2 Choose th e right word.

1 Angela is (amazingfamazingly) good with animals.
2 As soon as I saw him I was {sure/surely) he had been drinking.
3 Do you think that's a (real really) diamond in her ring?
4 He was wearing a (true'truly) astonishing tie.
5 I felt her arm (gentle/gently) to see if any bones were broken.
6 I read an (amazing/amazingly) thing in the newspaper this morning.
7 John was [wonderful/wonderfully) kind to me when I came to this country.
8 Keith seemed (gentle/gently), but there was something cruel underneath.
9 One leg of the chair was (slight/slightly) damaged.
10 Sarah drives a (real/really) beautiiully restored 1914 sports car.
11 She looked at me (kind/kindly), but didn’t say anything.
12 The door was (bad/badly) painted.
13 The food was (wonderful!wonderfully), but the service was (awful/awfully).
14 The room is (cle ver/cleverly) organised so three of us can work there.
15 The job was (surprising/surprisingly) easy.
16 He’s acted (unbelievable/unbelievably) stupidly in the past year.

Some verbs are used with both adjectives and adverbs, with
different meanings.
You look angry. (= You seem angry.)
He looked angrily at the manager. ( = He turned his eyes...)
His plan appeared impossible.
She suddenly appeared in the window.

If a thing is worth doing, Speak softly and carry [You are] incredibly,
it is worth doing well. a big stick. inordinately,
Traditional President Theodore Roosevelt devastatingly,
immortally,
calamitously,
If a thing is worth doing, Power tends to corrupt
hearteningly,
it is worth doing badly. and absolute power
adorably beautiful.
G К Chesterton corrupts absolutely.
The poet Rupert Brooke
Lord Acton to the actress Cnthleen Nesbitt

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
70 A D JE C T IV E S AND A D V E R B S

confusing adjectives and adverbs

1 Are the words in the box adjectives, adverbs or both? Look a t the
sentences and decide.

daily/weekly/monthly/yearly cowardly deadly early

fast friendly hard late likely lively lonely
loud lovely silly ugly well

1 It’s getting late. 10 If you want me to work hard.

2 The Times is a daily paper. you'll have to pay me more.
3 She’s a lovely, friendly, lively 11 Milk is delivered daily.
person. But she seems lonely. 12 The train arrived late.
4 It doesn’t seem likely that 13 I can’t stand loud noises.
your children will be ugly. 14 Don’t be so silly.
5 The postman’s early. 15 She's becoming hard to live with.
6 She speaks English very well. 16 I’m very well, thanks.
7 We have monthly meetings. 17 That was a cowardly thing to do.
8 Don’t talk so loud. 18 Curare is a deadly poison.
9 If you’ve got a fast car, 19 I get paid monthly.
why don’t you drive fast? 20 Try to come home early.

2 W hich o f the words from Exercise 1 could go in each blank?

a cowdi dlij trwndhi iovely/silly 9 ____flowers
expression 10 a _____house
2 a ____magazine 11 We left____
3 _music 12 trying____
4 She sings too____ 13 a _____illness
5 He visits us____ 14 work
6 a ___ thing to say 15 _life
7 ____faces 16 phone calls
8 very______ to rain

Say it loud, I’m black People tell me there This universe is not
and proud. are a lot of guys like hostile, nor is it
Title o f song by James Brown me, which doesn’t friendly. It is simply
explain why I’m lonely. indifferent.
Mori Sahl J И Holmes
Once the toothpaste is
out of the tube, it is
awfully hard to get it Give us this day our It is better to be
back in. daily bread. beautiful than to be
H R Haldeman The Lord's Prayer good. But... it is
better to be good
than to be ugly.
Oscar Wilde

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
and with adjectives
W jpd adjectives come after a verb, we usually put and before the last.
B efb rea noun, and is less com aion. =/ -v3
He was tall, dark am i h an d som e. I’m cold, tired an d hu ngry,
a tall dark, h an d som e cowboy a tired (and) h u n gry child
But when adjectives (or other descriptive words) refer to different parts of
a following noun, we use and.
a yellow and Ыаск dress a concrete and glass building

1 Put in a n d if necessary.
1 The brick was rough/pink.
The bru к Wiis п ч н ф tiiul p in k.
2 hot/breezy weather
3 untidy/red hair
4 The man was young/bearded
5 The sea was cold/rough.
6 The church was old/ugly.
7 a quiet/tense woman
8 yellow/grev sand
9 The badges were red/blue.
10 a narrow/brown room

In the softest, Lightest sandals the world is somehow brighter.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
72 A D JE C T IV E S AND A D V E R B S

adjectives without nouns

We can use the + adjective (without a noun) to talk about some
social groups.
the young the old the rich the poor the sick
the disabled the handicapped the blind the deaf
the mentally ill the homeless the unemployed the dead
These expressions are plural: the blind means ‘blind people’. Compare:
I ’m collecting money for the blind.
Do you know the blind person next door? (NOT ... the blind next door?)
I met a blind man on the train. (NOT... a b lin d ...)
We can’t use all adjectives in this way: we don’t normally talk about the
foreign or the greedy, for example.

1 Complete the sentences with expressions from th e box.

the blind (twice) the living (twice) the poor (twice)

the dead the old the rich (twice) the young (twice)

1 In the country of____the one-eyed man is king. Anonymous

2 Love, like youth, is wasted o n ____ Sammy Cahn
3 When the rich make war on each other, it’s ____who die.
Jean-Paid Sartre
4 It’s all that____can do for____ to shock them and keep them up to
date. George Bernard Shaw
5 ‘Let me tell you about____ They are different from you and me.’
‘Yes, they have more money.’ F Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway
6 We owe respect to the dead; to ____we owe only truth. Voltaire
7 ____have more children, but____ have more relatives. Anonymous
8 Pray for____and fight like hell for_____Mother Jones
9 Does it matter: - losing your sight?
There’s such splendid work for____;
And people will always be kind.
As you sit on the terrace remembering
And turning your face to the light. Siegfried Sassoon

The structure is also ubed with the following nationality words: Dutch.
Eaglishj French. Irish. Scottish* Spanish, Welsh.
the Welsh have a very old literary tradition.
BUT: I like the Welshman who works in the garage.
(NOT ... the Welsh...)

F w e x p t a w t k w o f Я и word» that w u w to M fc about

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
A D JE C T IV E S A N D A D V E R B S 73

adjectives: order before nouns

This is a complicated point of grammar. The following rules have exceptions.

Words for colour, origin/place, m aterial and purpose go in that order.

Other adjectives come before these.
OTHER COLOUR ORIGIN'/PLACE MATERIAL PURPOSE
old red Spanish leather riding boots
a funny brown German beer mug
Opinions often come before descriptions.
OPINION DESCRIPTION
funny old buildings
a terrible little boy
nice new clothes

Here are descriptions from a newspaper, a journal, a biography and a novel.

Rew rite each description in the right order. Example:
books: old. terrible terrible old books (opinion + description)
1 city; Belgian, beautiful. little 9 ink: drawing, Swiss
2 club: jazz, local 10 jacket: short, leather
3 dinner: excellent, cold 11 squares: brick, little
4 buildings: modem, industrial 12 boots: French, ski
5 dress: evening, red. silk 13 tie: blue, woollen
6 eyes: narrow, colourless 14 trousers: cotton, grey
7 frame: flat, gold 15 trunks: black, nylon, swimming
8 furniture: old. lovely s

WONDERFUL tal energetic guy,

44 going on 32, would love to W O O D ST R F-B T
meet ttiat special lady to share
Sfe with. Call phone box 53124 haJJ.

b lo o m s and ba?h
G a s h e a ^ b a ^ o o ™° .
Good-looking, slim, kind, cheerful,
mature, non-smoking Welshman,
45, interested in everything except
« 2 ® -
opera and politics, seeks attractive,
у —rm. s. insilive, intelligent woman
in 30s for friendship, love, who
knows.-* Please write to Box No.781.

‘Single green male. 214

First and last usually come before numbers:

the firs t thr& weeks (NOT the three firs t-weeks)
my last two holidays
Note the word order in something nice; nothing new.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
74 A D JE C T IV E S AND A D V E R B S

word order: adverbs with the verb

Adverbs that go with th e verb include words expressing frequency (e.g.
a lw a y s, often , u su a lly , never) and certainty (e.g. defin itely,
p r o b a b ly ). Note the exact position:
AFTER AM/ARE/IS/W AS/W ERE AFTER AUXILIARY VERBS
You a r e u s u a lly right. She h a s p r o b a b ly forgotten.
It w as c e r ta in ly cold. I ca n never wake up in time.
BEFORE OTHER VERBS NOT BETWEEN VERB A N D OBJECT
He a lw a y s fo r g o t my birthday. He fo r g o t a lw a y s m y birth d ay .
I often g et headaches. 1-get-often headaches.
A ll, b oth and ea ch can also go with the verb.
You’re a l l wrong.
They a r e b oth studying maths.
We ea ch g av e a five-minute talk.

1 M ake ten sentences from the box. Example:

Ли/ father is njten bad-tempered.

I am always usually often happy late tired

is sometimes not often friendly bad-tempered
are occasionally never depressed worried
in love in trouble etc

2 M ake ten sentences beginning I h av e often /n ev er...

Examples:
f have alien been to America. I have never seen an opera.

3 Say how often you do some o f the following things. Examples:

I sometimes stay in bed late. I don't often go to the doctor

stay in bed late have bad dreams eat chocolate

get headaches play tennis read poetry fall in love
go to concerts play the piano forget people’s names
go to the cinema cook go to the doctor write letters
go skiing go swimming get depressed feel happy

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
A D JE C T IV E S A N D A D V E R B S

4 I f you can w ork with another student:

• ask him/her how often he/she does the things in Exercise 3
• report his/her answer.
Examples:
1 ‘How often do you go to concerts?' 'Never.
2 Л5aru never goes to concerts.

5 These sentences are all taken from real recorded conversations.

Can you put th e adverbs in th e right places?
1 You are here when something happens. ( usually)
2 Her mum cooks a meal in the evening. (always)
3 We book that April holiday in January. (usually)
4 They think that we have got bread, (probably)
5 You should look where you’re going. (always)
6 She is going to stay overnight, (probably)
7 Chocolate cakes are the best, (definitely)
8 I will be able to get it cheaper. (probably)
9 I have had an illness in my life. (never)
10 We saw sweets in those days. (never)
11 I remember buying some, (definitely)
12 Do you read upside down? (usually)
13 I can manage to get there. (usually)
14 She has done that before. (never)
15 Something is burning. (definitely)
16 She has been nervous, (always)
17 I feel cold in your house. (never)
18 They were against me. (always)
19 We are going to win. (definitely)
20 February is the worst. (usually)
21 It is very difficult. (sometimes)
22 J buy them in boxes, (always)
23 I have tried to End it. (often)
24 They are fighting. Сalways)
25 She saw this ghost, (often)
26 You are right. (probably) ‘You never tell me you hate me any more.'

If there is more than one auxiliary verb, adverbs of frequency and certainty
usually go after th e first auxiliary.
The roof has never been repaired.
I w ill definitely be seeing him tonight.
Adverbs go before or after not, depending on the meaning. Compare:
She s not often late. It’s definitely not raining.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
76 A D JE C T IV E S AND A D V E R B S

focusing adverbs: even and only

(NOTEven he’s-rude te-me.)

1 Put in even or on ly .
1 She talks to her brother. She only talks to her brother.
2 I am doing this because I love you.
3 She gets up at six on Sundays.
4 He wears a suit on holiday.
5 She ate a piece of dry toast.
6 I can play very easy music.
7 He can’t write his own name.
8 They make you pay for a carrier bag.
9 I was thinking of you.
10 You can ski there in summer.

Even an< m ly can а1ьо go just before the words that they emphasise.
He plays tennis even in th e rain .
He eats anything - even ra w p otato es.
Even a child could understand it.
They’ve lived here o n ly a fe w w eeks.
O nly y ou could do a thing like that
Even does not normally go between the verb and the object.
He can even s p e a k Chinese. (NOT He cm sp ea k even Chinese .)

2 Join th e beginnings and ends, and put in even or on ly .

BEGINNINGS ENDS

I work every day my mother really understands me. rats.

They do everything together It’s me! knew that he was ill.
Hello! the cat thinks you’re stupid. hated him.
She likes all animals the clock but for a few minutes. broke the silence,
his wife his children they brush their teeth together. on Sundays.
You can borrow it
!
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
A D JE C T IV E S AND A D V E R B S

adverbs at the end of a sentence

At th e end o f a sentence we often put words and expressions which say
how. w here and when. They most often go in th a t order.
She sang very w ell a t th e con cert la s t n ight.
He works in th e g a r a g e on Tuesdays.
(N O T ... on Tuesdays in the garage?)
He's working th ere now.
The children were playing q u ietly in th e garden .
Let's go to b ed e a r ly . (N'Oi ... early to bed.)
We do not normally pui adverbs between a verb and its object.
You s p e a k E n g lish very w ell. (.NOT You spea k very w ell E n g lish .)
Can you r e p a ir m y w atch now?
(NOT Can you r e p a ir n ow m y w atch?)

1 P u t th e words in brackets into th e sentences (not before th e verb).

1 I work at night. (best)
2 I paid at once, (the bill)
3 He always moves very slowly. (in the morning)
4 She speaks Japanese, (fluently)
5 I think we’d better open the parcel. (now)
6 She was crying in her room. (quietly)
7 We talked about it briefly. (at lunchtime)
8 F’m going to break the eggs into the bowl. (carefully)
9 Ann works at the village shop. (on Saturdays)
10 I can’t explain my feelings. (clearly)
11 The team played yesterday. (brilliantly)
12 I always worked at school. (very hard)
13 She practises the piano here. (every evening)
14 1 don’t think she plays tennis. (very well)
15 He read every word. (slowly)
16 Put the butter in the fridge. (at once)

After verbs of movement, the order can be different: we most often put
expressions o f plac first
He w ent u p sta irs qu ietly .

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
78 A D JE C T IV E S AND A D V E R B S

still, yet and already

We use s t ill to talk about situations continuing.
We use y et to ask if something expected has happened, or to say that it hasn’t.
S till usually goes with th e verb: yet usually goes at the end of (he sentence.
She's s till asleep. Do you s till love me? 1s t ill don't understand
Has the postman come yet? Alice hasn 't phoned yet.

We use a lr e a d y to say that something has happened earlier th an expected, or earlier

than somebody thought. A lread y usually goes with the verb.
‘When’s your mother coming?’ ‘She’s a lr e a d y here.'
‘You must go to Scotland. ’ ‘We’ve a lr e a d y been. ’
She's only been here a week and she a lr e a d y knows all the neighbours.

1 Put in still, y et o r a lre a d y .

1 Are you in the same job? 9 Our old car runs OK.
2 He’s seventeen, but he’s married. 10 Is the rice cooked?
3 Has Susan arrived? 11 She’s gone to bed.
4 I’ve finished! 12 Is she in that little flat?
5 9 a.m., and it’s dark! 13 Why are you in bed?
6 4 p.m., and it’s darkl 14 I’m bored with my new job.
7 Have you had breakfast? 15 It’s not time to stop.
8 Look - it’s raining. 16 Have you written that letter?

the waiter at the restaurant where we ate tonight.

'It’s
He wants to know if everything is still all right.'
Drawing by Vidor: € ) 199 3
The N ew Yorker Magazine, toe.

2 W rite th ree or m ore sentences about yourself using I a m s t i l l ....

I h av en ’t ... y et or I h av e a l r e a d y ...

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
CO M P A R ISO N . D EGR EE 79

comparatives and superlatives

C o a p a n tiv e adjectives are forms like you n ger, m ore expensive.
Superlative adjective; are forms like you n gest, m ost expensive.

DO IT YO U R aELF

1 Look a t th e examples and m atch th e beginnings and ends o f the

rules.
morejmost beautiful more/most careful more/most distant
easier, easiest faster, fastest happier, happiest later, latest
more/most intelligent nicer, nicest older, oldest

Rules
To m ake th e com parative and superlative of: you:
one-syllable adjectives ending in -e put more and most in front,
other one-syllable adjectives change у to i and add -er, -est.
two-syllable adjectives ending in -y add -er. -est.
other two-syllable adjectives put more and most in front,
longer adjectives add -r, -st.

>0 IT YO U R S E LF

2 Look a t th e examples and com plete th e rule correctly.

bigger longest fatter shortest sweeter hottest

oldest plainer thinnest meaner

Rule
Before -er and -est. we double the last letter of:
1 all adjectives.
2 adjectives that have three letters.
3 adjectives that have one vowel.
4 adjectives that end in one vowel + one consonant.
5 adjectives that end in one consonant.
6 adjectives that end in -g or -t.

3 Check your answ ers to Exercises 1 and 2 in the key. Then w rite
the comparative and superlative of:

boring cheap fine full funny handsome

hard honest interesting lazy light nervous sad
safe silly sorry stupid uncomfortable useful
violent wet

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
irregular comparison
good/well - better - best bad - worse - worst
far - farther/further - farthest/furthest old - older/elder - oldest/eldest
little - less - least much/many - more - most

Farther/further and farthest/furthest are both used to talk about

distance.
We use fu r t h e r to mean ‘additional’ in some expressions.
She lives three miles farther/further away from the office than I do.
furth er education furth er information fu rth er discussion

Elder and eldest Эд'е used with brother, sister, son, daughter, grandson,
granddaughter.
John’s my elder brother. (I have one brother older than me.)
Sarah’s my eldest sister. (I have more than one sister.)

1 Answer th e questions, using the words from the list a t th e top o f

the page.
1 If I’m not happy with the pen I’ve got and money is not a problem, what
should I do? Buy a be lie r pen.
2 Three thousand people entered a poetry competition. Max’s poem won.
Why?
3 Five friends all arrived for lunch at the same time. Alice had left home an
hour before anyone else. Why?
4 I had a cold. I went to work, but left early and went home to bed. Why?
5 I wanted to make a pear tart, but I realised all the pears were going bad. I
used parts of some of the pears. Which three pears did I throw away?
6 Jill was bom in 1970. Her sisters Liz and Sue were bom in 1972 and
1973, and her brothers Ted and Joe were bom in 1971 and 1974. What
can Liz call Jill? What can Joe call Ted? What can Sue call Jill?
7 My cousin has a medical problem. The doctors have done some tests, but
they still can't decide what the problem is. What are they going to do?
8 Seven different plants need different amounts of water. Which one will
grow best in a dry sunny place?
9 The Blacks have got a big house and three expensive cars. The Browns
have got a small flat and one inexpensive car. Why?
(Answer in two ways)
10 Why does it take longer for me to walk to the post office than to the park?

For explanation» of the word» that we use to talk about imar, »ee page» 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
CO M P A R ISO N . D EGR EE

comparative and superlative adverbs

Comparative and superlative adverbs normally have m o re and m ost.
Could you drive m ore slo w ly ? (NOT... slow lier?)
French is the language he speaks th e m o st ea sily .
But the following adverbs have -er, -est like adjectives:
early fast hard late near soon
Better, best, worse and worst can be used as adverbs.

1 W rite th e comparative/superlative o f a word from th e box for

each blank.
1 If we don't walk , we’ll never arrive on time. beautiful
2 She sings than anyone else I've ever heard. early
3 Andy’s the most intelligent, but Sue works fast
4 Eight is late - could you possibly get here any ? fluently
5 Of all the children. Helen writes hard
6 I would sleep if I weren’t worried about Tom. late
7 For th e 1П.2П tr a in . w e r a n le a v e hom e; is If). peacefully
8 Mark speaks French of all the boys in his class. sensitively

2 If you are in a class, find out some o f th e following things and

w rite sentences.
Who: sings best, sings worst, cooks better than you. cooks worse than you,
can run fastest, gets up earliest, goes to bed later than you, works hardest?

3 Complete th e captions with com parative adverbs.

1 She ought to drive____ 2 He ought to drive

3 She should have got up 4 He ought to work

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
82 C O M P A R IS O N , D E G R E E

much etc with comparatives

Before comparatives, we can use much. fa r. very much, a little , a b it
(informal), a lot/lots informal), any. no and even.
He’s much/far older than her. (not He’s very old er...)
She's very much happier in the new job.
I feel a little /a bit better.
These grapes are a lo t sweeter than the others.
The train’s no quicker than the bus. /... isn’t any quicker...
You look even more beautiful than usual.

1 W rite ten or more sentences com paring some o f the things in the
box. Try and use much /very much /fa r /a little /a bit /a lo t /even /
no /any. Example:
T he T aj M a h a l is m u ch older th a n the U hite House.

the Taj Mahal the Great Pyramid the White House

a Ferrari a Ford a Volvo the Amazon the Thames
the Rhone a pen a typewriter a computer a dog
a cat a parrot a horse living in the country
living in the city the Mediterranean the Atlantic
Europe Africa Asia North America South America
you your mother/father/friend/boss/teacher

‘How about a little more coffee?'

Drawing by Cahan Wilson: C i 1993
The New Yorker Magazine. Inc.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
CO M PA R ISO N . D EGREE S3

comparative or superlative?
We use a com parative to compare one person, thing, action or group with
an oth er person, thing etc.
We use a superlative to compare one person, thing etc with the whole group
that he she it belongs to. Compare:
Mary's taller than her three sisters. Mary’s the tallest o f the fo u r girls.
Your accent is worse than mine. Your accent is the worst in the class.
Some people use a comparative instead of a superlative when the whole group
has two members.
I like them both, but Maud's the n icer/n icest o f the two.
You can have the bigger/biggest steak if you like - I’m not very hungry.

1 M ake two sentences for each item. Example:

a tiger large / a leopard? large / all the big cats?
Is a tiger larger tlum a leopard?
Is a tiger the largest of all the big tntsr
1 this box strong /that one? strong /you’ve got?
2 Alistair tall / anyone else /class tall / the class
3 state of Alaska big / other states / US big /US
4 this wine expensive / that one expensive / the world
5 ATs party good / Pat’s party good /I’ve ever been to

2 Compare four-wheel drive cars: here are some facts Grom an article about
th ree real cars. W rite at least ten sentences. Examples:
Car / is' Inst ' linn Car X. Car Y is the fastest ■>I nil the three.

CAR X CAR Y CAR z

FAST? TOP speed: 106 mph 113 mph 109 mph
EXPENSIVE? £23.382 £35.889 £36.912
ECONOMICAL? 2 0 .1 miles/gallon 16.7 miles/gallon 15.8 miles/gallon
SAFE? /// //// /////
COMFORTABLE? /✓//✓ //// ////
GOOD OFF-ROAD? //// // /////
LI GGAGE SPACE? 1 ,0 1 1 litres 1 .1 0 0 litres 1 ,0 2 0 litres

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
84 C O M P A R IS O N , D E G R E E

comparatives: other points

We can use double com paratives to say that things are changing.
It’s getting colder and colder.
We went more and more slowly, (not ... more slowly and mere slowly,)

I Complete th e sentences.

t
• • •
M - H

1 She’s driving 2 She’s getting _ 3 It’s getting

4 The maths lessons are getting. 5 That cat’s getting

6 I’m getting. 7 Bread’s getting

2 W rite sentences w ith ...er and ...er or more and m ore... Example:
My daughter's maths homework / difficult to understand.
M y d a u g h ter 's n in th s h o m e w o r k is g ettin g m o r e a n d m o r e difficult to understand

1 My mother’s driving /dangerous as the years go by.

2 I heard Jeremy practising the piano yesterday - /good.
3 It seems as if police officers /young.
4 My temper / bad.
5 hard /to find time for everything you want to do.
6 Professional tennis / boring.
7 Restaurants /expensive.
8 Her holidays / long.

For explanation» of the word» that we u»e to talk about gramma*, и » page» 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
C O M P A R IS O N . D E G R E E

We use th e... the with comparatives to say that things change or vary
together.
The older I get. the happier I air.. (NOT Older I get, more I am happy.)
Th^ more dangerous it is. the more I like it.
(n o t The mere it is dangerous...)
The more money he has, the more useless things he buys.

3 Complete the sentences with expressions' from the box.

Use th e... the. Example:
____Mark gets_____ he looks like his grandfather.
The older Mark gets, the more he looks like his grandfather.

older/more more/more older/darker more/angrier

warmer/more longer/more faster/more more/less
more/more/less

1 ____he drove,_____ vve laughed.

2 ____I live here_________ I like it.
3 ____I get____________________ my hair gets.
4 ____money he lost____________it made him.
5 ____ I learn,__________________I forget and__ I know.
6 ____I get to know you,____ I understand you.
7 ____clothes she buys_____ clothes she wants to buy.
8 ____it got,_____ time we spent on the beach.

4 Circular situations: m ake sentences like the one in the example.

He drives fast he gets nervous.
The faster lie drives, the mure nervous he gets; mid the more nervous he gets,
the faster he drives.
1 He eats ice cream: he gets fat. (The more ice cream ...)
2 He reads: he forgets.
3 She ignores him; he loves her.
4 She buys shoes; she wants shoes. (Mind the word order.)
5 We spend money: we have friends.
6 I sleep; I’m tired.
7 (Make your own sentence.)
8 (Make your own sentence.)

IVhy study?
The more Istudy, the more I know.
Tne more Iknow, the more Iforget,
the more Iforget, the less Iknow.
So why study?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 86 C O M P A R IS O N . D E G R E E

superlatives: other points

After superlatives, we do n ot use o f with a singular word for a
place o r group.
I’m the happiest man in th e w orld, ( n o t ... o f the w o fU .)

She’s the fastest player in th e team .

(b u t ... the fastest player o f them a ll.)

1 O f or in after a superlative?
1 all of us oj all of us 7 the four men
2 the Army 8 the girls in her school
3 the books I own 9 the office
4 the class 10 the paintings in the gallery
5 Europe 11 Rome
6 my family 12 the school

We normally use th e before superlative + noun, when we are comparing

one person/thin^/group with others.
He’s th e m ost h an d som e m an I know.
It's th e lon g est d a y o f the year.
We do not use the before superlative w ithout noun, when we are
comparing somebody or something with him/her/itself in other situations.
He’s n icest when he’s had a few drinks, ( n o t He’s th e n icest when...)
England is best in spring.

A 2 Invent suitable beginnings for these sentences. The or not?

1 ____most beautiful city in my country.
2 ____most dangerous when they’re hungry.
3 ____best modern writer.
4 ____most interesting person I’ve ever met.
5 ____quietest in the early morning.
6 ____most efficient way to learn a language.
7 ____most comfortable when there aren’t too many people around.

3 Complete these sentences.

1 I'm happiest when I ____
2 _is happiest when he/she_____

For explanation» of Ни word» that we use to talk <bout grammrr, gee pa >» 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
C O M P A R IS O N . D E G R E E

than, as and th at
T han is used after comparatives.
Ля is used in the structures a s ... a s and th e s a m e as.
That is a conjunction used, for example, after words of saying
and thinking.
T hat is also a relative pronoun. like which and who.
She's ta lle r th a n me. (NOT... ta lle r a s /th a t me.) I'm o ld e r th a n her.
It's a s co ld a s ice. fh e meeting's th e sa m e time a s last week.
I told them th a t I disagreed. There's the house th a t I told you about.
We can often Jeave out that (see page 243).
1 told them I disagreed. There's the house I told you about.

1 Than, a s , o r that?
1 It's____warm____toast in here. 7 It’ll cost the same_____ before.
2 It's later____I thought. 8 The ca r____I saw was too small.
3 I think____she’s Czech. 9 The cat seems worse____yesterday.
4 I feel stronger____I did. 10 There’s the boy____broke the window.
5 Can't you eat faster____that5 11 It’s not as cold_____ yesterday.
6 He’s as funny___ toothache. 12 She’s got the same job____me.

2 Complete th e caption.

4 \n.

’ >4 " ■

There, dear! I think we’ve left the world a better place we found it!’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
88 C O M P A R IS O N , D E G R E E

a s ... as
We use a s ... a s to say that people or things are equal in some way.
She’s a s t a ll a s her brother. Is it a s g oo d a s you expected?
She speaks French a s well a s the rest o f us.
After not, we can use s o ... as instead of a s ... as.
He’s n ot s o la s successful as his father.
Other useful structures:
I haven’t got a s m uch time a s I thought.
We need a s m a n y people a s p o ssib le.
She earns tw ice a s m u ch money a s m e I a s i do.
He went to th e sa m e school a s m e I a s I did.
(NOT ... to -f g j same scho o l...)

1 Look a t the inform ation about Jak e and Susie, and then write
sentences comparing them using a s ... as, n ot s o l a s ... a s and
th e s a m e ... a s. Examples:
S u sie w en t to th e s a m e s c h o o l a s Ja k e. Ja k e ' s n o t a s o ld a s her.

JAKE SUSIE

UNIVERSITY Manchester Liverpool

SCHOOL Leeds H. S. Leeds H. S.
HEIGHT 1.92 m 1.70 m
WEIGHT 87 kg 56 kg
JOB accountant accountant
born: w h en ? 27.7.64 31.3.64
WHERE? Leeds Leeds
SALARY £26,000 £52,000
WORKS FOR DBM Rolls Royce
HOLIDAY 5 weeks 3 weeks
ADDRESS 3 Ross Street 8 Ross Street
Manchester Manchester
CHILDREN 2 2

LANGUAGES Fluent French, Fluent French,

some German fluent German
READING Newspapers Newspapers,
magazines,
‘There goes a c a r with exactly
non-fiction
the sam e num ber as ours.’

For explai tl on» of the word* that w a w e to talk about immar, ego pages 298-302.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
C O M P A R IS O N , D E G R E E

2 Here are th e beginnings and ends o f some traditional expressions

w ith a s ... a s. See how many you can put together correctly.
Example:
as cold as ice

as: as:
black cold flat a beetroot gold
good green hard grass the grave
old pretty quiet the hills ice iron
red thin warm night a pancake
white a picture a rake
a sheet toast

Some colourful and unusual comparisons:

as slow as a broken down saaS

as dirt} as a dustbin lid

as ttrick as two short planks (= strvW

as black as two o’clock in the morning

as ugly as honr^-made soap

as happy as a dog with two tails

as pocr as a church mouse

as croaked as a dog’s hind leg

as crooked as a barrel of fish hooks

as nervous as a brick wall

аз bra-'e as the first man who ate

УИММОЭ
an oyster тж
as cold as an ex-wife’s heart

as big as the little end of nothing

as welcome as a wet shoe

as noisy as two skeletons dancing

on a tin roof

as dark as the insiae of a wolf

as scarce as hen's teeth

as exerting as watching paint dry ‘How d'you m ean I'm as fit as a

m an of thirty - 1am thirty!’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
90 C O M P A R IS O N , D E G R E E

like and as
We can use like and as to say that things are similar.
Like is a preposition, used before a noun or pronoun.
As is a conjunction, used before subject + verb or a prepositional expression.
He runs like the wind. She looks like me.
Nobody knows her as I do.On Friday, as on Monday, we meet at eight.
Note the common expressions as I said, as you know, as you see, as usual.

1 Like or as?
1 He died_____he lived, fighting. 6 My brother isn’t at all____ me.
2 Being in love is____an illness. 7 She left____ she came, silently.
3 It's mended,___ you can see. 8 You're shy_____ me.
4 In Paris,____in Rome, traffic 9 Your smile is____your sister’s.
is heavy. 10 I said, you’re too late.
5 His eyes are____knives.

In informal speech (but not writing), many people use like as a conjunction.
Nobody loves you like I do. Like I said, she wasn't there.

We use as as a preposition before a noun or pronoun to talk about the jobs, rales and
functions of people and things.
He worked as a waiter for a year. Don’t use your plate as an ashtray.
Compare:
As your brother, I must warn you to be careful. (I am your brother.)
Like your brother, I must warn y ou ... (We both warn you.)

2 Choose an item from the box for each blank and w rite it w ith like or as.
1 Susan sings like im angel. a person
2 I worked____for live years. a secretary
3 Henry uses the dining room ____ a dessert
4 That cat snores just____ a union representative
5 ____, next Tuesday is a holiday. an angel
6 I’ve come to this meeting____ an office
7 This bread tastes____ cardboard
8 James speaks____: carefully and precisely. he writes
9 She’s clever and passionate - ____ her mother
10 Why don’t we have ice cream_____? you know

For explanations of the word t that we us to b f t aba it grammar, see

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
C O M P A R IS O N . D E G R E E

so and such
We use so before an adjective (without a noun), or an adverb.
VVe use such before (adjective +) noon. A /an comes after su ch.
She's s o b a b y is h .
I'm so h u n g ry that I could eat a horse.
... your country, which is so b eau tifu l.
(n o t ... your s o b ea u tifu l co u n tn . )
1 wish you wouldn't drive s o fa s t .
She's su ch a b a b y .
I didn’t know you had su ch n ice fr ien d s .
It was su ch a c o m fo r ta b le b ed that I went straight to sleep.

1 Put In su ch or so.
1 The weather was____cold that all the football matches were cancelled.
2 It was___ hot weather that nobody could do any work.
3 The book was_____ boring that I stopped reading it.
4 It was___ a good film that I went to see it three times.
5 They've got____a nice house that I always love staying there.
6 And their garden is ____beautiful!
7 His voice is_pleasant that I could listen to him all day.
8 I don't know why she talks i n ___ a loud voice.

2 Rew rite tb e sentences in Exercise 1, using su ch instead o f so or so

instead o f su ch, and m aking any other necessary changes.

3 Complete th e sentences, using expressions w ith such or so.

1 It was___ that I couldn’t see my hand in front of my face.
2 The canteen served____food that nobody could eat it.
3 It was___ car that the police couldn’t catch it.
4 The case was_______that nobody could lift it.
5 It was___ lecture that I couldn’t keep my eyes open.
6 This language is_____ that foreigners can't learn it.
7 He was____person that everybody liked him.
8 I was____that I went to sleep standing up.
9 I wish my____wasn’t/weren’t s o _____
10 I wish I hadn’t got_____

Such and so emphasise. To talk about similarity, we prefer lik e th is/th a t.

Look over there. Va love to have a c a r lik e th at. (NOT ... su ch a c a r .)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
92 C O M P A R IS O N . D E G R E E

very and too

1 Do you know tfae difference betw een very and too? Put th e right
expressions with the pictures.

very expensive too expensive very fast too fast

very hot too hot very slow too slow very small
too small very tall too tall

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 very (much) with past participles
We use very much with past parii«iptes when they are in passive verbs.
She was very mut h admired by her students.
(SOT... w ry admire d ...)
The bridge was very much n ah n d by the floods.

Very is common with past participles that are used as adjectives,

especially to say how people feel - lor example worried, shocked,
frightened, confused, annoyed, surprised, isolated, disappointed,
thrilled, emutsed.
We're very worried about Sam. (хот We'Fe very mueh worried...)
I was very shocked to hear about the accident
She's very frightened o f spiders.

▲ 1 Pot in very or very much.

1 Her plans have been_____simplified since I last told you about them.
2 I can see that you a r e _________________ worried about something.
3 I get____confused when people shout at me.
4 I'll b e____surprised if you can’t answer this.
5 I’m ____annoyed because I can't open the safe.
6 His ideas were___ imi tated by other writers.
7 Many AIDS patients feel____isolated.
8 My book w as___ improved by your suggestions.
9 She’s been____ photographed, written about and talked about, but
nobody really knows her.
10 She's___ respected by her colleagues.
11 The police have been_________________________ criticised recently.
12 They weren't___ amused when you told that joke.
13 When I had money problems I was ___ helped by my uncle.
14 Will she be____disappointed if I can’t come?
15 You don’t sound____thrilled about seeing me.

Very much is used with mistaki n.

That's Bill's car, unless I ’m very much mistaken.
( n o t ... very mistaken.)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 94 B E , DO A N D H A VE

be: progressive forms; do be

We use a m being, a r e b ein g etc for actions and behaviour, but not
Settings Compare:
You’re b ein g stupid. (= You’re d oin g stupid things.)
I w as bein g careful. (= 1 w as doin g something carefully.)
Tm depressed just now. ( n o t i'm bein g depressed just now.)
She w as very cheerful yesterday, (not She w as bein g ...)
For the use of am being etc in passive verbs, see page 176.

i
\j 1 P u t in th e co rrect form o f be.
1 The baby____very good today.
2 I ____a bit lonely these days.
3 John____difficult about money again.
4 Really! The children____ absolutely impossible this morning.
5 I don't know why I ____so tired.
6 You____very careless with those glasses.
7 I didn’t really mean what I said. I ____silly.
8 She____excited about her birthday.

Do is used with be to make em phatic imperatives and negative

imperatives (see page 218). but not usually in other cases.
D o b e carefull D on’t b e silly!
BUT Tm n ot often ill. ( n o t I don ’t often b e ill.)

‘The dog’s being impossible again .’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
B E . DO A N D H A VE 95

be: age, colour etc

Note the use of b e to talk about physical ch aracl ristfcs and conditions.
age How old is she.' He w as my age. (NOT He h a d my age.)
h e ig h t He must b e six feet tall. She is the same height as herfather.
w e ig h t I wish 1 w as a few kilos lighter.
s iz e The room is ten metres by six. What size a r e your shoes?
colour What colour a r e his eyes?
p h y s ic a l Fm hungry. A re you thirsty? The baby is sleepy.
c o n d it io n s We лоте too warm/hotfcohL Don’t be afraid.
Note also: to be righ wrongjlucky, ashamed.

1 Complete the sentences.

1 I'm ____ tall.
2 I ____the same height as_____
3 My eyes____ .
4 My eyes____ the same colour as
5 My hair____
6 My shoes____size____ .

2 W rite a sentence giving th e size o f th e room th a t you are in now.

If y ou are in a class, w rite s e n te n c e s about som e o f the other
students.

3 W rite five or m ore sentences to say how you feel now. Use some of
th e words in the box.

cold hot hungry ill sleepy thirsty warm

|well wide awake

4 W rite th ree or more sentences beginning I'm (not) a fr a id o f...

Pecpie can have it in any The so called white Eyes too expressive to
colour - as long as it’s races are really be blue, too lovely to
Ыаск. pinUo-grey be grey.
Henry Ford, talking about the E M ForsUr Matthew Arnold
Model T Ford car

Iam black, but O! my The East is red.

The future is black. soul is white. Chinese communist slogan
James BaMwin William Blake

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
96 BE . DO A N D H A VE

do: emphatic auxiliary

Emotive emphasis: we can use d o to make an expression sound stronger.
Do sit down. You d o look nice today! I d id enjoy our talk.

Join the beginnings and ends; m ake the sentences more em phatic
by using d o/d oes/d id. Example:
/ do h rl ill!

BEGINNINGS ENDS

I agree a lot.
I apologise eggs and bacon,
I feel he’s really happy,
I hate ill.
Hike cooking,
I need tired,
Peter enjoyed with you.
She looks your party,
You talk a job.
I wonder if for disturbing you. ‘Do com e out. Rover. Susan w on’t bite.’

Contrastive emphasis: we can use d o to show a co n trast - between false

and true, appearance and reality, or a general statement and an excepticr
She thinks I don’t love her, but I d o love her
It looks easy, but it does need quite a bit o f practice.
There wasn’t much time for shopping, but I d id buy a couple o f blouses.
We can also use do to compare what is expected with what actually
happens.
I said I was going to win, and I d id win.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
B E . DO A N D H A V E 97

2 Join th e beginnings and ends: add th e idea o f co n tr a s t by using

d o/d ors/d id . Example:
I've forgotten her name, but I do remember it Ыцап with a B.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

I”ve forgotten her name, Mind you, it has a nice big kitchen.
‘You don’t love me.’ They said eight o’clock, didn’t they?
I may not be educated. ‘I love you.’
I'll be ready in a minute, but I remember it began with a B.
I'm not sure she’ll be there. but I have to make a phone call.
It’s a small house. She plays a bit of tennis sometimes,
My wife does the housework. and she had a broken finger,
Although she didn’t say much, but I iron my own trousers,
She doesn't really like sport she gave me her phone number,
I made her go to the doctor's, but if you see her give her my love,
There’s nobody at home. but I know something about life.

3 Make sentences like th e one in th e example. Use dold oesld id .

Shaktspt’Me didn 't nuikt films, but he did write plays.

Shakespeare made films wrote plays sell beer

Scottish people lend money fought against England
In England fought against China eat potatoes
Banks eat mice speak English speak Japanese
Cats rains a lot snows a lot
Napoleon

Dear ...

F o r the p a st seven y ea rs the Society has b enefited from th e tax rebate on

yo ur covenanted su b s c rip tio n but, unfortunate}у th e covenant has now
expired. We do hope you will renew it.

Dear . . .

I a m writing to thank you for your gift of £200.00

by bankeres standing order under your covenant,
received Qn 5th October 1992.

We do appreciate all your support - it is vital

to our expanding work.

D e a r __

Thank you for your letter of 14tii November. I л я extremely sorry

that you have been troubled and I entirely agree that writing to
you was discourteous and a bad use of our funds.
He do in fact take good care to ensure that this does not happen
and 1 aa making enquiries as to why we slipped up in your case.

For do be in emphatic imperatives like Do be careful!, see page 218.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
98 B E. DO AND H A V E

do and make
DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Can you w ork out th e rule? Look a t the examples and answ er the
questions. Then ch eck your answ ers in the key.
Can you do the shopping? I want time to do some reading.
Make a copy of this letter. Once my father and I made a boat.
Dad makes wonderful omelettes. Shall I make a cake?
Do somethingl She’s always making crazy plans.
Could you do the ironing and the He did something really funny.
washing up? Time to do some work.
He likes doing nothing. We did a lot o f walking and swimming.
I love making model aeroplanes. What shall we do now?
I must do the accounts.
1 Do we use do or make to talk about work?
2 Which do we use to talk about building and creating things?
3 Which do we use when we don’t say exactly what the activity is?
4 Which do we use before determ iner + in g form, to talk about longer or
repeated activities (mostly jobs and hobbies)?

2 Learn these fixed expressions:

do: good, harm, business, one’s best, (someone) a favour, one’s hair,
one’s duty, lOOmph/kph
m ake: an attempt, an effort, an offer, an excuse, a suggestion, a decision,
an exception, enquiries, a phone call, a mistake, a fuss, a noise,
arrangements, a journey, progress, money, a profit, a fortune, love, a bed,
a fire, war, peace

3 Complete the cartoon caption.

‘Pembroke, have you been trying t o _____ decisions again?’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
B E . DO A N D H A VE 99

4 T ry to com plete th e sentences w ithout looking at the opposite page.

1 He’s loin the shopping. 2 She’s ____the ironing. 3 She’s ____ her accounts.

4 He’s . 5 He’s forgotten to ____ 6 He’s

<$T

7 He’s going to . 8 They’re . 9 She’s forgotten to .

10 This car will. 11 Somebody’s

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
have: actions
We often use h a v e to talk about actions, «specially in an inf чипа! style.
typical expressions:
have breakfast, lunch, coffee etc
have a wash, bath etc
have a rest, sleep, lie-down, dream etc
have a good time, bad day, nice evening, day off, holiday etc
have a good flight/trip/journey etc
have a talk, word, conversation, disagreement, quarrel, fight etc
have a swim, walk, dance, ride, game etc
have a try, a go, a look
have difficulty/trouble in ...ing
have a baby
have an accident, an operation, a nervous breakdown
In this structure, have is an ordinary verb with progressive forms, and with
do in questions and negatives.
‘Where's Jane?' ‘She’s h av in g a bath.’ What time d o y ou h av e lunch?

1 W hat ta n you do w ith these things /in these places? Use have
with the words in th e box.

dinner a drink a game of cards a game of tennis

a rest a shave a shower a swim tea

1 2 3

4 5 6

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
BE . DO AND H A V ? 101

2 W hat are they going to do? Use h av e w ith the words in the box.

an accident a baby a fight a nervous breakdown

an operation

*
Jf\

\ t

№
\- yfA<f fZr
5 (fw ^ # O r

СГ -

‘Yes. this seems quite a clear bit, have a nice day.’

“This is your captain speaking ... I apologise for the

bum py ride. W e are now flying a t about ten fe e t...
M r T atlow ’s had a g o ... w ho’s n ext?’

You have a go in ours. and we'll have a go in yours. okay?'

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
102 B E . DO AND H A V E

have (got): possession etc

H ave can be used to talk about possession, relationships,
characteristics and similar ideas.
The short forms I have, h av e IP. I h av e n ot etc are unusual in
an informal style.
Instead, we generally use forms with h av e g ot or d o ... have.

INSTEAD OF WE USE
I/you/etc have I’ve got, you’ve got etc
have I/you? etc have I got? etc OR do I have? etc
I/you etc haven’t I haven’t got etc OR I don’t have etc
had I/you? etc did I have? etc
I/you/ete hadn’t I didn’t have etc

1 Can you com plete the examples?

1 I’ve____a new boyfriend. (More natural than I have a new boyfriend.)
2 ____your sister got a car? OR Does your sister____ a car?
(More natural than Has your sister a car?)
3 I haven’t ____your keys. OR I ____ have your keys.
(More natural than I haven’t your keys.)
4 The school does not____adequate sports facilities.
(More natural than The school has not adequate sports facilities.)
5 ____you____ good teachers when you were at school?
(More natural than Had you good teachers... ?)
6 She________ children. (More natural than She hadn’t children.)

2 If you’re homeless, you haven’t got a home. W rite sentences using

I f you’r e .... you haven’t got alany ... to explain these words:
1 bald 4 unemployed 7 starving
2 penniless 5 toothless 8 an orphan
3 childless 6 lonely 9 unmarried

I have got is not present perfect in this use. It means exactly the same as I haw.
Got- forms are most common in the present.
The past forms I/you/etc had are common without got.
I had a bad cold last week.
Do and got are not used together. NOT Do уоч have-get tmf-skMwn?
Progressive forms of have are not possible with these meanings.
NOT Are you h wing апц children?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
B E . DO A N D H A V E 103

3 Complete the conversations, using h a v e got, h a s g o t etc.

1 ‘____an aspirin?____ a terrible headache.' ‘I'll just look. I think____
some in my bag. Oh, no, sorry,____any.’
2 ‘How many brothers and sisters____ ?’ ‘Just one brother. ’
3 ‘W e__ a new car.’ ‘Really?’ ‘Y es.__ four-wheel drive, power
steering and anti-lock braking.’ ‘Fascinating.’
4 ‘I'm afraid____ some bad news for you.’ ‘Oh, no. What is it this time?’
5 'W hy____dark glasses on?’ '____ something wrong with my eyes.’
6 ‘____dirt on my nose?' ‘No, but____ something funny in your hair.’
7 ‘Sally____a new boyfriend.’ ‘What’s he like?' ‘Very good-looking. He’s
quite tall, and____big dark brown eyes and a lovely smile. But she says
____a terrible temper.'

4 Here are some ‘con tact’ advertisem ents Grom a magazine. Write
sentences about some o f th e things th at th e people have got.
Example:
The man in the first advertisement has got an athletic build.

handsome, intelligent male, a ttra ctiv e , professional black

6ft, 31, athletic build, Porsche, lady, slim. 5ft 6in, nice smile,
seeks a ttra c tiv e girlfriend, own apartment, likes loqg hair,
under 3 0 , for fun and friend­ brains in a manJRing038 9734.
ship. Bax 329.
successful bu sinessm an , 35,
natu ral дашпяп 37, intelligent, attractive, tanned, nice home,

I fun loving, tall, brown ban; Ыие

eyes, good sense of humour,
enjoys cinem a, th e a tre and
yacht, requires exciting, slim
fem ale. P h o to g ra p h . R in g
04537943.
tr a v e l, seek s s in c e re , well
e d u ca te d m a n , 3 5 - 5 5 . for
honest, carin g relationship-
Ring 093 22815.

5 Complete some o f these sentences.

1 I've got plenty of 6 I’ve got too much
2 I haven’t got a 7 I’ve got too many
3 I haven't got much 8 I've got enough
4 I haven’t got many 9 I haven’t got enough
5 I haven’t got any

6 I f you can work with another student, ask him/her ten questions
using h av e y ou got? Then w rite a report on w hat you have found
out.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
have: habitual and repeated actions
Got-forms are not generally used to talk about habits and repeated
actions.
We h av e meetings on Mondays. (NOT We ’ve-goi meetings on Mondays.)
D o you often h av e colds? (NOT H ave you often g ot colds?)

1 Here is a child’s school tim etable. W rite ten or m ore sentences

beginning She h a s ... /She d oesn ’t h a v e ... Examples:
S h e Inis m a t h s nt nin e o 'clo ck o n M on d ay s.
S h e h a s a o n o m h s o n c e a w eek .
S h e d o e s n ’t h a v e I'ren ch o n U e d n es d a y s.

M T W Th F
9.00-10.00 maths French English maths physics
10.15-11.15 history maths chemistry French chemistry
11.30-12.30 biology physics Russian geography English
2.0 0 -3 .0 0 English geography sociology Russian maths
3.15-4.15 games economics games English games

2 W rite some sentences about w hat happens in your week. Examples:

I h a v e sta ll m eetin g s o n И ed n esd n y m o rn in g s.
I h a v e lin g lish lesso n s three tim es a w eek.
I u su a lly h a v e a lie-in on S u n d a y m orn in g s.

American influence on British usage

In British English, present-tens( do-forms have traditionally been used
mostly to talk about habitual and repeated actions; got-forms have been
used in other cases. (Compare: I don’t usually have colds: I haven’t got a cold.)
In standard American English, got-forms are unusual in questions and
negatives, and do-forms are common for all meanings. (I don’t have a cold.)
But modern British English usage is becoming more similar to American
usage.

For explanation» of th< <ii that we uee to te к bout

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
B E . DO A N D H A VE lO S

have + object + verb form

H aw som eth in g d on e: arrange for oomethinr: to be done.
I must have my watch repair d. We need to have the curtains cleaned.

1 M ake sentences using have + o bject + the past participles in the box.

changed cleaned cut put in redecorated repaired reproofed

, re-strung serviced sharpened valued

1 When did you last fyour hair)?

U hen did у hi lust luive you r hair cut?
2 We (our knives) once a year.
3 We’re going to (the roof) next summer.
4 I must (my jacket). And I’d better (my raincoat).
5 ‘Do we need to (the car)?’ ‘Well, we ought to (the oil).’
6 When she (her jewellery), she found it wasn't actually worth much.
7 You need to (your tennis racket).
8 Shall we (the kitchen), or shall we do it ourselves?
9 It would be nice to (some more electric sockets).

Ib is structure can also be used to refer to kinds of experience:

H ave som eth in g hap p en : experience something that happens/happened/etc.
H ave som eth in g hap p en in g experience something that is/was happening.
H ave som eth in g d on e: experience somethin that is/was done.
We had a strange man come to the door yesterday.
We suddenly realised we had water coming through the ceiling.
He had his car stolen while he was shopping.

'If you d on’t mind. I ’mgoing to stop this conversation right now and turn on the television.
If I've got to have my intelligence insulted, then I'd rather it were done by an expert.’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
106 M O D A L A U X IL IA R Y V E R B S

modal auxiliary verbs: basic rules

The ‘modal auxiliary verbs’ are can. could, may. m ight, shall, should,
w ill, would, must and ought.
They are used before other verbs, and in tags and short answers.
‘You can speak Japanese, can't you?’ ‘Yes, lea n .’
‘You shoMildn't be here, should you?’ ‘No, 1shouldn’t. ’

DO IT YO U R S E LF

Compare the modal verbs and th e ordinary verbs in the examples,

and answ er the questions. Check your answ ers in the key.
Could you help me? Do you expect to see her? Do you want to stop?
He must be happy. He seems to be happy. I can’t sing.
I hope to see him. It may rain. Shall we stop?
She will not go home. She doesn’t know much. She wants to go home.
They didn’t ask to be here. They shouldn't be here. We ought to tell her.
1 Which sort of infinitive is used after modal verbs? Which is the exception?
2 What is special about the third person present (he/she/it...) of modals?
3 What is special about the question and negative forms of modals?

2 Use infinitives from the box to com plete th e sentences.

be to be do to do finish to finish get

to get go to go make to make pass to pass
play to play

1 Can y o u ________the piano? 5 When will you____school?

2 She seems____better today. 6 She hopes________ a new car.
3 I want_____ some shopping. 7 Must you_____so much noise?
4 We may____to France soon. 8 Could you____the salt?

3 M ake these sentences into questions, and change the pronouns

as shown. Example:
I can swim, (you) Can you swim?
1 She can stay here. (I) 4 I shall drive, (we)
2 I must go.(you) 5 He could doit, (she)
3 They will understand, (he) 6 I would like to. (you)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 M O D A L A U X ILIA R Y V E R B S

Modai auxiliary verbs have no infinitives or participles. Instead, we use

other expressii >ns like b e a b le to, b e a llo w ed to, h a v e to.

4 Can yon com plete th e examples w ith expressions from th e box?

be able to to be able to been able to been allowed to

have to to have to had to

1 He’d like____travel abroad more, ( not He’d like to ca n ...)

2 I’ve never____understand maths, (n o t I've never could...)
3 The child has alwaysgo out alone, ( not She^ always could ...)
_

4 I’m sorry___ tell you this... ( not I’m-soHy to must...)

5 We’v e____get new shoes for both the kids. (NOT We've must ...)
6 One day, everybody will____travel where they want.
7 I’m afraid you will__________ work next weekend.
8 1 would hate____live in a big city.
9 I would have enjoyed the holiday more if I had____speak Spanish.

5 Complete some o f these sentences.

1 I’ve never been able to ____
2 I’d like to be able t o ____
3 One day, people will be able to ____
4 I wouldn’t like to have to ____
5 I've always had to ____
6 I’ve never had to ____
7 When I am President of the World, people will have to ____

6 What do yon th in k are the missing words in th e cartoon caption?

‘B u t the good new s is th at y o u ’ll n e v e r______smoke, drink or drive a car ag ain .’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
108 M O D A L AU X IL IA R Y V E R B S

must, can, may, might: how certain?

We can use must to say that something is logically necessary, or that we
suppose it is certain. The negati ve is cannot or can’t, not must not.
If A is bigger than B, and В is biyger than C, then A must be bigger
than C.
Mary must have a problem - she keeps crying.
There's the doorbell. It must be Roger.
No, it can’t be Roger. It’s too early, ( n ot ... it mustn’t be Roger...)
Can is used in questions.
There's the phone. Who can it be?

1 Rew rite these sentences using must or can’t.

1 I’m sure she's at home. She must be at home.
2 I’m certain you’re crazy.
3 I know that isn’t Janet - she’s in America.
4 I’m sure she thinks I’m stupid..
5 I bet I look silly in this coat.
6 They’re always buying new cars - I’m certain they make a lot of money.
7 I’m sure he’s not a teacher - he’s too well dressed.
8 You’re an architect? I’m sure that’s an interesting job.
9 I’m sure you’re not serious. I know you’re joking.
10 I’m sure he’s got another woman: he keeps coming home late.

JUMP, B o y !
‘She m ust be blind. She's smiling.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
M O D A L A U X ILIA R Y V E R B S 109

o fa y suggests that something is possible. M ight suggests a w eaker

possibility.
She m a y be at home, (perhaps a 50% chance)
Ann m ig h t be there too. (a smaller chance)
According to the radio, it in a y rain today. It m ig h t even snow.

2 Look a t th e pictures and w rite sentences with m u st/m ay /m ig h t/

c a n ’t. Example:
i She must be ill. OR She can't be well

Note the difference between m a y /m ig h t not and can't.

The game m a y /m ig h t n ot finish before ten. (Perhaps it won’t.)
The game c a n ’t finish before ten. (It’s not possible.)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 must, should etc: obligation
M ust is used for orders and for strong suggestions, advice and opinions.
S h ou ld is used for less strong suggestions advice and opinion;.
You m u st stop smoking or you’ll die.
You really sh o u ld stop smoking, you know. It’s bad for you.
People m u st realise that the world is in serious trouble.
People sh o u ld drive more carefully.
Ought is similar to should, but is followed by to.
People o u g h t to drive more carefully.
Orders and instructions can be made more polite by using should.
Applications sh ou ld be sent before 30 June.

1 W hich do you th in k is better —m u st o r should?

1 You know, I think you____take a holiday.
2 Tell Mark h e _______________________ tidy his room at once.
3 Visitors are reminded that they____keep their bags with them.
4 I’m sorry, but you____________________ go. We don’t want you here.
5 I really______ go on a diet. I’ll start today!
6 I suppose I ____write to Aunt Rachel one of these days.
7 You absolutely_____ check the tyres before you take the car out today.
8 All officers_____ report to the Commanding Officer by midday.
9 You have your hair cut at least once a week.
_

10 I think men____________ wear jackets and ties in restaurants.

'For your first effort you should w rite about som ething you understand.
Don’t try to write about yourself.'

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
2 Complete some o f these sentences w ith your own ideas.
1 I think people should
2 Гdon’t think people should
3 Tthink children should
4 I don’t think children should
5 I really must
6 People really must realise that
7 My father/mother should
8 My husband/wife really must

We often use s h o u ld in questions when we art wondering w hat to do.

S h ou ld 1change my job or stay where I am?

3 W rite questions for people who don’t know:

1 how much cheese to buy. 7 how to cook a crab.
How much cheese should I buy? 8 whether to go to the police.
2 whether to move to London. 9 whether to take a taxi.
3 what she should call her baby. 10 whether to take a holiday.
4 where to put his bicycle. 11 how long to wait.
5 when to pay her tax bill. 12 what to do at the weekend.
6 whether to invite his mother.

4 W rite some sim ilar questions for yourself. Example:

Should I qo о/i stiidf/iiifi I'.iuilish?

‘Should we walk upright? Should we continue to live in trees?

Should we tiy to make things? Decisions, decisions!’
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 must and have (got) to: obligation
M ust bo'ually expresses the feelings and wishes of the speaker/hearer.
H ave (got) to olten expresses obligations that come from som ewhere else.
Compare:
I m ust stop smoking. (I want to.)
I've g ot to stop smoking - d octor’s orders.
M ust you wear those dirty jeans? (Is that what you want?)
Do you h av e to wear a tie at work? (Is there a rule?)

1 P u t in m u st o r h a v e/h a s (got) to.

1 I’m tired. I ____go to bed early.

2 John___ go to school on Saturdays.
3 W e___ get another dog soon.
4 ‘This is a great book. ’ ‘I ____read it. ’
5 A soldier____obey orders.
6 W e____go to London for a meeting.
7 I think w e ____ pay in advance.
8 You really____ visit us soon.
9 I ____ try to-spend more time at home.
10 You___go through Carlisle on the way to Glasgow.

A 2 Read this w ith a dictionary; see how m u st reflects th e h earer’s wishes.

(In a dream, Mrs Ogmore-Pritchard is talking to her two dead husbands.
Mr Ogmore and Mr Pritchard.)
MRS 0-P: Tell me your tasks in order.
MR 0: I must put my pyjamas in the drawer marked pyjamas.
MR P: I must take my cold bath which is good for me.
MR О-. I must wear my flannel band to ward off sciatica.
MR P: I must dress behind the curtain and put on my apron.
MR 0: I must blow my nose in a piece of tissue-paper which I afterwards burn.
MR P: I must take my salts which are nature’s friend.
MR О: I must boil the drinking water because of germs.
MR P: I must make my herb tea which is free from tannin.
m r о. I must dust the blinds and then I must raise them.
MRS o-P: And before you let the sun in. mind it wipes its shoes.
Dylan Thomas: Under Milk Wood (adapted)

Unlike have to, m u st has no infinitive, participles or past tense.

When you leave school you’l l have to find a jod. (not You’l l m ust...)
1 don’t like hav in g to cook every evening.
We’ve h a d to change our plans for the summer.
Joe h a d to go home yesterday, (n ot fe e m u sttm u sted ...)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
M O D A L A U X IL IA R Y V E R B S 113

must not, do not have to etc

We use m u st n ot in prohibitions (negative orders).
We use do not have to, do not need to or need not to say that something is
unnecessary.
Students must not leave bicycles in front o f the library.
Passengers must not speak to the driver.
Friday's a holiday - 1don’t have to work, (not 1 mustn’t work.)
You needn’t pay now-tomorrow's OK. (not You mustn’t pay now ...)

1 Complete th e sentences, using must not /mustn’t or do not /don’t

have to.
1 Campers___________________ play music after 10 p.m.
2 Students____ ask permission to stay out after midnight.
3 Bicycles_____________ be parked in the front courtyard.
4 Residents__________hang washing out of the windows.
5 British subjects____get visas to travel in Western Europe.
6 Passengers_________________ lean out of the windows.
7 You___ pay for your tickets now.
8 It’s rained a lot. so we___ water the garden.
9 You___ disturb your sister while she's working.
10 You____knock before you come into my room.

2 M ake sentences, using must not or do not need to.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

In rugby football touch the ball with your hands.

In tennis lift your stick above your shoulder.
In chess hit your opponent below the belt.
In boxing pass the ball forwards.
In athletics look at other people's cards.
In hockey touch a piece if you aren’t going to move it.
In baseball start before the gun.
In football hit the ball before it bounces.
In bridge Yirt vYie'DaYi aSter Vts ьесотЛ Y>owr»«i.
throw the bat.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
114 M O D A L A U X ILIA R Y V E R B S

can (ability): special problems

Future: We ~an use can if we are deciding now what to do in the iiiture.
In other cases, we have to use w ill b e a b le to.
1 can see you tomorrow morning for half an hour.
One day we w ill b e a b le to live without wars.
(not One day we can live...)

Conditional: We can use co u ld to mean ‘would be able to ’.

You cou ld get a better job if you spoke a foreign language.

1 Put in can or can't if possible; if not, use cou ld or w ill be a b le to.

1 I ____pick it up tonight. If that’s convenient.
2 I think I ____ speak English quite well in a few months.
3 ‘We need some more oil.’ ‘OK, I ____let you have some this week.’
4 Dr Parker____ see you at twelve on Tuesday.
5 She________ walk again in a few weeks.
6 If we took the wheels off, we____get it through the back door.
7 Do you think one day people____travel to the stars?
8 This week’s no good, but I _____ bring the car in next week.
9 If I practised a bit. I ____be pretty good at tennis.
10 In a few years, computers________think better than we do.
11 She_____give you a lesson this evening.
12 I’m free at the weekend, so the kids____come round.
13 I’ll post your letter, but I don’t think the postman___ . read the address.
14 I ____do your job with no trouble at all.
15 We’re busy this week, but w e____repair it by next Thursday.

Past: We do n ot use cou ld to say that we managed to do something

on one occasion. Instead, we use, for example, managed to or
succeeded in ...ing.
1 m a n a g ed to get up early today. (NOT I co u ld get up early today.)
After six hours, we succeeded in getting to the top of the mountain.
(NOT After six hours, we cou ld g et...)
BUT: She co u ld read when she was four. (Not one occasion.)
He cou ld n ’t find the ticket office. (He didn’t manage it.)

For explanation» of the word» that we u»e to talk about

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 M O D A L A U X ILIA R Y V E R B S 115

2 Complete th e sentences w ith could, couldn’t or managed to.

1 I ____speak French really well when I lived in Paris.
2 He____repair the car, but it took him a long time.
3 At last I ____make her understand what I wanted.
4 We wanted to go to the opera, but we____get tickets.
5 I ____swim across the river, but it was harder than I expected.
6 All three children___ ride as well as they____ walk.
7 Fortunately. I ____get her address from her office.
. 8 I don’t know how the c a t_____get through the window, but it did.
9 He____already walk when he was ten months old.
10 After the accident, she somehow____ walk home.

We often use can and could with hear.feel, smell and taste, with the
sao'.e meaning as ^ progressii e iorm.
I can see Susan coming. (NOT I’m seeing...)
What’s in the soup? I can tastr something funny.
Through the window. I could hear a man singing.

3 Complete th e sentences.
1 I ____ something burning. What do you think it is?
2 He opened his eyes, but to his horror h e____nothing.
3 Through my study window I ____mountains.
4 I ____Susan practising the piano next door: it sounds nice.
5 This isn’t my coffee - 1____sugar in it.
6 He thought h e_____something crawling up his leg, but when he looked
h e____anything.
7 Spring is coming: you____snowdrops in all the gardens.
8 I ____the cats fighting in the kitchen: can you go and put them out?

4 Look around you, and w rite five sentences beginning I can see ...
Listen to th e noises around you, and w rite five sentences
beginning I can h e a r ...
>

4 can see w hy they made February

the shortest m onth of the y ear.’

Drawmg by Druckrr С 1971

The New Yortn-Magazine. Inc.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
lie M O D A L A U X ILIA R Y V E R B S

can, could, may: permission etc

We use can to ask for and give permission, and can n ot/can 't to refuse it.
‘Can 1 ask you a question?’ ‘Yes, of course you can.'
I’m sorry, you can't come in here.
We also use could to ask for permission; it is more polite.
C ould I have a look at your newspaper?
May is used in the same way. It is more formal and less common.
M ay 1 help you, sir?
We use can and could (but not usually may) to talk about what is normally allowed.
Can you park in this street on Sundays? (NOT M ay you p ark...?)

1 Rewrite th ese sentences using ca n , cou ld or m ay .

1 I’d like to talk to you for a minute. Bill, (friendly)
C an I ta lk lo y o u fo r a m in u te. B ill?
2 I would like to use your phone. (more polite)
3 ,1 would like to stop work early today, (formal)
4 Take my bike if you want to.
5 Are children allowed to go into pubs?
6 I don’t want you to come into my room.
7 I would like to speak to Jane, if she's there, (polite)
8 I would like to have a beer, (friendly)
9 Are students allowed to use this library?
10 I would like to pay you tomorrow, (polite)

‘Dad, can I borrow the gun tonight?’

Drawing by MankofT: С 1993
The New Yorker Magazine. Inc.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
M O D A L A U X ILIA R Y V E R B S 117

vVe use can in offers, requests and lm ln n lions.

Can I carry your bag?
I can baby-sit for you this evening if you like.
Can you put the children to bed?
When you've finished the beds you can clean up the kitchen.
Could sounds less definite; it is common in suggestions and requests.
I could do some shoppingfo r you. if that would help.
Tin bored. ’ You could go for a bike ride.'
Could you help me for a few minutes?
Common structures in polite requests:
Could you possibly help me?
I wonder i f you could help me?

2 Rew rite th ese sentences, beginning w ith I can Can 1...?

You can Can you ...? Could you ..J or I wonder i f you could ...?
1 Would you like me to take your coat?
2 Start cooking supper now, please.
3 I'd be glad if you would translate this for me. (friendly)
4 I’d be glad if you would translate this for me. (polite)
5 Why not watch a video if you don’t know what to do?
6 Why don’t you spend the day with us if you’re free on Saturday?
7 I don't mind feeding the horses, if you’d like me to.
8 I’d be glad if you would lend me £5. (polite)
9 Tell me when it’s time to go. (friendly)
10 I’d be grateful if you would tell me when it’s time to go. (polite)

3 Put th e words o f th e caption in the right order.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
118 M O D A L A U X ILIA R Y V E R B S

will: willingness etc

W ill can express willingness and intentions.
We often use will to announce a decision a t th e m om ent w hen we m ake i t
I really w ill give up smoking tomorrow!
We’U buy the tickets if you’l l make supper after the show.
There’s the doorbell. Г11 go. (NOT 1-двт)
1 11 h a v e ... is often used when people order in cafes, restaurants etc.
Г11 h av e a black coffee, please.
W ill y ou ...? can introduce instructions, orders and requests. Would y ou ...? is softer,
and can be used to make requests more polite.
W ill y ou get me a paper while you ’re out?
W ill y ou be quiet, please?
W ould y ou watch the children for a few minutes?
W on’t can be used to talk about refusals.
He w on’t talk to anybody.
The car w on’t start.

1 Put the beginnings and ends together. Example:

I'll drive if you'll map-read.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

I’ll drive I will.

I'll wash up I'll answer it.
I’m tired. I think I’ll go to bed now.
If you see Ann, if you’ll dry.
She won’t tell us if you’ 11 map-read,
The cat in the oven at 5.30?
The phone’s ringing. shouting?
This video to this address, please?
Who’s going to get the tickets? what’s wrong,
Will you deliver the furniture when you’re ready to leave?
Will you let me know won’t eat.
Will you stop won’t play.
Would you put the meat would you tell her I got her letter?

For explanations of 1 1 word* that we use to talk ixn.it , see page* 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
M O D A L A U X ILIA R Y V E R B S 119

W e ran use w ill to make th reats апй promises, "Jhe simple present is not
possible in this case.

Г11 hit you if you do that again. (NOT I h i t yeu i j ..)

You’l l get your money tomorrow. (NOT You g e t ...)
1promise TU stop smoking. (f'OT 1promise I sto p smoking.)

2 A boy left hom e for th e first tim e to go to university. Look a t th e

pictures, and w rite th e promises he made to bis parents. Begin:
I p r o m is e Г11... o r I p r o m is e I w o n 't...

10 11 12

For will as a future auxiliary, see page 130.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
120 M O D A L A U X ILIA R Y V E R B S

will and would: typical behaviour

We can use w ill to talk about habits and typical behaviour.
She’l l sit talking to herselffor hours.
If something breaks down and you kick it, it w ill often start working again.
If we stress will it can sound critical.
She w ill fall in love with the wrong people.
Would is used to talk about the past.
On Saturdays, when I was a child, we w ou ld all get up early and go fishing.
He was a nice boy, but he w ou ld talk about himself all the time.

1 Complete the sentences with w ill/w ou ld + verbs from the box.

be drive fall keep listen make play ring

take talk tell

1 ‘Dad, I've broken my watch.' ‘Well, you____ playing with it.’

2 On Sundays when we were kids, Mother___ us pancakes for breakfast.
3 He’s no trouble - h e_____________ by himself for hours.
4 She’s nice, but she____about people behind their backs.
5 People____to you if you listen to them.
6 We lived by a lake, and sometimes Dad___ us fishing.
7 I’m not surprised you had an accident - y o u ____too fast.
8 If you drop toast, it ____butter side down every time.
9 If you’re having a bath, the phone____ And if you answer it, it ____ a
wrong number.
10 He_____you one thing one minute and the opposite the next - he’s crazy.

2 Here are some laws o f nature. Join th e beginnings and th e ends.

BEGINMNGS ENDS

After you have bought it will.

something, somebody will.
If anything can go wrong, they will both be on at the same
If there are two good TV shows. time.
If you explain so clearly that will always move faster,
nobody can misunderstand, will fall asleep first,
If you throw something away. you will find it somewhere else
No matter how much you do. cheaper,
The one who snores you’ll need it the next day.
The other queue you’ll never do enough.

For n * of the word» that we i * to talk about i е е page» 298-302.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
M O D A L A U X IL IA R Y V E R B S

shall in questions
S h a ll I /w e ■■■?can be used to ask for instructions and decisions, and to
m ake offers and suggestions.
What on earth s h a ll w e do? What time s h a ll w e come and see you?
S h a ll I carry your bag? S h a ll w e go out for a meal?

- 1 Can you com plete th e sentences? (They are from a discussion

about holiday plans.) Use s h a ll we?
1 where? U here shall we go? 6 fly/train/drive?
2 seaside/mountains? 7 hotel/camp?
Sli ill we go to thi----- si 8 stay in one place / travel around?
or the mountains? 9 take Granny?
3 this country/abroad? 10 go with the Jacksons?
4 when? 11 what do with dogs?
5 how long for?

2 W rite th ree questions asking for advice for yourself. If you can
w ork with other students, ask them your questions and get th eir
advice.

What shall I say How can I hide the tears inside?

when our neighbours How can I face the crowd?
want us to come to tea? I can make lips o f mine be still,
They don’t know you’re not with me. but my heart sighs too loud.
What shall I say?
I could explain that
What shall I say you’re gone for only a week to shop.
when the phone rings But after the week is up
and som eone asks for you? What shall I say?
They don’t know I ask for you too.
What shall I say? Peter Tinturin

For shall as a future auxiliary, see page 130.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
122 M O D A L A U X IL IA R Y V E R B S

should have, could have etc

W t can use sh ou ld have, cou ld h av e etc + past participle to talk about
‘u nreal’ past situations that are the opposite of what really happened.
You sh ou ld h av e been here an hour ago. (But you weren’t.)
Alice sh o u ld never h av e bou g h t that car. (But she did.)
I was so angry 1could have killed her. (But I didn’t.)
She co u ld h av e m a rr ie d anybody she wanted to. (But she didn’t.)
Jumping out o f the window like that - he co u ld /m ig h t h av e b ro k en his leg.
If I’d known you were coming, I w ou ld h av e sta y ed in.
We can use this structure to criticise people for not doing things.
You cou ld h av e h elp ed me! (Why didn’t you?)
You m ig h t h av e let me know you weren’t coming - 1 stayed in all evening.

1 Complete th e sentences with sh o u ld h a v e c o u l d h a v e m i g h t

h a v e ... or w ou ld h a v e ... More than one answer may be possible.
1 He___ me last week. (pay)
l i e s h o u ld h a w p a id m e Iosl w eek.
2 You___ somebody, driving like that, (kill)
3 ■ I ____you, but I didn't have your number, (phone)
4 If my parents hadn’t been so poor. I ____to university, (go)
5 It’s his fault she left him; h e ____nicer to her. (be)
6 I ___ more garlic in the soup. (put)
7 If you needed money, you___ me. (ask)
8 ‘We got lost in the mountains.’ ‘You fools - you___ a map.’ (take)
9 It’s a good thing they got her to hospital in time. She____ (die)
10 When he said that to me I ___ him. (hit)
11 You____me you were bringing your friends to supper! (tell)
12 You___ my jeans after you borrowed them. (wash)

This structure can also be used to talk about things th at are n ot certain
to Ъате happened, or that we suppose (but don’t know definitely) have
happened. May have... is common in these senses.
I may have left my keys here this morning - have you seen them?
He sh o u ld h av e a rriv ed home by now. Let's phone him.
So you went to Australia. That m u st h av e been nice.
Where is she? She ca n ’t h av e gon e out - the door's locked.

For »; of the word» that wo use to . about \9J 29e-^ 2.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
M O D A L A U X ILIA R Y V E R B S 123

2 Complete the sentences with may h a v e s h o u l d have..., must

have... or can’t have... More than one answ er may be possible.
1 ‘Where’s Phil?’ ‘I don’t know. He____home.' (go)
2 ‘How are the builders getting on?’ ‘They____by now. I’ll go and see.’
(finish)
3 ‘Ann isn’t here.’ ‘Surely she_____- 1 reminded her yesterday.’ (forget)
4 The garden’s all wet. It _____in the night. (rain)
5 ‘We went to Dublin for the weekend.' ‘That_____ a nice change. ’ (be)
6 ‘Who phoned?’ ‘She didn’t give her name. I t ____Lucy.’ (be)
7 - He____all his money. I gave him £10 only yesterday! (spend)
8 I ____a new job. I’ll know for certain tomorrow, (find)
9 The car’s got a big dent in the side. Bemie_______ an accident, (have)
10 They 're not at home. They______________ away for the weekend, (go)

Note the differences between я ш д mot h a v e ... and ca n ’t h a v e .... and

between h a d t o ... and m u st h a r e ...
They m a y n ot h av e a rriv ed yet. ( = Perhaps they haven’t arrived,)
They can't h av e a rriv ed yet. (= They certainly haven't arrived.)
Joe h a d to go home. (= It was necessary for him to go home.)
Joe m u st h av e g on e home. (= It seems certain that he has gone home.)

3 Put In m a y n ot h a v e ..., ca n ’t h a v e ..., h a d t o ... or m u st h a v e ...

1 Shakespeare____ been to Australia because it hadn’t been discovered.
2 King Arthur____ existed - nobody’s sure.
3 Castles in the Middle Ages __ been cold places.
4 People in those days____get their water from wells and streams.
5 Poor people five hundred years ago____had easy lives.
6 But they____been unhappier than us.

‘AU the exits have been sealed off. He must have got out through the entrance.’

For will have... (future perfect tense), see page 139.

For would have.... see page 262.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
124 M O D A L A U X IL IA R Y V E R B S

revision of modal verbs

1 Correct the m istakes.
1 I don’t can sing.
2 I would like to can travel more.
3 He should to work harder.
4 Could you telling me the time?
5 I must work last Saturday and Sunday.

2 Choose th e best form. (Sometimes both may be possible.)

1 We_____win, but I don’t think there’s much chance. (may, might)
2 I ____________ ask you to help me later. (may, might)
3 That______ be her daughter- they’re nearly the same age. (can’t, mustn’t)
4 W e___________________ decide to go camping again at Easter. (can, may)
5 There_____ be enough room for everybody on the bus - we’ll have to wait
and see. (may not, can't)
6 You_______get in without a ticket - not a chance. (may not, can’t)
7 You absolutely_____go and see Liz. (should, must)
8 [ think you____ try to relax more. (should, must)
9 You____ pass a special exam to be a teacher. (must, have to)
10 In this country, boys____ do military service, (must not. don’t have to)
11 [ _____ see you at eight tomorrow. (can, will be able to)
12 One day, everybody_____ say what they like. (can, will be able to)
13 It took a long time, but I ______ repair the car. (could, managed to)
14 When I was younger I ____ sing quite well, (could, was able to)
15 At what age____ you get a driving licence? (can, may)
16 Гpromise I ____ smoking. (stop, will stop)
17 I don’t know why she’s not here. She____ have got my message.
(may not, can't)
18 He’s not answering the phone. He____have got home yet.
(may not, can’t)
19 When I was eighteen w e_______________two years in the army.
(had to do, must have done)
20 She____ very quietly - 1 didn't hear her go. (had to leave, must have left)

3 W rite sentences about three things th a t you should have done

last w eek but didn’t, and three things th at you shouldn't have
done but did.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
M O D A L A U X IL IA R Y V E R B S 125

4 Complete the cartoon captions with expressions from th e box.

Г.
he might be it may not be can this be it can be
you could I’ll

H m & rr

. the sam e m an w ho pulled Excalibur ‘Y eah, they’re all rig h t,. . take them .’
out o f a stone?'

‘Oh my God! His report says _ _Prim e M inister ‘Provided you e at sensibly, stay off the beer,
one day!’ cigarettes and whisky, don’t take any strenuous
exercise and keep aw ay from w om en ,_____ live for
another tw enty m inutes.’

’Frankly. W allace, I think you'd better stop telling

it. If no one laughs_______ a jo k e.’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
need
Need can sometimes be used like a modal verb, (questions and negatives
without do), especially to say what is (not) necessary a t th e tim e o f
speaking.
Do I n eed to pay now? OR Need I pay now?
He d oesn ’t n eed to go. OR He n eedn ’t go.

1 Complete these sentences with n eedn ’t, using a verb from th e box.

come get laugh phone ring take think try

worry write

1 You___ - my haircut’s not as funny as all that.

2 You___ up yet, because there’s no school today.
3 He____everything down. Just the name and phone number will do.
4 S h e ___ and see me if she doesn’t want to; I don’t mind.
5 You___ about me. I’m fine.
6 You____I care about you, because I don’t.
7 Tell him h e____the bell; he can just walk straight in.
8 I’d like to see her today, but it ____very long.
9 . Just come when you like, any time. You___ first.
10 You___ to explain. I’m not interested.

Compare didn’t need t o ... and needn’t have...

We didn’t need to hurry ; we had lots o f time.
(It was unnecessary to hurry.)
We needn’t have hurried - we got there much too early.
(It was unnecessary to hurry, but we did.)

2 Complete the sentences with didn’t need t o ... or needn’t have ...
1 I ____the flowers; I could see that Anne had already done it. ( water)
2 You____ supper for me: I’ve already had something to eat. (cook)
3 I ____all that work, because nobody appreciated it. (do)
4 W e____the encyclopaedia; the kids never look at it. (buy)
5 We had enough petrol, so I ____ (fill up)
6 I ___ so much about Granny. When I got there she was fine, (worry)
7 Luckily we had plenty of food, so I ____shopping, (go)
8 I ___ long; she arrived j ust after me. (wait)
9 I ___ Latin at school; it hasn’t been any use to me since, (study)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
M O D A L A U X ILIA R Y V E R B S 127

had better
H ad b etter (not) is followed by an infinitive without to.
We use h a d b etter to give strong advice to peopV> (including ourselves).
Had better is not past or comparafi"*. - the meaning is ‘I t would be good to
You’d better turn that music down before your Dad gets angry.
It's seven o'clock. I’d better put the meat in the oven.
You’d better not say that again.
Had better refers to the immediate future. It is more urgent than should or ought.
‘I ou g h t to go and see Fred one o f these days. ’ ‘Well, you’d b etter do it soon.
He's leaving for South Africa next month.'

1 Complete th e sentences with verbs from the box, u sin g ’d better.

г
do not forget get give have invite not let
open start not tell

1 The plane’s at six o’clock. You____packing, hadn’t you?

2 I suppose I ____up and put some clothes on.
3 You__________________________ the door and see who it is.
4 Tell Sheila she____my birthday this time!
5 W e_____Pat her camera back, hadn’t we? She might need it.
6 W e________________ John round soon; we owe him a meal.
7 I ____some washing, or we won’t have anything to wear.
8 You____Jane what’s happening; she'll get too upset if you do.
9 You don’t look well. You____some whisky and honey.
10 You_____your father see that magazine - he’ll kill you.

2 W hat advice might you give to a friend who:

1 feels very ill? 7 is going to work in China and Japan?
2 is very tired? 8 can’t sleep?
3 feels cold? 9 has got an exam next week?
4 feels tense? 10 smokes too much?
5 has been working too hard? 11 thinks she saw burglars breaking
'6 ' ' seems very unhappy? into the house next door?

Had bet’er is quite direct; it is n o t used in polite requests. Compare:

Could y ou help me if you’ve got time? (not You’d better-help m e...)
You’d b etter help me or there'll be trouble.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
128 M O D A L A U X ILIA R Y V E R B S

used to ... (/'ju:st to/)

We use u sed + infinitive to talk about past habits and long-lasting
situations which are now finished or different.
I u sed to s m o k e like a chimney. She u sed to fiv e in Liverpool.
Used t o ... is only past. For present habits, we use the simple present tense.
My sister s m o k es occasionally, (not My sister uses to s m o k e ...)
In an informal style, questions and negatives are generally made with do.
D id you u se to collect stamps? 1 d id n ’t u se to like her.
I u sed n ot to like her. (More formal.)

1 Complete the text with words from the box, using used to ...

buy go have keep look after look at live

play stand take

Recently we took our 15-year-old son Joe to the place in Paris where we
1 when he was a baby. We showed him the house, with the balcony
where he 2 and make speeches to imaginary crowds. Then we went
inside, and believe it or not, there was Mme Duchene, who 3 joe when
we were working. She didn’t look a day older. We couldn’t get into the flat.
but we saw the garden where Joe -Л __Then we visited the park where we
_5_him for walks, the zoo where he__§ _ the lions and tigers, and the lake
where w e_Z_ boating. Not much had changed in the area: most of the
shops were still there, including the wonderful old grocer’s where we 8
delicacies like cherries in brandy. But the friendly butcher who 9 the
best pieces of meat for us was gone, and so was the restaurant with the
bad-tempered old waitress where w e _10 Sunday lunch. I found it
strange to go back: it made me feel happy and sad at the same time. But Joe
was delighted with the trip.

2 M ake sentences with u sed to 3 W rite some sentences about

and d id n ’t u se to about how things th at you used to or
people lived hundreds o f didn’t use to do/th in k /
years ago. believe w hen you were
younger. If you can w ork
1 travel /horse
with other students, find out
2 cook /wood fires
w hat they used to do/think/
3 live so long
believe.
4 fight /spears
5 hunt /bows and arrows
6 believe /ghosts and devils
7 be able / vote
8 think /earth was flat
9 bigger families
10 children / work

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
M O D A L A U X ILIA R Y V E R B S 129

supposed to (/so'poust to/)

Be su p p osed + infinitive can be used to talk about what is generally believed.
He’s su p p osed to b e rich. 2his stuff is su pposed to k i l l flies.
Another meaning is: what peoplt are expected to do, or what is intended.
You're su p p osed to s ta rt work at 8.30 in the mornings.
She w as su p p osed to b e here an hour ago. Where is she?
You’re n ot su p p osed to p a r k on double yellow lines.
That’s a strange picture. What’s it su pposed to be?

1 Put th e beginnings and ends together.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

Aspirins are supposed at the cash desk on the way out.

Catholics are supposed but I can’t find them,
You were supposed in food shops,
It’s supposed to have instructions with it. supposed to come today?
Wasn't my computer magazine the shower with shoes on.
What am I supposed to do to cure headaches,
You're not supposed to go into to go to church on Sundays,
You’re not supposed to smoke to come and see me yesterday,
You're supposed to be good at geography with all this chicken salad?
I think you’re supposed to pay - where the hell are we?

2 What do yon th in k these are supposed to be?

1 2

It s supposed-to be a house.

6 7 8

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
130 T E N S E S :F U T U R E

future: will (and shall)

I will (or shall) w ork JQuestions: will/shall I work? etc
you will w ork Negative: I will/shall n ot w ork etc
he/she/it will work
we will (or shall) work Contractions: I’ll, you’ll etc: won’t /wount/, shan’t /Joint/
they will work

I/we will and I/we shall are used with no difference of meaning in most situations in modem
British English. (But see page 121.) Will is more common than shall.

We use w ill/s h a ll to give or ask for inform ation about th e future, in cases where there
is no reason to use a present verb-form isee pages 132-136).
We w ill need the money on the 15th.
W ill all the family be at the wedding?
It will be spring soon.
She’Ii be here in a few minutes.
We often use w iil/s h a ii to predict the future - to say what we think, guess or calculate
will happen.
Tomorrow w ill be warm, with some cloud in the afternoon.
Who do you think w ill win?
You’l l neverfinish that book.

1 Here are some sentences taken from recorded conversations. Can you put the
beginnings and ends together?

BEGINNINGS ENDS

Buy the cat food here. about you.

Don’t give her your keys. and then your kids will laugh at you.
Get John to have a look at the TV. He’Ufix it.
‘He’ll grow up one day.’ he’ll be dead in five years.
He’ll need somebody he’ll drink it.
‘How’s June?’ he’L get hit on the nose with a ball.
I must get back to work. ‘I hope you’re right.’
If he doesn’t stop drinking, It’ll be cheaper.
If we give her a shout, on May 12th.
If you put lemon in it. otherwise I’ll get the sack.
Knowing his luck, if he plays golf ‘She’ll be OK.’
No good sending her a bill, is it? She’ll just refuse to pay.
One day you'll be old. She’ll only lose them.
She’ll be fourteen she’ll come and help.
She’ll forget to help him.

For explanation» of the word» that we u»e to talk about

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
T E N S E S :F U T U R E 131

2 Complete th e sentences with your own predictions.

1 It u ill will not ruin next week. (rain)
2 England i'ill will nor win the next football World Cup. (win)
3 The weather____much warmer in the next few years, (get)
4 There____a world government before the year 2050. (be)
5 There____a world war before the year 2050. (be)
6 Private cars____before the year 2100. (disappear)
7 English____the world language in the year 2100. (be)
8 Everybody /Not everybody____a computer in the year 2100. (have)
9 Everybody /Not everybody____enough to eat in the year 2100. (have)
10 Clothes____very different in the year 2100. (be)
11 In the year 2 1 0 0 , people____the same things as they do now. (eat)
12 (Write your own prediction.)

3 Look at the map and com plete the

SUMMARY Sunny
w eather forecast. Use some o f the 5 Mainly dry
words in the box. -:<еС 2>sunny
intervals

О О ? Cloudy
be cold dry earthquakes •
Rain
east hurricanes ice
lightning north rain
о «««
8 Lightning
10
snow south thunder 12 Snow
warm west wet will *+

will be winds
О
12
о ***
Rain
then snow
IS
О
13 Temperature
Tomorrow will____mainly____ , but ц'т (Ceteius)
there____some____ in the north. " & 23
g j i Wind speed
There____be strong____ from the 20 w (miles per
hour) and
south-west later in the day. It will be 20 direction

quite____in the south, but Scotland

____cold, and in th e_____ of Scotland
the rain____turn to ____ during the
afternoon.

For will after if. see pages 137, 256. For will in requests, promises etc, see page 118.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
132 T E N S E S :F U T U R E

future: going to
Wc often use present verb-forms to talk about the future. For example,
we say that somethin? is going to happen. This is common when we talk
about plans, decisions and firm intentions, especially in an iniormal
styL1.
We're g oin g to g et a new car soon.
When a r e you g oin g to get your hair cut?
Tm g oin g to keep asking her out until she says ‘Yes’.

1 Here are some o f th e plans o f various members o f a family. Can

you put the sentences together, usin g g oin g to? Example:
ja n e is g o in g to stu d y m u sic in V jfim t.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

Jane /study a professional pianist.

She /try to become a year learning German.
But first, she /spend as a pilot.
Max /do maths and science decorate the house.
Then he / train for his final exams.
Jennifer’s eight, and she doesn’t know music in Vienna.
One day she says she / be a dancer.
And the next she says she / the summer learning to fly.
This summer, Jane / start her own business.
Max / spend stay with her aunt in
Their parents /spend America.
Then they/ two weeks walking in
Scotland,
what she /do.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
T E N S E S :F U T U R E 133

Going to is common when we predict the future by using present

evidenc . - when we can see that a future e\ ent is on the way. or starting
tr, happen.
L o o k -it’s going to rain. Look o u t-w e ’re going to cra sh ! —

2 W hat is going to happen?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
134 T E N S E S :F U T U R E

future: present progressive

The present progressive is common when we talk about future personal arrangem ents
and fixed plans* we often give the tim e date and/or place.
‘What a r e you d oin g this evening?’ T m w a sh in g my hair. ’
My car's h av in g a service next week. We’re g oin g to Spain in June.
Did you know Ym gettin g a new job? What a r e we hav in g fo r dinner?

1 Look at the diary and correct the sentences.

1 She’s playing tennis on Sunday afternoon.
2 She’s having lunch with James at 12.30 on Tuesday. AUGUST WEEK 34

3 She’s flying to Rotterdam on Thursday.

4 She’s meeting Mrs Parsons in the London office. 22 Sunday
5 She’s driving to the meeting with Mrs Parsons. Hntl\ ЪаОххХа. /0а»\
6 She’s going to a funeral on Wednesday afternoon. tAaMhu/o n4rm\
7 She’s meeting the accountants at 12.00 on Monday.
8 She’s going to the theatre on Saturday evening. 23 Monday
9 She’s spending Friday at the races. lO-tS W S TcU s& ub
Oxford o ffic e . (<Ъ ооЫ ей*У
10 Matthew is coming to see her on Sunday morning. A t e -4 ’ CT,
24 Tuesday
2 W rite some sentences about your
plans for the coming week. If you
can w ork w ith other students,
find out about th eir plans. 25 Wednesday
fw w L{aJ( *5-CD
LuAtcfa —id-vAJL* 1 2 -5 0

26 Thursday
To AwiilejekaMb J^LM K7, 8-00
12-SO KLK\ 156

27 Friday

T heaf-bt TLcTyaA «г Д j
28 Saturday

'Hi, it’s me. Listen. It’s David’s birthday, so a

few million of us are going out
for a meal. Are you interested?’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 T E N S E S : FU TU R E 135

future: comparison of structures

We can often use more than one structure to talk about the same future event.
Present forms emphasise present ideas like intention, certainty and plans.
We prefer w ill/s h a ll when we are n ot emphasising present ideas. Compare:
Next year is g oin g to b e different —I promise, (present intention)
Next year w ill probably be different.
Whst a r e you d oin g next year? You haven't told me your plans.
What w ill you d o next year - do you know?
We prefer present forms when we are talking about future events that have some
present reality. Compare:
Fm seein g pete on Tuesday. (There is an arrangement now.)
I wonder if he’l l recog n ise me. (No present idea.)

In predictions, we prefer present forms when there is outside evidence for what will
happen - when we can see something coming.
We prefer w ill when we are talking more about what is inside our heads: our beliefs,
guesses, knowledge etc.
Look out - we’r e g oin g to crash! (I can see it coming.)
Don’t lend him your c a r - he’l l c r a s h it. (I know him.)

▲ 1 W hich form do you feel is best?

1 Here’s the builder’s estimate. It (will cost / is going to cost) £7,000 to
repair the roof.
2 I think it (will cost j is going to cost) about £3,000 to rebuild the garage.
3 Alice (will have / is going to have) a baby.
4 With a bit of luck, the baby (will have / is going to have) Alice’s eyes.
5 (I will play / I'm playing) tennis with Stan on Sunday.
6 (He’ll win. / He’s winning.) He always does.
7 Don’t tell her. (She’ll tell /She’s going to tell) everybody else.
8 What’s happening? The train (won’t stop / isn't going to stop)1.
9 One day everybody (will have / is going to have) proper housing.
10 (She’llget married / She's getting married) on Friday at the local church.
11 (It will rain / It’s going to rain) - look at those clouds.
12 If it gets any colder, (it will snow / it’s going to snow).

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
136 T E N S E S :F U T U R E

future: simple present

We sometimes use the simple present to talk about the future. This
happens mostly when we talk about tim etables, routines and schedules.
Next term starts on 6 April.
My train leaves at 3.17.
What time does the bus arrive in York?
Do you have classes next Saturday?
The simple present can also be used to give and ask for instructions.
When you get to the office you go up to the first floor, you knock on the first
door on the right and you ask for Mrs Alstone. OK?
What do we do now?
Where do 1pay?

In other cases we don’t use the simple present in main clauses to talk about
the future. (For subordinate clauses after conjunctions, see page 244.)
Lucy’s coming for a drink this evening. (NOT Lucy comes ...)
Г11phone you -1 promise, ( n o t I phone y ou ...)
There's the doorbell. Г11go. (NOT ... Igo.)

1 Choose the best tense.

1 When (does / will) school start?
2 The plane (arrives / will arrive) at 10.00.
3 I (write / will write) soon.
4 We (go /are going) to Spain some time soon.
5 You (go / will go) next door for the tickets.
6 I (stop / will stop) smoking after Christmas.
7 How (do / will) I switch this on? ^ ^
8 The exams (are / will be) in June.
9 I (have / will have) a lecture at 9.00 tomorrow.
10 The train (won’t /doesn't) stop at Oxford.
11 I (come / will come) round after 7.00.
12 Where (do / will) I go for my interview?
13 I (play /am playing) football tomorrow.
14 What time (does / will) the concert end?
15 Г(post / will post) your letters.

And please hurry. My credit card expires

at m idnight.’

1 " "■
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 T E N S E S :F U T U R E 137

future: tenses after if and when

Alter i f and when, we normally use present tenses to talk about
the furtmre.
I fT m there tomorrow. I'll phone you.
When i t ’s ready I'll give it to you.

1 P ut in i f o r w hen w ith th e present tense o f a verb from th e box.

Г
be come notfind grow up pass rain say
not want

1 What are you going to be____you ____

2 We won’t play____ it ____
3 I'll try again____I ____ older.
4 I’ll be surprised___ she_____the exam.
5 ____you____ your keys, you can use m
6 I’ll hit you____you____ that again.
7 Pete will take the jo b ____Ann____ it.
8 We’ll all be happy____the weekend___

I f and w hen can be followed by w ill in indirect and direct questions.

I d on ’t к note i f Г11 be there.
They h av en ’t s a id w hen it ’l l be ready.
W hen w ill I see you again?
We can also use w ill after i/in polite requests.
I f you w ill just come this way ...
And we use i f .. . w ill to say ‘if this will happen as a resu lt’.
All right. I’ll give up smoking i f it w ill m a k e y ou h ap p y .
We can come tomorrow evening i f i t w on’t u pset y o u r p lan s.

▲ 2 P u t in th e co rrect verb form (present ten se or w i l l ...).

1 If you____there first, keep a seat for me. (get)
2 I’Usee you again when I _____ next in London, (be)
3 I don’t know when I _____a job. (find)
4 Give her some more chocolate if it_____her quiet. (keep)
5 I’ll open the window when it ____raining. (stop)
6 You can borrow my coat if you____it back, (bring)
7 If you____a seat. I’ll see if the doctor’s free. (take)
8 All right. I’ll apologise if it_____ you feel better. (make)
9 Can you tell me when Mr Ellis____here next? (be)
10 Come back again soon if you__________a chance. (get)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
138 T E N S E S :F U T U R E

future progressive
✓ I will be working etc
? will you be working? etc
A she will not be working etc

We can use the future progressive to say that something will be going on a t a cei tair
tim e in the future.
This time tomorrow TU be skiing.
Good luck with the exam. We’l l be thinking o f you.
The future progressive is also used for planned or expected future events.
Professor Asher w ill be giving another lecture at the same time next week.
Til be seeing you one o f these days, I expect.
In polite enquiries the future progressive suggests ‘What Ьате you already decided?',
giving the idea that we are not trying to influence people. Compare:
W ill you be staying in this evening? (just asking about plans)
Are you going to stay in this evening? (perhaps pressing for a decision)
W ill you stay in this evening? (request or order)

1 M ake future progressive questions to ask somebody politely:

1 what time they are planning to get up. 6 whether they plan to have lunch out
2 what they plan to wear. 7 what time they intend to come back.
3 how they intend to travel to work. 8 where they are planning to sleep.
4 how soon they intend to leave. 9 how they intend to pay.
5 whether they expect to take the car. 1 0 when they plan to go back home.

2 Complete the cartoon caption, using a future progressive.

tfs, Mill
/ft f* « *H

‘My n am e is M r Collins. I (teach) you English literature, and I'm arm ed.'

Drawing by M. Stevens; С 1993

The New Yorker Magazine. Inc.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
" 4 S E S : FUTUR E 139

future perfect
SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE

✓ I will have worked etc I will have been working etc

? will you have worked? etc will you have been working? etc
Л she will n ot have worked etc he will n ot have been working etc
V
We can use the furore perfect to say that something will have been
completed by a certain tim e in the future.
The buildei *ays he’l l havefinished the roof by Saturday.
The car w ill soon have done 100,000 miles.
We can use the future perfect progressive to say how long something
will have continued by a certain time.
Next Christmas I’l l have been teaching for twenty years.

, 1 Use the future perfect to put th e beginnings and ends together.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

I (not finish) the report by Monday, and we’ll be able to get a

In a couple of years the children smaller house,
(leave) home and it’s needed for Monday
On our next wedding anniversary morning.
When I get home tonight I (drive) for fourteen hours non­
When I retire stop.
I (work) for forty years,
we (be) married for twenty-five
years.

2 A rom antic novelist w rites 300-page books. She w rites ten pages
a day, and takes no holidays. Use th e future perfect to answ er the
questions.
1 How many pages will she have written after ten days? After a month?
After a year? After ten years?
2 If she starts today, how soon will she have finished her first book?
How many books will she have written a year from now?
3 How long will she have been writing when she has written 120 books?
4 She earns £100,000 per book. How much money will she have made
altogether after her 1 2 0 th book?

3 How long will you have been learning English /working /going to
school /living in your present house by next summer? (Write
sentences w ith the future perfect progressive.) I f you can work
with other students, ask them the same questions.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
140 T E N S E S :F U T U R E

future: I am to ...
We can talk about the future b> saying that somethin” is to happen.
We often use this structure to talk about official plans and fixed personal
arrangem ents.
The President is to v isit Scotland in September.
We a r e to g et a wage rise.
I felt nervous because I w as soon to leav e home for the first time.

1 W rite sentences about President M orton’s schedule. Example:

The President is to a r r iv e at S ta r C ity a t O S.00-

Schedule for Presidential Visit to Northland

w Monday 27.6

IP 08.00 Arrive Star City Airport. Inspect guard of honour.

09.00 Working breakfast with President Jensen.
11.00-13.00 Tour of Star City; meet mayor and civic leaders.
13.00-14.00 Lunch with Foreign Minister Svendsen and
guests.
14.00-16.00 Visit inner city schools; open new eye hospital.
16.00-20.00 Meet business leaders; rest.
20.00-23.00 Attend State Dinner as guest of President and
Mrs Jensen.

You a r e (not) to can be used (for example by parents) to give orders.

You’re to d o your homework before you watch TV.
She can go out but she’s n ot to b e back late.

2 Put together sentences th at a parent m ight say to a child, using

expressions from th e two boxes and You’re (not) t o ... Example:
You're to clean up y o u r ro o m .

clean up do give chocolate go to bed learn how to use

leave dirty leave empty make make your own
open door write

at nine o’clock bed Christmas thank-you letters

crisp-packets lying around hour-long phone calls
piano practice room socks on floor to cat
to strangers washing machine

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 future in the past
When we агз talking about the past, we oiten want to say that comething
was still in th e future a t thac tim e. To express this idea, we can use the
past ,rogrest,i e (w as ...ing), w as g oin g t o ..., w o u ld ... o r w as to.

1 Put th e beginnings and ends together.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

Carola and I hardly noticed each other and she still hadn’t started packing,
that first evening. arrived one Friday morning,
He was to regret that conversation but I forgot.
I was going to ring you yesterday, for many years to come.
She was leaving in two hours. I didn’t like it
So this was the school where I would Two weeks later we would be married.
spend the next five years.
The letter that was to change my life

▲ 2 These sentences are from С S Forester’s novel The G eneral, set in

the First World War. Complete th e sentences w ith expressions
from th e box.

would stand would make would return was going to be

was going to say was marrying were to find were to lose

1 The parlourmaid was in the room and her presence caused Lady Emily
not to say immediately what she____
2 As the Duchess had said, the fact that Emily____a General was a very
adequate excuse for so much ceremony at the wedding.
3 There was going to be no muddling in his Corps. Everything___ exact,
systematic, perfect.
4 (This was) the front line of the British trench system - in it many men
their lives for the barren honour of retaining that worthless ground.
5 There were six men bending over that map, and five of them___ their
graves at the point where the General's finger was stabbing at the map.
6 A vivid flash of imagination, like lightning at night, revealed the future to
Curzon. He____to England a defeated general, one of the men who had
let England down. Emily____by him, but he did not want her to have to
do so. Emily whom he loved___ it all the worse. He would rather die.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
142 TEN SES: PR ESEN T

the two present tenses

SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

✓ I/you/we/they work I am, you are etc working

he/she/it works
? do I/you/we/they work? am I, are you etc working?
does he/she/it work?
X I/you/we/they do not work I am not, you are not etc working
he/she/it does not work

You live in North London, don't you? My sister's living with me just now.
No thanks. I don’t smoke. Look - Ann’s smoking a cigar.
Chetford Castle stands on a hill outside Why is that girl standing on the table?
the town.
Alice works for an insurance company. Phil’s working in Japan at the moment
What do frogs eat? Hurry up! We’re waiting for you.
I play tennis every Wednesday. ‘What are you doing?’ I'm writing letters. '
The sun rises in the east. Why are you crying? What’s wrong?

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Study th e above examples, and then look at th e words and expressions in the
box. W hich o f them go best with the simple present, and which go with the
present progressive? Check your answ er in the key.

permanent temporary habit just around now always

usually just at this moment these days but not for very long

DO IT YO U R S E LF

2 W rite a rule in your own language to explain th e difference

between th e two English present tenses. If you can w ork with
other students who speak your language, compare your rule
with theirs.

‘I am standing under your foot.'

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
We don't use a present tease to say how long something had been going on.
I've known her Jor years . 1? тг t kmv: h a /or years. I See page 156.

3 Here are some exchanges from an interview betw een an

American jou rnalist and a French film star. Can you com plete
them with the correct tenses?
1 ‘How do you start work on a film?' ‘I (read) the script and (make) notes.’
2 'I f make) notes of our interview. I hope you don’t mind.’ ‘No, that’s OK.'
3 ‘What languages (you speak)?’ ‘English, French and Spanish.’
4 ‘I’mglad we (do) this interview in English. My French isn’t very good.’
5 ‘Who (play) that guitar?’ ‘My son, when he has time.’
6 ‘Who (play) the piano upstairs?’ ‘My sister. She’s got a concert tomorrow.’
7 ‘What (she play)?' ‘I think it’s a piece by Mozart.’
8 ‘(She play) anything else?’ ‘The violin. She’s very musical.’
9 ‘Your daughter’s very keen on sport, isn’t she?’ ‘She (play) tennis.’
10 ‘Where is she now?’ ‘She (play) tennis, as usual.'
11 ‘What’s that delicious smell?’ ‘My husband (cook).’
12 ‘Is that usual?’ ‘Yes, normally I (shop) and my husband (cook).’
13 ‘What a lovely clock!’ ‘It (not work). I'm afraid - it’s been broken for years.’
14 ‘Could I use your phone?' ‘I’m afraid it (not work) at the moment.’

4 Choose th e co rrect forms o f th e cartoon captions.

‘Of course, he still has his hobby ‘So (how's everything going / how does
He (collects ( is collecting) dust.- everything go)?’
Drawing by Cahan Wilson: С 199 3
The Nev.r Yorker Magazine. Inc.

Repeated actions not only around the moment of speaking: simple present.
Repeated actions around the moment of speaking: present progressive.
I g o to the mountains about twice a year. Water b o ils at 100° Celsius.
Why is he h ittin g the dog? Jake’s seein g a lot of Felicity these days.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 present tense stories etc
We often tell stories with present tenses in an informal style.
We use the simple present for events things that happen one after
another.
We use the present progressive for background - things that are
already happening when the story starts, or that continue through part of
the story.
There's this Scotsman, you see, and he’s w a lk in g through the jungle when
he m eets a gorilla. And the gorilla’s eatin g a snake sandwich. So the
Scotsman g oes up to the gorilla and s a y s ...

V1 Put the story in order and put in the correct forms o f th e verbs.
— --------- T ------------------- 7 -------- ^------------ '----------- *7"---------------
ask close go hold keep notice open say
sit start take throw work7

The m an____ another orange out of his bag and____ opening the
window.
L ‘But there are no elephants in these mountains,’ ____the woman.
Suddenly the m an____the window,____ out the orange and____ the
window again.
! ‘Because we____through the mountains. Oranges____ the elephants
away.’
A woman____in a railway carriage when she____ that the man
opposite her an orange in his hand and looking out of the
window.
v ‘You see?’ says the man. ‘It____ ’
‘Excuse me,’ the woman____, ‘but why did you do that?’

2 You probably know a better story than this. W rite it, or tell other
people.

We use the simple present to describe events that happen one after
another in com m entaries and demon stra.ions.
We also use the simple present to ask for and give instructions.
Calvin p a s s e s to Peters, Peters to O’Malley, Lucas intercepts, Lucas to
Higgins, Higgins sh oo ts - and it's a goal!
First I p u t a lump o f butter into the frying pan and lig h t the gas; then while
the butter’s melting 1 b r e a k three eggs into a bow l...
‘How d o I g et to the station?' ‘You g o straight on for half a mile, then you
com e to a garage, you turn left and then you ta k e the first right.'

For explanation» o f the ward* that we u*a to talk about gn м п и г. м е page» 298-Э02.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
T E N S E S :P R E S E N T 145

3 Look at the map and follow the directions. W here do you get to?
When you come out of the station you turn right. Then you take the
first left and keep straight on till you come to a T-Junction. You turn
right and keep straight on till you get to a crossroads, and then turn
right again.

4 W rite sim ilar directions to tell somebody how to get from the
station to th e Apollo Theatre.

5 I f you can w ork with o th er students, give them directions to

another place on the map. See if they can w ork out w here it is.

6 Look a t the pictures and w rite the instructions for boiling an egg.

7 W rite the instructions for cooking something else.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 146 T E N S E S :P R E S E N T

present progressive for changes

We use the present progressive for changing and developing situations.
The climate is getting warmer. (NOT The climate gets warmer.)
That child’s growing bigger every day.
The universe is expanding, and has been since its beginning.

\/l Look a t the graph and say w hat is happening.

£5.00

E4.00

£3.00

£2.00

£1.00

£0.00
January April July October

\/2 Say w hat is happening to some o f th e following.

the world’s population you (age) your English prices

days (length) pollution roads trains cars air travel
the world’s forests wildlife the political situation children
cities medical care teenagers unemployment sprinters
men women older people people’s holidays

yy 3 Complete the cartoon captions

‘Seem s all right. How (your English / get on) ?’ ‘T h a t funny noise (get) louder.’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
T E N S E S :P R E S E N T 147

simple present: spelling

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Look a t the examples o f third person singular (h e /s h e /it...) forms

and answ er the questions. Check your answ ers in the key.
catches cooks does eats enjoys fixes flies
goes lives makes misses passes plays pushes
reads replies says shops smokes speaks stands
teaches thinks tries waits washes works
1 What is the most common way of making the third person singular?
2 What happens with words ending in vowel + -у ?
3 What happens with words ending in consonant + -y?
4 After which consonants and groups of consonants do we add -es?
5 Which two other common words add -es?

2 W rite th e third person singular o f these verbs.

box brush buy complete cry defend deny

destroy excite expect fry guess look pray
reach receive rush spend want watch

3 Complete th e quotations with the verbs in the box.

come do ( twice) get happen hate (twice) love

1 make sing start teach wait wash

1 He who can_____ He who cannot,_____ G В Shaw

2 It’s not that I’m afraid to die. I just don’t want to be there when it ____
Woody Allen
3 He’s fanatically tidy. After he takes a bath, h e____the soap.
Hugh Leonard
4 Opera is when a g u y ___ knifed in the back and, instead of bleeding, he
____ Ed Gardner
5 Never marry a man who____his mother; he’ll end up hating you.
Jill Bennett
6 The brain is a wonderful organ. It ____working the moment you get up
in the morning, and i t ____not stop until you get to the office.
Robert Frost
7 A man who____whisky and____ kids can’t be all bad. W С Fields
8 The man who____no mistakes does not usually make anything.
E ] Phelps
9 Everything____to him who_____Traditional

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
148 TEN SES: PRESENT

non-progressive verbs
Some verbs are n ot normally used in progressive forms.
I kn ow what you m ean . (NOT I’m kn ow in g what you’re m ean in g.)
You seem worried. (n ot You’re seem in g ...)

1 These verbs aren ’t normally used in progressive forms. Use some

or all o f them to com plete th e sentences. More than one answer
may be possible.

believe belong contain forget hate like love

matter need own prefer realise remember
suppose understand want

1 This book to me. 8 T how old she is.

2 I you’re right. 9 She me and I her.
3 yon this rrmsir? 10 Money doesn’t tome.
4 His father a chain of hotels. 11 ‘Reer?’ ‘T water ’
5 She says she to see Fred. 12 I his face, but not his name.
6 I a drink of water. 13 That bottle____petrol.
7 I you don’t me.

Some verbs have progressive forms with one m eaning but not with
another. The following do not usually have progressive forms:
h av e ( = ‘possess’); a p p e a r {= ‘seem’); lo o k { = ‘seem’):
see ( = ‘understand’): th in k (= ‘have the opinion that’):
f e e l (= ‘have the opinion that').

2 Choose th e co rrect form (simple present or present progressive).

“ 1 I (have) a great time.
2 She (have) plenty of money just now.
3 He (appear) at the Fortune Theatre next week.
4 She (appear) to have a problem.
5 Why (you look) at me like that?
6 It (look) as if it’s going to rain.
7 I (see) what you’re trying to say.
8 I (see) the manager this afternoon.
9 I (think) you’re right.
10 What (you think) about?
11 I (feel) very tired today.
12 I (feel) she’s making a mistake.
Vs ^
шГ
‘I think we've got a leadership problem.'

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
TEN SES: PRESEN T 149

he's always borrowing money etc

If something is always happening, it happens often, but is unplanned.
i’m always losing my keys.
Gra,iny's always giving us little presents.
He's always borrowing money.
Compare:
When Alice comes, I always meet her at the station, (planned meetings)
Tm always meeting Alan Forbes in the supermarket, (unplanned)

1 Here are some sentences taken from real conversations. Can you
put th e beginnings and ends together?

BEGINNINGS ENDS
Dad is always teasing me a party in one of the houses,
He’s always arguing about my clothes,
He’s always giving people and chest problems,
Her best friend is always her family.
dropping in making up stories about people,
I hate those cartoons new products,
Jamie is always having colds or fighting.
My wife’s always buying she wishes she was prettier,
She's always criticising small presents.
She’s always saying to criticise the way she lives her life,
Someone is always giving where Tom is always chasing Jerry.
That old bitch is always

DO IT YO U R S E LF

2 This structure usually expresses an emotion. W hich emotion is

m ost common in th e examples in Exercise 1 - interest, criticism ,
surprise or admiration? Check your answ er in the key.

3 Use this structure to w rite sentences describing people you know

who often do some o f the following things (or others):

worry about nothing lose their temper lose things

complain about their health forget things cry fall in love
change their job buy new clothes quarrel talk nonsense

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
150 TEN SES: PRESENT

revision of present tenses

1 Put in the co rrect tense (simple present or present progressive).
1 Vegetarians are people who (don’t eat /are not eating) meat.
2 Look out! My husband (comes /is coming).
3 Some people still think the sun (goes / is going) round the earth.
4 I (play / ’m playing) tennis every weekend.
5 Who (sits / 's sitting) in my chair?
6 What (happens / is happening) in golf if you lose the ball?
7 An alcoholic is a person who (drinks / is drinking) too much and
can’t stop.
8 Look! (She wears /She's wearing) the same shoes as me.
9 ‘What (are you looking /do you look) at?’ ‘A strange bird.’
10 I (stay / 'm staying) with John for a few weeks until my flat’s ready.
11 We (usually stay / 're usually staying) with Peggy when we go to Chicago.
12 Can you explain why water always (runs / is running) downhill?
13 What (do you do / are you doing) with my coat?
14 Nobody (gets / is getting) up early for fun.
15 Not many passenger planes (fly / are flying) faster than sound.

2 M atch th e questions and answers.

1 What do you do? a Actually, that’s the radio.

2 What are you doing? b French - she’s from Belgium.
3 Where do you work? с I want to get this car started.
4 Where are you working? d I’m an architect.
5 Does your son play the violin? e I’m in Cardiff this week.
6 Is your son playing the violin? f In a big insurance company.
7 What language does she speak? g It sounds like Russian.
8 What language is she speaking? h Me - can I have some more?
9 Who drinks champagne? i Me, when I can afford it.
10 Who’s drinking champagne? j No, the piano.

3 Put in th e co rrect tense (simple present or present progressive).

1 I Сthink) he’s away.
2 You (know) what I (mean).
3 She (always complain).
4 We (always start) at nine.
5 While the butter (melt), you (take) three eggs and (break) them
into a bowl.
6 I (think) about your father.
7 Scientists (believe) the weather (change).
8 I (not see) what the problem is.
9 Why (you look) at me like that?
10 Now I (understand) what she wants.

For explanation» of Им» wort* that we use to talk about grammar, mee page» 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
T E N S E S : P E R F E C T AN D P A S T

simple present perfect: introduction

✓ I have seen, you have seen etc

? have I seen? have you seen? etc
X I have not seen, you have not seen etc

x— ---- x
past present

The simple present perfect con nects th e past and th e present.

We use it especially for finished actions th a t are im portant now.
lhey have results now, or they are news.
RES LTS NOW NEWS
I can't walk - I’ve h u rt my leg. H ave you heard? He's arrived!
Look - he h a s n ’t d ru n k his tea. You’ve p a s se d your exam!
Compare: Brutus k ille d Caesar. (NOT... h a s k i l l e d ... - no present meaning.)
We can often change a present perfect sentence into a present sentence with
more or less the same meaning.
r v e h u rt my leg. = I h av e a bad leg. Sue’s co m e back. = Sue is home.
He’s i o s t his keys. = He ca n ’t find them. He’s gone. - He is n ’t here.

1 Change these present perfect sentences into present sentences

w ith sim ilar meanings.
1 The Foreign Minister has died. 7 I’ve done the washing up.
2 Lucy’s had a baby. 8 She’s gone to work for the BBC.
3 You’ve torn your coat. 9 We haven’t found out where he is.
4 I've broken my leg. 10 The noise has stopped.
5 He’s iost his address book. 11 I’ve forgotten your name.
6 Have you made tea? 12 She’s learnt French.

2 Complete th e cartoon caption. Can

you m ake a present-tense sentence
about the situation in th e cartoon?

‘First the good news. His temperature (go) down.’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
152 TEN S ES: P ER FECT AND PAST

present perfect and past: news

SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST

✓ I have seen etc I saw etc

? have I seen? etc did I see? etc
X I have n ot seen etc I did n ot see etc

We often announce a piece of news with the present perfect.

We can use ju s t to say that something has happened very recently.
A light passenger plane has crashed in Surrey.
Andy’s just found a flat!

1 Join th e beginnings and ends to m ake pieces o f news. W hich

sentence goes w ith w hich picture?

BEGINNINGS ENDS

A parachutist has just a baby girl.

Lucy has had gone into hospital again,
My poor old father has into our garden gate,
Polly and Simon have just got married,
Some people have bought landed on the roof,
Somebody has just crashed lost £30 million this year,
The firm has the cup again,
United have won the house next door.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
'E N S E S : P E R F E C T A N D P A S T 153

When we give m ore details. usually change to the simple past.

‘[’ve had a terrible day at the office, dear. My secretary went home sick, we lost three
major contracts and a funny little dwarf turned me into a banana.’

2 Choose the righ t tenses and put the sentences in pairs to m ake
news items. Example:
A light passenger plane Iws i rasheil in Surrey. According to eyewitnesses, the
aircraft hit a tree while coming in to land.
A light passenger plane (crash) in Surrey.
Five thousand fans (be) at the airport.
According to eyewitnesses, the aircraft (hit) a tree while coming in to land.
Ana Gomez, of Peru, (set) a new record for the marathon.
He (say) I was just the person he needed.
Novelist Maria Santiago (marry) actor Tony Delaney.
Peter (just offer) me a new job!
Police (find) missing schoolgirl Karen Allen.
She (cover) the 42 km in just over 2 hours and 16 minutes.
She (be) at a friend’s house in Birmingham.
The World Cup team (arrive) home.
They (fall) just before reaching the summit of Mont Blanc (4,807 m).
They (meet) while working on the screenplay for the film Sun in the Morning.
They (steal) dustmen’s uniforms and walked out through the main gate.
Three climbers (die) in the Alps.
Two prisoners (escape) from Caernarvon high security prison.

Note that we use the simple past to talk about the origin of something
present.
Who wrote that? (not Who has written that?)
Bill g av e me this necklace. D id you p u t this here?
Whose idea was it to come here on holiday?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
154 TEN S ES: P ER FECT AND PAST

present perfect and past: time words

To talk about finished actions, we can use the present perfect or th e
simple past. It often depends on the kind o f tim e expression that is used.
We do n ot normally use the present perfect with expressions which refer
to a finished time, like yesterday, last week, three years ago, then. vhen.
We normally use th e present perfect with expressions which refer to
‘any tim e up to now’, like ever, nt-ver, before, recently, often, already, yet.
Compare:
1 saw Kate y esterd ay . (NOT I h av e seen Kate yesterday.)
IH ave you seen Rob recently?
You w ere here la s t w eek, weren’t you?
You’ve been here before, haven’t you?
She stu d ied Chinese w hen sh e w as a t u niversity.
ф He’s n ever stu d ied any foreign languages.

1 Finished or unfinished time? Put th e expressions in two lists.

a long time ago before I was bom in 1991 in my life

just after I got up last year lately this year today
when I was nine

2 Choose th e co rrect tense.

1 I (haven’t seen /didn’t see) much of A1 lately.
2 ’Who is she?’ ‘I ( ’ve never seen / never saw) her before.’
3 I (Ve done /did) a lot of stupid things in my life.
4 She (has left / left) school last year.
5 When (have you got /did you get) married?
6 I’m sorry. I (haven’t finished /didn't finish) yet.
7 I (Ve often wondered / often wondered) what he does for a living.
8 He (has caught /caught) the plane at eight this morning.
9 I ( Ve read / read) a lot of her books when I was at school.
10 (Have you seen /Did you see) any good films recently?

Ju s t now (meaning ‘a moment ago’) is used with the simple past.

Compare:
She h a s ju s t phon ed. She p h o n ed ju s t now.

For explanation» of the words that we u«a to talk about grammar, «к ps e« 9 H .i2

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
T E N S E S :P E R F E C T A N D P A S T 155

We can th ink o f a finished tim e even without using a time expression

Wc can th ink o f ‘any tim e up to now’ even if we don’t say so.
D id you see ‘Hamlet’? (It was on TV last night.)
Have you seen ‘Hamlet’? (= Have you ever seen ‘Hamlet’?)

3 Put in th e m ost suitable tense (simple past or present perfect).

1 You (be) a beautiful baby.
2 I (not read) her latest book.
3 (you visit) India?
4 My great-grandmother (live) in Glasgow.
5 Columbus (not discover) America: the Indians already (know) where it
was.
6 Amazing news! Scientists (discover) a new planet!
7 Who (give) Shakespeare his first job?
8 How many times (you be) in love?
9 1 ( never enjoy) a holiday as much as this one.
10 ‘(you bear) the thunder?’ ‘No, nothing wakes me up.’

4 Complete th e th ree questions in your own words. If you can, ask

somebody else and report th e answers.
Have you ever...?
How often have you ...?
When did you last...?

5 Complete th e cartoon captions correctly.

‘Oh yes! I met / Ye met your sort before.’

‘When did you last feed /have you last fed

that goldfish?’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
present perfect: situations ‘up to n o w ’

past B s B i B t B u B a B t B i B o B n B ^ present

We use the present perfect to talk about situations continuing up to

now, especially when we say how long they have lasted.
Alex has worked with children a ll her life.
He went to Rome on holiday ten years ago, and he's lived there
ever since.
She’s always wanted to go to Australia, but she’s never had time.
We do not use a present tense to say how long something has lasted.
I’ve known ]oefor years, (n o t I know Joe for years.)
How long have you been here for? (= ‘Since when ...?’)
Compare: How long are you here for? (= ‘Until when ...?’)

1 Read the sentences and answ er th e questions.

1 ‘How long has Ann lived in Spain?’ Does Ann still live in Spain?
2 ‘How long did Bill live in Italy?’ Does Bill still live in Italy?
3 ‘Joe worked with me for two years.' Does Joe still work with the speaker?
4 ‘Sue has worked with me for two years.’ Does Sue still work with the
speaker?
5 ‘I’ve had a headache all day. ’ Has the speaker got a headache?
6 ‘I had a headache all day.’ Has the speaker got a headache?

2 Put the bracketed expressions into the sentences and choose the
co rrect tenses.
1 I (like) sport. (always) 1 have always liked sport.
2 I’m sorry for her. She (have) bad luck. (all her life)
3 I (want) to be a doctor. (until I was fifteen)
4 He (be) unemployed. (ever since he left school)
5 (you live) in this town? (How long)
6 I (not work) very hard. (when I was at university)
7 He was ill before Christmas, but he (be) fine. (since then)
8 I (have) trouble sleeping, (all this week)
9 I (have) trouble sleeping, (all last week)
10 I (learn) a lot. (in this job)
11 I (not learn) much, (in that job)
12 My boyfriend and I (know) each other, (for ages)
13 He (live) in Durban, (for a year before he got married)
14 I (spend) three days in hospital. (last month)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
T E N S E S : P E R FE C T AND PAST 157

We often use the present perfect for actions repeated up to now.

Compare:
Benjamin’s been to Africa several times this year, (‘up to now')
7 went to Africa three times last year, (not ‘up to now ’)
Г»е clim b ed a lot o f mountains, but I’ve never been up Mont Blanc.
In 1861 he clim b ed most o f the highest mountains in France.

3 Complete the sentences w ith the present perfect o r simple past.

1 I (play) a lot of tennis this year.
2 She (have) six different jobs since she left school.
3 He (run) away from school three times when he was fourteen.
4 How many cups of coffee (you drink) today?
5 In those days, Andrew (come) to stay with us most weekends.
6 Shakespeare (write) poems as well as plays.
7 Since my brother lost his job, he (write) two books.
8 I’m not cooking today - \ ( cook) all the meals yesterday. In fact, I (cook)
most of the meals this week.
9 WOuld you believe I (make) twenty-three phone calls today?
10 Our team are rubbish. They (just lose) eight games one after the other.

4 Complete these sentences in any way you like.

1 I’ve always____ 6 I’ve had m y____since _
2 I’ve often____ 7 I’ve lived____
3 I often___ when I was a child. 8 I’ve never lived________
4 All my4ife I have____ 9 I've____times this year.
5 I’ve known____ 10 I ____times last year.

5 Choose the co rrect version

o f the cartoon caption.

I've spent / 1spent twenty-five years

making a name for myself arid now
you want me to CHANGE it?!’

With most verbs, we can also use the present perfect progressive to talk
about situations continuing up to now. For details, see pages 158-159.
H ave you been w aitin g long?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
present perfect progressive
✓ I have been working etc
? have you been working? etc
Л he has not been working etc ^

We often use the present pet feet progressive to talk about actions
continuing up to now, especially when we say how long they have
lasted. We do not use a present tense to say how long something has
lasted.
It h a s been sn ow in g since Tuesday.
(not It is snowing since Tuesday.)
How long h av e you been lea rn in g English?
(not ... a r e you learn in g ...?)
For the difference between the progressive and simple tenses, see page 160.

1 Complete the sentences w ith verbs from th e box. Use th e present

perfect progressive. Which sentences go w ith the two cartoons?

cry learn live play (twice) rain wait ( twice)

walk work

1 It all day.
2 T English since I was six.
3 She tennis professionally for ten years.
4 We n 't in th is h n n se fnr v e ry ln n g .
5 T h a t m an up a n d d n w n th e s tre e t for ag es.
6 T very hard this week.
7 She non-stop since she got his letter.
8 He that music for hours. I wish he’d stop.
9 you ___ long, sir?
10 They call me waiter, but you for half an hour.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
T EN S E S : PE R FE C T AND PAST 159

We can cJso use the present perfect progressive to talk about long or
repeated actions that have finished recently, and which have present
results.
'You look hot. ' ‘Yes, Fve been ru n n in g.’

2 Put together th e beginnings and ends o f th e conversations.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

'Aren't you hungry?’ ‘Helen’s been looking at them.’

‘Is it true that Philip’s been arrested?’ ‘I’ve been gardening all afternoon.’
‘Janet seems very cheerful.’ ‘I’ve been swimming.’
‘She’s very dirty.’ ‘I've been talking to Henry, and he just goes
‘Why are my books all over the floor?’ on and on.’
‘Why’s your hair wet?’ ‘No, I’ve been eating all day.’
‘You all look very miserable.' ‘She’s been cleaning the cellar.’
‘You look tired.’ ‘She’s been skiing with Roger for the last
‘You’re very late.’ week.’
'Your hair’s all white.' ‘Yes. he's been stealing things from shops.'
‘Yes. I’ve been painting the ceiling.’
‘Yes, we’ve been telling each other our life
stories.’

3 W rite sentences about the pictures, to say w hat has been

happening.
t,

4Y(\ p
I] /

r %

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
160 T EN S E S : P E R FE C T AND PAST

present perfect progressive or simple?

To talk about recent long actions and situations:
tbe present perfect progressive looks at tbe continuing situation
itself; the present perfect simple says that something is completed.
achieved.
I've been read in g your book: I’m enjoying it.
Tve rea d y o u r boo k. (= I’ve finished it.)
We use the simple present perfect to say how often something has
happened (because of the idea of completion). Compare:
Tve p la y e d tennis three times this week.
Tve been p la y in g a lot of tennis recently.
We prefer the simple present perfect to talk about permanent or very
long-lasting situations. Compare:
He’s been liv in g in Doncaster for the last few months.
Tve liv ed here all my life.

1 Put in the present perfect progressive or simple.

1 That man (stand) outside for hours.
2 The castle (stand) on that hill for 900 years.
3 Ann (garden) all afternoon. She (plant) a lot of rose bushes.
4 James (go) out every night this week.
5 He (see) a lot of Alexandra recently.
6 How long (you wait)}
7 I (wait) long enough. I’m going.
8 Her family (farm) this land since the tenth century.
9 She (only farm) for two years, but she’s doing very well.
10 I (learn) German for six years.
11 I (learn) most of the irregular verbs.
12 My mother (do) all her Christmas shopping.
13 I (do) Christmas shopping all day.
14 I (clean) the car. Doesn’t it look nice?
15 ‘You look tired.’ ‘I (wash) clothes all day.'

Remember that some verbs are not used in progressive forms even if the
meaning is one for which a progressive form is more suitable (see page 148).
He’s only kn ow n her for two days. (NOT i t’s only been kn ow in g her ...)
How long h av e you h a d that cold? (N O T ... h av e you been h a v in g ...?)

For o f the word» that we u»e to is Z r-Z 02.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
T E N S E S :P E R F E C T A N D P A S T 161

since and for

DOIT YO U R S E LF

1 Do you know th e difference between sin ce and for? Look at the

examples and try to m ake a rule. Then ch eck this in th e key.
He’s been here sin ce ten o ’clock. He's been here f o r tw o hou rs.
We’ve had this car sin ce D ecem ber. We’ve had this car f o r six m on ths.
I’ve known her sin ce university. I’ve known her f o r a very lo n g tim e.

2 Complete th e expressions.
since yesterday = for 24 hours
for 2 0 0 years = since the 18th century
since 1980 = ________ for 20 years = since____
since Tuesday - J_____ for five days = ____
since six o’clock = ____ for the last two hours = ____
since my birthday = ____the last____ days/weeks/months

3 Complete th e sentences w ith sin ce or fo r .

1 I've had this jo b ____a month. 5 I’ve lived here____ 1992.
2 He’s known her___ April. 6 He’s been aw ay_____ a long time.
3 She’s been ill______years. 7 I haven’t slept_____two nights.
4 I haven't seen him____ages.

4 W rite sentences about these situations with sin ce and fo r .

1 Jake runs a small business. He started doing this five years ago.
2 Andy lives inDublin. He moved there last year.
3 Helen plays the piano. She started two years ago.
4 Rob has a Mercedes. He bought it five years ago.
5 Jan is living with Pete. This started in 1994.
6 Sammy is learning Turkish. He started four years ago.

5 Complete the sentences in your own words.

1 I’ve had this____for_____3 I haven’t _________ for_____
2 I’ve known____since . 4 I haven’t ____since

6 If you can w ork w ith other students, ask them questions

beginning ‘How long h a v e ...’ They should answ er ‘S in c e ...’ or
‘F o r ...’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
162 T E N S E S :P E R F E C T AND P A S T

tenses with since and for

Sentences with sin ce usually have a perfect tense. But past tenses are
possible in the tim e expression after siiu e. Compare:
Vve kn ow n her sin ce 1980.
Tve kn ow n her sin ce we w ere students.

1 Choose the right tenses.

1 It (is / was /has been) snowing since I (have got up /got up).
2 Things (have been / were) difficult since Carol (has lost /lost) her job.
3 Since Jake (has taken up / took up) the trumpet, nobody (has / has had /
had) any peace.
4 He (has been / was,) quite different since he (has got /got) married.
5 Since she (has gone / went) to live in France we (haven't heard /didn’t hear)
anything from her.
6 He (has been / was) strange ever since he (has had /had) the accident.

A present tense is sometimes used in the main clause to talk about

changes.
Note also the structure It is ... s in c e ...
She lo o k s quite different since her illness.
It's a lon g tim e sin ce lunch.

2 Put the beginnings and ends together. (Different answ ers are
possible.)

BEGINNINGS ENDS
He looks much younger since he had a job.
It’s nearly three years since he shaved off his beard.
It’s only a week since I met her, but it seems like years.
It’s too long since she stopped going out with Pete.
She’s a lot happier since we got our own flat.
Things are better since we last had a proper talk.

Sentences with f o r have a perfect tense when the meaning is ‘tim e up to

now’ , but other tenses are uced with other meanings.
Tve kn ow n her f o r ages.
I w as in that school f o r three years.
She’s sta y in g f o r another week.
H ell b e in hospital f o r a month.

For explanations of I > word» ttia we u«e to talk i boa [«. 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
T E N S E S :P E R F E C T AND P A S T 163

present perfect and past: revision

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Tenses and tim e expressions. Which ru le is true? Check your

answ er in the key.
1 Present perfect (simple or progressive) with longer periods of time;
simple past with shorter periods.
2 Present perfect with expressions of finished time; simple past with
expressions of unfinished time.
3 Present perfect with expressions of unfinished time; simple past with
expressions of finished time.
4 Present perfect with repeated actions; simple past with actions that
are not repeated.

2 Put in th e co rrect forms.

Dear Eileen
Hope things are OK with you. The doctor (1 come) yesterday. He (2 not
like) my cough. I (3 lie) in bed looking at the ceiling since Tuesday, and I
can tell you. I’m fed up with it. I (4 never be) ill like this before - don’t
know what’s happening to me. And the weather's terrible. It (5 rain) all
day, and I can’t even have a cup of tea to cheer myself up, because the
milkman ( 6 not come) this morning. Don’t know why - I’m sure I (7 pay)
his bill.
Alice ( 8 get) married last week, so now all Mary’s kids (9 leave) home.
She won’t know what to do with herself, will she?
Lucy Watson (10 move) to Doncaster. Since Fred (11 die) she (12 be)
all alone. It (13 be) a heart attack, apparently. I’m sorry she (14 go) - we
(15 be) neighbours (16 since/for) over thirty years, and she (17 always
be) friendly and ready to help out.
Amy (18 leave). My cleaning lady, you remember? I’m glad. She
(19 not be) much use, and I (20 not trust) her since she (21 break) all
those plates and (22 say) it (23 be) the cat.
There (24 not be) much change in the village. Some new people
(25 take) over the shop. They seem quite nice. Hope they’re more
efficient than old Joe.
No more news. Write when you’ve got the time.
Love

Emma

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
164 T E N S E S :P E R F E C T A N D P A S T

past progressive
✓ I was working etc
? were you working? etc
X she was n ot working etc

What were you doing As I was walking down the road

- ...................X----------------- ------------------------- X-------- -------- --------
at 1.00? I saw Bill.

We use the past progressive to say that something was going on around
a particular past time.
‘What w ere y ou d oin g at 1.00 last night?' ‘I w as w atchin g TV.’
(not ‘What-did you do...?’ 1 w atched TVr-’)

We can use the past progressive and simple past together.

P ast progressive: longer background action or situation.
Simple past: shorter action that interrupted it or happened in the middb.
As I w as w a lk in g down the road I saw Bill.
The phone ran g while I w as h av in g dinner.

1 Put in the co rrect tenses.

1 At six o’clock this morning I (have) a wonderful dream, but then the
alarm (go) off.
2 This time yesterday I (lie) on the beach.
3 When I walked in they (all talk) about babies.
4 I saw Sid when I (come) to work this morning. He (shop).
5 She (meet) her husband while she (travel) in Egypt.
6 While I (talk) to Mrs Singleton somebody ( walk) into my office and (steal)
the computer.
7 When Jake (come) in everybody (stop) talking.
8 I (look) out of the window and (see) that we (fly) over the mountains.
9 I (wake) up to find that water (pour) through the bedroom ceiling.
10 He (break) his leg while he (play) football.
11 I (go) to see how she (be) and found she (cry).
12 She (tell) me she (have) a bad time with her husband.

For explanation» of th« m # i that w« ш to ta ft about imar, ie e page* 29B-302.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
TEN S E S: P E R FE C T AND PAST 165

2- Look a t the pictures, and w rite sentences to say w hat was

happening and w hat happened.

3 Complete th e text with the verbs in th e box (there is one verb too
many). You will need five past progressives and th ree simple pasts.

ask come dance grin hold not dance order

play throw

On the dance floor half a dozen couples * themselves around. Most of

them 2 cheek to cheek, if dancing is the word. The men wore white
tuxedos and the girls wore bright eyes, ruby lips, and tennis or golf
muscles. One couple 3 cheek to cheek. Mitchell’s mouth was open, he
_ 4 . his face was red and shiny, and his eyes had that glazed look. Betty
5 her head as far as she could get away from him without breaking her
neck. It was very obvious that she had had about all of Mr Larry Mitchell
that she could take.
A Mexican waiter in a short green jacket and white pants with a green
stripe down the side 6 up and I 7 a double Gibson and 8 _ if
Icould have a club sandwich. Raymond Chandler: Playback (adapted)

Progressive forms are used mostly for temporary actions and situations.
For longer, more perm anent situations we prefer the simple past.
Compare:
When J walked in I found that water w as ru nn ing down the walls.
Explorers believed that the river ran into the Atlantic.
We do n o t normally use the past progressive to talk about past habits,
or to say how often something happened.
I p la y e d a lot o f tennis when 1 was younger. (NOT I w as p la y i n g ...)
She ran g the bell three times, (not She w as r in g in g ...)
Remember that some verbs are not used in progressive forms (see page
148).
I tned the cake to see how it tasted, (not ... how it w as tastin g.)
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
166 T E N S E S : P E R F E C T AND P A S T

past perfect
✓ I had worked etc
? had you worked? etc
X he had not worked etc

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Look a t the examples. Which o f rules 1 -5 gives th e best

explanation for the use o f th e past perfect? Check your answ er in
the key.
When 1 got to the car park I realised that I h a d lo s t my keys.
She told me she h a d w orked in France and Germany.
He arrived late; he h a d n ’t r e a lis ed the roads would be so icy.
She was upset because Andrew h a d n ’t telephon ed.

Do we use the past perfect:

1 mostly in indirect speech?
2 to show that a past action was completed?
3 when we are already talking about the past, and want to talk about
an earlier past for a moment?
4 to talk about things that happened a very long tim e ago?
5 to say why something happened?

2 Put in the simple past or past perfect.

1 I (be) sorry that I (not be) nicer to him.
2 Nobody (come) to the meeting because Angela (forget) to tell people about it.
3 I (see) her before somewhere - 1 (know).
4 Because he ( not check) the oil for so long, the car (break) down.
5 She couldn’t find the book that I (lend) her.
6 All the people we (invite) turned up. and some that w e (not invite).
7 They (never find) where he (hide) the money.
8 It was a firm that I (never hear) of.
9 When she (come) in. we all knew where she (be).
10 The lesson (already start) when I (arrive).

For explanations of the word» that we u»e to talk about grammar, к о !« r . : 6-СЭ2.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
T E N S E S :P E R F E C T A N D P A S T 167

3 Choose the co rrect tense (simple past or past perfect).

When 1(1 go) to Paris last spring for a job interview. I (2 not be) there for
five years. I (3 arrive) the evening before the interview, and (4 spend) a
happy hour walking round thinking about the good times I (5 have) there
as a student.
As I was strolling by the Seine, I suddenly ( 6 see) a familiar face - it was
Nedjma. the woman I (7 share) a flat with when I was a student, and whose
address I ( 8 lose) after leaving Paris. I could tell she (9 not see) me, so I
(10 call) her name and she (11 look) up. As she (12 turn) towards me, I
(13 realise) that she (14 have) an ugly scar on the side of her face. She
(15 see) the shock in my eyes, and her hand (16 go) up to touch the scar; she
(17 explain) that she (18 get) it when she was a journalist reporting on a war
in Africa.
She (19 not be) uncomfortable telling me this; we (20 feel) as if the years
(21 not pass), as if we (22 say) goodbye the week before. She (23 arrive) in
Paris that morning, and she (24 have) a hospital appointment the next day.
The doctors (25 think) that they could remove the scar, but she would have
to stay in Paris for several months. Both of us (26 have) the idea at the same
time: if I (27 get) the job, we could share a flat again. And we could start by
having a coffee while we (28 begin) to tell one another everything that
(29 happen) to us in the past five years.

We often use the past perfect after w hen and a fte r to show that
something war com plete!} finished.
When he h a d p a in ted the kitchen and bathroom, he decided to have a rest.
After 1 h a d fin is h e d the report, I realised that it was too late to post it.

4 Join th e beginnings and ends to m ake sensible sentences.

BEGINNINGS ENDS
After he had tried on six pairs of shoes he decided he liked the first ones best,
After Maiy had done all the shopping he started going through the
When I had washed and dried the last plate cupboards downstairs,
When Mark had looked through all the she took a short walk round the park,
drawers in his room he went to the cafe in the square for a
When he had finished eating lunch cup of coffee.
Paul came in and offered to help.

5 Use w hen or a fte r to m ake one sentence for each situation.

1 I wrote to my boyfriend. Then I watched television for an hour or so.
2 Everybody had a chance to say what they thought. Then we took a vote.
3 I posted the letter. Then I felt much better about everything.
4 She stopped trying to lose weight. She looked much healthier.
5 He bought presents for everyone in his family. Then he bought
something for himself as well.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
168 T E N S E S :P E R F E C T AND P A S T

past perfect progressive

✓ I had been working etc
? had you been working? etc
X she had n ot been working etc

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Look a t the examples and th ink about when we use the past
perfect progressive instead o f th e (simple) past perfect.
All the roads were blocked: it h a d been sn ow in g all night long.
After I h a d been w a lk in g for an hour. 1decided to have a rest.
She fell ill because she h a d been w orkin g too hard.
Mary could see that the child h a d been cry in g for some time.

DO IT YO U R S E LF

Look a t these diagrams. Which one represents the (simple) past perfect,
and which represents the past perfect progressive? Check your answers
in the key.

1 1
A - - - x --------------------------------- В - - - x ------------------x---------------------
past present earlier past past present

С — ------------------------
earlier past past present

3 Complete the text w ith past perfect progressives: choose verbs

from the box.

drive lie repair work

John Latton, 39, an engineer at 3.00 this morning, Mr Latton

Felton Plastics in Upton, had a _?_ for 72 hours without any
lucky escape after an accident on sleep.
the A34 in the early hours of the A passing motorist discovered
the accident after the engineer
morning. Mr Latton fell asleep _ з_ in his car with a broken leg
while driving and crashed into a for h a lf an hour. Ambulance
pile of sand left by workers who workers said that if Mr Latton
L. the road. 4 any faster his injuries
When he left Felton Plastics at might have been much worse.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
T E N S E S :P E R F E C T A N D P A S T 169

4 Read the story.

On Tuesday afternoon, everyone in my family was veiy busy - except me. During the
afternoon Helen repaired her car; John practised his karate; Kate did some gardening;
Stephanie played tennis; Roger swam for half an hour; Pam went horse-riding; Philip
painted the ceiling in his room light blue. I spent the afternoon sitting reading.

Now answ er the questions.

1 Who had black grease on her hands at teatime? Why?
Helen, because she had been repairing her car.
2 Who had dirt on her hands and knees? Why?
3 Who was wearing a short white skirt? Why?
4 Who was wearing a white jacket and trousers and a black belt? Why?
5 Who was wearing high boots and a hard hat? Why?
6 Whose hair had light blue streaks in it? Why?
7 Whose hair was all wet? Why?

In a m urder investigation, some suspects were asked by police w hat they had
been doing a t eight o’clock the previous evening. They all told lies. Write
sentences to explain w hat they told th e police they had been doing, and w hat
they had actually been doing. Example: ,
Mrs Oliver said she had been reading, blit actually she had been watching Ihe neighbours
through binoculars.

NAME TOLD POLICE HAD BEEN DOING TRUTH

Mrs Oliver reading watching neighbours through
binoculars
Mr Lucas watching TV stealing cars
Mrs Allen talking on the phone making a bomb
Mr Nash washing clothes forging £5 notes
Alice playing cards selling drugs
Pete studying chemistry fighting
Aunt Jane writing letters planning a bank robbery
Miss Fry washing her hair out dancing with her sister’s
boyfriend
Rob painting his flat playing roulette

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
170 T E N S E S :P E R F E C T A N D P A S T

perfect tenses with this is the first etc

We use a simple present perfect tense in sentences with th is/it/th a t is
th efirst/seco n d /th ird /on ly /b est/w o rst etc.
This is the first time that Tve h e a r d her sing.
(not This is the first time that I h ea r her sing.)
This is the fifth time you've a s k e d me the same question.
(not This is the fifth time you a s k ...)
That's the third cake you’ve eaten this morning.
It's one of the most interesting books I’ve ever read.

1 Complete th e sentences correctly.

1 This is the first time I (see this film).
2 That’s the eighth time you (sing that song) today.
3 This is the only time this week I (feel happy).
4 This is the third serious mistake you (make) in this job.
5 This is the only time I (ever see) her cry.
6 That’s the tenth cup of coffee you (drink) since breakfast.
7 It’s the first time all the family (be together) since Sue's wedding.
8 This is the best meal I (eat) this year.
9 ‘Excuse me.’ ‘That’s the first thing you (say) to me all day.’
10 These are the first clothes I (buy) mysel f since Christmas.

When we talk about the past, we use a past perfect tense in these
structures.
It was the third time he h a d been in love that year.
(not It was the third time he wa s in love...)

2 Read the text and m ake sentences beginning I t w as th e fir s t tim e.

Example:
It was the first time he had been away from home.
John didn’t enjoy his first week in the army. He had never been away from
home before; he had never worn uniform; he had never had to make his
own bed; he had never cleaned his own boots; he had never fired a gun,
and he hated the noise: he had never walked more than a mile.
Can you m ake some more examples?

For explanation» of the word» that we u«e to talk about grammar, »eo page» 298-302.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 T E N S E S : P E R F E C T AN D P A S T 171

past and progressive in requests etc

Past tenses can make requests, questions and suggestions m ore polite.
(They sound less direct than present tenses.)
I w ondered if you w ere free this evening.
How much d id you w ant to spend, sir?
The past modal forms w ould, co u ld and m ig h t are often used in this way.
I th ou g h t it w ou ld be nice to have a picnic.
C ould I ask you to translate this for me?
You m ig h t see if the consulate can help you.
P ast progressives can make requests less direct, and so m ore polite.
1 w as w ondering if I might use your phone.
In other kinds of sentence, present progressives can sound casual and
friendly.
We’re h op in g you’ll come and stay with us soon.
Гт lo o k in g forward to hearing from you.

A 1 M ake these sentences less direct.

1 How many days do you intend to stay? (-*■ past)
2 I hope you can lend me £10.
( -*■ past progressive and past modal)
3 I wonder if you have two single rooms.
( -*■ past progressive and past)
4 Are you looking for anything special?
(-*■ past progressive)
5 Can you give me a hand? ( -*•past modal)
6 I look forward to seeing you again.
( -*■ present progressive)
7 I think I’ll borrow your bike for the afternoon,
if that’s OK. ( -*■ past progressive and past modal)
8 We can ask Peter to help us. ( -*■ past modal)
9 I wonder if I can ask you a small favour.
( -*■past progressive and past modal) I Г
10 I think it will be a good idea to invite Simon. ‘Hi! I thought you'd be sick
( -* past and past modal) of chocolates and flowers.’

Another way of making requests less direct is to use a future verb form.
I'm afraid you’l l need to fill in this form.
F ll h av e to ask you to wait a minute.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
revision of past and perfect tenses
1 Choose the right tenses (present perfect, past or past perfect;
simple or progressive).
1 Reports are coming in that a train (crash) near Birmingham. According
to eyewitnesses, it (hit) a concrete block which somebody (put) on the
line.
2 Halfway to the office Paul (turn) round and (go) back home, because he
(forget) to turn the gas off.
3 I (do) housework all day today. I (clean) every room in the house.
4 I (lie) in bed thinking about getting up when the doorbell (ring).
5 It wasn't surprising that she (start) getting toothache. She (not go) to the
dentist for two years.
6 I (play) a lot of bridge recently.
7 When 1 (get) home everybody (watch) TV.
8 We (not see) your mother for ages.
9 How long (you learn) English?
10 London (change) a lot since we first (come) to live here.
11 ‘How many times (you see) this film?’ ‘This is the first time I (see) it.’
12 ‘Who’s that?' ‘I (never see) him before in my life.'
13 I hear Joe (get) married last summer.
14 I (often wonder) where she (get) her money.
15 ( You read) Pam Marshall’s latest book?
16 They (just discover) a new fuel - it’s half the price of petrol, and much
cleaner.
17 ( You hear) the storm last night?
18 My sister (be) married three times.
19 While she (talk) on the phone the children (start) fighting and (break) a
window.
20 He used to talk to us for hours about all the interesting things he (do) in
his life.
21 You know, she (stand) looking at that picture for the last twenty minutes.
22 The old cross (stand) on top of the hill as long as anybody can remember.
23 I (spend) a lot of time travelling since I (get) this new job.
24 When I (be) at school we all (study) Latin.
25 After he (finish) breakfast he (sit) down to write some letters.
26 When I (meet) him he (work) as a waiter for a year or so.
27 I (never learn) to ski.
28 (you finish) with the bathroom yet?
29 We (live) in Scotland until I (be) eighteen.
30 She (have) a hard life, but she’s always smiling.

For explanations of the word» that we u»e to t k about фаяияаг, pages 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
T E N S E S :P E R F E C T A N D P A S T 173

2 Choose the right tenses (present perfect, past or past perfect;

simple or progressive).

Going to the Pictures

That afternoon we all (1 get) ready to go to the pictures. We (2 get) a 63 bus
to take us to the Elephant and Castle, because the pictures are just next
door. There (3 be) a great big queue waiting to go in and we (4 be) at the
very back. Soon we (5 get) in. The picture ( 6 already start) and it was very
dark in there. We had to go down some stairs to get to our seats but instead
of walking down them we (7 fall) down them. Soon we were in our seats.
We ( 8 sit) there watching the film when something (9 hit) me on the head.
It was an ice-cream tub. 1(10 turn) round to see who it was and a little boy
who (11 sit) two rows behind me said, ‘I am very sorry. It wasn’t meant to
hit you. It was meant to hit the boy in front.’
Anonymous child

The Little Girl and the Wolf

One afternoon a big wolf (12 wait) in a dark forest for a little girl to come
along carrying a basket of food to her grandmother. Finally a little girl did
come along and she (13 carry) a basket of food. ‘Are you carrying that
basket to your grandmother?’ asked the wolf. The little girl said yes, she
was. So the wolf (14 ask) her where her grandmother lived and the little
girl (15 tell) him and he (16 disappear) into the wood.
When the little girl (17 open) the door of her grandmother's house she
(18 see) that there was somebody in bed with a nightcap and nightgown
on. She (19 approach) no nearer than twenty-five feet from the bed when
she ( 2 0 see) that it was not her grandmother but the wolf, for even in a
nightcap a wolf does not look in the least like anybody’s grandmother. So
the little girl (2 1 take) an automatic pistol out of her basket and ( 2 2 shoot)
the wolf dead.
Moral: It is not so easy to fool little girls nowadays as it used to be.
James Thurber: Fables for Our Time (adapted)

Rioting students battle against police

May 7 (1968). In the last two days. Paris (23 see) the worst street-
fighting since the Liberation in 1944. Up to 30.000 students, locked out of
their own campus yesterday by the Sorbonne rector. Jean Roche. (24 fight)
the tear gas of the riot police with barricades, bricks, paving stones and
Molotov cocktails.
The trouble (25 be) fermenting for some time. On March 20, six students
(26 be) arrested after an anti-American demonstration; the next day, a
mass sit-in at the Nanterre campus (27 begin). Last Friday, the police -
whose alleged brutality is said to have sparked off the violence - forcibly
evicted the students, who were led by Daniel Cohn-Bendit.
All day yesterday, the Latin Quarter (28 be) the arena for running street
fights centred on the Boulevard St Germain.
Chronicle of the 20th Century ►
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
174 TEN S E S : P E R FE C T AND PAST

3 Complete the cartoon captions w ith th e expressions from the box, and put in the
right tenses.

another bit of metal, Maureen.

Could you tell us, please, where we (go)?
I (start) leaving my husband an hour ago.
(do) this job, is it?
this fear of heights, Mr Winthrop?
what, exactly, (you do)?
you (die).
AiJ his batteries (run) down.

A Look. Mary, I must go;

В How long (you have) С You (book) us a holiday abroad during the summe

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
T E N S E S :P E R F E C T AND P A S T 175

D I (find) E Good Lord, Fenton, I had no idea

H He has nothing to do.

G Perhaps I could help you choose, sir -
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
passive structures
PASSIVE TENSE STRUCTURE EXAMPLE

simple present am/are/is + past participle English is spoken here.

present progressive am/are/is beme, + pp Excuse the mess: the house is being
painted.
simple past was/were + pp I w asn’t invited, but I went.
past progressive was/were being + pp I felt I was being watched.
present perfect have 'has been + pp .la s Mary been told?
past perfect had been + pp I knew I had been forgotten.
will future will be + pp You’ll be told soon.
future perfect will have been + pp Everything will have been done by
Tuesday.
going to future am/are/is going to be + pp Who’s going to be invited?

Examples of passive infinitives: (to) be told; (to) have been taken.

Examples of passive -ing forms: being told: having been taken.
Future progressive passives (will be being + pp) and perfect progressive
passives (e.g. has been being + pp) are unusual.
Two-word verbs can have passive forms (e.g. Th >meeting h a s been p u t o ff) .

1 Find the passive verbs in this text. W hat tenses are they?

IN DENMARK, 24 people were An official for the fairground,:

left hanging upside down when a at Aalborg in Western Denmark,
roller coaster car made an said the riders had been firmly
unscheduled stop. locked in and had not been in
The passengers were stranded danger.
60 ft in the air for 2 0 minutes before ‘They were given their money
firemen arrived with ladders. back,’ the official said.

The suDject of a passive verb corresponds to the o bject of an active verb.

SUBJECT SUBJECT
Passive: This house w as b u ilt in I486. German is spoken in Austria.
------ r~ ---- 1----- ----------- ,
Active: They b u ilt this house in 1486. Austrians speak German.
OBJECT object

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
2 W rite passive sentences.
1 Chinese (speak) in Singapore. 8 These computers (make) in Korea.
2 The Taj Mahal (build) around 1640. 9 Passengers (ask) not to speak to the
3 The new hospital (open) next year. driver.
4 She (interview) now. 10 Sorry about the noise - the road (mend).
5 I realised I (follow). 11 The village church (burn down) last year.
6 (you invite) to Andy's party? 12 A Roman pavement (just find) under
7 He found that all his money (steal). Oxford Street.

With a passive, we can use b y + noun if we need to say who does the action.
This house was built in I4 8 6 b y S ir Jo h n L atton .

3 M ake the sentences passive. Use b y ... only if it is necessaiy to say

who does/did the action.
1 Shakespeare wrote ‘Hamlet’. 9 A drunken motorist knocked her down.
2 They have arrested her for shoplifting. 10 Liverpool beat Manchester 3 -0
3 They are repairing your car now. yesterday.
4 People in Chile speak Spanish. 11 The Chinese invented paper.
5 Has anybody asked Peter? 12 You need hops to make beer.
6 My mother made this ring. 13 They don’t sell stamps in bookshops.
7 Electricity drives this car. 14 The directors are still considering your
8 Somebody will tell you where to go. application.

'Bad news. Cromwell - you're replaced /

you're being replaced /you were replaced by a machine.'

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
178 P A S SIV ES

reasons for using passives

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Rule study. Read the text and then do the rest o f th e exercise.

A DRIVER has been sent to jail He was disqualified for twelve

for 90 days for driving with excess months in 1986 for a similar
alcohol. offence.
Graham Smith, 29, of North Mr Peter Jones, defending, said
Street, Barton, was stopped by Smith had used the car to visit a
police officers near his home last sick friend.
November and was found to have He said Smith was depressed
drunk almost twice the legal limit after the visit, and went to a pub
for drivers, Didcot magistrates and drank five or six pints before
heard on Thursday. driving home.
Twelve months earlier Smith He was caught by police during
had been disqualified from driving a routine speed check in Wantage
for three years for drink-driving. Road, Barton.

The following expressions in th e text have passive verbs. Would it

be easy to rew rite the text with active verbs (e .g .... sent a
d is q u a lifie d driver to ja i l ; p o lice o fficers stopped G rah am Smith)?
A disqualified driver has been sent to jail
Graham Smith ... was stopped by police officers
... was found to have drunk almost twice the legal limit
Smith had been disqualified from driving
He was banned for twelve months
He was caught by police
W hich two rules are best? Check your answ ers in th e key.
1 We use passives when we are interested in what happens, not who it
happens to.
2 Passives are common when we are thinking about what is done to the
person or thing that we are interested in, not about what he/she/it does.
3 Passives can help us to go on talking about the same thing, in cases
where an active verb would need an unwanted new subject.
4 Passives are best in a formal style. Actives are more informal.

For explanations of the word* that we и м to talk riw ut

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 P A S SIV ES 179

2 Choose th e best way o f continuing after each sentence.

1 He lives in a small house, a. Somebody built it about forty years ago.
b. It was built about forty years ago.
2 English is worth learning, a. People speak it in a lot of countries,
b. It is spoken in a lot of countries.
3 He got a sports car, but he didn’t like it. a. So he sold it again,
b. So it was sold again.
4 My nephew is an artist, a. He has just painted another picture,
b. Another picture has just been painted by him.
5 The new Virginia Meyer film is marvellous, a. They are showing it at
our local cinema, b. It is being shown at our local cinema.

▲ 3 Choose the best sentence from each pair to build up a continuous text.
1 a. HOW BOOKS ARE MADE
b. HOW PEOPLE MAKE BOOKS
2 a. First of all, the printers print big sheets of paper,
b. First of all, big sheets of paper are printed.
3 a. Each sheet contains the text of a number of pages (e.g. 32).
b. The text of a number of pages (e.g. 32) is contained in each sheet.
4 a. People fold and cut the sheets to produce sections of the book,
b. The sheets are folded and cut to produce sections of the book.
5 a. These sections are called signatures,
b. We call these sections signatures.
6 a. The printers put all the signatures together in the correct order,
b. All the signatures are put together in the correct order.
7 a. Then they are bound together and their edges are trimmed,
b. Then they bind the signatures together and trim the edges.
8 a. Finally, the cover - which has been printed separately —is attached,
b. Finally, they attach the cover - which they have printed separately.
9 a. Now the publishers can publish the book,
b. Now the book can be published.

DO IT YO U R S E LF

4 Change these sentences as in th e example. Then th in k about why

this m akes them better, and ch eck your answ ers in th e key.
1 That she had not written to her parents for over two years surprised me.
I was surprised lliiit s i r luid not w h ite n to lun parents ...
2 That nobody was prepared to take him to hospital shocked us.
3 That Mary wanted to tell everybody what to do annoyed me.
4 That George rang me up at three o’clock in the morning to tell me he was
in love again didn’t please me.
5 The fact that he looked completely different from the last time I had met
him confused me. (I was confused by ...)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
ISO PA S SIV ES

passives: verbs with two objects

Verbs with two objects (see page 183) have two possible passive structures.
A CTIV E PASSIVE
They gave the winner a prize. The winner was given a prize.
They gave a prize to the winner. A prize was given to the winner.
We choose the structure which fits best with what comes before and after (see page 178).
The structure with the person as subject is probably more common.

1 Change the structure.

1 Nothing was sent to me. I w s sent nothing.
2 Papers were brought to us to sign.
3 A clock was given to Henry when he retired.
4 Stories were read to the children.
5 £5,000 is owed to me.
6 A new job has been offered to me.
7 French is taught to us by Mrs Lee.
8 A car has been lent to me for the week.
9 A full explanation was promised to us.
10 A lot of lies were told to me by the secretary.

2 Complete the text with expressions from the box.

had been given had been told had never been taught
was given (twice) was offered was promised was sent
was shown wasn’t being paid

I’ll never forget my first day at that office. 1_l_to arrive at 8 .30. but when
I got there the whole place seemed to be empty. I didn’t know what to do,
because I 2 no information about the building or where I was going to
work, so I just waited around until some of the secretaries began to turn
up. Finally I i a dirty little office on the fifth floor, where I 4 a desk in
a corner. Nothing happened for an hour; then I 5 some letters to
type on a computer by one of the senior secretaries. This wasn’t very
successful, because I _how to use a computer. (In the letter I _____
when I 8 the job, I 9 computer train ing, but they'd obviously
forgotten about this.) By lunchtime things hadn’t got any better, and I
decided that I _10 enough to put up with this nonsense, so I walked out
and didn’t go back.

3 Complete these sentences any way you like.

1 I was given __ last Christmas /for my last birthday /____
2 I have often been given____
3 I have never been given____

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
P A S SIV ES 181

passives: progressive, perfect etc

Further practice on some passive verb forms.

1 Present progressive passive. Imagine you are in a busy hotel at

midday. M ake sentences to say w hat is being done, using words
from the two boxes and the present progressive passive. Example:
Beds are being made.

beds bills coffee drinks food luggage money

new guests reservations rooms tables

bring down change clean lay make order pay

prepare serve take welcome

2 Present perfect passive. Imagine that, rich and famous, you

retu rn to your old home town after fifty years. A lo t o f things are
different. M ake sentences, using words from the boxes and the
present perfect passive. Example:
The Cafe Royal has been turned into a casino.

Cafe Royal houseboats new car park new schools

opera house old fire station ring road station streets
town centre statue of you Super Cinema your house

build modernise put up in park rebuild widen

turn into casino /floating restaurants / museum / supermarket /
theatre / pedestrian precinct

3 Infinitives and -in g forms. M ake some sentences beginning

I (don ’t) l i k e ... in g or I (don’t) w ant t o ..., using verbs from the box.
Examples:
I like being talked to. I don't want to be forgotten.

admire criticise forget give presents ignore

invite out laugh at like listen to look at love
need shout at take seriously talk about talk to
undervalue

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 182 P A S SIV ES

passives: complex structures

Note these passive structures. They are mostty rather formal.
A active object com plem ent -» passive subject complement
ACTIVE PASSIVE
The Queen considered h im a genius. He was considered a genius.
They elected M rs R ob in s President. M rs R ob in s m s elected President.
The others call h im stupid. He is called stu p id by the others.
You've made m e very hap p y . I have been made very happy.
В structu re w ith introductory it: It is th ou g h t/believ ed etc t h a t ...
It is th ou g h t th a t the Minister will resign.
At the time, it w as believed th a t illnesses were caused by evil spirits.
It is expected th a t the company will become profitable in the New Year.
С subject + passive verb + infinitive
... is th o u g h t/b eliev ed lsaid /a sk ed /seen /m a d e etc t o ...
She is th ou g h t to h av e left home. He is believed to be in Wales.
They a r e s a id to b e millionaires. I w as a s k e d to help.
Note that we use to-infinitives in the passive after see, hear and make.
He was seen to en ter the bank. I was made to tell them everything.
D structure with there is: There is th o u g h t/said etc to b e ...
T here a r e th ou g h t to be fewer than twenty people still living in the village.
There w ere s a id to b e ghosts in the house, but I never heard anything.

▲ 1 M ake these sentences passive, using one o f th e above structures.

1 People think the government will fall.
2 We appointed Mr Evans secretary.
3 The villagers called her a witch.
4 People believed that fresh air was bad for sick people.
5 Some people say that there are wolves in the mountains.
6 Police think the man holding the hostages is heavily armed.
7 They say he is in an agitated state.
8 Everybody considered her strange.
9 We expec t that the rate of inflation will rise.
10 They say he is somewhere in Germany.
11 Somebody saw Harris leave the plane in Ontario.
12 People think that she died in a plane crash.
13 People believed that the earth was the centre of the universe.
14 They think that there is oil under Windsor Castle.
15 They made me give them details of my bank accounts.

For explanation* of the wortU that we use to t ilk i ibout grammar, see
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
verbs w ith two objects
Many verb.: can have two objects - one direct and one indircrt.
Usually the Indirect object refers to . person, and this often comes first.
He gave h is w ife a ca m era . I wish y ou a M erry C hristm as.
If we put the ind irect o bject last, we use a preposition (usually to or fo r ) .
I passed my licence to th e p olicem an .
Mother bought the ice cream f o r you , not for me.

1 Change the structure. Examples:

I gave my sister some flowers.
/gave some flowers to my sister.
Let me make some tea for you.
U'l mr make you some tea.

] Could you send me the bill?

2 I’ve bought a present for you.
3 Leave me some potatoes.
4 I lent Bill £5 yesterday.
5 Show Granny your picture.
6 Read the letter to me, will you?
7 She teaches adults French.
8 I took the report to Mrs Samuels.
9 Would you get me a beer?
10 We owe £20,000 to the bank.

2 W rite five sentences with two objects beginning I w ou ld l ik e to

g iv e /s e n d ..., using verbs from th e box.

Common verbs with two objects:

bring buy cost get give leave lend make offer
owe pass pay play promise read refuse send show
sing take teach tell wish write

E xplain , sa y . su ggest and d escrib e do not have the indirect object first.
Can you ex p lain th e p la n to us? (NOT Can yea ex p la in u s the plan?)
I've come to s a y g oo d b y e to you . ( not ... to s a y y ou goodbye.)
1su ggested a new m eth od to her. ( not I suggested h er а-new method:)
D escribe y o u r w ife to me. (not De scribe m e your wife.)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 184 S T R U C T U R E S A FT E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S A N D N O UN S

verbs w ith prepositions and particles

pr e p o s it io n s :

after at during for from into of out o f to

with without
(ADVER B) PARTICLES:
ahead aside away back forward home out
BOTH PREPOSITIONS AND PARTICLES:
about across along (a)round before behind by
down in inside near off on outside over
past through under up

English has many two-word verbs, made up of a verb and a small word
like at, in, on. up. Two-word verbs are very common in an informal style.

▲ 1 M atch th e two-word verbs and the more formal one-word verbs.

Example:
look f o r - s e e k

blow up break up get up give up go away

go into look for put off send back talk about
think over turn up

abandon arrive consider discuss disintegrate

enter explode leave postpone return rise seek

The small word in a two-word verb may be a preposition or an adverb

particle. (A good dictionary will tell you which.) Tb^re are some
differences.
VERB + PREPOSITION VERB + ADVERB PARTICLE
Look at this. Look out!
Don’t sit on that chair. Sit down.
She climbed up the ladder. She cut the wood up /cut up the wood.
I fe ll in the river. I fille d the form in /1fille d in the form.
He got o ff the bus. Switch the light off. /Switch o ff the light.

For explanation» of the word» that wo u w to U l t r b ra t grammar, — e page» 298-302.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 S T R U C T U R E S A FT E R V E R B S . A D JE C T IV E S AND N O UN S 185

D O IT YO U R S E LF

2 W hich th ree rules are correct? Check your answ ers in th e key.
1 Verbs with prepositions are normally followed by objects.
2 Some verbs with prepositions don’t have objects.
3 Verbs with adverb particles are normally followed by objects.
4 Some verbs with adverb particles don’t have objects.
5 Prepositions can come just after their objects.
6 Adverb particles can come just after their objects.

An adverb particle must go after a pronoun object.

She cut it up. («not She eut up it.) Switch it off. (not Switch o ff it.)
Compare the word order with a preposition and a pronoun object.
She i limbed up it. (not She climbed it up.) He got o ff it.

A 3 Change th e object to a pronoun; change th e word order if

necessary. Examples:
Sit on the wall. -*• Sit on it.
Switch on the light. -*■ Switch it on.
1 We talked about the accident, (preposition) 6 She put the dress on. (adv. part.)
2 I put off the meeting, (adverb particle) 7 I’m looking for my bag. (prep.)
3 Could you look after the children? (prep.) 8 I wrote down the address, (adv. part.)
4 We broke off our relationship, (adv. part.) 9 I sent the steak back. (adv. part.)
5 Can you clean up the kitchen? (adv. part.) 10 I stood on the table, (prep.)

A 4 Look a t the adverb particles in th e following sentences, and

choose the best m eaning from the box for each one.

away further higher into pieces louder quieter

on paper to various people working not working

1 He drove off. 6 I've sent out the invitations.

2 Write it down. 7 Go on.
3 The heater’s off. 8 Prices are going up.
4 Turn the radio down. 9 Is the printer on?
5 Can you cut up the onions? 10 Who turned the music up?

Note the position of prepositions and particles in passive sentences:

after th e m ain verb. (See also page 292.)
Their wedding has been put off. All the lights were switched on.
She likes to be looked at. He’s already been spoken to.
Some verbs have both prepositions and particles: e.g. get on with, lookoutfor.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
structures with get

Get has different m eanings in different structures.

Where can I get some stamps? She got a letter from her mother.
It’s getting late. The problem is getting worse.
What time do you usually get up? It takes me an hour to get to work.

DO IT YO U RSELF

1 Look a t th e examples above, and decide which structure goes

with which meaning. Check your answ er in th e key.

STRUCTURES MEANINGS

get + direct object move, change position

get + adjective receive, obtain, fetch, buy ...
get + adverb particle / preposition become

2 Can you m atch the expressions w ith get and th eir more formal
equivalents? Example:
g el o ld e r - ui'e

get across get better get bigger get off get older
get on get out of get over get smaller get to get up

age alight from, leave (public transport)

board (public transport) cross decrease, shrink
improve increase, grow leave reach recover from
rise (from bed)

3 Complete th e sentences using expressions w ith get.

1 My English is___ ing____
2 Ann___ her car and drove away.
3 ____the bus opposite the cinema, and____ at the second stop.
4 What are you doing in my room?__________ !
5 If you go out in the rain without a coat, you’ll____
6 If you don’t put on a sweater, you’ll____
7 I don’t want to ____ ; I’m going to die young.
8 If I don’t have breakfast, I ____really _ _ about eleven o’clock
9 I’m ___________________________ ing_I think I’ll go to bed.
10 It _______________ very early in winter.

For oxi in it p u s >f words that w° ui у to alk grammar, see [<

*s 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
S T R U C T U R E S A F T E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S A N D N O U N S 187

Get is often used with a past participle.

Common expressions:
get dressed get cha iged get lost get married
get divorced get broken get drowned
This structure can be similar to a passive verb.
Joe g o t a rrested for drunken driving last week. (= ... was arrested...)
They had a dog, but it g ot run over.
We never g et in v ited anywhere.

4 Put together th e beginnings and ends, using a structu re with

g et + past participle. Example:
Ann and Bill arc getting divorced.' But they've only been married a year.

BEGINN IN GS ENDS

‘Ann and Bill are (divorce).’ ‘But they’ve only been married a year.’
‘Shall we go swimming?’ ‘Eight o’clock.’
‘What time do the animals (feed)?’ ‘OK. I’ll just go and (change).'
Every time he goes walking in the country and go to bed.
His glasses (break) but we (cut off).
I was talking to her on the phone he (lose).
I’m going to (undress) in the fight.
Lf you leave your bag there. it’ll (steal).
That child takes an hour next April.
They’re going to (marry) to (dress) in the morning.

We can often add a direct object to structures with get. Compare:

Get ou t o f here! Get h im ou t o f here!
I can't g et w arm . I can’t g et m y fe e t w arm .
You'd better g et dressed. You’d better g et th a t c h ild dressed.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
188 S T R U C T U R E S A FT E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S A N D NO UNS

infinitives
There are simple, progressive, perfect and passive infinitives, with and
without to (see page 190).
simple: 1 want to see the manager. It may rain .
progressive: It’s nice to b e sittin g here. You must b e jo k in g .
perfect : I’m glad to h av e seen her. She could h av e to ld us.
passive: She likes to b e lik ed . It will b e p o sted today.
There are also perfect progressive and perfect passive infinitives.
perfect progressive: I ’d like to h a v e been sittin g there when she walked in.
perfect passive: You could h av e been k illed .
Negative infinitives are made with n ot (to).
Try n ot to b e late. (NOT Try to don ’t b e late.)
I’m sorry n ot to h av e phon ed.
You should n ot w orry.

1 Put in the right kind o f infinitive.

1 I ought (work) right now.
2 Your watch will (repair) by Tuesday.
3 I’d like (go) home early today.
4 I’d like (see) her face when she opened the letter.
5 She must (have) a shower - 1 can hear the water running.
6 It’s important (listen) to people.
7 She hopes (choose) for the national team.
8 Try (not be) back late.
9 You should (tell) m e you were ill.
10 He doesn’t like (interrupt) while he’s working.

2 Say w hat you th in k the woman in th e pictures is doing. Begin She

co u ld /m a y /m u st b e ...ing or S he seem s to be ...ing. Example:
I Slit' m in i b e cyclin g .

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
S T R U C T U R E S A FT E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S A N D N O U N S 189

perfect infinitives (to have gone etc)

P erfect infinitives have the same kind of meaning as perfect o r past tenses.
I'm glad to h av e le ft school. (= ... that I h av e le ft school.)
She was sorry n ot to h av e seen BilL (= ... that s h e h a d n ot seen Bill.)
We hope to h a v e fin is h e d the job soon. (= ... that w e w ill h a v e f i n i s h e d ...)
I seem to h av e an n oy ed Anne yesterday. (= It seems that I a n n o y e d ...)

1 Rew rite these sentences using perfect infinitives.

1 I’m glad I’ve met you.
2 I was sorry I had disturbed him.
3 I expect I’ll have passed all my exams by June.
4 It seems that you made a mistake. (You seem ...)
5 I’m happy that I’ve had a chance to talk to you.
6 I was disappointed that I had missed the party.
7 It seems that she’s got lost
8 She was pleased that she had found the house.

With w as/w ere, w ou ld l ik e and m ean t, perfect infinitives often refer to unreal
situations that are the opposite of what really happened.
He w as to h av e g on e to art college but he fell ill. (He didn’t go.)
I’d l i k e to h av e been sittin g there when she walked in. (I wasn’t there.)
I m ea n t to h av e telep hon ed but I forgot.

2 Rew rite th e sentences as shown.

1 She didn’t marry a friend of her parents. (was to)
She was to have married a friend o f her parents.
2 I didn’t see his face when he realised what had happened. (would like to)
3 He didn’t finish all his work by three o’clock. (mean)
4 We didn’t spend a week skiing, (were to)
5 It wasn’t the happiest week of my life. (was to)
6 She didn’t say goodbye to everybody before she left. (mean)
7 I didn’t live in the seventeenth century. (would like)
8 He didn’t play in the Cup Final. (was to)

For perfect infinitives after modals (e.g. should have gone), see page 122.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
190 S T R U C T U R E S A FT E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S A N D N O U N S

infinitive with and without to

We use the infinitive w ithout to after the modal verbs can, could, may,
might, must, shall, should will and would, and after had better and needy't.
C ould you h elp me? (NOT Could you t o he lp mc?)
You sh o u ld try to forget about it.
‘Can 1give you a lift?’ ‘No, thanks, Fd rather w a lk .’
She’d b etter g o home now.
You needn’t w orry.
Note also the structure with Why (not) ...?
W hy w orry?
W hy n ot g iv e him socks for Christmas?

In most other cases, we use the infinitive with to.

1 w ant to h av e a rest. (NOT I w ant h av e a rest.)
It’s n ecessary to p la n carefully, (not It’s n ecessary p la n carefully.)
The infinitive with to is used after the modal verb ought.
We ou g h t to see if Pat's OK.

1 Change th e sentences as shown.

1 I couldn’t understand the timetable. (wasn’t able)
1 w asn't able to understand the tim etable.
2 It’s important to eat enough. (You should)
3 I’d like to go sailing this summer. (I might)
4 She will probably get married in June. (She expects)
5 I said I would help her. (I agreed)
6 It’s necessary to make careful plans. ( We must)
7 Perhaps he’s ill. (He seems)
8 I want to change my job. (I wish I could)
9 I may come and see you next week. (I hope)
10 You don’t need to apologise. (You needn’t)
11 They will open a new branch in North London. (They have decided)
12 I will certainly pay you on Saturday. (Ipromise)
13 I couldn’t find the ticket office. (I didn't manage)
14 I prefer to go by myself. (I would rather)
15 She said she wouldn’t see him again. (She refused)
16 I can play chess. (I’ve learnt)

For explanations of the words that we use to talk г bout grammar, se c pages 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
S T R U C T U R E S A F T E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S AND N O U N S 191

I don’t want to etc

We can use to for the infinitive of a repeated verb, if the meaning is clear.
‘Are you moving?’ ‘We hope to.' (= ... ‘We hope to m ove.’)
‘Come and dance.' ‘I don't want to. ’
I don’t play tennis, but 1 used to.
‘You made A m cry. ’ 7 didn’t mean to .'

1 Put th e beginnings and ends together.

BEGINNINGS ENDS
‘Ann really upset Granny.’ but we can’t afford to.
‘Are you enjoying your new job?’ ‘He seems to.’
‘Can I see you home?’ ‘I don’t really want to - it’s too cold.’
‘Can you mend this by Tuesday?’ ‘I intend to. They can’t go on keeping
‘Did you get my coat from the cleaner’s?’ the whole street awake every night.'
‘Do you collect stamps?’ ‘I’d like to, but I’m working late.’
‘Do you think he knows what he’s doing?’ ‘I’ll try to, but I can’t promise.’
‘Do you want to come out with us tonight?’ ‘I’m sure she didn’t mean to.’
‘Does she think she'll win?’ ‘If you’d like to.’
‘How would you and Sue like to spend the ‘No. but I used to.’
weekend with us?’ ‘Sorry, I forgot to.’
‘I think you ought to see the police about ‘We don’t need to - there’s always
the people next door.’ plenty of room.’
‘Shall we go swimming?' ‘We’d love to.'
‘Should we book seats in advance?’ ‘Well, I’m starting to.’
We’d like to move to a bigger house, ‘Yes, she expects to.’

We cannot isually drop to.

‘Come and have a drink. ’ ‘I’d lik e to .’ ( n ot ‘I’d lik e .’)
But we can drop to in the expressions if you like/want, when you like/want
and as you like.
'Can 1 help?’ ‘I f y ou li k e .' We’ll stop w hen y ou want.

‘I can say we live in a fascist state if

I want to. It's a free country.’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
192 S T R U C T U R E S A FT E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S A N D N O UN S

infinitive of purpose
We can use an infinitive to say why w m chody does something.
She sat down to rest, ( not ...f o r rest, or .. / o r restin g .)
In order t o ... and so as t o ... are common before be, know and have; and before
other verbs in a more formal style.
I got up early in o rd er to b e ready to leave at eight.
She studied English in o rd er to have a better chance o f getting a job.
I came to Britain so a s to kn ow more about British culture.
In order and so as are normal before not to.
I spoke quietly so a s n ot to frighten her. (NOT I spoke quietly-not -t o ...)

1 W rite sentences to say why people go to some o f the following

places. Begin You g o ...
1 a library You go to a library to borrow books.
2 a bookshop
3 a cinema
4 a theatre
5 a swimming pool
6 a gymnasium
7 a driving school
8 a station
9 an airport
10 a travel agent’s
11 a church
12 a football stadium
13 a bank
14 a post office
15 a restaurant
16 a supermarket
17 a garage
18 a newsagent

2 W rite a sentence to say why you are learning English. (To get a
b etter job? To study something else? To travel? T o ...?) If you can
w ork with other students, find out why they are learning English.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 interested and interesting etc
In terested, bored, excited etc say how people feel.
In terestin g, boring, exciting etc describe th e people or things that cause
the feelings.

I was very in terested in the lesson, ( not 1was very in terestin g ...)
His lessons are always in terestin g, (n o t His lessons are т..in terested .)
Do you ever get b ored at work?
My job’s pretty borin g.

1 Complete th e words.
1 I was surpris to see Arm there. 9 We were shock to hear about your
2 It was surpris to see her. brother.
3 I find this work very tir 10 The news was really shock
4 It makes me tir 11 His explanations are confus
5 Her exam results were disappoint____ 12 Listening to him, I got confus____
6 She was pretty disappoint____ 13 I get annoy when people break
7 She was excit about her new job. promises.
8 It was an excit new challenge. 14 It’s annoy when that happens.

A 2 Look at the cartoon. Who is boring?

'Mo really, your husband's right, it is late and we must go.’

3 What are th e people interested in? M ake sentences. Example:

An astronomer is interested in the stars.

astronomer botanist cook doctor explorer fashion designer

geographer historian linguist mathematician zoologist

animals clothes food languages medicine numbers places

plants the past the stars travel

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
-ing forms as subjects, objects etc
We can use -in g forms as subjects, objects or complements.
S m okin g is bad for you. (subject)
1 hate p a c k in g , (object)
My favourite activity is read in g , (complement)
An -ing form can have its own object.
S m okin g cig arettes is bad for you.
I hate p a c k in g su itcases.
My favourite activity is read in g poetry.

1 Complete the sentences w ith -in g forms o f th e verbs in the box.

answer climb drink forget hear learn lie

pay say ski type watch

1 ____too much alcohol is very bad for you.

2 I don’t like____bills.
3 He really enjoys____his own voice.
4 What’s wrong with____in bed all day?
5 Her favourite sports are____and____ mountains.
6 ____languages is hard work.
7 I hate____goodbye.
8 ____is better than remembering.
9 ___ animals can teach you a lot.
10 ‘What’s your job?' ‘_____the phone and____ letters.’

2 If you can w ork with other students, find out w hat th eir favourite
activities are. They should use ...ing in th eir answers.

That’s not writing, First I write one All good writing is

that’s typing. sentence: then Iwrite swimming under water
Capote's criticism o f Kerouac another. That's how I and holding your breath.
write. And so Igo on. F Scolt Fitzgerald
But Ihave a feeling
Writing is nothing more
writing ought to be like
than a guided dream. Writing a book of poetry
running through a field.
/ L Borges is like dropping a rose
L Strachey
petal down the Grand
Canyon and waiting for
Writing is easy; all you
There are three rules the echo.
do is sit staring at a
for writing the novel. Don Marquis
blank sheet of paper
Unfortunately, no one
until the drops of blood
knows what they are.
form on your forehead.
W Somerset Maugham
Gene Fowler

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
S T R U C T U R E S A FT E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S A N D N O U N S 195

We can use a determ iner (e.g. th e, th is, m y ) or a possessive’s before

an -ing form.
the ^b u ild in g o f the cathedral Do you mind m y sm okin g?
I don't like h is b orrow in g my things without asking.
What's all th is sh ou tin g ?
J o h n ’s leav in g home upset everybody.
Object forms are possible instead of possessives, especially after a verb or
preposition. They are less formal.
I don’t like h im b orrow in g my things without asking.
She was upset about Jo h n leav in g home.

3 M ake these sentences less formal.

1 Do you mind my asking you a question?
2 I do not appreciate your shouting at me.
3 I could not understand Pat’s wanting to pay for everybody.
4 What is the use of their asking all these questions?
5 The delay was caused by Peter's needing to see a doctor.
6 I was astonished at your expecting us to give you a room.
7 The holiday was ruined by Ann’s having to go home early.
8 She cannot stand my telling her what to do.

No is often used with an -in g form to say that something is n ot allowed.

NO SMOKING NO PARKING NO WAITING

‘Sorry sir, no smoking in the museum.'

For more about -ing forms after verbs, nouns and adjectives, see
pages 199-209.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
196 S T R U C T U R E S A FT E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S A N D N O U N S

preposition + -ing
We use -ing forms after prepositions.
You can only live for a few days w ithou t drin kin g.
(not ... without-to drink.)

1 M ake ten or m ore sentences from th e table. You can use th e same
preposition in more than one sentence. Example:
Дг(> y o u in ter es te d in earning to G reec e with us?

Are you interested about answering that child’s questions.

Do you feel as well as changing her job. but I don’t think she will.
Do you have time to do at coming to Greece with us?
anything else besides convincing the police that she was not a
He insisted for burglar.
He passed his exams in cooking.
How in spite of disturbing you.
I apologise instead of eating.
I like walking like going out to a restaurant tonight?
I sometimes dream of having time to read all my books.
I’m fed up on helping me?
I’m not capable with looking after the children?
I’m tired without moving to Canada.
She succeeded not doing any work.
She talked paying for everything.
She’s keen playing football.
She’s very good seeing George next week.
Thank you selling things.
We’re excited staying at home?
We’re thinking swimming and dancing.
Why don’t you come out telling me the truth.
with us understanding this - it’s too difficult.
You can't live

2 Complete this sentence in five or m ore different ways:

I couldn’t live without------ing (----- _).

For after, before, when, while and since + -ing, see page 240. For -ing after the
preposition to, see page 198.

For Kp!j of ttH wori we use to atk a a

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
preposition + -ing: special cases
We use b y ..In g to say how - by what m ethod or m eans - we do something.
We use f o r ..Jn g to give the puipose of something - to say what it is used for.
On d oin g something (formal) means ‘w hen /as soon as you do something’.
You can find out somebody’s phone number b y lo o k in g in the directory.
He made his money b y bu y in g and selling houses.
I've bought some special glue f o r m en din g broken glass.
'What's that Junny knife fo r ? ’ ‘O pening letters.’
On h ea rin g the fire alarm, go straight to the nearest exit.
On arriv in g at the office, she noticed that her secretary was absent.

1 Find the answ ers in th e box; w rite them w ith b y ..Jn g .

look in a dictionary oil it play loud music rob a bank

stroke it switch on the ignition take an aspirin
use an extinguisher

1 How do you make a cat happy? By stroking it.

2 How can you annoy your neighbours?
3 How can you get money fast?
4 How do you stop a door squeaking?
5 How do you find out what a word means?
6 How can you cure a headache?
7 How can you put a Ere out?
8 How do you start a car?

2 W rite sentences to say w hat these things are for. Example:

■i telephone is for talking Lo people who are a long way away.

3 W rite a sentence beginning On arriv in g h om e y esterd ay , I

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
198 S T R U C T U R E S A F T E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S AND N O UN S

to ...ing
The preposition to is followed by an -in g form.
1 l o o k fo r w a r d to y o u r letter /to h ea rin g from you. (To is a
preposition used after look forward - it can be followed by a noun
or an -ing form.)
Compare: I h op e to h e a r from you. (To is part of the infinitive after
hope, not a preposition - it couldn’t be followed by a noun.)
Other expressions followed by to ...ing: be/get used to, object to.
If you come to England you ’11soon get u sed to driv in g on the left.
1 ob ject to people try in g to sell me things over the telephone.

DO IT YO U R S E LF

L Choose the best explanation o f each expression. Check your

answ ers in the key.
1 I look forward to seeing you.
A It gives me pleasure to think that I will see you.
В I know I will see you.
С 1 hope I will see you.
2 I’m used to driving in London.
A I drive in London regularly.
В In the past, I drove in London regularly.
С I have driven in London so often that it seems easy and natural.
3 I object to paying good money for badly made products.
A This often happens to me.
В I am not pleased when this happens.
С I try to stop this happening.

2 Here are some sentences tak en from real conversations. Can you
put together the beginnings and ends, using to ...ing ?

BEGINNINGS ENDS

Aren’t you used (walk) back to school,

Starting at half four’s no problem - difficult kids.
I look forward (receive) I'm not used (come) this way.
I look forward (see) you again I’m used (get up) early,
I object (pay) for it. in six months’ time.
I’Unever get used (sleep) It should be free,
I’m not looking forward (go) it’s hard to be without it.
I’m not sure where to turn. on the floor,
If you’re used (have) money, this far?
Sean’s used (deal) with your comments.

For used to + infinitive (e.g. I used to be shy when I was younger), see page 128.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
S T R U C T U R E S A F T E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S AND N O U N S 199

verb + infinitive or -ing form

Some verbs are followed by the infinitives o f o th er verbs. Example: want.
Some verbs are followed by the -in g form s o f o th er verbs. Example: enjoy.

DO IT YO lM tSELF

Do yon know w hich verbs are 2 Put in th e co rrect forms o f the verbs.
followed by infinitives and w hich are
1 You can’t help (like) him.
followed by -in g forms? M ake two
2 We decided (stay) at home.
lists; then ch eck them in the key.
3 We expect (hear) from Ann soon.
4 Do you fancy (go) out tonight?
agree avoid can’t help
5 I don’t feel like (cook).
dare decide deny expect
6 When do you finish (study)?
(can’t) face fail fancy
7 I've given up (smoke).
feel like finish give up
8 Imagine (be) married to her!
happen hope imagine
9 I managed (find) a taxi.
keep (on) manage mean
10 Would you mind (pass) the bread?
mind miss offer postpone
11 I missed (see) the beginning of the film.
practise prepare pretend
12 She pretended (be) ill.
promise put off refuse
13 Don’t put off (see) the doctor.
risk seem spend time
14 He spends ages (talk) on the phone.
(can’t) stand suggest wish
15 I want (see,) the manager.
16 Do you enjoy (watch) football?

‘I don’t want to go to their party and have a good

time. I don’t enjoy having a good time.’

Some verbs are followed by preposition + ..Jn g .

I ’m th in k in g o f ch a n g in g my job. (NOT I’m-thinMng to ch a n g e my-joh )
For verbs that can be followed by both infinitives and -ing forms, see page 204.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
200 S T R U C T U R E S A FT E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S AND N O U N S

go ...ing
We often use g o ...ing to talk about sporting and leisure activities.
Let's g o clim b in g next weekend. Did you g o dan cin g last Saturday?

1 W hat can you do in these places?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
S T R U C T U R E S A FT E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S A N D N O UN S 201

need ...ing
It n eeds d oin g means ‘It needs to be done’.
The car needs w ash in g . (= ... needs to b e w ashed.)
My shoes n eed m ending.

1 Look a t th e pictures. W hat needs doing in each one? Use the

words in th e box.

clean cook cut make mend paint re-string

j service

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
verb + object + infinitive
Some verbs can be followed bj object + infinitive. Examples: want, prefer.
He w an ts m e to w a sh his socks, (not He wan ts th a t I w ash his socks.)
I w ou ld p r e fe r y ou to p a y now.
Other verbs that can be followed by o bject + infinitive:
advise allow ask can’t bear cause encourage
expect forbid force get help invite leave
mean need order persuade remind teach
tell warn

1 M ake sentences about Mary, u sin g ... w ant(s) h e r t o ... Example:

Everybody wants her to do something.

Everybody Her boss Her daughter Her husband

Her mother Her son The butcher The dog
The government The vicar

do something buy her a car buy him some new clothes

cook supper go to church leave her husband pay his bill
pay taxes take him for a walk work harder

2 Change th e sentences. Example:

I told John ‘I think you should stop smoking’. (advise)
I advised John to stop smoking.
1 They said we couldn’t look at the house. (didn't allow)
2 I said to Jake. ‘Please be more careful.’ (ask)
3 She said to me, ‘Do try the exam.’ (encourage)
4 I think he’ll come soon. (expect)
5 I went away, so he had to solve the problem. (I left...)
6 Was it your idea that I should pay? (Did you m ean...)
7 The captain told the men, ‘Attack!’ (order)
8 ‘Don’t forget to buy coffee,’ I told Sue. (remind)
9 She gave me lessons in cooking. (teach)
10 She mustn't tell anybody. (Idon’t want...)

3 Complete one or more o f these sentences.

1 My parents want(ed) me to ____
2 My parents don’t/didn’t want me to ____
3 I would like my children to ____

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
STRUCTURES AFTER V ERBS, ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS 203

4 com plete the cartoon caption with m e co rrect structure.

'I’m not asking (you serve) me- just to include me in your conversation.’

L et and m a k e are followed by o bject + infinitive w ithout to.

Don't le t m e fo r g e t to phone Jill. You m a k e m e lau g h .
Passive structures with make have the infinitive with to.
He w as m ad e to ap o lo g ise.

5 L et or m a k e ? M ake sentences beginning H er p aren ts let h e r ... or

Her p a ren ts m a d e h e r ...
1 stay up late 6 drink beer
2 do the washing up 7 clean up her room
3 read what she liked 8 go to church
4 iron her own clothes 9 have parties
5 do her homework 10 choose her own school

6 W hat did your parents let/make you do w hen you w ere small?
W rite three or more sentences. If possible, find out w hat other
students’ parents let/made them do.

For structures with see, hear, watch andfeel, see page 205.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
204 S T R U C T U R E S A FT E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S A N D N O U N S

-ing form and infinitive both possible

some verbs can be followed by both - i n j form s and Infinitives. There are
often im portant differences o f meaning.

DO IT YO U R S E LF

Exercises 1 -7 : ch eck your answ ers in the key.

1 R em em ber, fo r g e t and regret. Look at th e examples. Which

structure is used to talk about th in g s p eo p le did, and w hich is
used to talk about th in g s p eo p le are/w ere su pposed to d o?
I still rem em ber buying my first bicycle.
Remember to lock the garage door tonight.
I'll never forget m eeting the President.
I forgot to buy the soap.
I regret leaving school at fourteen: it was a big mistake.
We regret to say that we are unable to help you.

2 Go on . Look at the examples. W hich structu re is used for a ch a n g e

to a new activ ity , and w hich is used for con tin u ation o f an
activ ity ?
She w ent on talking about her illness for hours.
Then she w ent on to talk about her other problems.

3 A llow and p erm it. When do we use an -in g form and w hen do we
use an infinitive?
We don’t allow/permit smoking.
We don’t allow/permit people to smoke.

4 Stop. One stru ctu re says th at an a ctiv ity stop s; th e other gives the
reason f o r stoppin g. W hich is which?
I’ve stopped smoking!
I stopped for a few minutes to rest.

5 L ike, love, h a te and p refer. Both structures can be used except -

when?
Do you like dancing /to dance? Would you like to dance?
I don’t get up on Sundays. I prefer staying /to stay in bed.
‘Can I give you a lift?’ ‘No, thanks. I’d prefer to w alk.’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
S T R U C T U R E S A FT E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S AND N O UN S 208

6 Try can be used to talk about tryin g som eth in g d ifficu lt, or about
try in g an experim en t (to see if som ething works). Which
structure(s) is/are used for each meaning?
He tried sending her flowers and w riting her letters, but it had no
effect.
I tried to change /changing the wheel, but my hands were too cold.

7 See, h ea r, w atch and fe e l. These can be followed by ob ject +

in fin itiv e w ith ou t to or object + -in g fo r m . One is used to talk
about an action g oin g on , th e other about a com pleted action .
W hich is which?
I saw her pick up the parcel, open it and tak e out a book.
I last saw him walking down the road towards the shops.
I heard her play Bach’s A Minor concerto on the radio last night.
As we passed his house we heard him practising the violin.

8 Choose th e co rrect verb forms. (If two answers are possible, put
both.)
1 Do you remember (meet) her last year?
2 Sony - 1 forgot (post) your letters.
3 I regret (not visit) her when she was ill.
4 We discussed the budget and then went on ( talk) about sales.
5 Do you want to go on (learn) English?
6 He doesn’t allow us (make) personal phone calls.
7 The hospital only allows (visit) at weekends.
8 1 like (watch) TV in the evenings.
9 Would you like (spend) the weekend with us?
10 Thanks - I'd love (come).
11 If nothing else works, by (read) the instructions.
12 I’ll try (repair) your car tomorrow.
13 I saw John (wait) for a bus as I came home.
14 I heard you (break) something - what was it?
15 I can feel something (crawl) up my leg.
16 We’ll have to stop (get) petrol.
17 He stopped (work) when he was sixty-five.
18 I regret (tell) you that you have failed your examination.

After some verbs (e.g. begin, can't, bear, continue, intend, propose, start), both
-ing forms and infinitives are pi"ssibte without much, difference of meaning.
I Г g an p la y in g /to p la y the piano when I was six.
We must con tin u e lo o k in g /to lo o k for a new house.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 206 S T R U C T U R E S A FT E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S AND N O UN S

adjective + infinitive or -ing form

Many adjectives can be followed by infinitives. This is common when we
are talking about feelings and reactions.
She was very p le a s e d to see me. I’m so rry to d istu rb you.

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Thirteen o f th e adjectives in the box can be used in the sentence

I w as ... to see her. Which five cannot? Check your answ ers in the
key. Example:
I was afraid to see her.

afraid anxious certain fine glad happy

intelligent lazy likely lucky ready right
shocked surprised unusual well willing wrong

Some other adjectives are followed by preposition -t- -in g form.

▲ 2 Choose the right prepositions and m ake sensible sentences.

Example:
I 'm annoyed at/about having to work tonight.

I’m annoyed about studying.

bad at breaking the speed limit.
bored of listening to the children.
capable with going for a long time without sleep.
excited seeing my family next weekend.
fed up having to work tonight.
fond getting up early.
good seeing the same faces every day.
guilty repairing cars.
tired dancing.

3 W rite sentences about th ree things you are good a t doing, three
things you are bad at doing, and th ree things you are fed up with
doing.

For explanation» of the word» that we use to talk about grammar, «ее page» 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
S T R U C T U R E S A FT E R V E R B S , A D JE C T IV E S A N D N O U N S 207

noun + infinitive or -ing form

Some a o an e can be followed by infinitives; others can be followed by
+ .ш д -
You were a f o o l to agree. She has a terrible f e a r o f bein g alone.

DO IT YO U RS ELF

1 Are these nouns normally followed by infinitives or by

preposition + ..Jng? M ake two lists; ch eck your answ er in th e key.

decision difficulty hope idea need plan

thought time wish

2 Choose the correct way o f completing each sentence.

1 Has she told you about her decision (to go / o f going?)
2 I have difficulty (to read / in reading) quickly.
3 We have no hope (to arrive /o f arriving) in time.
4 I hate the idea (to leave /o f leaving) you.
5 Is there any need (to tell /o f telling) Peter?
6 She has a plan (to spend /o f spending) three years studying.
7 I won’t get married: I dislike the thought (to lose /o f losing) my freedom.
8 It’s time (to go / for going) home.
9 I have no wish (to meet /o f meeting) him again.

3 Join the beginnings and ends. Put in prepositions where

necessary. Example:
Who had the idea o f moving to Berlin?

BEGINNINGS ENDS

Has he got any hope (pass) (buy) that car.

He made a decision (start) (get) angiy.
Does your fear (fly) (get) up!
Lucy has difficulty (keep) her temper.
She hated the thought (die) (move) to Berlin?
She was a fool the exam?
There’s no need (start) a business.
They have a plan a new life.
Time stop you travelling?
Who had the idea without seeing the world.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
f o r ... t o ... after adjective/noun
After an adjective or a noun, if an infinitive needs its own subject this is
introduced by f o r . Compare:
Arm will be happy to h elp you.
Ann will be happy f o r th e ch ild ren to h e lp you.
My idea was to le a r n Russian.
My idea was f o r h e r to lea rn Russian.
This structure is common after adjectives and nouns when we are talking
about possibility, necessity, im portance and frequency.

1 Rew rite these sentences using th e structure w ith f o r ... t o ...

Example:
She can’t come. It's impossible for her to come.
1 The meeting needn’t start before eight. (There’s no need for th e...)
2 The postman ought to come. (It’s time f o r ...)
3 He’s not usually late. (It’s unusual f o r ...)
4 I want the children to go to a good school. (I’m anxious f o r ...)
5 John shouldn’t go to Australia. (It's a bad idea...)
6 Sue shouldn’t change her job just now. (It would be a mistake...)
7 Can Paul come to the meeting? (Is it possible...?)
8 The car really should have regular services. (It’s important...)
9 He normally stays up late on Saturdays. (It’s normal...)
10 I’d be happy if you took a holiday. (I’d be happy f o r ...)

We can use for with the infinitive of there is - f o r th ere to be.

It’s important f o r th ere to b e enough jobs for everybody.

2 Imagine you are planning a new town. Rew rite th e following

sentences using/or th ere to be.
1 It’s important that there should be public libraries.
2 It's vital that there should be a good public transport system.
3 It’s important that there should be plenty of open spaces.
4 It’s essential that there should be enough car parks.
Now w rite five more sentences about th e town using/or there to be.

For expk nation» of the words that wo use to г к-ut grammar, te e page» 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
S T R U C T U R E S A FT E R V E R B S . A D JE C T IV E S A N D N O U N S 209

\fter Sumc adjectives. wc i^cu.i uoc an infinlUv to u w ‘for people to

She’s e a s y to am us* (= She’s e a s y f o r p eo p le to am u se.)
Just open the packet, and it’s rea d y to eat.

3 M ake some sentences from th e table.

1 English Chinese is/are easy hard to please amuse

small children difficult impossible understand clean
silver boiled eggs nice (un)pleasant listen to watch
lobster maths good interesting cook eat
modem music etc boring drink read
learn etc

babies from 4 months

Ready toserve
r baby soup
2 x Cream o f Tomato

E sy ю oee a n d c a r r y

■n
00» Genuine recycled plastic*

4 :
E S Ч Р .Р Д Е Ч г П

FOR DIFFICULT
TO CONTROL .nS' F8 0 M - MONTHS
MR/HA ikSTYUS

\ D are
JU1IC E
READY TO DRINK

A PPLE &

T _
75U ПТ1
CHERRY
М1Ш К З * r o v » ВАШУ
VTXAMIN с ADO€D

For f o r ... t o ... after too and enough, see page 45.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
210 B A S IC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S

questions

From the American TV serial 'Soap'

In questions, we normally put an auxiliary verb before th e su b je ct

If there is no other auxiliary, we use do.
Have you seen Ann? (NOT You have see» / ь ьч
Why a r e th o se m en lau ghingP ( n o t Why th o se шпеп a r e l a r-^ m g ? }
When can I pay? (NOT When I t*w pay?)
What d oes 'gaunt' mean? (NOг What и .I'ans ‘gaunt'?)
We only put an auxiliary verb before the subject, not the whole verb.
Is y o u r f a t h e r coming tonight? (NOTIs com in g y o u r fa t h e r tonight?)
Where a r e th e P residen t a n d h is f a m i ly staying?
(NOT Where a r e s t a y in g ...?)

We do n ot use d o with other auxiliaries or with be.

Can y ou tell me the time? ( n o t B o y o u ca n ...?)
A re y ou tired?
After do, we use the infinitive w ithout to.
What does she want? (not What do » she w a n ts/)
Did you g o out last night? (not Did you w e n t...? ORUti-y&u to go ...?)

1 W hich is the co rrect caption for th e cartoon?

1 Was the train very crowded, dear?
2 The train was very crowded, dear?
3 Was very crowded the train, dear?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
2 Read th e text, and then w rite questions for th e answ ers. Example:
Tvvo. -* How many children haw Joe and Pain got?
In a small village in North Yorkshire, there’s a big old farmhouse where
three families live together: Alice and George and their three children, Joe
and Pam and their two children, and Sue and her baby daughter. The
adults divide up the work between them. George does the cooking, Joe and
Sue do most of the hou sework, Pam looks after the shopping and does the
repairs, and Alice takes care of the garden. Alice, George and Sue go out to
work; Joe works at home designing computer systems, and Pam, who is a
painter, looks after the baby during the day. Two of the children go to
school in the village, but the three oldest ones go by bus to the secondary
school in the nearest town, ten miles away.
The three families get on well, and enjoy their way of life. There are a few
difficulties, of course. Their biggest worry at the moment is money - one of
the cars needs replacing, and the roof needs some expensive repairs. But
this isn’t too serious - the bank has agreed to a loan, which they expect to
be able to pay back in three years. And they all say they would much rather
go on living in their old farmhouse than move to a luxury flat in a big city.

1 In North Yorkshire. 8 At home.

2 In a big old farmhouse. 9 Computer systems.
3 Three. 10 She’s a painter.
4 Sue has. 11 Two of them.
5 The cooking. 12 By bus.
6 The housework. 13 In the nearest town.
7 The garden. 14 Ten miles.

We do out use d o whin the su bjcct is a question word like w ho СГ w hat.

W ho op en ed the window? (not ’'<'ho d id open...?)
W hat h ap p en ed to your arm? (NOT What d id happen ...?)
W hich co sts more? (not Which do e s cost mere?)
But we use d o if the question word is the object.
W ho d o you believe - him or me?
W hat d id you have fo r supper?
W hat d oes ‘catalyst’ mean?

3 Look at the text again, and w rite questions for th ese answers.
1 George does.
2 Joe and Sue.
3 Pam does them.
4 Alice.
5 Money.
6 One of the cars.
7 The roof.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
B A S IC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S 211

2 Read th e text, and then w rite questions for the answ ers. Example:
Two. -*■ How many children have Joe and Pam got?
In a small village in North Yorkshire, there's a big old farmhouse where
three families live together: Alice and George and their three children, Joe
and Pam and their two children, and Sue and her baby daughter. The
adults divide up the work between them. George does the cooking, Joe and
Sue do most of the housework, Pam looks after the shopping and does the
repairs, and Alice takes care of the garden. Alice, George and Sue go out to
work; Joe works at home designing computer systems, and Pam, who is a
painter, looks alter the baby during the day. Two of the children go to
school in the village, but the three oldest ones go by bus to the secondary
school in the nearest town, ten miles away.
The three families get on well, and enjoy their way of life. There are a few
difficulties, of course. Their biggest worry at the moment is money - one of
the cars needs replacing, and the roof needs some expensive repairs. But
this isn’t too serious - the bank has agreed to a loan, which they expect to
be able to pay back in three years. And they all say they would much rather
go on living in their old farmhouse than move to a luxury flat in a big city.

1 In North Yorkshire. 8 At home.

2 In a big old farmhouse. 9 Computer systems.
3 Three. 10 She’s a painter.
4 Sue has. 11 Two of them.
5 The cooking. 12 By bus.
6 The housework. 13 In the nearest town.
7 The garden. 14 Ten miles.

We do n ot use d o when the su bject is a question word like w ho or w hat.

Who open ed the window? (n o t Who d id open...?)
W hat h ap p en ed to your arm? (КОТ What d id happen...?)
W hich costs more? (NOT Which does cost more?)
But we use d o if the question word is the object.
W ho d o you believe - him or me?
W hat d id you have for supper?
W hat d oes ‘catalyst’ mean?

3 Look a t th e text again, and w rite questions for these answers.

1 George does.
2 Joe and Sue.
3 Pam does them.
4 Alice.
5 Money.
6 One of the cars.
7 The roof.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
212 B A S IC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S

w h at... like, what time, what sort etc

Note the d;fference between how ? and w h a t ... like?
We use how ? to ask about things that change - e.g. moods, health, work.
We use w h a t ... lik e ? to ask about things that don’t change - e.g. people's
character and appearance. Compare:
‘H ow ’s Joe?’ ‘He’s very well.'
‘W h a t’s Joe lik e? ’ ‘Tall, good-looking, a bit shy.'
‘H ow does she seem today?' ‘Much happier. ’
‘W hat does your sister look like?' ‘Short, dark and cheeiful-looking. ’

1 M ake questions with h ow o r w h a t ... lik e .

1 ( ‘your flat? ’) ‘Small but very comfortable. ’
2 ( ‘your mother?’) ‘Fine, thanks.’
3 ( ‘work going?’) ‘Not very well at the moment’
4 ( ‘business?’) ‘Terrible.’
5 ( ‘Anne’s boyfriend?’) ‘Not very nice.’
6 ( ‘School?') ‘Much better now.'

Other common expressions beginning with what: w h a t tim e, w h a t so r t of.

w h a t co lo u r, w h a t size, w h a t m a k e. Note the way they are used in
sentences.
W hat tim e does the film start? ( not usually At what tim e...)
W hat so rt o f music do you like?
W hat size are your shoes? W hat size shoes do you wear?
W hat co lo u r are her eyes? W hat co lo u r ey es has she got?
W hat m a k e is your car? W hat m a k e o f c a r did you get?
Ever can be used with a question word to exp-ess surprise.
W ho ev er gave you that necklace? W hat ever does she see in him?

2 Complete th e questions with a suitable expression.

1 jeans do you wear? 7 food do you like?
?. is her hair? 8 are ynnr gloves?
3 books do you read? 9 bike is the best?
4 isyonrTV? 10 did you find that coat?
S is the concert? 11 told you you could sing?
6 does the train leave? 12 are you going to do?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
B A S IC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S 213

negative structures
To make negative verb forms, we put n ot after an auxiliary verb or be.
If there is no other auxiliary, we use do.
U'e h av e n ot forgotten. It w a sn ’t raining. She ca n ’t swim.
That is n ’t right. I d on ’t like the soup. (NOT I lik e n ot the soup.)
Do is followed by the infinitive w ithout to.
I didn’t th in k. (NOT Ш и '1 tm th in k /th in k ing- /thtm yht.)
Do is n ot used with otbei auxiliary verb?: or (normally) with be.
You m u stn ’t worry. (NOT You don ’t m u st worry.) Tea is n ’t ready.
Do is not used with infinitives or -ing forms.
It’s important n ot to w orry, ( not ... to don't w orry.)
It's nice sitting here and n ot w orkin g.

1 Correct these sentences by m aking them negative.

1 Marx discovered America. Marx didn 't discover America.
2 Austrians speak Japanese.
3 Roses are green.
4 Cats can fly.
5 Shakespeare was French.
6 Fridges run on petrol.
7 The sim goes round the earth.
8 Telescopes make things smaller.
9 There are seventeen players in a rugby team.
10 Bananas grow in Scotland.

We do n o t use d o with other negative words like n ever or hardln -

He n ever w orks, (not le does never w o rk .) It h a r d ly m atters.

‘Leave it, Тепу. I slept with him, but it didn't mean anything.’
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
negative questions
CONTRACTED (INF O RM A L ) UNCONTRACTED (VERY FORMAL)
Isn’t it ready yet? Is it not ready yet'
Why haven’t you written to Ann? Why h av e you not written to Ann?
Can’t she swim? Can she not swim?
Note the different position of n’t,noi in contracted and uncontracted
structures.

1 W rite inform al negative questions to ask somebody:

1 if she is not cold 4 if the shops are not closed
2 why she is not eating 5 if the postman has not come
3 if she does not speak French 6 if her mother is not at home

We often use negative questions to confirm th a t som ething has

happened, is true, etc. The meaning is similar to 'It’s tru e t h a t ..., isn 't
it?’
Didn’t you go and see Helen yesterday? How is she?
We can use negative questions to make expressions of opinion less direct.
Wouldn’t it be better to switch the light on?
(Less direct than It would be better...)

2 Use negative questions to confirm the following ideas,

1 I think you went to Paris last week. Didn't you go...?
2 I think you speak German.
3 That looks like Pamela in the green dress.
4 I believe you studied at Cambridge.
5 Perhaps this is your coat.
6 I think your father is a doctor.
7 I thought Tony was going to come with us.
8 You’ll be in Edinburgh next week, won’t you?
9 I think you’re making a mistake.
10 Perhaps it would be better to stop now.

Another use of negative questions is in polite invitations.

Won’t you come in? Wouldn ’t you lik e something to drink?
But we do n ot use negative questions to ask people to do things for us.
Can you help me? You couldn’t help me. could you?
but n o t Can’t you help me? (This sounds luce a criucism.)

For explanations of the wonl» tha' rvt « * to " i,E "и ut imar, see pages 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 B A S I C S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S 215

V. e can also use negative questions to ch eck th a t som ething h as n o t happened, is n ot

trne, etc. The meaning is Like ‘Is it tru e t h a t ... n o t ...?’
Don't y ou f e e l well? Oh dear. C an’t th ey co m e this eveningP
N >gative questions can express surprise that something has n ot happened, is not
happening, etc. This may sound critical.
H asn ’t th e p ostm a n co m e yet? D idn’t s h e tell you she was married?
C an’t y ou read? It says 'closed'. D on’t y o u ever listen to what I say?

A 3 Use negative questions to confirm th e following ideas.

1 It looks as if she can’t swim. -*■ Can i she swim?
2 Is it true that she didn’t pass the exam?
3 I believe you may not have paid for your ticket.
4 I think perhaps you didn’t lock the door.
5 It seems as if you can’t understand English. I said ‘No’.
6 I’m afraid you don’t like my cooking.
7 Perhaps you didn’t get the letter I sent.
8 So you didn ’t enjoy the film?
9 Is it true that you and John a rea ’t going to get married?
10 It seems that you don’t want any more potatoes.

In answ ers to negative questions, ‘Yes’ goes with or suggests an affirmative verb, and
'No* goes with or suggests a negative verb.
'Don't you like it?' 'Yes (Ido like it).' 'Aren't you ready?' ‘No (I'm not ready).'

4 Add Yes or No to th e answers.

1 ‘Aren’t you ready?’ ‘Yes, I am.’
2 ‘Don’t you like this?’ ‘I don’t.’
3 ‘Can’t you stop?’ ‘I can’t.’
4 ‘Isn’t this nice?’ ‘It is.’
5 ‘Haven’t you paid?’ ‘I have.’
6 ‘Wasn’t she at home?’ ‘She was.’
7 ‘Aren’t you happy?’ ‘I’m not.’
8 ‘Didn’t you get my letter?’ ‘I didn't.’

‘Haven’t you brought any vegetables with it?’

For negative questions in exclamations, see page 221.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
216 BASIC SENTENCE-STRUCTURES

not and no
We use n ot to make a word, expression or clause negative.
N ot su rp risin g ly , we missed the train, ( not No surprisingly. -)
The students went on strike, but n ot the teachers.
(NOT ... ho the teachers.)
I can see you tomorrow, but n ot on Thursday.
1 have n ot received his answer.
We don’t usually put n ot with the subject. Instead, we use a structure
with it.
It w asn ’t B ill who phoned, it was Pete. (NOT Not B ill phoned...)

We use no with a noun or -in g form to mean ‘not any’ or ‘not a/an’ (see
cage 35).
No teach ers went on strike. (= There weren’t a n y teachers on strike.)
I ’ve got n o T h u rsd ays free this term. ( = ... n ot a n y Thursdays...)
I telephoned, but there was n o answer. (= ... n ot a n answer.)
NOSMOKING

1 P u t in n ot o r no.
1 I like most vegetables, but____peppers.
2 She was____ able to understand him.
3 They had_____butter left in the shop.
4 They repaired my watch, but____properly.
5 We’ve got_________time to talk now.
6 I can come round, but____tonight.
7 They did___ want to help.
8 ‘Do you smoke?’ ‘____usually.'
9 She’s a woman with____sense of humour.
10 ‘Shall I put some music on?' ‘OK, but_____jazz.’

no- han 's land

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
B A S IC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S 217

negatives: I don’t think etc

We usually use I don’t think -I- r^Brmadve verb, not I think + negative verb.
Tbe sane is true with believe, suppose, imagine and similar verbs.
I don't think you know Joe. (More usual than I think you don’t know Joe.)
I don’t believe she’s at home.
I don’t suppose you can lend me £5?

1 Change th e sentences as in th e example.

He's not at home. (I think) 1don’t think he s at home.
1 You’re not right. (1 think)
2 You haven’t met my sister. (1 believe)
3 You don’t know where Ruth is. (I suppose)
4 We won’t arrive before midnight. (I imagine)
5 They don’t know what they're doing. (I think)
6 I didn ’t make myself clear. (I think)
7 You didn’t remember to bring my book back. (I suppose)
8 I haven’t got enough money. (I believe)

We use similar structures with seem. expect and want.

He doesn’t seem to like you. (Less formal than He seems not to like you.)
I don’t expect to be back before Monday. (Less formal than I expect n o t...)
I never want to see you again. (More natural than I want never to see...)

2 Change th e sentences as shown.

1 I don’t think he’s well. (He doesn't seem ...)
2 I probably won’t be home late. (I don't expect...)
3 I would hate to climb another mountain. (I never want...)
4 It's not raining, apparently. (It doesn’t seem ...)
5 I probably won’t pass the exam. (Idon’t expect...)
6 He is determined not to get married. (He never wants...)

With hope, we make the following verb negative.

I hop* it d oesn ’t rain , (n o t 1 d on ’t-hope it rains.)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 218 B A SIC S E N T E N C E -

imperatives
We use Imperatives to tell people what to do. advise them, encourage
them etc.
Imperatives look the same as infinitives w ithout to.
Negative imperatives begin with do not/don’t.
L o o k in the mirror before you drive off. Try again.
H ave some more tea. C heer up.
Please d o n ot lea n out o f the window. D on’t w orry.
We can use d o to make em phatic imperatives.
Do s it down! Do stop making that noise!

I Read the text and put in th e verbs from th e box.

add bake don’t use mix oil putin shape

P o tato P ancake

one pound of boiled potatoes Mash the potatoes in butter.

two tomatoes J_ any milk. Season. 2 the
butter chopped onion, chopped tomato,
flour, and a handful of chopped
tablespoon flour
parsley._}_well. lightly 4
seasoning a flat baking dish and 5 the
parsley potatoes. 6 into a fairly thick
one small finely chopped onion circular cake. Brush lightly with
melted butter and 7 in a hot
oven until brown on top.
Bruce Beeby: Father in the Kitchen

A 2 Can you w rite a recipe (instructions for

cooking something), or instructions
for doing som ething else?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
Note the position of a lw a y s and never: before imperatives.
A lw ay s try to tell the truth. (NOT Try-alway s ...
Never d o that again.

3 Put in a lw a y s o r never.
1 Add salt to potatoes when you cook them.
2 Check the tyres before you drive a car.
3 Cook chicken when it's frozen.
4 Wait more than fifteen minutes for somebody
who’s late.
5 Unplug electrical appliances before repairing
them.
6 Count your change after buying something.
7 Put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
8 Say ‘I will love you for ever’.
9 Pay bills the day you get them.
10 Apologise for things that are not your fault.

Id imperatives, d o and don't can be used before be.

Do b e quiet! D on’t be silly.

4 M ake sentences b e g i n n in g d o be or d o n ’t b e for the following

situations. Use th e words and expressions in th e box.

angry back by midnight careful frightened greedy

jealous on time rude stupid

1 You are a parent; your child is eating too much.

2 Your child is going to cycle to school through heavy traffic.
3 You are just going to tell somebody that you have damaged their car.
4 Your fourteen-year-old child is going out to a party.
5 You are going into a room where a nervous old lady is alone in the dark.
6 Your ten-year-old child has just told you she is going to leave home.
7 You are arranging to meet somebody who is usually late.
8 Your child has just told you to shut up.
9 Your boyfriend/girlfriend is upset because you went out with
somebody else.

5 W rite some advice for people visiting your country. Do this

together with o th er students if possible.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
let’s
We can use le t ’s (or let us - very formal) + infinitive v ith o u t to to make
suggestions 01 give orders to a group that includes th e speaker.
L et’s h av e a drink. L et’s s ta y in this evening.
The normal negative is L et’s n o t ...: Don't let's... is informal; Let us not is
very formal.
Let's n ot tell Granny what happened.

1 W rite the suggestions, using L et’s. Examples:

1 Lrt's ijo swimming. 2 1лЧ s not go swimming.

Note also the common expressions let m e see and let m e think
So what time will I get there; L et m e see - suppose I start at
half past s ix ...
What am I going to wear'L et m e th in k - it’s too cold for
the black dress...

For explanation* of the word» that we use to t ilk . bout grammar, see pages 288-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
B A S IC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S 221

exclamations
Exclam ations with h o w and w h a t are constructed differently.
HOW + ADJECTIVE WHAT (+ ADJECTIVE) + NOUN
How beautiful! What a surprise!
How strange! What strange people!
We do not drop articles after What.
W hat a stupid idea! (NOT What stupid idea!)

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Look a t d ie examples, and w rite a ru le to say w here th e subject

and verb com e in an exclam ation. Check your answ er in d ie key.
How beautiful s h e is! (NOT How she is beautiful!)
How hard h e w orks! ( not How he works hard!)
What a lot o f languages y o u r sister speaks!

2 Change the sentences into exclam ations w ith h ow or w hat.

1 That’s a strange picture. 6 Those children are noisy.
What a strange picture! 7 He cooks well.
2 That’s interesting. 8 We were wrong.
3 That’s a nuisance. 9 He talks a lot of nonsense.
4 You’ve got big eyes, grandmother. 10 She wears funny clothes.
i What but...!) 11 She plays badly.
5 That's disgusting. 12 I was a fool.

Y\e can use negative questions (see page 214) as exclam ations.
Isn 't sh e beautiful1 D oesn’t h e work hard! W asn’t it a surprise!

3 Change th e sentences from Exercise 2 in to exclam ations with

negative questions. Example:
/.vii t that a strain/e picture!

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
222 BA SIC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S

there is
THE MOST COMMON STRUCTURES WITH INTRODUCTORY THERE

there is/are there was/were there will be

there is/are going to be there has/have been there had been
Questions: is there, are there etc
Contraction: there’s (pronounced /бэг/, like the beginning of ‘the zoo’)

We use th ere is to say that something exists (or doesn’t exist)

somewhere.
It is is not used in this way.
There's a hole in my sock, ( not It's a hole-in my sock.)
There’s snow on the mountains.
There a r e two men at the door.
Once upon a time th ere w ere three little pigs.
There w ill b e rain tonight.
There h a s never been anybody like you,
In an informal style we often use there’s before a plural noun.
T here’s som e g ra p es in the fridge.

1 Pu t in th e co rrect form o f 2 Pu t in th ere’s or i t ’s.

th ere is(n ’t).
1 a cat in your bedroom.
1 no water on the moon. 2 hard to understand him.
2 no railways in the 18th century. 3 cold tonight.
3 Once upon a time a beautiful 4 ice on the roads.
princess. 5 nice to see you.
4 Tomorrow snow. 6 somebody on the phone for you.
5 some soup, if you’re hungry. 7 a problem with the TV.
6 any potatoes? 8 too late to go out.
7 wars all through history. 9 a funny smell in the kitchen.
8 many tigers left in the wild. 10 ‘What’s that noise?’ ‘ the wind.’
9 an a c c i d e n t - ran I phone?
10 I’m afraid time to see Granny.

T here is introduces indefinite subjects. Compare-

T here’s a w in dow open.
The w in dow ’s open, ( n o t 1 he r e ’a the я4тЬшч<рт.)

For explanations of the words that we иь >to t ^ abo-it immar, see pages 288-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
B A S 'C S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S 223

More com plicated structures:

there may/can/must etc be there is likely to be
there is certain/sure to be there is no sense/point/use in ...ing
there is no need to ... there is something/anything/nothing
there seems/appears to be wrong /the matter with ...
Infinitive: there to be
-ing form: there being
Use in tags (see page 226): There will be enough, won’t there?

There can also be used with auxiliary be.

T here w ere children p la y in g in the garden. (= Children w ere p l a y i n g ...)

3 Put together th e beginnings and ends.

BEGINNINGS ENDS
According to the forecast, ‘He says there’s nothing wrong with
I can’t see how to open the door. me.’
I’m looking forward to the party. ‘There seems to be something lying in
OK, children, now I don’t want there to be the road.’
That must be Jeff. any noise while I’m on the phone,
There are too many people but there may be some tomorrow,
There aren’t any tickets now. if you’ve got a headache - you won’t
There’s no need to hurry. enjoy it.
There’s no point in going out it won’t start.
There’s something the matter with the car - looking for too few jobs in this country.
‘What did the doctor say?’ There are sure to be some nice people
‘Why have we stopped?’ there.
There can’t be two people who look like
that.
There must be a keyhole somewhere,
there’s likely to be more snow tonight.
We’ve got plenty of time.

‘George, is there a mountain near here?’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
224 B A S IC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S

dropping sentence-beginnings
In informal speech we often drop unstressed b e g i n n in g s or sentences.
This happens mainly with articles, possessives, personal pronouns,
auxiliary verbs and b e dem onstratives and introductory th ere is.
Car’s running badly. ( - The car’s ...) Must dash. ( - 1 must dash.)
Won't work. (= It won’t work.) Be four pounds fifty. (= That'll b e ...)

1 Put back th e words th a t have been dropped and w rite th e

com plete sentences.
1 Wife’s on holiday. 6 Don’t think so.
2 Couldn’t understand a word. 7 Train’s late again.
3 Seen Joe? 8 Know what I mean?
4 Careful what you say. 9 Got a pen?
5 Nobody at home. 10 Lost my glasses.

2 M ake th ese sentences more inform al

by dropping words from th e beginning.
1 I’ve changed my job.
2 She doesn’t know what she’s doing.
3 That’ll cost you £10.
4 Be careful of the flowers.
5 There’s no time to waste.
6 The bus is coining.
7 Do you speak English?
8 I haven’t been there.
9 He thinks he's clever.
10 Have you got a light?

We only drop i ronouns before stressed words.

L ik e your tie. H aven’t seen him. Can’t swim.
BUT NOT , .uve seen him. Qm-swimz i Affirmative auxiliaries are
unstressed.)
We can drop auxiliary verbs before pei. onal pronouns except I and it.
You coming? S he want somethingf BUT NOT I late? It raining?

For explanations of the words that w r ase to talk about immar, see pages 29S-3CS
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 B A S IC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S 225

dropping words after auxiliaries

In informal speech, we often use just an auxiliary verb instead o f
repeating a longe. expression.
'Get up!' 7 a m .’ ( = 2am getting up.’)
He said he'd write, but he h a s n ’t. (= ... he hasn’t written.)
ITthere is no auxiliary to repeat, we use do.
She said she would phone, and she did.

1 M ake tbese conversations m ore n atural by dropping unnecessary

expressions after auxiliaries.
1 I can’t see you today, but I can see you tomorrow.
2 I’ve bought one of those blouses, and Sue has bought one too.
3 'You wouldn’t have won if I hadn’t helped you.’ ‘Yes, I would have won.’
4 ‘That car needs cleaning.’ ‘It certainly does need cleaning.’
5 ‘You’d better phone Bill.’ ‘I have phoned Bill.’
6 The photocopier isn’t working.’ ‘Yes, it is working.'
7 She can’t swim, but I can swim.
8 Phil doesn’t want to go, and Celia doesn’t want to go either.
9 She thinks I don’t love her, but I do love her.

▲ 2 Read tbe text. What words have been dropped?

‘I came round because I really think the whole thing is too absurd.’
‘So do 1.1 always did (1).’
‘You can’t have (2) half as much as I did (3). I mean really, when one
comes to think of it. And after all these years.’
‘Oh, I know. And I dare say if you hadn’t (4), I should have (5) myself.
I’m sure the last thing I want is to go on like this. Because, really, it’s too
absurd.’
‘And if there’s one thing I’m not, it’s ready to take offence. I never have
been ( 6 ), and I never shall be (7).’
‘Very well, dear. Nobody wants to quarrel less than I do ( 8 ).’
‘When a thing is over, let it be over, is what I always say. I don’t want to
say any more about anything at all. The only thing I must say is that when
you say I said that everybody said that about yObr spoiling that child, it
simply isn’t what I said. That's all. And I don’t want to say another thing
about it.’
‘Well, certainly I don’t (9). There’s only one thing I simply can’t help
saying...’
Adapted from a piece by EM Delafield

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
226 B A S IC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S

question tags: basic rules

Question tags often follow sentences in speech and informal writing.
They are used to ch eck whether something is true, or to ask for
agreement.
You haven’t seen Joe, h av e you? This tea isn’t very nice, is it'
Negative tags are usually contracted. The contracted tag for I am is aren't 12
Nice day, is n ’t it? I’m late, a re n ’t I?
We most often put negative tags after affirmative sentences, and non­
negative tags after negative sentences. We do not put tags after
questions.

It’s cold, is n ’t it? It’s n o t warm, is it? BUT NOT Is it cold, isn ’t it?
If the main sentence has an auxiliary verb or be, this is used in the tag. If
not, do is used. There can be used as a subject in tags.
She can swim, ca n ’t she? You w ou ldn ’t like a puppy, w ou ld you?
He g av e you a cheque, d id n ’t he? There’s a problem, is n ’t thertr

1 These are sentences from real conversations. Put in th e question tags.

1 I’m cooking tonight,_________________________________________________ ?
2 We’re going to Mum’s, then_____?
3 Your brothers are not being kind to
you today,____?
4 I’m not quite myself,_________________________________________________ ?
5 They weren’t ready,__________________________________________________?
6 She’s not a baby now_____?
7 That’s the law,____ ?
8 He’s a lovely little boy,____?
9 That fireman can see them, _
Dave?
10 It must be a year now,____?
11 It’ll be all right.____ ?
12 They look like big candles,_
13 They won’t have bulbs,____
14 There’s a light out there,___
15 Cathy’s still got curly hair, _
16 She doesn’t look well,_____ ?
17 They’ve been really horrible,
18 I was first really,____?
‘It’s always poor you, isn’t it. Albert?

Drawing by С BarsotU: €51995

ТЪе N ew Yorker Magazine. Inc.

For explanations of the word» that we u j o to talk .«bout grammar, «ее page» 298-301.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 B A S IC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S 227

question tags: advanced points

We use th ey to refer to n obod y , som eb od y and ev ery bod y (and n o on e etc).
We use non-negative tags after mzver. no. nolmUy. h a r d ly , scarcely , little.
Wc use it in question tags to refer to n othin g.
N obody phoned, did they? It’s h a r d ly rained all summer, h a s it?
She never smiles, d oes she? (not ... do e sn ’t sh e?)
It’s n o good, is it? N othing can happen, can it?

A 1 Put in suitable tags.

1 Everybody’s here, aren’t ? 6 She hardly spoke,____?
2 You’re never happy, ? 7 Somebody’s forgotten their coat.
3 There’s nn milk, ? 8
4 Nothing matters, ? 9 You never wrote.
5 Nobody likes her, do ?

Informal questions/requests often use negative senten ce + question tag.

Alter imp aratives. we can use w on’t you? to invite people to do things, and wW.‘w ou ld/
ca n /ia n 'tfcou ld y ou ? (informal) to tell or ask people to do things.
Alter a negative imp erative we use w ill y ou ? Afier L et’s we use s h a ll we?
You ca n ’t lend me £5, can you? Do sit down, w on’t you?
Give me a hand, w ill you? Shut up, c a n ’t you?
Don’t forget, w ill you? Let’s have a party, s h a ll we?

A 2 P u t together th e sentences and tags.

Do have some more tea Don’t drive too fast Let’s start again
Pass me the newspaper You couldn’t tell me the time

could you? shall we? wall you? won’t you? would you?

If a is a real question, it is pronuunced with a rising intonation.

If the tag onh- asks for agreem ent, it is pronounced with a falling
intonation.

The meeting's at four о ’clock, isn ’t it? Nice day, isn’t it?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 228 B A S IC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T b R E S

short answers and attention signals

In conversation, we often give short answ ers using
pronoun + auxiliary verb.
‘Can he swim?’ ‘Yes, h e c a n .'
‘Has the rain stopped?’ 'No, i t h a s n ’t ’
‘Don't forget to phone.’ ‘I w on’t.’
‘She likes cakes. ’ ‘S he certainly d o es.'

1 W rite short answ ers for these sentences.

1 ‘Are you ready?’ 6 ‘Have you seen Les?‘
2 ‘Do you speak English?’ 7 ‘Can you understand him?’
3 ‘It’s too hot.’ 8 ‘He plays well.’
4 ‘Don’t be late.' 9 'She sounded tired.'
5 ‘Send me a postcard.’ 10 ‘Say hello to Linda for me.’

Interrogative short answers using auxiliary verb + pronoun (like

question tags) can express attention. Interest or «u p rise.
‘It was a terrible party. ’ ‘W as it?’ 'Vies,... ’
‘We had a lovely holiday.’ 'D idyou?’ ‘Yes, we went...’
‘I’ve got a headache. ’ ‘H ave you . dear? I'll get you an aspirin.'
‘John likes that girl next door. ’ ‘Oh, does he?’
‘I don’t understand. ’ ‘Oh. d on ’t you? I’m sorry. ’
Negative replies to affirmative sentences can express emphatic agreement.
‘It was a lovely concert ’ ‘Yes, w asn ’t it! 1 did enjoy it. ’
‘She’s lost a lot o f weight. ’ ‘Yes, h a s n ’t she?’

A 2 Rew rite this a s a conversation, putting in interrogative short

answ ers. Example:
'It was и lo w ly wed lin g.' 'W tL S i t . ' Yes. Though .

It was a lovely wedding. Though I didn’t think much of Maggie’s dress.

That colour doesn’t suit her at all. Anyway, I don’t really go for church
weddings. The service went on for ages. And I was sitting right at the back,
so I couldn’t hear the vicar. The music was nice, though. They played that
hymn about sheep. Lovely. I must say I didn’t enjoy the reception much.
The food wasn’t very good. And the bride’s father made such a stupid
speech. And I got one of my headaches. Champagne always gives me a
headache. And I was sitting next to that Mrs Foster from down the road.
I can’t stand that woman. She’s always criticising. Anyway, I must go.
Nice to talk to you. It really was a lovely wedding.

For exi in rtton of the words thi t we и м to bKk about ies 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
B A S IC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S 229

I (don’t) think so etc

We often use so in answers, instead of a that-сlause. This is common after
be afraid hope, suppose think.
‘Did you lose?' Tm afraid so.'
‘Do you think we'U have goci weather?’ ‘Yes, I hope so. ’
( not ‘Yes, I hope.')
‘Are you ready?’ ‘I suppose so. ’ (unwilling agreement)
‘Is Alex here?’ ‘I think so.' (n o t 7 think it.’ OR ‘I-think.’)

1 Here are some exchanges taken from recorded conversations. See

if you can guess which o f th e following expressions was used in
each exchange: I ’m afraid so, I hope so, I suppose so or I think so.
1 ‘Is it working?’ ‘Yes,____ ’
2 ‘Dead, aren’t they?’ ‘____ ’
3 ‘Do we want it?’ ‘Not sure-------- ’
4 ‘Is that when she said it3’ ‘_
5 ‘It should be warmer in April.’ ‘____ ’
6 ‘Did he know who you were?’ ‘Oh, yes_____ '
7 ‘When is it? Tomorrow?' ‘Yes,____ ’
8 ‘You're mean, aren’t you?’ ‘____ ’
9 ‘It should be quite easy, though.’ ‘____ ’
10 ‘I could borrow one of your dresses, couldn’t I?’ ‘________________ ’

Negatives a e: t ’m afraid not, / hope not, I suppose not and (usually)

1don’t think so.

2 Complete the negative answers.

1 ‘Did you find out?’ ‘(afraid).'
2 ‘Will you be home late?’ ‘No, (think).’
3 ‘We’re not having lunch too early, are we?’ ‘(hope).’
4 ‘It’s not a good idea, is it?’ ‘No, (suppose).’
5 ‘Do they serve tea here?’ ‘(afraid).’
6 ‘I think she’s got a new boyfriend?’ ‘(hope).'
7 ‘We won't be in time for the train.' ‘(suppose).’
8 ‘Is this where she lives?’ ‘(think).’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
230 B A SIC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S

so am I etc
So a m I means ‘I am too’: so does he means ‘he does too': and so on.
N either/N or a m I means ‘I’m n ot eith er’, and so on.
She's from Scotland, and so a m I. I was tired, and s o w ere th e others.
Tve lost their address.' ‘So h a v e I .'I like dancing, and s o does he.
I can't swim, and n eith er ca n B ill. ‘She didn 't understand.' ‘N or d id I. ’

1 Complete th e sentences with so a m I etc or n eith er/n o r a m I etc.

1 He’s tall, and____his sister.
2 ‘I haven't paid.’ ‘____ I/
3 Penguins can’t fly, and____ostriches.
4 ‘I love this music.’ ‘____I.’
5 ‘I lost my passport.’ ‘___ Nicola.’
6 I don't like her, and____ my friends.
7 The food was bad, and____the wine.
8 Sue won’t be there, and____her mother.
9 ‘Pete looks ill.’ ‘____ you.’
10 ‘I wasn't surprised.’ ‘_____ I.’

2 I f possible, w ork w ith another student and find five or more

things th a t you have got in common. W rite sentences. Example:
She likes tennis, and so do I.

3 Look at th e pictures, and m ake sentences about pairs o f things

using so is e tc or n eith erIn or is etc. Examples:
The bike has got two wheels, and so has the motorbike.
The Sphinx is not alive, and neither is the pyramid.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
B A SIC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
232 B A SIC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S

it: preparatory subject and object

When the subject of a sentence is an infinitive or a clause, we g ;rerally us<
i t as a preparatory subject, and put the infinitive o r clause later.
It 's nice to t a lk to you. (More natural than To t a lk to you is nice.)
It was surprising th a t s h e didn't co m e b ack.
Note also the structure It lo o k s a s if/th ou g h ...
It lo o k s a s i f she’s going to win.
It lo o k s a s th ou g h we’ll miss the train.

1 Rewrite th ese sentences w ith I t ... to m ake them m ore natural.

1 To book early is important. It is impuriunl to 1юок early.
2 To hear her talk like that annoys me.
3 To get from here to York takes four hours.
4 To get upset about small things is silly.
5 To get up in the morning is nice, but to stay in bed is nicer.
6 To watch him makes me tired.
7 To hear her complaining upsets me.
8 To say no to people is hard.

2 P u t the sentences together using It ...

1 He wasn’t there. This surprised me.
It surprised ine that he wasn't then.
2 She’s got some money saved. This is a good thing.
3 He’s got long hair. This doesn’t bother me.
4 John never talked to her. This worried her.
5 She should be told immediately.
This is essential.
6 He didn’t remember my name.
This was strange.
7 He can’t come. This is a pity.
8 The children should get to bed early.
This is important.
9 Wolves attack people. This is not true.
10 She stole money. This shocked me.

Л.С1 о

a
'Can’t I plead with you, Helen? It isn’t my wish
that our marriage should end like this.’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
B A S IC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S 233

3 P u t th e beginnings and ends together.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

It doesn’t interest me as if we're going to have trouble with Ann again.

It looks how many unhappy marriages there are.
It seems if we have to ask her to leave.
It will be a pity that everybody should have a chance to speak.
It’s exciting that he forgot to buy the tickets.
It’s important that we’ll be a little late.
It’s probable what you think.
It’s surprising when a baby starts talking.

We can also use it as a preparatory su bject for an -in g form.

This is especially common in the structures it's w o r t h ... and i t ’s n o use
I t ’s w orth visitin g the Lake District. It's n o u se try in g to explain.

4 W rite fire or m ore sentences about places in your country,

b e g i n n in g It’s (not) w orth v is itin g ..., b e c a u s e ...

We can also use it as a preparatory object.

I find it difficult to t a lk to you.

5 Put the beginnings and ends together.

BEGINNINGS ENDS
He made it difficult a problem to walk,
His bad leg made it that she hadn’t written,
I thought it strange what he wanted,
He made it clear to hear her stories,
I find it interesting to like him.

“/hen it is not necessary It Is impossible to Anybody who has

to change, it is necessary enjoy idling thoroughly ever struggled with
not to change. unless one has plenty poverty knows how
Lucius Cary of work to do. extremely expensive it
Jerome К Jerome is to be poor.
James Baldwin
It’s easy to see the
faults in people I know; It was such a lovely
it’s hardest to see the day Ithought it was a
good, especially when pity to get up.
the good isn’t there. W Somerset Maugham
Will Cuppy
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 234 B A SIC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S

emphasis with it, what etc

We can em phasise a part of a sentence by using the structure It i s / w a s ...
th at. Compare:
The secretary sent Jake the photos yesterday.
It w as th e secretary that/who sent Jake the photos yesterday.
(not the boss)
It w as J a k e that the secretary sent the photos to yesterday, (not Bill)
It w as th e p h o to s that the secretary sent Jake yesterday.
(not the drawings)
It w as y esterd a y that the secretary sent Jake the photos, (not last week)

▲ 1 Change th ese sentences to em phasise each part in torn.

1 The baby put marmalade on Dad’s trousers this morning.
2 Maria gave her old bicycle to Pat last week.
3 Carl broke the kitchen window with a ladder today.
4 Mark met Cathy in Germany in 1992.

2 Change th ese sentences as shown.

1 I don’t want tea, I want coffee. 6 Bob isn’t getting married, Clive is.
/1 x not ten f wav: it s coffee. 7 I didn't see Judy, I saw fill.
2 I don’t love you, I love Peter. 8 He’s not studying maths, he’s studying
3 Carol isn’t the boss, Sandra is. physics.
4 I don’t hate the music, I hate the words. 9 Max isn’t crazy, you are.
5 I didn’t lose my glasses, I lost my keys. 10 You don't need a nail, you need a screw.

Note the use of pronouns in this structure in formal and informal styles.
FORMAL INFORMAL
It is I w h o a m responsible. It's m e th a t’s responsible.
It is y ou w h o a r e in the wrong. It's y ou th a t’s in the wrong.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 B A SIC S E N T E N C E -S T R U C T U R E S 235

Another way of emphasising is to use a structure with w h at

( - ‘the things) that’ . Compare:
The w in d keeps me awake. W hat keeps me awake is th e wind.
I need a ch an g e. A ch a n g e i s w h a t I need.
We can use a l l (th at) (meaning ‘th e only thing th a t’) in the same way
as what.
A ll I need is a home somewhere. A ll I did was touch him.

A 3 Change th e sentences so as to emphasise th e words in ita lics.

1 He wants a motorbike.
What he wants is a motorbike.
2 I need a drink.
3 I like her sense o f humour.
4 I hate his jealousy.
5 Cycling keeps me fit.
6 The travelling makes the job interesting.
7 I only want five minutes’ rest. (All I want is...)
8 I found something very strange.
9 The weather stopped us.
10 I don’t understand why she stays with him.

4 Complete diese sentences.

1 All I need is ____
2 What I really like is ____
3 What I really hate is ____
4 What I want to know is____

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
236 CO N JU N C TIO N S

conjunctions
C onjunctions jo in clauses into sentences.
Examples: but, because, w h ile , if.
She was poor bu t she was honest.
I went to bed beca u se I was tired.
Can you watch the kids w h ile I’m out?
I’ll do it i f lean.

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Six o f these words cannot be used as conjunctions. (For example,

they could n o t com e ju st before th e c la u s e ... s h e w ent hom e.)
W hich six? Check your answ ers in the key.

after ail although and as at because

before by if or since so that this
under unless until when whether with

One conjunction is enough to join two clauses - we do not normally

use two.
A lthou gh she was tired, she went to work.
She was tired, b u t she went, to work.
BUT NOT A lthou gh sk? was tired, k ut shi- wtfrt to-wt»rfe

As you know, I work very hard.

You know that I work very hard.
BUT n ot As you know, th a t I work wry hard.

2 P ut the beginnings and ends together.

--- 1
BEGINNINGS ENDS

Although he was very bad-tempered. alter you have a meal.

Always brush your teeth and I’ll hit you.
Always wash your hands before you have a meal.
As Liz told you, but everybody liked him.
Because I knew her family. he had lots of friends.
Talk to me like that again I did what I could for her.
Don’t do that again her mother left for Berlin last Friday.
He had a terrible temper. or I’ll hit you.
Liz explained to you so I tried to help her.
I was soriy for her, that her mother went back home last week.
If you do that again, unless you stop that.
There’ll be trouble you'll be sorry.

For explanations of the words that we use to talk about grammar, see
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
CO N JU N C T IO N S 237

conjunctions and clauses: position

Some conjunctions and their clauses can go either first or last in a
sentence.
I f y o u n eed h elp , come and see me.
Come and see me i f y ou n eed h tlp .
We often use a comma (,) when the conjunction and its clause are first in
the sentence.

1 W rite the sentences w ith th e clauses in ita lic s first, w hen this is
possible.
1 ГИ come round to your place after I've finished work.
2 Let’s have a weekend in the country when the weather gets better.
3 You ought to see Paula before you go back to Canada.
4 I enjoyed the lecture, although I didn’t understand everything.
5 Your train leaves in half an hour, so you’d better hurry.
6 We won’t know what’s happening until Sean phones.
7 I’m going to buy some new jeans, as we’re going out tonight.
8 Somebody broke into the house while they were asleep.
9 He hasn’t looked at another woman since he met Julie.
10 I’m quite sure that she’s telling the truth.
11 I’d like to know whether my photos are ready.
12 He didn’t understand the policeman because he was deaf.

Note the order of events with b tfo r e and after.

He worked as a salesman b efo re h e g o t m arried.
B efo re h e g o t m arried , he worked as a salesman.
(Both sentences say that he worked as a salesman first.)
She went to China a fte r sh e fin is h e d school.
A fter s h e fin is h e d school, she went to China.
(Both sentences say that she finished school first.)

2 Underline or w rite down th e verb for th e thing th a t happened

first.
1 He did military service before he went to university.
2 I phoned Sarah alter I spoke to Bill.
3 Before the rain stopped, he went out shopping.
4 After she gave up her job at the bank, she left her husband.
5 I felt really depressed before you turned up.
6 Things were quite different after Susie left.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
using conjunctions

Do you know how to use these conjunctions: so th a t (purpose or result),

a s lon g a s /p rov id ed w h ile (contrast), u n til, a s if/thou gh?
Let's start now, so th a t we’re sure to have enough time.
She spoke very quietly, so th a t nobody could hear a word.
You can go out a s lon g a s ( or prov id ed ) you tell us where you’re going.
The summers here are wet, w h ile the winters are very dry.
I’ll look after the kids u n til you get back.
I feel a s У ( or a s th o u g h ) I'm getting a cold.
In a formal style, whereas can be used in the same way as while.
Sound travels at 330 metres per second, w h ereas light travels at 300,000
kilometres per second.

1 Put in suitable conjunctions.

1 You can have my bike____you bring it back tomorrow.
2 I’m staying here____I get my money back.
3 It was very dark in the passage_____I couldn't see where I was going.
4 joe was short and dark,____his sister was the exact opposite.
5 You look___ you’ve seen a ghost
6 He won’t get any money____he finishes the work properly.
7 It looks_ _ it’s going to rain.
8 You can cancel the ticket____ you tell the airline 48 hours in advance.
9 I’m going to the bank now,____ I’ll have enough money for shopping.
10 I think his novels are good, his poetry isn’t up to much.

2 Join the beginnings and ends w ith so th a t or a s lon g a s.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

He went to Switzerland he could learn French,

I don’t mind you singing it doesn’t rain,
We moved the piano that's OK with you.
We took some blankets there would be room for the
We’ll come back this afternoon Christmas tree,
We’ll play tennis we would be warm enough,
you do it quietly.

For explanation* of the word» that wo tit- to tain abort grammar, и в p ж 298-302.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
3 Rew rite th ese sentences, beginning W h ile ...
1 It was sunny, but there was a cold wind.
While it was sunny, there was a cold wind.
2 She’s very clever, but she's got no common sense at all.
3 I know how you feel, but I think you’re making a mistake.
4 The job’s well paid, but it's deadly boring.
5 I’m interested in economics, but I wouldn’t want to work in a bank.
6 The hotel was nice, but it was a long way from the beach.

4 W rite sentences about th e pictures, beginning H e/She/It lo o k s

a s i f ... Use expressions from the box to help you.

been painting going swimming going to rain got a cold

had bad news had good news lost something seen a ghost

Compare becau sc and b ecau se o f, and (aI)thou gh and in sp ite of.

She lost her job becau se sh e w as ill.
She lost her job becau se o f h e r illn ess.
A lthough/T hou gh it w as rain in g, we went out for a walk.
In sp ite o f d ie rain , we went out for a walk.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
conjunctions w ith -ing forms
Some conju nctions can introduce clauses made with -in g formt. This is
common with after, before, when, while and since.
A fter ta lk in g to you I felt better.
Look in the mirror before driving off.

1 Put in a suitable conjunction.

1 I usually have a snack____going to bed.
2 He had a heart attack___ watching a video.
3 ____spending all that money on CDs I’d better not buy anything else.
4 Use damp string_____ tying up parcels: when it dries it shrinks and gets
tight.
5 How many jobs have you had____leaving school?
6 We went for a walk____leaving for the airport.
7 Put this o n ____shaving and you’ll smell wonderful.
8 I haven’t heard anything from her____getting that letter last month.
9 I often listen to music___ working.
10 Always wear goggles___ working with metal.

2 Put th e sentences together, using conjunction + ..-ing.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

Don’t go swimming before (talk) tu Eric.

Have a rest every hour or so before (go) on stage.
He has been terribly depressed he began to feel ill.
I had a word with Janet immediately after (eat).
I often solve problems in my head since (fail) the exam.
She always gets nervous we haven’t even had time to unpack.
Since (come) back from America when (drived long distances.
A few days after (return) from holiday while (run).

A few conjunctions (e.g. until, when, if) can be used w4h past participles.
Leave in oven until cooked.
W hen qu estion ed, he denied everything.
I can usually remember names and faces i f given enough time.

For explanations of th< word!, that we use to taflt « tort grammar, see page» 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 C O N JU N C T IO N S 241

-ing clauses without conjunctions

It is possible to have -in g and -ed clauses w ithout conjunctions. These
are usually rather formal, and are most common in written English.
Having failed to persuade John, I tried his brother.
( = As f hadfailed...)
Used economically, a tin will last for weeks.
(= If it is used economically...)
Putting down my newspaper, I went over to the phone.
It rainedfor two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday.

▲ 1 Rew rite th e sentences, using -in g or -ed clauses w ithout

conjunctions.
1 As he had left school at twelve, he had no qualifications.
2 It tastes delicious if it is fried in butter and sprinkled with lemon juice.
3 She walked over to her desk and picked up a paper.
4 The water came into the houses, and flooded the downstairs rooms.
5 As I knew his tastes, I took him a large box of expensive chocolates.
6 He put on his coat and went out.
7 A lorry broke down in Bond Street, and caused a massive traffic jam.
8 As I didn’t want to frighten her, I phoned before I went round.
9 If it is sent first class, it should arrive tomorrow.
10 At 3 a.m. Simon came in, and woke everybody in the house.

▲ 2 Complete th e te s t w ith words from th e box.

dreaming getting sacrificing staring thinking

thrown

Then they quarrelled, and Micky, _1_his head was getting too hot for his
tongue, went out to the dunes and stood in the wind . 2 at the sea. Why
was he tied to this weak and fretful man? For three years since the end of
the war he had looked after Charlie, 3 him out of hospital and into a
nursing home, then to houses in the country, 4 a lot of his own desire to
have a good time before he returned to Canada, in order to get his brother
back to health. Micky's money would not last for ever; soon he would have
to go, and then what would happen?
But when he returned with cooler head, the problem carelessly 5L off, he
was kind to his brother. They sat in eased silence before the fire, the dog
6 at their feet, and to Charlie there returned the calm of the world.
V S Pritchett: The Two Brothers

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
242 C O N JU N C TIO N S

both... and; neither... nor

These expressions can join nouns, verbs or o ih er kinds of expression.
She plays both tennis and badminton.
He both sings and dances.
That’s neither interesting nor true.
Neither Sue nor Ann was there.
The place both depressed me and made me want to go home.

1 Join th e sentences w ith both ... and o r neither... nor.

1 He repairs cars. He repairs motorbikes. (He repairs both ...)
2 He doesn’t speak English. He doesn’t speax treacn .
3 I don’t like her. I don't dislike her.
4 I admire him. I distrust him.
5 Paul is on holiday. Sally is on holiday.
6 The secretary did not have the file. The accountant did not have the file.
7 The play was funny. The play was shocking.
8 He collects paintings. He collects jewellery.
9 You’re not right. You’re not wrong.
10 She didn’t look at me. She didn’t say anything.

2 W rite sentences using both ... and or neither... nor. Example:

Neither julim Caesar nor Cinderella had ti TV

Kennedy

k*i
Sitting Bull Cinderella Shakespeare Julius Caesar

3 Make sentences about yourself and another person, using

both ... and or neither... nor.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 C O N JU N C T IO N S 243

leaving out that

We o.'ten leave out the conjunction th a t in an informal style. This happens
mostly alter тегу common verbs and adjectives.
She kn ew (th at) I was right. I ’m g la d (th at) you’re belter.

1 Put the beginnings and ends together.

BEGINNINGS ENDS
Did you know he didn't say hello to you.
He suggested I phoned you?
I believe I wouldn’t forget your birthday.
I expect she wasn’t angry with me.
I heard there were mice in the cellar?
I thought this is your coat.
I was surprised we might like to go skiing with him.
I’m glad we’ve had this talk.
It's funny you love me.
Tell me you’d get lost.
Were you surprised you’d got a new job.
You knew you’ve seen this already.

We can also leave out that, in an informal style, after so, such, now,
provided.
Come in quietly so (that) she doesn’t hear you.

A 2 Put in th e right conjunction, w ith that if th e sentence is formal,

and w ithout that if it is informal.
1 He may use the firm’s ca r____he pays for all petrol used.
2 I left the bedroom door open____I’d hear the phone.
3 ____she’s sixteen she thinks she can do what she likes.
4 It was____a serious operation____ she was not expected to live.
5 Closed-circuit television was installed____ everybody would be able to
watch the performance.
6 You can go out____you’re back in time to give me a hand with the
cooking.
7 ____the new managers have taken over we expect the company to
become profitable in the very near future.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
244 C O N JU N C T IO N S

tenses after conjunctions

If the exact time Is shown once in a sentence, this may be enough. So
tenses are simplified after many conjunctions.
For example, we often use present tenses instead of w ill ...
This discovery will mean th a t we spen d less on food.
I will be delighted i f he w ins.
We use a present perfect (instead of a future perfect) to express
completion.
I'll tell you w hen Fve fin ish ed .

1 Complete th ese sentences using w ill once and a present tease

once.
1 You (find) hamburgers wherever you (go).
2 When I (have) time, I (write) to her.
3 (you stay) here until the plane (take) ofi?
4 It (be) interesting to see whether he (recognise) you.
5 I (go) where you (go).
6 He (give) £5 to anybody who (find) his pen.
7 One day the government (ask) people what they (want).
8 You (find) all the shops (be) closed tomorrow.
9 Whether I (win) or not, I (have) a good time.
10 As soon as I (arrive) I (phone) you.

‘I’ll call you back in twenty minutes when the restaurant is crowded.'

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 С О К JU N CTIO N S 245

After con; unctions, we often use simple past tenses instead of would.
He would never do anything that made her unhappy.
It would be nice i f she asked before she borrowed things.

A 2 Complete these sentences, using w ould... once in each.

1 In a perfect world, you (be able) to say exactly what you (think).
2 I (always try) to help anybody who (be) in trouble, whether I (know)
them or not.
3 He (never do) anything that (go) against his conscience.
4 It (be) nice if everybody (have) what they (want).
5 I (hit) anybody who (talk) to me like that.
6 In your position, I (tell) the boss what I (think).
7 I (be) happier if I (can) live where I (like).
8 I knew he (not give) me what I (ask) for.
9 If we lived in London, it (mean) that we (spend) less time travelling.

We sometimes use simple tenses instead of perfect or progressive.

I hadn't understood what she said.
He's working. But at the same time as he works, he's exercising.

A 3 Complete these sentences.

1 I (be) sorry that I (not help) her when she (need) it. (simple past twice,
past perfect once)
2 It (be) a good time while it (last), (simple past and present perfect)
3 I (usually like) the people I (work) with. (simple past and present perfect)
4 For the previous thirty years, he (do) no more than he (need) to.
(simple past and past perfect)
5 Usually when she (talk) to you she (think) about something else.
(simple present and present progressive)

A 4 Complete these sentences in any way you like.

1 I would never____a person who_____
2 It would be nice if____
3 In a perfect world, you would be able to ____when_____
4 I would be happier if____what_____

‘Nobody calls me stupid. Meet me

outside when the big hand and the
litde hand are on the 1 2 .’
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
indirect speech: w h y things change
1 Look a t th e text, and w rite down all th e words and expressions
th a t are different in Bill’s and Peter’s sentences.
bill(on Saturday evening): ‘I don’t like this party. I want to go home
now.’
peter (on Sunday morning): ‘Bill said that he didn’t like the party, and
he wanted to go home right away.’

DO IT YO U R S E LF

2 W hich do you th in k is th e best explanation for th e differences?

Check your answ er in th e key.
1 After verbs like said, you change tenses and pronouns in English.
2 The time, place and speakers are different.
3 If the main verb is past, the other verbs have to be past too.

3 Read the dialogue. Imagine th a t Bill t alks to a friend the next day
and tells him about th e con versation using indirect speech
structures (‘I said/told h er t h a t ...; so she asked i f ...’). W rite down
ten or m ore words in th e conversation th at would have to be
changed in Bill’s report.
bill: You’re looking good today.
a nn : Oh, thanks. Bill. You are sweet.
bill: OK. If you sit down Г11 get you a drink.
a nn : There’s nowhere to sit.
bill: Yes, there is. Over there in the corner.
ann : I don’t want to sit there. It’s too dark. I'll sit here.
bill: You can’t These seats are taken.
ann : No, they aren’t.
bill: Really, Ann. Why do you always have to argue? They're taken.
ann: Excuse me. Are these seats taken?
joe: Well, this one is. but the other one's free.
ann : OK. I’ll sit here, then. Thanks.
joe: You’re welcome. What’s your name?
bill: Hey, what about me?
a nn : Ann. What’s yours?
joe: I’m Joe Parsons. Can I get you a drink?
ann : That’s very kind. Can I have a bitter lemon?
bill: I’m getting her a drink.
joe: N o. you’re not, mate. I am.
bill: I don’t believe this. Ann, what are you playing at?
ann : Really, Bill, I don’t know what’s wrong with you today. I’ll see you
around, OK?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
INDIRECT S P E E C H 247

indirect speech: ‘here’ and ‘n o w ’

Dome words may be changed in indirect speech, because th e original
speaker's ‘here’ and ‘now’ are n ot th e sam e as the reporter’s.

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 The following senten ce was said in England in November 1994:

‘I've been in this part of the world since March this year.’
Does th e first or second ‘th is’ have to be changed if th e sentence
is reported:
a in England a week later?с in Holland a week later?
b in England a year later?d in Holland a year later?
Check your answ er in th e key.

2 M atch th e direct and indirect speech expressions. Example:

here - there

DIRECT SPEECH:
here last week next week now this this morning
today tomorrow tonight yesterday

INDIRECT SPEECH:
that day that morning that night that/the/last
the day before the next day the next week /the week after
the week before then /that day /right away there

3 Im agine these sentences w ere reported in an oth er place a m onth

later. Put in th e ‘h ere’ and ‘now ’ words.
1 ‘I’ll see you tomorrow.’ She said she’d see me the next day.
2 "I’ll phone you this evening.’ He said he’d phone____
3 ‘Do you like it here?’ She asked if I liked it _____
4 ‘My uncle died last week.’ He told me his uncle had died____
5 ‘This meat tastes funny.’ She said____ meat tasted funny.
6 ‘I'm leaving now.' He told us he was leaving____
7 ‘I overslept this morning. ’ She told him she’d overslept____
8 ‘The train leaves at 11.00 tonight.’ I was told the train left at 1 1 .0 0 ____
9 ‘Pete phoned me yesterday.’ He said Pete had phoned him ____
10 ‘My brother’s arriving here today.’ She said her brother was arriving___

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
indirect speech: tenses
After reporting expressions like he said, I asked, she thought, tenses are
usually different from those in the original words (because the reporter’s
time is different from the original speaker’s time). Verbs become m ore past.
ORIGINAL WORDS REPORTED WORDS
(DIRECT SPEECH) ( in d ir e c t speech )

You look nice. I told her she looked nice.

( n o t 1 told h e r s h e looks nice.)
I can’t swim. He pretended he couldn’t swim.
I'm learning French. She said she was learning French.
Has he forgotten? 1wondered if he had forgotten.
John phoned. She told me that John had phonrl.
W ill you marry me? I asked him if he would marry me.
( n o t ... if h e - w i l l marry w e ;

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Complete th e table. Check your answ ers in d ie key.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

simple present
past progressive
present perfect
simple past
would...

2 Complete th e reported sentences w ith th e co rrect tenses.

1 ‘I’m tired.’ She said she____ tired.
2 ‘You play very well.' He told me I ____ very well.
3 ‘Can you help us?’ They asked if I ____ help them.
4 ‘We’re leaving.’ They told us they____.
5 ‘She hasn't brushed her hair.' I noticed that she____ her hair.
6 ‘John’s had an accident.’ Pam rang to say that John____an accident.
7 ‘I left school at fifteen.’ Her letter said that she____ school at fifteen.
8 ‘She won't say anything.’ I knew she____anything.
9 ‘Nobody will know.’ I thought nobody____
10 ‘This letter has been opened.’ I could see that the letter_____

For explanations of the words that we use to talk about grammar, s w pages 2SS-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
3 Put in d ie right tenses.

I had a rea lly funny evening yesterday, Mary. I got

talking to this boy in the pub, very nice-looking
he vas, and I could see he (1 fancy) roe. He s a id he
(2 never meet) anybody l ik e me before, and he felt
I (3 have) a very unusual kin d of beauty. Oh, yes?
I s a id . Then he asked me -f I (4 want) a l i f t home,
so I s a id no, I (5 Jbe) hungry, so we went out for a
curry.
I asked him what he (6 do) for a liv in g , and he
s a id he (7 do) seme undeioover work for the CIA at
the monent. He s a id he (8 can not) give roe h is
address because he (9 move) around a l l the time. So
I asked him why he (10 think) I (11 want) his
address. Then he asked i f he (12 can) have my phone
number. He s a id he (13 c a ll) roe today to f i x for me
to go to America w ith him. So I asked him why he
(14 want) to take me to America, and he s a id he
(15 think) he (16 f a l l ) in love w ith me. I knew he
(17 l i e ) , but i t was kin d of fun. Anyway, I told
him I (18 have) got a boyfriend already, but he
'■«aid that (19 not matter) . We (20 be) meant for
each other, he s a id, and nobody (21 go) to stand in
our way, because our liv es (22 be) w ritten in the
stars.
Then he borrowed £20 frcm me to pay the b i l l
because he s a id he (23 leave) h is w allet at hcrnie,
and he went o f f to the to ile t, and I never saw him
again.

Tenses don't change after present or future reporting verbs, because

there is no important change of time.
He says he doesn't want to play any more. ( ‘I don’t w ant...')
Г11 tell her your idea is great.
Tenses do not usually change after present perfect reporting verbs, either.
The government has announced that taxes w ill be raised.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
250 INDIRECT S P E E C H

indirect speech: present situations

Situations th a t have n ot changed: if the original speaker wai> talking about a
present o r future situation th a t is still present or future when the words are
reported, the tenses may not change after a past reporting verb.
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
The earth is round. He proved that the earth is/was round.
‘How old are you?’ ‘What?’ ‘I asked how old you are/were.'
Where does she work? I’ve often wondered where she works/worked.
It w ill be windy tomorrow. They said it will/would be windy tomorrow.

1 Im agine these sentences were reported soon after they w ere said:
change them to indirect speech in two different ways.
1 What day is it? /asked what day it is. I asked what day it was.
2 What’s the dark-haired child’s паше? (I asked)
3 I’m utterly fed up! (Are you deap I said)
4 It’s raining. (I told you)
5 You'll get your money. (I said)
6 The weather is changing. (This article I was reading said)
7 The repairs will cost £5,000. (A1 told me)
8 Is Jane coming to see us? (I asked)
9 You’re going to the north. (Pat told me that)
10 You won’t pass your exam. (I bet George £5 yesterday that)
11 He hasn’t got much sense of humour. (See - 1 told you)
12 They’re getting married next week. (Sue rang this morning, and she said)

We do n ot keep th e original speaker’s tenses if we do n ot agree with

what he/she said, or if we want to show that th e ideas do n o t com e
from us.
They were certain that the gods lived in the sky.
Did you hear that' She said she was fourteen!
He announced that profits were higher than forecast.
I didn't know she was ill.

‘Ed Roxey! I didn’t know you were dead!’

Drawing by Joseph Farris; О 1994
Tbe N ew Yorker Magazine. Luc.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
INDIRECT S P E E C H 251

indirect speech: questions

In d frn t questions normally have the s n b jn t before th e verb.
Me wanted w know when I could start. (NOT ... when could I start.)
I asked where the president and his wife were staying.
Do is not used in indirect questions, and question marks are not used.
I wondered how they felt, ( n o t ... how did they feel?)
The same structure is used to report the answers to questions.
I knew how they felt.
Xobody told me w hylhad to sign thepaper.

1 Torn these into indirect questions, beginning I asked.

1 What’s Peter’s address?
2 When’s the new manager coming?
3 How does she know my name?
4 Why are all the windows open?
5 How m a n y books does he want?
6 Where do they keep the money?
7 What time is the meeting?
8 When does the last train leave?
9 How does the photocopier work?
10 How often does Ann go shopping?

Yes/no questions are reported with i f or whether.

The driver asked i f '/whether I wanted the town centre.
We prefer whether before or, especially in a formal style.
I enquired whether she was coming by road o r by air.

2 Turn these into indirect questions, beginning I wondered.

1 Do they like me?
2 Will I be ready in time?
3 Is there any food in the house?
4 Is service included or not?
5 Can I pay by cheque?
6 Does my hair look funny?
7 Has the postman been?
8 Do they speak English?
9 Am I doing the right thing?
10 Is the meeting on Tuesday or Wednesday?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
252 INDIRECT S P E E C H

indirect speech: infinitives

We use Infinitives to report sentences about future actions - for example
promises, agreem ents, orders, offers, advice, suggestions, requests.
He promised to write. She agreed to wait for me.
1 told Andrew to be careful. Ann has offered to baby-sit tonight.
I advise you to think again. She asked us not to be late.
The structure question word + infinitive is common.
He asked her how to make a white sauce.
Don’t tell me what to do.

1 Change th e sentences as shown.

1 I won’t tell anybody. (He promised)
He promised not to tell anybody.
2 I’ll cook supper. (She offered)
3 Leave early. (He advised me)
4 Please close the door. (She asked me)
5 I’ll stop smoking. (She promised)
6 Why don’t I do the shopping? (He offered)
7 You ought to tell the police. (She advised me)
8 Wait outside. (I told her)
9 OK, I’ll pay half. (He agreed)
10 Park round the comer. (She told me)
11 How do I find the house? (I asked him)
12 Phone me before nine. (She told me when)
13 Say you’re ill. (I told him what)
14 We’ll pay for the tickets. (We offered)

This structure is n o t used after suggest or вау.

He suggested trying somewhere else, ( n o t He suggested to tr y ...)
The policeman saidlm usn't park there. (N O T ... said m . o tto pa. к ..)

For explanations of the word >that we use to talh about grammar, see pages 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
INDIRECT S P E E C H 253

tell and say

Tell and s a y are similar, but there are differences. Look at the examples and try
*o see what they are.
I told the assistant that I wanted size 8. ( n o t Itold-that-I wanted size 8.)
I said that I wanted size 8.
I said to the assistant that 1 wanted she 8. ( n o t I said the assistant that...)
I scud to her What are you doing?’ ( n o t 1 told her ‘What are you doing?’)
I said ‘hello’, ( n o t I told him hello.)
I told him to hurry up. (NOT I said him to hurry up.)

BO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Choose th e co rrect forms o f th e rules. Check them in th e key.

1 After (say/tell), we normally say who is spoken to. Wedo not put ‘to’
before the object.
2 After (say/tell), we don’t have to say who is spoken to. If we do, we put
‘to’ before the object.
3 (Say/Tell) means ‘inform’ or ‘instruct’. It can’t introduce questions.
4 (Say/Tell) can’t normally be used before an infinitive.

2 Put in th e co rrect forms o f s a y or tell.

1 I ____that I wasn’t ready.
2 ____me what you need.
3 Have you____the doctor about it?
4 Did you____something to me?
5 He doesn't___ me anything.
6 Mary____her mother she was
going to the office.
7 Why didn’t she____goodbye?
8 ____him to be quiet.
9 W ho____that?
10 that you won’t forget me.

‘I did say som ething, but th a t w as yesterday.’

Tell can be used without a personal object in a few expressions like tell a lie,
tell the truth, tell a story, tell the time.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 indirect speech: special cases
P ast tenses are changed to p a st perfect tenses after past reporting verbs, but only if this
is necessary in order to make the time relations clear. Compare:
D IR EC T SP EE C H IN D IR E C T SPEEC H
I saw Penny a couple o f days ago. hi his letter, he said he’d seen Penny
a couple o f days before.
Dinosaurs were around for 250 million years. This guy on TV said dinosaurs were
around for 250 million years.

▲ 1 Change these to indirect speech.

1 I saw him once before in London. (I knew)
2 Shakespeare didn’t speak French. (The professor said)
3 He died two years ago. (When I got there, I found out)
4 Three thousand years ago there were tigers in England.
(It said on this TV programme)
5 Somebody threw a bomb at the Prime Minister.
(It said on this morning’s news)
6 The ancient Romans suffered from lead poisoning. (I read in a magazine)

Usually unchanged after past reporting verbs: past perfect, h a d better, w ould, cou ld,
sh ou ld , ou g h t, m ig h t, m ust.
D IR EC T SP E E C H IN D IR E C T SP EE C H
I hadn’t seen him before. She said she hadn’t seen him before.
You’d better go. He said fd better go.

Change these to indirect speech.

Would you like a drink? (She asked me)
1 couldn’t help it. (I said)
We should be home about six. (They thoughtI
It might rain. (The forecast said)
She must be joking. (Everybody said)
I hadn’t seen the notice. (I explained)

‘I thou ght you’d like to know th at the day after you died you w on a $ 2 2 .5 million lottery.’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
INDIRECT S P E E C H 255

revision of indirect speech

1 Change these sentences to indirect speech (reported some tim e

later).
1 He’s ill. (She thought)
2 I’ll be back tomorrow. (He said)
3 I don’t like this music. (She said)
4 Where's the bus station? (She asked me)
5 Have you finished? (1 asked him)
6 Nobody loves me. (Ifelt)
7 Do you want tea or coffee? (He asked her)
8 I’ll clean the flat. (She offered)
9 When is the car going to be ready? (I asked)
10 What am I doing here? (I wondered)
11 The earth is not flat. (He proved)
12 These figures can’t be right. (1 knew)
13 Her cat understands everything she says. (She thought)
14 What does the boss want? (I asked)
15 Did Mary phone back? (I wondered)
16 Did dinosaurs lay eggs? (I wondered)
17 You ought to see the doctor. (He advised me)
18 Would you like a drink? (She asked him)

2 Choose th e co rrect forms o f

d ie cartoon captions.

‘Don’t ask m e - 1 thou ght they

(are / were / would be) yours.’

■'W ell. now. Sw innerton, no doubt you’re wondering (why did I send /why I sent /why I didsend) for you. ’
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
256 S T R U C T U R E S WITH IF, U N L E S S , IN C A S E ETC

if: ordinary tense-use

I f can be used with the same tenses as m ost conjunctions.
I f you d id n ’t do much maths at school you’l l fin d economics difficult
I f that w as Mary, why d id n ’t she sto p and say hello?
Oilflo a t s if you p o u r it on water.
An (/'-clause can come at the beginning or end of a sentence. When it comes
first, it is often separated by a comma (,).

1 Join th e beginnings and ends, putting in if.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

anybody asks you what you’re doing. I’ll take it back to the shop,
How can you make decisions you’re not feeling up to it.
I buy three kilos, say you’re with me.
I don’t get up till nine. that’ll do for a few weeks.
I can’t fix the video, I never gel anything done,
I'll go with you we can catch the early train,
The shops are easy to get to you want to learn a musical
We don’t have to go out instrument,
you’re ready before eight. you don’t know what's going
You have to practise on?
you like.
you park near the station.

Note the difference between i/and when.

I f : something may happen. What: something definitely happens.

2 I f or when?
1 ____I become President
2 ____it gets dark
3 ____the film finishes
4 ____she passes her exam
5 ____it doesn’t rain tomorrow
6 ____I wake up tomorrow
7 ____you change your mind
8 ____his parents die
9 ____the bus stops

10 ‘But are you absolutely sure you saw him take

something, because____ you’re wrong

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 S T R U C T U R E S WITH IF, U N L E S S , IN C A S E ETC 257

In an i/-clause we normally use a present tense to talk about the future.

' Phis happens after most conjunctions - see page 244.)
I f 1have enough time tomorrow, I'll come and see you.
(NOT If I w ill have...)
I'll give her your love i f I see her. (NOT ... if I w ill see her.)
If it's fine tomorrow. I’m going to paint the windows.
For cases when we use will after if, see page 137.

3 Choose th e co rrect tenses (present or w ill ...)•

1 If you (say) that again, I (scream).
2 I (be) surprised if she (manage) to sell that car.
3 If the boys (come) to supper, I (cook) chicken breasts.
4 I (need) some money if we (go) out tonight.
5 I (miss) you if we (move) to Wales.
6 If you (wash) up, I (dry).
7 Алл (be) sorry if Helen (not come).
8 If you (get) lonely, I hope you (phone) me - any time.
9 If you (look) in the top drawer, you (find) your passport.
10 It (be) funny if Norman (get) the job.

4 Complete th ese sentences any way you like.

1 I’ll be surprised if____
2 I’ll be very happy if____
3 r ilb e s o n y if____

ш. 5 Here are a fortune-teller’s predictions for

a race. Who does she th in k will win?
Jake will come first if Howard comes third.
If Howard comes third, Pete will come second.
Pete won’t come second if Jake comes first.
Howard will come first if Pete comes third.
Pete will not com e third if Jake comes second.
If Jake comes third, Pete will come first.
Howard will come second if Jake comes third.

We sometimes use if... then to emphasise that one thing depends on

.mother. (Note that we do n o t use i f ... so in this way.)
I f she can’t come to us, then we’ll have to go and see her.
(not ... so we’Uhave to go and see her.)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
if: special tense-use
With if, we can use w ou ld and past tenses to ‘distance’ our language from
reality, when we talk about present or future unreal situations.

m a in clau se : w ould ... ( ’ d ) if - clau se : p a s t tense

I w ou ld tell you her name if I kn ew it.

(NOT I w ill tell you her name) (NOT if 1w ould know it.)
She’d b e perfectly happy if she h a d a car.
What w ou ld you d o if you lo s t your job?
After I and we, should is possible instead of would. (Would is more common.)
The //-clause can come first in the sentence.
J fl knew her name, I should tell you.
This structure can make a suggestion sound less definite (and so more
polite).
It would be nice if you helped me a bit with the housework.
Would you mind if 1came round about seven tomorrow?

1 Put in th e co rrect verb forms.

1 The kitchen (look) better if we (have) red curtains.
2 I (be) sorry if we (not see) her again.
3 It (be) a pity if Andy (not get) the job.
4 If I (know) his address, I (go) round and see him.
5 What (you do) if you (win) the lottery?
6 It (be) quicker if you (use) a computer.
7 If you (not be) so busy, I (show) you how to play.
8 If we (have) some eggs. I (make) you a cake.
9 If you really (love) me, you (buy) me those diamonds.
10 I’m sure Moira (help) you if you (ask) her.
11 If it (not be) so cold, I (tidy) up the garden.
12 If I (have) the keys, I (show) you the cellar.
13 If I (have) children like hers, I (send) them to boarding school.
14 Where (you go) if you (need) to buy a picture frame?
15 (you mind) if I (до) first?
16 If all of us (come), (you have) room in your car?
17 It (be) nice if you (spend) some time with the children.
18 l ( not do) this if I (not have) to.

For explanation* of the word* that we use to tX x about grammar, see 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
S T R U C T U R E S WITH IF, U N L E S S , IN C A S E ETC 259

2 W hat would you do i f ...? Here are some people’s answers. Can you
w rite th e sentences? Example:

1 If I spoke Chinese. I would go to China.

3 I f you can w ork with other students, do drawings like the ones in
Exercise 2, and see if they can w rite th e sentences.

As v'ell as would, we can use co u ld ( ‘would be able to") and m ight

(= ‘would perhaps’).
I could lend you my car if you wanted.
He m ig h t change his mind if we talked to him.

4 Complete these sentences using co u ld or m ig h t.

1 If it wasn’t raining, we (play) tennis.
2 If she asked me politely, I (feel) like helping her.
3 If he wasn’t so bad-tempered, I (go) out with him.
4 If I had more money. I (get) a small flat.
5 If you spoke more slowly, I (understand) you better.
6 If you cooked it in butter, it (taste) better.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
260 S T R U C T U R E S WITH IF, U N L E S S , IN C A S E ETC

if I go and if I went: the difference

The difference between, for example, i f I g o ... / 1will and i f I w e n t...
I w ou ld or between i f I s p e a k ... and i f I s p o k e .... is n ot a difference of
time. They can both refer to the present or future.
The past tense (and would/ usually suggests that the situation is less
probable, or less definite, or impossible, or imaginary. Compare:
If I becom e President, I'll... (said by a candidate in an election)
If I b eca m e President, I'd... (said by a schoolgirl)
If I win this race, I'U... (said by the fastest runner)
If I won this race. I'd... (said by the slowest runner)
Is it all right if I in v ite John to supper? (direct request)
W ould it be all right if I in v ited John to cupper? (polite request)

1 Choose th e correct verb forms.

1 If she (comes/came) late again, she'll lose her job.
2 I’ll let you know if I (find/found) out what’s happening.
3 If we (live/lived) in a town, life would be easier.
4 I’m sure he wouldn’t mind if we (arrive/arrived) early.
5 (We'll/We’d) phone you if we have time.
6 If I won the lottery, I (will/would) give you half the money.
7 It (wiH/would) be a pity if she married Fred.
8 If I’m free on Saturday, I ( will/would) go to the mountains.
9 She (will/ would) have a nervous breakdown if she goes on like this.
10 I know I’ll feel better if I (stop/stopped) smoking.

2 Choose th e m ost sensible verb form .

1 If I (live/lived) to be 70 ...
2 If I (live/lived) to be 150...
3 I fl (am/were) better looking...
4 Ifl (wake/woke) up early tomorrow...
5 If Scotland (declares/declared) war on Switzerland...
6 Ifwe (have/had) the same government in five years’ tim e...
7 If everybody (gives/gave) ten per cent of their income to charity ...
8 If everybody (thinks/thought) like m e...
9 If there (is/was) nothing good on TV tonight...
10 If my English (is/was) better next year...
11 If the government (bans/banned) cars from city centres next year...
12 If I (have/had) bad dreams tonight...

For «p r atoms of the words that we use to t*‘k «'tout grammar, sm

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
S T R U C T U R E S WITH IF, U N L E S S , IN C A S E ETC 261

if I were
After if, we often use were instead o f was. In a formal style, were is
considered mnrt correct.
If I were rich, I would spend all my time travelling.

1 Put th e beginnings and ends together, using if... were. Example:

If he were a better dancer, her feet wouldn't hurt.

BEGINNINGS ENDS
he / a better dancer her feet wouldn’t hurt.
I / a rabbit I wouldn’t be working.
I / forty years younger I’d be quite pretty.
I / Moroccan I’d give everybody ten weeks’ holiday.
I / the manager I’d go dancing all night.
it / not so cold I’d go for a walk.
it / Sunday I’d live in a hole.
my nose /shorter I’d speak Arabic.
people /more sensible life in the office would be easier.
she /better-tempered there wouldn’t be any wars.

We often use the structure I should(n’t) ...if I were you to give advice.
I shouldn’t worry i f I were you.
I f I were you, r d get that car serviced.

2 W rite some sentences beginning I f I were y o u ... to: other students /

your teach er /your m other /your father /your child /
the President /th e Pope /...

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
262 S T R U C T U R E S WITH IF, U N L E S S , IN C A S E ETC

if: unreal past situations

With if, we use would have... and past perfect tenses to ‘distance’ our language from
reality, when we talk about unreal situations in the past.

MAIN clau se : i p - clau se :

WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE PAST PERFECT TENSE

1would have been in bad trouble if Jane hadn’t helped me.

You would have passed your exam if you had worked harde r.
( not Ifyoitw ou ld have worked...)

The i/-clause can come first.

If Jane hadn't helped me, I would have been in bad trouble.

1 Put in th e co rrect verb forms.

1 If I (know) you were coming, I (invite) some friends in.
2 He (go) to university if his father (not be) ill.
3 If you (say) you weren’t hungry, I (not cook) such a big meal.
4 The team (win) if Jones (play) better.
5 If they (not cut) off the electricity, I (finish) my work.
6 If Bell (not invent) the telephone, somebody else (do) it.
7 If you (not spend) so much time making up. we (not be) late.
8 The burglars (not get) in if you (remember) to lock the door.
9 If he (not be) a film star, he (not become) President.
10 If she (have) more sense, she (sell) her car years ago.
11 If he (not spend) so much on his holiday, he (have) enough to pay for the house repairs.
12 You (not catch) cold if you (take) your coat.
13 You (win) if you (run) a bit faster.
14 We (get) better tickets if we (book) earlier.
15 It (be) better if you (ask) me for help.
16 ‘If Cleopatra’s nose (be) shorter, the whole history of the world (be) different.' (Pascal)

Instead of would have..., we can use could h a v e ... ( - ’would have been
аЫе to’) and m ig h t h a r e ... (= ‘would perhaps have...).
If he’d run a bit faster, he could h av e won.
If I hadn 't been so tired, 1 m ig h t have realised what was happening.

For explanation» of the word» that we u»e to talk about grammar, — page» 23S-i 02.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
S T R U C T U R E S WITH IF, U N L E S S . IN C A S E ETC 263

2 W rite sentence chains w ith i f to show how things could have

been different. Example:
1 If he hadn't worked so hard, he wouldn't have passed his exams. If he hadn't
passed his exams, he wouldn’t have gone to university. If he hadn't gone to
university....
1 He worked hard -*• passed exams -* went to university -» studied
languages -* learnt Chinese -*• went to China -*• went climbing in Tibet
-*• tried to climb Everest -*• disappeared in a snowstorm
2 He bought a bicycle went for ride in country fell off -*■ woke up in
hospital -* met beautiful nurse wrote bestselling novel about her -*•
got rich -*• married beautiful nurse and had three charming children -*
lived happily ever after If he hadn’t bought a bicycle,...
3 Mary’s mother went out that evening -* Mary cooked for herself -* got
interested in cooking -* opened very successful restaurant -* had Prime
Minister as customer -*• PM ordered mussels -*• mussels poisoned PM -*
PM died -*• Mary went to prison for life

3 I f you can w ork with other students, m ake a sentence chain for
them.

This structure is sometimes used to talk about present and future

situations which are no longer possible because of the way things have
turned out.
If my mother had been alive, sh e w ou ld h av e been eig h ty next gear.
(OR If my mother were alive, she would b e ...)
If my mother hadn't knocked my father off his bicycle thirty years ago,
I w ou ldn ’t h av e been h ere now. (OR ... I wouldn't be here now.)

‘Just think. I’d have been an old m an by now if I’d ever grown up.'

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
264 S T R U C T U R E S WITH IF, U N L E S S , IN C A S E ETC

unless
Unless means i f not’, in the sense of ‘except i f .
Come tonight u n less I phone.
(= ... ifld o n ' t phone j ... except i f l phone.)
I’ll take the job u n less the pay is too low.
Note that after unless we use a present tense to talk about the future.

1 Join th e beginnings and ends together, using u n less instead of

i f not. Example:
I’ll be back tomorrow unless there's a strike.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

I’ll be back tomorrow if he doesn’t start working.

He’ll get thrown out of school if I don’t phone to say I can’t come.
I always watch TV in the evenings ifl don’t go out.
Let’s have dinner out if it doesn’t rain.
I’ll see you at ten if the children don’t want it.
I’ll tell you a good joke if there isn’t a change of government.
Things will go on getting worse if there isn’t a strike.
We’re going to have a picnic - if you're not too tired.
You can have the last sausage if you don’t know the code.
You can’t open the door - if you haven’t heard it before.

Unless is only used U mean a a * p t iT.

My wife m il be upset i f I don’t get back tomorrow.
(NOT Mjf wifc wilt Ы>ы[<вЫ иькяа I gi4 baek toMorr^w*. ‘If not’ doesn’t
mean ‘except iT here.)

2 W hich o f th ese sentences can be rew ritten w ith um ess?

1 I’ll be surprised if he doesn’t have an accident soon.
2 It will be better i(*we don’t tell her anything.
3 You can have the car tonight if Harriet doesn’t need it.
4 I’ll tell you if I can’t come.
5 I’m going to dig the garden this afternoon if it doesn’t rain.
6 She’d look nicer if she didn’t wear so much make-up.

For explan it Ion» of the word* that we i'-e to fa Ik sTuut , jrM imar, j w page» 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
S T R U C T U R E S WITH IF, U N L E S S , IN C A S E ETC 265

in case
We use in case to talk about precautions - things we do to be ready for
w hat m ight happen. After in case we use a present tense to talk about
the future.
I ’ve bought a chicken in ca se y o u r m o th er s ta y s to lunch.
I wrote down her address in ca se I fo r g o t it.
We can use should... after in case - this gives the idea of ‘by chance’.
Should is common in sentences about the past.
I've bought a chicken in case your mother sh o u ld stay to lunch.
I wrote down her address in case I sh o u ld forget it.

1 A woman is packing to go on holiday in Austria. M ake sentences:

she’s packing :
a German phrase book a pack of cards a racket
a thick sweater a swimsuit aspirins binoculars
her address book some books walking boots

em case:
she decides to send postcards she has time to read
she meets people who play bridge she wants to go walking
the hotel has a heated pool the hotel staff don’t speak English
the sun gives her a headache the weather is cold
there is a tennis court she wants to go bird-watching

in c a s e is not the same as if. Compare:

I'll buy a bottle o f wine (now) in ca se Roger comes (later).
I'll buy a bottle o f wine (later) i f Roger comes (and if he doesn’t come
I won’t).

2 I f or in case?
1 I’m taking my umbrella with m e_____it rains.
2 I’ll open the umbrella___ it rains.
3 People phone the fire brigade___ their houses catch fire.
4 People insure their houses____they catch fire.
5 We have a burglar alarm____ somebody tries to break in.
6 The burglar alarm will go off____somebody tries to break in.
7 Г11 let you know____I need help.
8 I’ll take the mobile phone____ I need to phone you.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
266 S T R U C T U R E S WITH IF. U N L E S S , IN C A S E ETC

it’s time, would rather: structures

Infinitives are possible after it ’s time and w ou ld ra th er
(= ‘would prefer’).
W ould r a th er is followed by an infinitive w ithout to.
It’s tim e to b u y a new car. It’s tim e for him to g o to bed.
She doesn’t want to go out. S he’d r a th e r s ta y at home.

1 Put the expressions together to m ake conversations. Example:

It s time to go out.' id rather slay at коте.'

i t ’s t i m e t o

go out. dean the car. cook supper. get a new fridge,

get your hair cut. go home. invite the Harrises,
plan our trip to Scotland. see the dentist,
start work on the garden.

I’D RATHER
stay at home. go on using the old one for a bit.
have something cold. invite the Johnsons. keep it long,
not clean it today. go to Wales. see her next year,
start next week. stay here for a bit longer.

For expit nations of the words that we use to fa Лс >out grammar, see
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
S T R U C T U R E S WITH IF, U N L E S S , IN C A S E ETC 267

In clauses after i t ’s tim e and w ou ld ra th er, a past tense has a present or

future meaning.
It’s tim e he w ent to bed. It’s tim e you w a sh ed those trousers.
‘Shall I open a window?’ T d r a th er you d id n ’t.'
Don’t come today. We’d r a th er you ca m e tomorrow.

2 W rite sentences using I t ’s tim e y o u /h e/etc.

1 You ought to clean that car.
Ii s lime 1/. cleaned tluil air.
2 She should get her hair cut.
3 We ought to have a holiday.
4 You need to cut the grass.
5 You should wash that sweater.
6 You ought to stop smoking.
7 He ought to grow up.
8 We ought to paint the kitchen.
9 He needs a new car.
10 That team hasn’t won a match for ages.

3 Rew rite th e secon d sentence in each conversation, starting w ith

I'd r a th er w e/y ou /etc.
1 ‘You’d better phone Judy.’ ‘No. you phone her.'
I’d rather you phoned her.
2 ‘Let’s talx things over.’ ‘No, let’s talk tomorrow.’
3 ‘Shall I come at nine?’ ‘Ten would be better.’
4 ‘I’ll phone Sue.’ ‘No, don’t.’
5 ‘Can she work with you?’ ‘Why doesn’t she work with Maggie?’
6 ‘I’ll cook tomorrow.’ ‘Tonight would be better.’
7 ‘Ask that policeman.’ ‘You ask him.’
8 ‘Mark wants to go out.’ ‘I’d prefer him to stay in.’
9 ‘Can they use our sheets?’ ‘It would be more convenient if they brought
their own.’
10 ‘The government wants to cut taxes.’ ‘It would be better if they did
something about the homeless.’

4 W rite a sentence beginning It's tim e the govern m ent d id

som eth in g f o r / a b o u t ...

5 The government is planning to build ten new motorways. W rite a

sentence beginning jTd ra th er th ey spen t th e m on ey o n ...

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
wish, if on ly: structures
Wish and i f only can be used with would and past tenses (like i f - see
page 258).
These structures express regrets, and wishes for unlikely or impossible
things.
If only is more emphatic.
Past tenses are used to talk about the present.
I wish I was better looking. I wish I spoke French.
Don’t you wish you could fly? I f only I knew more people!
Were can be used instead of was, especially in a formal style.
He wishes he were better looking.

1 W rite sentences beginning I wish ... or I f o n ly ...

1 He smokes. 6 I don’t like dancing.
1 w ish h e duln i smoke. 7 It rains all the time.
2 I don’t speak Russian. 8 She works on Sundays.
3 I haven’t got a car. 9 I can’t eat eggs.
4 I’m not hard-working. 10 The radio doesn’t work.
5 I’m bad at sport.

We use w ould... to talk about things that we would like people (not) to
do. This often expresses dissatisfaction or annoyance: it can sound critical.
I wish you would go home. If only the postman would come!
We can use this structure to talk about things as well as people.
I wish this damned car would start If only it wordd stop raining!

2 W rite sentences beginning 3 W rite some sentences

I w ish... would ... b e g i n n in g:

1 Somebody won’t stop talking. I wish I had ...

I wish he would stop talking. If only I could ...
2 It’s not snowing. I wish I spoke...
3 The phone keeps ringing. I wish I knew ...
4 The baby won't stop crying. If only I w as...
5 The kettle won’t boil. I wash I wasn’t ...
6 The traffic lights won’t go green.
7 Your mother hasn’t written.
8 Pat hasn’t found a job.
9 The exam results haven’t come.
10 Spring hasn’t come.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
S T R U C T U R E S WITH IF, U N L E S S , IN C A S E ETC 269

We use a past perfect tense to express regrets about th e past.

I wish you h a d n ’t s a id that.
Now she wishes she had gone to university.
If only she hadn 't to ld the police, everything would be all right.

4 Put the b e g i n n in g s and ends together, using I w ish + past perfect.

Example:
I wish I d been nicer to тц sister when we were kids.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

(be) nicer to my sister a better school,

(choose) a different career,
(do) more travelling harder at university,
(go) to last night,
(go) to bed earlier my teeth,
(not get married) the truth.
(not tell) him when I had the chance.
(save) money when I was eighteen.
(study) when I was earning a good salary.
(take better care of) when we were kids.

I WISH I WAS EIGHTEEN AGAIN (1978) (wm) Sonny

Throckmorton (P)George Bums.
I WISH I WERE ALADDIN (1935) (wm) Mack Gordon - Harry
Revel (I)Film: Two For Tonight, by Bing Crosby. (P)Bing Crosby.
I WISH I WERE IN LOVE AGAIN (1937) (w) Lorenz Hart (m)
Richard Rogers (I)Musical: Babes In Arms, by Grace McDonald
and Roily Pickert. (R)1948 Film: Words And Music, by Judy
Garland and Mickey Rooney.
I WISH I WERE TWINS (SO I COULD LOVE YOU TWICE AS
MUCH) (1934) (w) Frank Loesser - Eddie De Lange (m) Joseph
Meyer (P)Fats Waller
I WISH IT WOULD RAIN (1968) (wm) Barrett Strong - Roger
Penzabene - Norman Whitefield (P)The Temptations. (CR)
Gladys Knight and The Pips.
I WISH IT WOULD RAIN DOWN (1990) (wm) Phil Collins (P)Phil
Collins.
I WISH THAT WE WERE MARRIED (1962) (wm) Marion Weiss
—Edna Lewis (P) Ronnie and the Hi-Lites.

D and H Jacobs: Who wrote that song?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
relative who, which and that
We often join sentences by putting who or which ('relative pronouns’) in
place of he, she, It *r they. We use for people and which for things.
I’ve got a friend. He collects stamps. -* I've got a jr.end who collects stamps.
(n o t ... who he collects stamps.)
There’s a problem. It worries me, There’s a problem which worries me.

1 Join the sentences with who or which.

BEGINNINGS ENDS
Do you know a shop? He lives next door.
I know somebody. He stole my car.
I want some plates. He/She deals with exports.
I was at school with the man. It isn’t working.
I’d like to speak to the person. It needs to be eaten.
She’s got friendly with a boy. It sells good coffee.
The police haven’t found the man. They last for years.
There’s some cheese in the fridge. She could mend that chair.
We’ve got some light bulbs. They can go in the microwave.
This is the switch. He is driving that taxi.

We often use that instead of which, and instead of who in an informal style.
There’s a problem that you don’t understand.
I know some people that could help you. (informal)

2 Rew rite four o r m ore o f th e sentences from Exercise 1 using that.

In place of him. her, it and them (objects), we can use lrho(m ). which or
that. Who is very informal as an object: whom is more formal.
Where's that nurse? I saw her last time. -* Where’s that nurse who(m )l
that I saw last time? ( n o t ... « ie(m ) I-saw 'v.- last Игты)
These are problems. You don’t have them. -*■ These are problems which/
that you don’t have. (SOI ... whieh you-don't have them.)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
3 Do you know the English words for nationalities and languages?
Complete the sentences; use a dictionary to help you.
1 The people who live in ____speak Greek.
2 The language that people speak in Hungary is called____
3 The language___ people speak in China is called_____
4 The people who live in ____ speak Italian.
5 The____live in ____ Turkish.
6 The language___ Algeria is called Arabic.
7 The language___ Scots Gaelic.
8 The people____ Holland____
9 The language_____ Irish.
10 The people____Portugal_____
11 ____Welsh.
12 ____Japan_____

4 W rite five m ore sentences like the ones in Exercise 3.

We normally use th a t, not which, after a ll, everythin g, n othin g,

th e o n l y ... and superlatives. We do n ot use w h a t in these cases.
I ’ve told you a l l th a t I know. (NOT ... a l l w h at I know.)
The o n ly th in g th a t matters to me is your happiness.

5 loin the beginnings and ends.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

All the poetry that happened.

At school I learnt nothing that he wrote was destroyed in a fire.
I’ve told you everything that she said made any difference.
Nothing that was ever made.
, It’s the best western film that I could get.
The most useful thing that was useful to me.
This is the only hire car that you can do is leave now.
1 You can have everything that you want.

After words for tim e and place, we can use w hen ana w here as relatives.
I'll neverforget th e d a y w hen I first met you. ( = ... the day on w hich ...)
Do you know a sh o p w here I can find sandals? ( —... a shop a t w hich ...)

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 272 R ELA T IV E C L A U S E S

leaving out relative pronouns

We can leave out object pronouns who(m). which and that.
Where's that nurse I saw last time?
These are problems you don’t have.

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 In w hich th ree sentences do you feel the relative pronoun can be

left out?
1 The job th at he got wasn’t very interesting.
2 A woman who(m) my sister knows has just bought the house next door.
3 The doctor who treated me didn’t know what he was doing.
4 I’m sorry for people who haven’t got a sense of humour.
5 Have you got anything th at will clean this carpet?
6 Have you got a typewriter th a t I can use?

W hich rule is correct? Check your answ er in the key.

We can leave out a relative pronoun:
1 when it refers to a person.
2 when it refers to a thing.
3 when it is the subject in its clause.
4 when it is the object in its clause. —

▲ 2 Is the relative pronoun the subject or object in th ese clauses?

1 That’s the woman who lives next door.
2 Our doctor is a person whom I really respect
3 He had a simple idea which changed the world.
4 I’ve lost that nice ring which Bill gave me.
5 It’s a book that everybody talks about and nobody reads.
6 Once there were three rabbits that lived near a river.
7 That’s the man who I wanted to see.
8 An orphan is a child who hasn’t got any parents.
9 He keeps telling you things which you already know.
10 They never thanked me for the money that I sent them.

▲ 3 Look again a t Exercise 2. Take the sentences in w hich the

relative pronoun is th e object, and rew rite them without
w h o(m )lw h ich /th at.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 R EL A T IV E C L A U S E S 273

A 4 M ake each pair o f sentences into one sentence w ithout using

w h o{m )/w h ich /th at.
1You asked me to get you a paper. Here’s the paper. (Here’s ...)
2You recommended a film. We went to see the film, but we didn’t think
much of it (We went...)
3 My sister bought a new car last month. The car has broken down four
times already. (The c a r ...)
4 You didn't recognise an actor on television last night. The actor was
Kiefer Sutherland. (The actor...)
5 Jane had some friends at school. Only a very few of the friends went on to
university. (Only...)
6 My father had an operation for his heart problem. The operation was
only a partial success. (The operation...)
7 Mark wrote an essay while we were on holiday. The essay has won a
prize in the school competition. (The essay...)
8 My daughter brings friends home. Some of the friends look as though
they never wash. (Some of...)

‘It’s really very simple, Miss Everhart. Now you just move
the cursor across the screen to the area of the world you
wish to destroy.’

Women have their faults Everything I like is either illegal,

Men have only two: immoral or fattening.
Everything they say, Traditional
Everything they do.
Traditional

For relative clauses ending in prepositions (e.g. That's the girl I told you
abou t), see page 290.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
what = ‘the thing that’ etc
We can use w h at to mean ‘th e thing(s) th a t’ or ‘the stu ff th at’.
What is like a noun + relative pronoun together.
W hat she said made me angry. I gave him w h a t he needed.
We don’t use what after all, everything or nothing (see page 271).
E v erythin g th a t I have is yours. (NOT Everything w h a t ...)

1 Join the beginnings and ends using w hat. Examples:

I'll pay tor whin I hrok \ 'М н и I need is a drink.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

I’ll pay for happened to poor Harry?

I need I broke.
Did you read about I don’t eat.
He just teaches you I expected.
I want to know I meant,
The dog can have is a drink.
The holiday wasn’t at all made me very happy,
They hadn't got she asked for.
You misunderstood - that isn’t is where’s my car gone?
you said you already know.

‘I’ve already met the tall, dark man. What Гd like to know is, where is he now?’

For emphasising uses of what, see page 235.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 R ELA T IV E C L A U S E S 275

relative whose
VVc can join sentences by putting w hose in place of h is, h er or its. This
structure is rather formal.
I saw a girl. H er beauty took my breath away. I saw a girl w hose beauty
took my breath awry.
He went to a meeting. He didn’t understand its purpose. -*■ He went to a
meeting w h ose purpose he didn't understand.

A 1 M ake sentences with w hose.

1 A good builder is one whose houses don t fall down.
2 A good parent is one whose_____
3 A good gardener_____
4 A good doctor____
5 A good writer____
6 A good teacher____
7 A good tourist guide____
8 A good cook____

A 2 In th e Alpine village ofF em alm , everybody is related to everybody

else. Can you sort out th e four sentences, putting in w hose where
necessary, so as to m ake everything clear? Example:
1 Anton, whose brother Fritz...
1• Anton.
• sister Anneliese also helps out in the sports shop
• brother Fritz helps him run the sports shop
• lives with Marika
2 • girlfriend Heidrun is an instructor at the ski school
• Anneliese has a younger brother Max
• wife Paula works in the restaurant run by Anton’s other brother Toni
3 • daughter Liesl runs the pizzeria
• wife Monika works part-time for the baker down the road. Karsten
• The person in charge of the ski school at the moment is Klaus
4 • wife Christiane was national ice-dancing champion in her
younger days
• Monika also helps in the bar. the ‘Happy Skier’, which is run by Erwin
• uncle Erich runs a hotel, in partnership with Klaus’s brother Paul

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 non-identifying relative clauses
Some relative clauses identify - they say w hich person or thing, or w hat
kind o f person or thing, you are talking about. Others do n ot identify.

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Look at th e following pairs o f sentences. W hich relative clauses

identify - the ones in the ‘a ’ sentences or those in
the ‘b ’ sentences? Check your answ ers in the key.
1 a The woman who/that does my h air has just had a baby,
b Dorothy, who does my hair, has just had a baby.
2 a She married a man (that/who/whom) she m et on a bus.
b She married a nice architect from Belfast, whom she m et on a bus.
3 a Have you got a book th a t’s really easy to read?
b I lent him The Old Man and the Sea, w hich is really easy to read.
4 a What did you think of the wine (that) we drank last night?
b I poured him a glass of wine, w hich he drank a t once.

DO IT YO U R S E LF

2 Look a t Exercise 1 again and answ er the questions. Check your

answ ers in the key.
1 Without the relative clauses, which make more sense - the ‘a’ sentences
or the ‘b’ sentences?
2 Non-identifying relative clauses (In the ‘b‘ sentences) have commas („).
Why do you think this is?
3 In which kind of clause can we use that instead of ivho(m) or which?
4 In which kind of clause can we leave out a relative pronoun when it is
the object?
5 Do you think non-identifying clauses are more common in a formal or an
informal style?

▲ 3 Change w h o/w h om /w hich to th at, or leave it out, if possible.

1 This is Peter Taylor, who works with my sister.
2 People who don’t answer letters annoy me.
3 What happened to the oranges which I bought yesterday?
4 This room, which isn’t used any more, belonged to our eldest son.
5 My Uncle Sebastian, who has always been a bit of a traveller, has just
gone off to Thailand.
6 We live in a village called Netherwold, which has 150 inhabitants.
7 I like a film which has a beginning, a middle and an end - in that order.
8 I’ve had a card from Sally, who used to live next door.

For exp't itIons of the words that wo use to 'afe ' n t

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
ЕЯ Д ГД И ЕЕ
 9 Do you remember those people who we met in Corfu?
10 We had some good advice from Mr Blenkinsop, whom we consulted
about investments.
11 She took twelve aspirins, which is six times the normal dose.
12 He published a book called Asleep in the Bath, which nobody ever read.

Note the use of w h ich to refer to a whole clause. Compare:

The dentist pulled out th e teeth w h ich /th at were causing the trouble.
(‘Which/that’ just refers to ‘the teeth’.)
The den tist h a d to p u ll ou t tw o o f m y teeth, w h ich was a real pity.
(‘Which’ refers to the whole clause before: ‘The dentist... teeth'.)
Note that what cannot be used in this way.
He got the job. w h ich surprised us all. (NOT ... w h a t surprised us all.)

▲ 4 Put in w h ich o r w hat.

1 She cycles to work every day____ keeps her healthy.
2 I very much liked____you said at the meeting.
3 They gave m e____I asked for.
4 The lights suddenly went out,___ frightened Granny terribly.
5 This is____I need.
6 Everybody arrived late,____didn't surprise me in the least.
7 The door was locked,____was a nuisance.
8 He wouldn’t tell m e_____I wanted to know.
9 She let me borrow one of her dresses,____ was very kind of her.
10 We’re going to have to repair the roof,____ will cost a fortune.

September 9 1971

GEOFFREY JACKSON, the

56-year-old British Ambasador
to Uruguay, who has been held
captive for eight months by
the left-wing Tupamaros
guerrillas, was released
tonight. exile in Paris.

December 8 1980
JANUARY 25 1971
JOHN LENINON, who as one
of the Beatles helped shape
PRESIDENT MILTON OBOTE of the music and philosophies
Uganda, who has been attending of a generation, was shot
the Commonwealth conference in dead late tonight outside the
Singapore, has been overthrown by Dakota Building, his home
his army commander, General Idi in New York.
Amin, who accused Obote of
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 reduced relative clauses
We sometimes leave out w h o /w h ich ith a t + islarelw aslw ere.
Do you know that man stan d in g n ea r th e door?
( -... w h o is stan d in g ...)
The man accu sed o f the k illin g said that he was at the cinema at the time.
( - The man w h o w as a c c u s e d ...)
Letters p osted b efo re tw elve noon will usually be delivered by the
next day.

A 1 Change the sentences as shown in the examples.

Paper that is made from rice is sometimes used for stationery.
I’aper made from rii с is sometiives nst’d(for stationery.
1 Who’s that good-looking man who is talking to Alison?
2 Luggage that is left unattended will be taken away by police.
3 Left-handed children who are forced to write with their right hands often
develop psychological problems.
4 The nurse who is looking after my aunt is very kind to her.
5 All the rubbish that is floating in the sea is a real danger to health.
6 Ham which is made in the traditional way costs more, but tastes better.
7 Women tourists who are wearing trousers are not allowed in the temple.
8 James thought that the man who was with his girlfriend was her brother.
9 The man who was bitten by my neighbour's dog was her husband’s boss.

▲ 2 Join the sentences w ithout using w h o /w h ich /th at. Example:

There was a man. The man was seen running from the burning
building.
There was a man seen running from the burning budding.
1 I keep having a dream in which there’s a woman. The woman is
standing with her back to me.
2 James says he heard a shot. The shot was fired in the street.
3 Are those your trousers? The trousers are hanging over the balcony.
4 They live in a beautiful old house. The house was built 300 years ago.
5 The Navajo are famous for beautiful jewellery. The jewellery is made of
silver and turquoise.
6 Passengers are asked to keep behind the yellow line. The passengers are
standing on Platform 2.
7 Pauline has a very strange old painting of a woman. The woman is
holding a small dog.

For xp'a itJoru >of ttw wont* that we use to t about

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 R ELA T IV E C L A U S E S 279

relatives: revision
1 Put in w h ich , w h at o r th at.
1 He spoke very fast,____ made it hard to understand him.
2 Thanks, but that’s not____I wanted.
3 I'll teli you something__________will surprise you.
4 I did____I could.
5 I did everything____I could.
6 She kept falling over,_____ made everybody laugh.
7 He's a university professor,_____ is hard to believe.
8 You can have anything____ you want.
9 Her sense of humour - that’s ____ attracts people to her.
10 He said nothing_____made sense.

▲ 2 (a) Put in nothing a t all, or (b) if th at is n ot possible, put in th at,

or (c) if th at is not possible, put in w ho(m ) or w hich.
1 This is Ann Hargreaves,____runs the bookshop.
2 Have you heard about the problems____joe’s having at work?
3 Never buy yourself anything_____________________ eats.
4 I don’t like people____ can’t laugh at themselves.
5 We took the M4 motorway,____ goes straight to Bristol.
6 I’ll never forget the first film____ I saw.
7 Harry Potter,_____ writes detective stories, lives in our street.
8 I think this is the best holiday____we've ever had.
9 I’m looking for something_____ will clean leather.
10 We planted some birch trees,____ grow tall very quickly.

“ 3 Put th e quotations together.

‘I’ll discuss it with you,’ she borrow your watch and tell you what time it is,
said, in a voice then walk off with your watch.
A politician is a statesman Robert Townsend
Any man who hates dogs and can be taught. Oscar Wilde
babies can't be all bad. L Rosten on W С Fields
Anyone who has been to an that could have been used to defrost her
English public school refrigerator. Rex Stout
Consultants are people who what he never had. Izaak Walton
No man can lose who approaches every question with an open
Nothing that is worth knowing mouth. Adlai Stevenson
will feel comparatively at home in prison.
Evelyn Waugh

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 280 R EL A T IV E C L A U S E S

reading relative clauses

Relative clauses i an make sentences m ore difficult to read.

A 36-year-old teacher w ho w as arrested in C a r d iff a fte r try in g to set
f i r e to a sch o o l is said to ha\’e seriously injured two policemen.
The financial problems w hich som e o f th e co m p a n y ’s bran ch es h av e
been fa c in g ov er th e la s t eighteen m on th s are mainly caused by
increased foreign competition.

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Why do th e relative clauses m ake th e above sentences harder to

read? Check your answ er in the key.
1 They separate the subject from the object.
2 They separate the subject from the verb.
3 They separate the verb from the object.

When relative pronouns are left out, this й л make reading difficult.
The woman Barbara was out shopping with that Tuesday afternoon was her
stepmother. (= The woman th a t Barbara was out shopping with...)

A 2 M ake these sentences easier to read by adding

w h o(m )lw h ich lth at.
1 The earrings he gave her for Christmas must have cost at least £500.
2 The fax he got that morning was addressed to someone else.
3 The sofa we bought last year is falling to pieces already.
4 The people he had hoped to introduce Lee to were not there.
5 The flat the terrorists hid the guns in was owned by an MP.
6 The song she could not remember the name of was Rambling Boy.

Relative clauses can put together nouns and verbs th a t do not belong
together
The hair o f the young woman sitting next to me on th e p a r k ben ch w as
p u rp le. (It was not the park bench that was purple.)
The picture that 1put in H elen’s room n eeds clea n in g -
(It’s not the room that needs cleaning.)

For o< Iw wont* th rt we и— to at l ■t o r t г, ш tee 296-302.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 R EL A T IV E C L A U S E S 281

▲ 3 Read the sentences and answ er th e questions.

1 The rosebush Sue gave to my little sister is growing beautifully.
(Who or what is growing?)
2 The two tall men we saw with Duncan and Jack were their nephews.
(Who are the uncles and who are the nephews?)
3 The man my mother was working for before she met my father was very
intelligent, but also very disorganised. (Who was disorganised?)
4 A woman who lives near my sister has just won the national lottery.
(Has my sister won the lottery?)
5 The newspaper which first made contact with the kidnappers telephoned
the police immediately. (Who telephoned?)
6 Police called to a house in Aston, Hampshire, after neighbours reported
cries for help found 18-year-old J... E... stuck in a cat-flap after being
locked out of his home. (Who found him?)

A 4 Here are the ends o f some sentences. Find the beginnings in

th e box.
1 Spain taught me things about myself I had never suspected.
2 my wedding was bought in a little shop in Bath.
3 my parents’ home was the nicest place I’ve ever lived in.
4 the airport in Memphis was going to Italy to collect a tiger for a zoo.
5 my little cousin Pam had crazy plans for an expedition to the North Pole.

A very ordinary-looking woman I got talking to at

A man I met by chance on a business trip to
Some Polish people I was introduced to by
The dress my sister wore to
The little flat that I rented just after I left

▲ 5 Can you w rite some beginnings for these endings?

1 ____ my brother had rain coming through the roof.
2 ____ the green armchair is Emma’s boyfriend.
3 ____me doesn’t work.

Reduced relative clauses (see page 278) can be hard to read. Some
efamples:
Most o f th e p e o p le arrested had been in trouble before.
(= ... th e p eo p le w ho w ere a r r e s te d ...)
Three quarters o f th o se q u estion ed wanted more money.
I = ... th o se w ho w ere q u e stio n ed ...)
T hree ch ild ren fo u n d sleeping in Abbey Park late last night were taken to a
foster home by social workers.
( = ...ch ild ren w ho w ere f o u n d ...)
A lot o f th e bu ild in g s design ed by architects don’t take young children.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
282 R E L A T IV E C L A U S E S

whoever, no m atter who etc

We can use w hoever to mean ‘it doesn’t m atter who , ‘anybody who or
‘the person who’.
W hoever told you that was lying.
W hoever comes to the door, tell them I’m out
I’m not opening the door, w hoever you are.
Whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever and however are used in similar
ways. Present tenses are used to talk about the future alter these words.
W hatever you do, I’ll always love you. ( n ot Whatever you’l l d o ...)
W hichever o f them you marry, you'll have problems.
I try to see Vicky w henever I go to London.
W herever he goes, he'll find friends.
H owever much he eats, he never gets fat.

1 Put in w hoever, w hatever etc.

1 ____you marry, make sure he can cook.
2 Keep calm,____ happens.
3 You’ll be very welcome,____day you come.
4 The people in Canada were friendly____we went.
5 You can stay with us____you like.
6 ____many times you say that, I won't believe you.
7 I’ll marry____I like.
8 ____you explain it to her, she’s still going to be angry.
9 It’s certain to be a good game_____wins.
10 I try to talk to her she goes out of the room.

‘Well, wherever he is. he’s just dug up two dozen snowdrops!’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 R EL A T IV E C L A U S E S 283

A 2 Rew rite th e following sentences using w hoever, w hatever etc.

Example:
I don’t know who directed this film, but it’s not much good.
Whoever directed this film, it's not much good.
1 Send it to the person who pays the bills.
2 The thing that is in that box is making a very funny noise.
3 People always want more, it doesn’t matter how rich they are.
4 It doesn’t matter how you travel, it’ll take you at least three days.
5 You can say what you like, I don’t think he’s the right man for you.
6 Use which room you like, but make sure you clean it up afterwards.
7 It doesn’t matter what problems you have, you can always come to me
for advice.
8 The person who phoned just now was very polite.
9 Any time I see you I feel nervous.
10 It doesn’t matter what you do: I’ll love you.

We can use no m atter w ho/w hat/w hen etc in the same way as
whoever etc.
No m a tter who comes to the door, tell them I’m out.

3 Put in n o m a tter w h o/w h at/etc.

1 ____you do. I’ll always believe in you.
2 ____he goes, he’ll find friends.
3 ____hard he tries, he always gets everything wrong.
4 ____you say, I know I’m right.
5 ____we go away, Paul won’t be able to come with us.
6 ____many times I tell them, they forget.

W hether... o r ... can be used to mean ‘It doesn’t matter whether... or

W hether we go by bus o r train, it'll take at least six hours.
I'm staying w hether you like it o r not.

4 Put th e sentences together.

Whether he’s lying or an expert, it’s a wonderful story.

Whether we tell her now or cross-country, she’s not going to be pleased.
Whether you’re a beginner or dislike her. the equipment costs a lot.
Whether you ski downhill or later, vou have to admire her.
Whether you like her or telling the truth, you’ll learn something from the
course.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
284 P R E P O S IT IO N S

prepositions with verbs, nouns etc

Test yourself. See if you know w hat DO IT YO U R S E LF
preposition is needed with each o f
2 Look at the examples and complete
these words. (W rite ’ if no
the rule for th e use o f at, in and on to
preposition is used.)
talk about time. Check your answ ers
i Don’t approach ____the dog. in th e key.
2 I arrived ____the station at six.
in 1976 in June
3 If you don’t know, a s k ____John.
in the morning at 4.15
4 She’s very good____languages.
at lunchtime on Sunday
5 Congratulations _ your success.
on Monday afternoon
6 The bus crashed _ . a tree.
at Christmas at the weekend
7 It all depends___ . the weather.
8 I’d like d etails___ _your courses. Rule
9 Let’s d iscu ss____your plans.
____+ clock time
10 I divided the cake___ three parts.
____+ part of a day
11 Why is she d ressed ___ black?
____+ part of a particular day
12 Nobody en tered __ . the room.
____+ particular day
13 This is an example _ __his work.
____+ weekend, public holiday
14 There is no in crease____prices.
____+ longer period
15 I’m in terested ___ most sports.
16 He was very k in d ____her.
17 The soup la c k s ___ salt. 3 Only one o f these expressions has a
18 I'm loo kin g ____a place to live. preposition. Which one?
19 He has to lo o k ____ his mother.
1 I ’Usee you______ next Monday.
20 My sister is m arried ___ a builder.
2 I’m not free_____this Thursday.
21 She m arried ____him last year.
3 Tell me____what time it starts.
22 He wasn’t very n ic e ____me.
4 The exam’s ______ my birthday.
23 Have you p a id ____the drinks?
5 Let’s meet_____ one weekend.
24 We need p roof____his story.
6 I train ___every day.
25 What’s the reason _ the change?
7 She phoned______ this evening.
26 You remind m e__ . your brother.
27 Who’s responsible ___security?
28 I didn’t tak e p a rt____ the meeting. 4 Put in at, in , on o r - .
29 Could you translate this____Greek?
1 Easter
30 That’s just typical _ you.
2____Tuesday
31 I’m reading a novel Dickens.
3 ____1994
32 ____my opinion you’re wrong.
4 ____the evening
33 Who’s the man____the picture?
5 ____Friday evening
34 I love walking. . th e rain.
6 ____May
35 Don’t talk____ that silly voice.
/ ____next Wednesday
36 The answer’s _ __ page 29.
8 I don’t know____ what time
9 ____supper time
10 ____ this Sunday
11 ____that afternoon
12 ____Sunday afternoon

For explanations of the w orts that we use to talk about a — , see 298-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
P R E P O S IT IO N S 285

at/in and to
DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Look at th e examples, and com plete th e rule w ith words from the
box. Check your answ ers in the key.
1 met her a t a concert. Let’s go to a concert.
He's in London. I sent it to London yesterday.
Rule
At and in are used for To is used for

distance experience intentions movement

position time

If we say w hat we do in a place before we say where we go. we use a tlin

with the place. Compare:
Let’s g o to M arcel's for coffee.
Let’s go and h av e c o ffee a t M arcel's, (not ... to Marcel’s.)

2 Do you know w hich o f these verbs can be followed by a t + person?

ask call laugh look phone point shoot

smile speak talk walk wave write

You can sh ou t a t or to somebody; you can throw som eth in g a t or

to somebody. Do you know th e difference?

3 Put in the co rrect preposition.

1 I’ve spent the day____York.
2 Why don’t you take Joe____the cinema?
3 Your key’s ____the reception desk.
4 We usually meet____the pub.
5 They're delivering the furniture_____ my flat on Tuesday.
6 What’s the easiest way to get__________________ Bristol?
7 Stop shouting____me.
8 Throw the keys down_____ me and I’ll let myself in.
9 Let’s throw snowballs_____________Mrs Anderson.
10 Can you shout________ Paul and tell him it’s supper time?
11 When you smile____ me like that I’ll do anything for you.
12 Promise you’ll write____me every day.
13 I went____ Canada to see my father.
14 I went to see my father____Canada.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
286 P R E P O S IT IO N S

by and until
DO IT YO U R S E LF

Look at th e examples, and put together th e best explanations o f

how to use b y and u n til. Check your answers in th e key.
‘Can you repair my watch if 1 leave it u n til Saturday?'
‘No, but we can do it b y next Tuesday.'
You can have the car u n til this evening.
But you must bring it back b y six o ’clock at the latest.

B y is used 1 to say that a situation will continue up to a certain moment.

Until is used 2 to say that something will happen around a certain time.
3 to say that som ething will happen a t or before a certain
moment.

In ar. Uifor.iial style we often use till instead of until.

2 Complete the sentences with b y or u ntil.

1 ‘Can I stay____the weekend?'
2 ‘Yes, but you’ll have to leave. . Monday midday at the latest.’
3 This form must be returned____April 17.
4 We’ll just have to wait____he’s ready to see us.
5 The books have got to go back to the library____Tuesday.
6 Do you think you can finish the painting____Easter?
7 ‘Can I borrow your raincoat?’ ‘ _ when?’
8 You ought to use this meat____tomorrow.
9 There won’t be any trees left____the year 2050.
10 She went on screaming_____ somebody came.

Before a verb, we can use b y th e tim e. IFor until ЬзГоге a verb, see p. 238.1
He’ll be gone b y th e tim e ive get home.

‘And returned by one o’clock.

I go to lunch then.’
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 for and during
DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Look a t th e examples. W hich word tells you h ow lo n g and which

word tells you w hen? Check your answ ers in the key.
My father was in hospital f o r six weeks du rin g the summer.
(not ... d u rin g six weeks ...)
It rained d u rin g the night f o r two or three hours.

2 Put in f o r or du rin g.
1 Drinks will be served____ the interval
2 I’Ucome and see you____a few minutes____ the afternoon.
3 They met___ the war.
4 He said nothing___ a long time.
5 I woke up several times___ the night.
6 She studied in America___ two years.

opposite and in front of

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Look a t the picture. W hich is op p o site the house - the bus stop or
the car? W hich is in fr o n t o f the house? Check your answ ers in the
key.

1 There’s a supermarket___ my house.

2 ____me in the queue there was a very strange-looking woman.
3 I can’t see the TV if you stand____it.
4 The lifts are directly_______ the reception desk.
5 Somebody’s parkedmy garage door, and I can’t get my car out.
_

6 She sat down____me and started talking to me.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
286 P R E P O SIT IO N S

between and among

DO IT YO U R S E LF

1 Look at the examples and com plete the rules. Check these in the
key.
She was standing betw een Alice and Mary.
Our house is betw een the woods, the river and the village.
His house is hidden a m on g the trees.
We were in a little valley betw een high mountains.
RULES
We say____ a group, crowd or mass of things that are not seen separately.
We say____ two or more clearly separate people or things.
We say____ things on two sides.

2 Look at th e diagrams. Is X between o r a m on g the other things?

3 Put in betw een or am on g.

1 I saw something______the wheels of the car.
2 She was standing______ a crowd of children.
3 We’lJ come and see you some time____Christmas and Easter.
4 I found the letter hidden away____some old photographs.
5 This is just one problem____ many.
6 Switzerland lies___ France, Germany. Austria and Italy.
7 I couldn’t see Lily_____________ the visitors.
8 The ball hit him directly____the eyes.
9 The lift got stuck____ two floors of the hotel.
10 She stood there____piles of suitcases looking for a taxi.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
PR E P O S IT IO N S 289

prepositions at the end of questions

Prepositions often come a t th e end o f questions.
With whom ...P. For w hat...? etc are unusual and very formal.
We usually prefer W h o ... with?. W h a t...f o r ? etc.

W rite questions for these answers, using ‘W h o ...?’ or ‘W h a t...?’

Example:
‘I went with my sister.’ ‘И ho did you go with?'
1 ‘I’m thinking about my exams.’ 6 ‘She hit him with her shoe.’
2 'I bought it from Janice.' 7 ‘My father works for Shell Oil.
3 ‘She sent it to the police.’ 8 ‘I made it for you.’
4 ‘I’ll carry it in a paper bag.’ 9 ‘The book’s about Egypt.’
5 ‘You can eat it with a spoon.’ 10 ‘I was talking to Patrick.’

W rite questions for these answers, using ‘W h o ...?’ or ‘W h a t...?’

Example:
‘Soup.’ (start) "4 hat arc we starting with?
1 ‘A bus.’ (wait) 6 ‘A strange bird.’ (look)
2 'The future. ’ ( worried) 7 ‘My keys.’ (look)
3 ‘Rims.’ (talking) 8 ‘Travel and music.’ (interested)
4 ‘The man ager.’ (speak) 9 ‘My mother.’ (write)
5 ‘Universal Export.’ (work) 10 ‘Life.’ (think)

3 M ake questions with some o f these words and expressions, using

‘W h a t... you ...?■ or ‘W h o ... y o u ...?’. Example:
Whai Who are you looking at? OR ... lo o k in g for?

looking waiting listening play tennis country

letter get it have lunch buy that car in love
change your job studying English

Note the common structure W h ere... to/from ?

W here should I send it to?
‘W here do you come from ? / W here are you fr o m ? ’ ‘Canada. ’

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
prepositions in relative clauses
In relative clauses (after who. whom, which, that). г erb + preposition
combinations usually stay together. This means that prepositions can be
separated from their relative pronoun objects.
OBJECT VERB + PREPOSITION
something (that) you can w rite w ith
the girl (whom) I was ta lk in g a b o u t
the music (which) we listen ed to
Prepositions can also go before their objects, but this is usually very formal.
something w ith w h ich you write the girl a b o u t w hom I was talking
the music to w h ich she listened

1 Join the beginnings and ends to m ake sensible sentences.

BEGINNINGS ENDS

A cup is something that a child plays with,

A picture is something that water comes out of.
A tap is something that you can look at.
A toy is something that you can look through,
A vase is something that you drink out of.
A window is something that you put flowers in.

Put the words in order. Which description goes with which

picture?
1 bite you with things that
2 in something you sleep that
3 on you that something put things I в

X
4 valuables in you that put something
5 teeth with you that thing a your clean
6 on a thing hang that clothes you
7 with liquid dishes you wash that
8 can a fire start with you that something

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
P R E P O S IT IO N S 291

3 M ake up sim ilar descriptions for six or more o f these things.

a key a purse a chair a fridge soap

furniture polish olive oil a knife a razor a gun
a notebook a cooker money

4 M ake these expressions less formal.

1 the people with whom we went on holiday
the people we .. OR the people that we ...
2 a man with whom I sometimes play chess
a man I... or a man that I...
3 somebody for whom I have great respect
4 the girl to whom I was writing
5 the problem about which I was worried
6 a car for which I paid too much

5 Look at the table, and then w rite some descriptions ending in

prepositions. Examples:
John is the man that Bill plays chess with.
Sue is the woman Ron is married to.

NAME PLAYS CHESS WITH IS MARRIED TO WORKS WITH

BiU John Alice Anne

Ron Anne Sue Mary
Peter Alice Anne Sue
Sally Mary John Alice

‘We’re planning a small dinner party. Do you have

any vegetables no one’s heard of yet?'
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
292 P R E P O S IT IO N S

prepositions in passive clauses

In passive structures, verb + preposition groups stay togethei. Compare:
ACTIVE: The doctors operated on her yesterday morning.
PASSIVE: She was operated on yesterday morning.

1 Take words from each box to com plete the sentences. More than
one answ er may be possible.

heard looked operated paid played sat slept

spoken talked

about at for from in of on to with

1 She was taken into hospital today, and she’s going to be____tomorrow.
2 I don’t like being____ behind my back.
3 The new secretary’s working veiy badly. He’ll have to be____
4 I don't think he came home last night. His bed hasn’t been____ .
5 That antique chair’s not really meant to be____
6 It’s not really our house yet. It hasn’t been____
7 He left for America in 1980, and he hasn’t been since.
8 The cat loves being____
9 He’s so shy: it even upsets him to be_____

2 M ake th ree or more questions from the following table.

Who was America Australia built by/

the novel Anna Karenina composed
Hamlet Happy Birthday to You directed
penicillin radio television discovered
electricity invented
the film The Birds painted
the Eiffel Tower the Taj Mahal written
the Mona lisa (‘La Gioconda’J

3 If you are in a class, w rite m ore questions like the ones in

Exercise 2 and ask other students.

For axpl— atloo» of the word» that we u«e to tafc ebowt 260-302.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
PR E P O S IT IO N S 293

preposition after adjective + infinitive

Prepositions come after infinitives in structures like:
She's e a s y to w o rk w ith. He's in terestin g to t a lk to.

1 Change the sentences. Example:

It’s easy to work with Jane. Jane's easy to work with.
1 It’s nice to talk to her.
2 It’s difficult to live with him.
3 It’s impossible to argue with my brother.
4 It’s not very pleasant to travel in those old trains.
5 It’s not easy to drive on ice.
6 It was difficult to swim across the river.
7 It’s hard to get to her village.
8 It's very easy to get on with him.
9 It’s difficult to paint with water-colours.
10 It's interesting to work with her.

2 Join beginnings, middles and ends to m ake six or more sentences.

BEGINNINGS MIDDLES ENDS

A broken cup is boring to listen to.
A broken fork is comfortable to sit on.
A cushion is difficult to eat with.
A small hard chair is hard to talk about.
A warm bath is interesting to drink out of.
Baby animals are nice to listen to.
Classical music is uncomfortable to talk to.
Family problems can be to lie in.
Lectures are often to play with.
People who travel a lot can be to sit on.

3 Using this structure, w hat can you say about the following?

a very small spoon shoes that are too small

a hard bed a noisy hotel room a broken pencil

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
294 M ISCELLA N EO U S

numbers
A hundred, a thousand etc are less formal than on e hundred etc. Compare:
I’ll let you have it for a h u n d red pounds.
We are prepared to sell the item for a sum o f on e hu n dred pounds.
We use one hundred etc when we wish to sound precise.
It costs exactly on e h u n d red dollars.
We use one, not a. just before another number or inside a larger number.
1,300: on e thousand, three hundred ( not a thousand, three hundred)
£1.70: on e pound seventy
six thousand, on e hundred and eleven (NOT six thousand, a hundred...)

1 W rite the figures in words.

1 We drove about 100 miles.
2 He wants £1.450 for the car.
3 ‘What’s the population of your village?' ‘Oh. 1 .0 0 0 .1 suppose.'
4 3,144
5 $1.85
6 (on a cheque): Pay G S Hallam £1.000 only

D ozen, hu ndred, th o u sa n d and m illio n have no -s after a number.

few or several.
three dozen bottles (NOT three dozens (of) bottles)
a few h u n d red times
six th o u sa n d miles
several m illio n pounds
In other cases we use dozens (of), hundreds (of) etc.
We’ve got dozens o f bottles.
He’s done it hu n d red s o f times.
She made m illio n s in the property market.

2 Put in dozen(s) (of), hu ndred(s) (of), thou san d(s) (o f) or

m illion (s) (of).
1 He had to sign his name five____ times, (hundred)
2 We export 4 0 ____ tons a year, (million)
3 I just need to borrow a few____ pounds, (hundred)
4 I’ve told you_____times. (million)
5 ____refugees are flooding into the country. (thousand)
6 Could I have tw o____ eggs? (dozen)

For explj aUon» of Hu worda that we u n to tafc rtoo-it gr— — r, i t t 298-302.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
M IS C ELLA N E O U S 295

3 Do yon know how to spell ordinal numbers? Write these in words.

1st first 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6 th 7th 8 th
9 th 10th 12th 16th 20th 21st 30th
1 0 0 th 1 0 0 0 th

We use ordinal num bers to say the names of Kings. Queens and popes.
Henry the E ig h th Elizabeth the Second Pius the Tw elfth

W r it in g d at e s : 3 0 March 1995; 10 June 1980

Sa y in g dates : the thirtieth o f March / March the thirtieth, nineteen ninety-five
the tenth of June /June the tenth, nineteen eighty

4 Change these from w ritten to spoken or from spoken to w ritten form.

1 the tenth of April, nineteen ninety-six 4 16 May 1970
2 September the seventeenth, nineteen eleven 5 12 March 1993
3 the sixteenth of June, nineteen seventy-nine 6 14 January 1986

Telephone numbers are usually said one number at a time.

3174522: three one seven four five two two ( or ... double two)
20645: two oh ( or zero) six four five

5 W rite th e following all in words:

1 your telephone number
2 your date of birth
3 the approximate population of your home village/town and your country'

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
contractions
Contractions Икс s h e ’s, is n ’t represent the pronunciation of informal speech.
They are common and correct in inform al writing but unusual in formal writing.

AFFIRMATIVE CONTRACTIONS: NEGATIVE CONTRACTIONS:

PRONOLN+ 'M, 'RE. 'S, ’ VE, ‘Б, 'LL AUXILIARY VERB / BE + N'T

I am I’m are noi Щ aren’t shall not - * shan't

we are -*• we're is not -*• isn’t would not -* wouldn’t
she is -*• she’s have not “*•haven't should not -* shouldn'i
he has -*• he's has not -* hasn't cannot -* can't
I have -*■ I've had not -* hadn't could not -» couldn't
you had “*•you’d do not -*• don’t might not mightn't
you would ”* you’d does not doesn't must not -*■ mustn't
they will -*■ they'll did not didn’t ought not -*■ oughtn't
vrill not -* won't need not needn't

With be, two negative forms are common: you're not or you aren’t, she's not
or she isn’t etc. With other verbs, the foras with n’t are more common.
Am n ot is contracted to a r en ’t only in questions.
I'm late, a r e n ’t If but Fm n ot ready. (\OT I a r en’t ready.)
The contraction’s ( = is or has) can be written after pronouns, nouns,
question words, there and here.
It’s late. Your fa t h e r ’s gone home. How's everything.'
T here’s the phone. H ere’s your money.
The contractions re. 've. d and '11are normally only v ritten alter pronouns.

1 Rew rite these sentences using contractions.

1 I am tired. 10 My car has broken down.
2 She is French. 11 You need not worry.
3 She has forgotten. 12 1 cannot swim.
4 They have finished. 13 The door wall not close.
5 I thought you had left. 14 It does not matter.
6 We will tell you tomorrow. 15 I have not forgotten.
7 I wish he would stop. 16 I am not sorry.
8 How is your mother? 17 Why are you not in bed?
9 Nobody is perfect. 18 Do you not like this?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
M ISCELLA N EO U S 297

AffirmatiFe contractions are n o t usually stressed. When an affirmative

auxiliary verb is stressed (for example at the end of a sentence) we don't use
a contraction. Compare:
‘You’re late. ’ ‘Yes, we a r e .' (NOT 'Yes, we’r e .')
‘He’s forgotten. ’ ‘I think h e h a s .' ( not ‘I think he!s. '-)
Negative contractions can be stressed, and are possible in any position.
‘It is n ’t true. ’ ‘No, it is n ’t.'

2 Rew rite the sentences only if contractions are possible.

1 Can you tell me where she is staying?
2 ‘Remember to take your medicine.’ ‘Yes. I will.’
3 Do you know where she is?
4 ‘Have you paid?’ ‘No, I have not.’
5 ‘It is not true.’
6 ‘On the contrary, it is true.’
7 ‘Would you like another cup?’ ‘Yes, I would.’
8 I do not believe they are fresh.
9 Telephone if you cannot come.
10 ‘Can you help me?’ ‘No, I cannot just at the moment.’

3 Complete the poem by putting in the contracted forms o f the

verbs in the box.

cannot he has he would I wi ll that is there is

we have you have

Mother. _ J _a strange man

Waiting at the door
With a familiar sort of face
You feel 2 seen before.
Says his name is Jesus
Can we spare a couple of bob*
Says 3 been made redundant
And now. 4 find a job.
Yes I think he is a foreigner
Egyptian or a Jew
Oh aye, and that reminds me
5 like some water too.
Well shalJ I give him what he wants
Or send him on his way?
OK 6 give him 5p
Say ' all 8 got today.

From Roger McGough: Three Rusty Nails

* a couple of bob (shillings): a little money
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
298 M ISCELLA N EO U S

grammar: useful words

It will be easier to use this book if you know the words in the boxes. If you
don’t know them, we suggest you read the explanations and do the exercises.

noun singular plural countable uncountable

Nouns are mostly names o f things, e.g. cat, idea, money, oil, reason,
strength.
Singular nouns: cat, idea, reason; plural nouns: cats, ideas, reasons.
Countable nouns (e.g. cat) can be singular or plural: uncountable
nouns (e.g. oil, happiness) are only singular, and cannot come after a/an.

adjective comparative superlative

Adjectives describe things, e.g. old, big, strange, ready, famous, impossible.
Comparative adjectives: older, more famous.
Superlative adjectives: oldest, most famous.

determiner article possessive demonstrative

D eterm iners go before (adjectives and) nouns. They include articles
(я, the), possessives (e.g. my, your), demonstratives (e.g. this, that) and
quantifiers (e.g. some, any, few, much, several, enough).

1 Look a t the expressions in th e box and w rite down:

1 all the nouns, and say whether they are uncountable, singular
countable or plural
2 all the adjectives, and say whether they are ordinary, com parative or
superlative
3 all the determ iners, and say whether they are articles, possessives.
demonstratives or quantifiers.

a few small potatoes some cold soup this stupid suggestion

my best suit a more interesting book the cheapest petrol
his older brother those high buildings our worst problem
many younger people these new rules no dry wood

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
M IS C ELLA N E O U S 299

pronoun personal possessive reflexive relative

Pronouns replace nouns. They include personal pronouns (e.g. I, she, us,
you), possessive pronouns (e.g. mine, yours), reflexive pronouns (e.g.
myself, oneself) and relative pronouns (e.g. who, whose, which, that).

2 W rite down (a) three more personal pronouns; (b) th ree m ore
possessive pronouns; (c) th ree m ore reflexive pronouns.

verb auxiliary verb modal auxiliary verb

tense future present past simple progressive perfect
Verbs mostly refer to actions, events or situations, e.g. run. turn, stop,
seem.
The auxiliary verbs be, have and do are used with other verbs to make
tenses, questions, negatives and passives.
Modal auxiliary verbs are a small group of verbs (can, may, must etc - see
page 106) which add meanings like possibility or obligation.
Tenses are forms of verbs which show tim e relations. There are future,
present and past tenses. These сал be simple (e.g. will work, works,
worked), progressive (e.g. will be working, is working, was working) or
perfect (e.g. will have worked, has worked, had worked).

3 Read these sentences and w rite down the verbs.

She lost her temper. It never rains there. Open the door.
This fish tastes funny. Our team won. I got a letter from Dave.

4 Look at these verbs, and say w hether they are fu tu re, presen t or
p a s t and w hether they are sim p le, p rog ressiv e or perfect. W hich
are th e auxiliary verbs?
1 wall rain
2 is working
3 had forgotten
4 sits
5 came
6 will be seeing
7 was running
8 will have finished
9 has stopped
10 did not answer
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
300

co n d itio n al -in g form infinitive p erfect infinitive

p ast p articip le im p erativ e a ctiv e passive

C o n d itio n a ls: form s m ad e w ith w ou ld , e .g . / w ould lik e a d rin k.

-ing form s: sm o k in g , w a ilin g etc
In fin itives: I w an t to go: U V m u st stop etc
P e rfe c t in fin itiv e s: S h e m u st have arriv ed etc
P a s t p a rticip le s: sto len , g o n e etc
Im p era tiv es: P le a s e sit d o w n : Go a w a y etc
A c tiv e verb s: A n n e invited G eorg e: UV m a k e e a r s etc
P a ssiv e verbs: G eorg e w as invited b y A n ne: C ars a re m ad e m o u r
f a c t o r y e tc

5 Find a c o n d itio n a l, a n -ing form , a n in fin itiv e , a p e rfe c t in fin itiv e ,

a p ast p a rtic ip le , an im p e ra tiv e a n d a n a c tiv e a n d p a ssiv e v e rb in
th is tex t, a n d w r ite th e m d o w n .

I sm ok e too m u c h , and 1 w ould c e rta in ly stop sm ok in g if I cou ld , but

w h en m y friends talk ab o u t it I just say . ’Shut up an d leave m e alon e'
I d on 't a ctu a lly think I'll stop unless I'm ordered to by a d o cto r.
I suppose 1 should n ev er h av e started .

p rep osition ad verb ad verb p article

P re p o s itio n s help n o u n s and p ro n o u n s to tit in to s e n te n ce s, e.g . S h e ra n

dow n th e r o a d : I h a te th e idea o f d e a th : I'm g la d abou t y o u r n e w jo b .
A d v e rb s say m o re ab o u t verbs, ad jectives o r o th e r p arts of a se n te n ce , e.g.
We r e a lly tried : I often se e h e r : terrib ly c o ld : rig h t d o w n th e ro a d :
1 sla n today.
A d v e rb p a rtic le s a re sm all ad verb s th a t follow verbs: th ey look like
p rep osition s, but a re n o t (see p age 1 8 4 1. e .g . Sit dow n: U ’t 's i/o on.

6 Find th e p re p o sitio n s a n d a d v e rb s a n d w r ite th e m d o w n . W h at

sort o f w o rd is out in w a lk ed out ■ C a n yo u w r ite d o w n five m o re
p re p o sitio n s a n d five m o re adverbs?

Rob u su ally sits at th e back w ith A n n . but y esterd ay he suddenly

decided to sit a t th e front by K aren for a c h a n g e . A nn got terribly upset
and sta rte d sh o u tin g at Rob as loud as sh e cou ld , so th en Rob got upset
an d w alked o u t in a tem p er.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 301

subject object direct/indirect complement

The subject usually comes before the verb, and most often says who or
what does something, e.g. M y f a t h e r drives fa st cars'. S h e sings well.
The (direct) object usually comes after the verb: it often says who or what
something happens to. e.g. M y fa th er drives f a s t c a r s : I broke a c u p .
Some verbs have two objects: the indirect object says who something is
given to. done for etc. e.g. She sent t h e m a n a g e r a dozen roses.

7 Write down the subjects, direct objects and indirect objects from
these sentences.
1 Jake writes songs.4 What sort of books do you like?
2 I gave Monica my address.5 Write me a postcard when you have
3 Can you tell me the time? time.

After be. seem and some other verbs, we can describe the subject with a
noun or adjective complement, e.g. H e's a d o cto r-. She seem s n e r v o u s .

8 What are the complements in these sentences?

1 You’re pretty.3 Are you a student?
2 He looks tired.4 When I saw him I felt sorry.

sentence clause main/subordinate clause relative clause

indirect speech conjunction tag affirmative
interrogative negative
A sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, a question
mark or an exclamation mark.
Some sentences have more than one clause (e.g. /I'll p hone] [ when I gel
hom e]).

Subordinate clauses are introduced by conjunctions (e.g. w h e n I get

home).
Some conjunctions: if. when, because, while, after, although.
Main clauses (e.g. I'll p hone) do not need conjunctions.
Affirmative verbs/sentences make statements (e.g. You're late).
Interrogative verbs/sentences ask questions (e.g. A m I later).
Negative verbs/sentences are made with not (e.g. I'm nor late).

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
302

9 Write down the conjunctions and subordinate clauses from these

sentences. Which sentences have interrogative main clauses?
Which have affirmative main clauses? Which have negative main
clauses?
1 She talks all the time while I'm trying to work.
2 I don't mind if you stay out late.
3 Did you tell Alice where you were staying?
4 When I get back I'll explain everything.
5 Before you went out. did you switch the lights off?
6 Although it was snowing, it wasn't very cold.

Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns, e.g. This is ihe sw itch
w h ic h t u r n s o n t h e h e a t i n g .

In indirect speech, we use subordinate clauses to report things that are

said or thought, e.g. She said t h a t I w a s w r o n g : 1 wondered i f t h e y w e re
io s t .

Tags are short auxiliary + pronoun expressions that are added to

sentences, e.g. It's getting wanner, i s n ’ t it ?

consonant vowel (un (contracted stressied) intonation

expression formal informal emphatic
Consonants: b. c .f . g. h etc. Vowels: a. e. i. o. u.
L'ncontracted forms: /will, is not etc. Contractions Contracted
forms: /7/. isn't etc.
Stress: pronouncing one part of a word, or one word, more strongly than
others. In b e tte r, we stress bett: in r e tu r n , we stress turn: in It 's la t e , we
stress late.
Intonation: the 'musical' movement of the voice up and down. Questions
often end with a rising intonation.
Expression: a group of words that belong together, e.g. out of work:
on Monday.

Informal language is used, for example, in friendly conversations: formal

language, for example, in business letters. W e've got a suggestion is informal:
W e have a suggestion is formal.

Emphatic: expressing something strongly. UV had no m oney at all is more

emphatic than W e didn't have any m oney.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 303

Answers to exercises
(a and an ) 1 ал 2 a 3 an 4 a ъ a 6 an 7 a 8a 9 a 1 0 an
11 an 12 a 13 a 1 4 an 15 a 1 6 a 1 7 an 18 a

1 (ala n and one) 1 One 2 a 3 an 4 one/an э a 6 one 7 a 8 a 9 оле

2 is a doctor i is a teacher 4 is a scientist 5 is a musician

6 is a painter / an artist 7 is a photographer 8 is a secretary 9 is a builder
10 is a hairdresser 11 is an electrician 12 is a butcher 13 is a mechanic
14 is a cook 15 is a gardener 16 is a (lorry/truck) driver

A curtain is a thing that you put across a window.

A dictionary is a thing used for finding the meanings of words.
A dentist is a person who helps people to keep their teeth healthy.
A lawyer is a person who helps people with legal problems.
A m echanic is a person who services and repairs cars.
A tap is a thing that w ater comes out of.
A teacher is a person who helps people to learn things.
A telephone is a thing used for talking to people who are far away.

( Exam ples o f possible answ ers)

1 s got a long nose a small mouth. 7 ’s got a short beard / a round face.
2 s got a round face / a nice smile. 8 s got a big mouth / a loud voice.
3 s got a long neck / a small beard. 9's got a big m oustache / a long nose.
4 's got an oval face a long nose. 1 0 's got a small mouth / an oval face.
5's got a small nose ' a big mouth. 1 l 's got a small m oustache / a nice smile.
6 s got a long beard / a bad temper. 1 2 s got a long beard / a square face.

1 the 2 the 3 a 4 a э the: the 6 the: the 7 the: the 8 a: a: the: the
9 the 10 the

2 1 the 2 the 3 an 4 the э a 6 the 7 the 8 A 9 a 1 0 the 11 the

12 the

1 - d - 6 the 7 the 8 the 9 the 10 -

1 the wheel 2 the novel 3 the computer 4 The violin 5 the ballpoint pen
6 The fax m achine 7 the whale 8 The X-ray m achine

1 to town: on foot / by bus: by bus / by car 2 at work: to bed 3 to school

4 at Christmas / at Easter / in summer: at home 5 in the evening: at night
6 at university: in hospital

'He’s from Texas.'

( E xam ples o f possible answ ers)

В W e met the King at dinner in Oxford Prison.
С Paul went home by car.
D Anna goes to college in Sydney by bus.
E All of us met at Boston Airport.
F It's easy to get to Oxford station on foot.
G Anna flew to the Hague from Ottawa Airport.
H All of us went to Oxford Town Hall on foot.
Г Anna flew a plane from Stirling to Lake Huron.
J 1 saw Paul at dinner in Stirling yesterday.
К The King has just com e home from Sydney.
L Can you go by train from the Alps to the North Sea?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
304

M All of us are going to try and climb Ererest.

N I travel from home to work by bike.
0 It's easy to get from Ottawa to Boston by train.
F The King was in prison in Cardiff.

1 a: a: the 2 a: the 3 4 an: a: the 5 an: a 6 an: the 7 -

8 a 9 a: - 10 - - 11 - :t h e 12 - 1 3 - : a: a 14 a: the
1 5 a: the: the 16 a 17 the: the 18 a: a 19 a: the 2 0 a: a 21 a: an: the
2 2 a: an 2 3 -

] a (B) 2 the (D) 3 - iCi 4 the: a: an: - : a i A i

D IY This belongs to me. This is my coat. This is m ine.

This belongs to you. This is your money. This is yours.
This belongs to him . This is h is car. This is his.
This belongs to her. This is h er office. This is hers.
This belongs to us. This is o u r house. This is ours.
This belongs to them . This is th e ir dog. This is theirs.
W ho does this belong to? W hose bike is this.: W hose is this bike.:

1 yours: hers 2 Whose: ours 3 your: Its 4 his: her 5 their 6 our: theirs
7 mv: mine

2 that unemployed brother of hers 8 a beautiful cousin of hers

3 another good friend of mine 9 this wonderful news of yours
4 a brilliant idea of mine 10 that lazy son of ours
5 these stupid plans of his 11 those impossible children of theirs
6 those old books of yours 12 these silly cats of ours
7 some distant relations of his

1 his jacket/raincoat 2 her foot mouth 3 its foot tail mouth 4 their coats
5 my raincoat jacket 6 your mouth

Xo. he's not o u rs !...

DIY W ith th is/th ese: happening now: just about to start: here: near
W ith th at/th ose: finished: said before: over there: distant: unwanted

1 this 2 that 3 these 4 that 5 those 6 this this 8 that 9 that

10 That 11 that 12 that 13 this: that

this

1 which 2 U hat 3 Which 4 Which lor W hat) W hat 6 Which < W hat
8 W hich 9 Which 10 Which 11 What

1 refuses 2 doubt 3 hardly 4 never 5 seldom 6 without

1 any: some 2 some 3 anything 4 any 5 some 6 somebody

1 anybody 2 some 3 some 4 any 5 anything 6 somebody 7 any

1 any 2 something 3 anything 4 something anything 5 Some

6 something 7 any 8 any 9 any 10 some: some 11 anything 12 any
13 some anv 14 anvthing 15 anyone someone 16 any 17 any 18 some

"... anvwhere with anvbodv at anv time ...

1 any 2 - 3 some 4 - 5 - 6 some 8 some 9 some 10

П - 12 anv 13 some 14 -

2 some children

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
A N S W E R S TO E X E R C I S E S 305

1 no 2 Nobody 3 No 4 none 5 No 6 None 7 no 8 nobody 9 None

1 0 no: no: no

( Examples of possible answers)

2 Nobody in my family speaks French. 7 There's nothing good on at the cinema.
3 Nobody speaks seventy-six languages. 8 I had no money.
4 There's nothing to eat at home. 9 I had nothing to say.
5 I'm afraid I’ve got no coffee. 1 0 None of them.
6 There's nobody at home just now.

1 Any 2 No 3 anything 4 nothing 5 ca n ’t h ear 6 any 7 nobody

8 anybody

(Examples o f possible answers)

1 any garage: any supermarket: any post office: any sports shop: any bookshop
2 any English teacher: any lawyer: any accountant: any photographer: any farmer

A There’s no place for women in the church.

В I suppose you've brought me here to tell me you haven’t got any money.
С It’s your birthday? Cook anything you w ant for supper.
D I'm sorry, he’s not seeing anybody/anyone today.

1 All 2 everything 3 everything 4 everything 5 all 6 everything

7 everything 8 everything 9 all

2 1 All 2 everybody 3 All 4 all: everybody 5 everybody 6 all

1 a whole family all the islands the whole road system the whole of South Africa
all the children the whole country' all the traffic the whole of Asia a whole week
all the vegetables the whole political party all the students all the luggage
all the meat all the MPs a whole class

1 very m uch / so m uch 2 as m any 3 too m uch 4 very m uch / so much

5 very m uch / so m uch 6 as m any / so m any 7 so m any / too m any 8 as many

3 1 little 2 little 3 few 4 few 5 little 6 little 7 few: few 8 few

4 1 little 2 a little 3 Few 4 a few 5 a few 6 a little: a little 7 little 8 few

1 It is not much use ... 3 Only a few teenagers ...
7 Nadia didn't drink m uch coffee, or any alcohol / ... and she didn’t drink (any)
alcohol.
8 Unfortunately, he hadn't got / didn’t have m any friends.

1 the least: the fewest 2 Fewer (or Less): less 3 fewer (or less): less 4 less: less
5 the least 6 the fewest

(Examples o f possible answers)

1 less confident 2 the least optimistic 3 less fluently 4 less prosperous
5 less politely 6 the least dangerous

1 others 2 other 3 others 4 others 5 other 6 other 7 others 8 others

9 other 1 0 other

m ore clothes more friends another child another three pages / three m ore pages
another hour another mile more sleep more job possibilities
another few days / a few more days another hundred pounds m ore money
more time more freedom m ore holidays another problem
another twenty miles / twenty more miles

DIY Enough normally comes after an adjective or adverb, and before a noun.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 2 enough money: enough time 3 big enough 4 enough friends 5 old enough
6 enough cham pagne 7 hard enough 8 clever enough: enough confidence

( E xam ples o f possible an sw ers)

2 There were too many people for one car. 3 She was too busy.
4 It is too expensive. 5 There's too much traffic. 6 I wrote too slowly.
7 There's too m uch noise in here. 8 No. he's talking/speaking too quickly.

(E xam ples o f possible answ ers)

2 not enough people 3 not enough w ater 4 too m uch w ater
5 too m uch work 6 too many cats 7 not enough food 8 too m uch food

5 2 old enough to take 3 too quietly for me to hear

4 clean enough for people to swim in 5 well enough to decide
6 too muddy for them to see 7 too tired to understand 8 welJ enough to listen
9 too fast for the police to catch

1 1 of 2 of 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 of 7 of 8 - 9 of 1 0 of 11 - 12 -
13 - 14 -

2 1 Most people 2 Most of the people3 most of the people 4 Most people
5 most people 6 Most of the people 7 most people 8 Most of the people

3 ... enough disorder:... A little less noise ...

1 1 me 2 me 3 he: him 4 Me 5 me: him 6 he: her 7 him

8 m e/him /her 9 me 1 0 her

2 1 Anne has (got) the same c a r as I have 6 W e're not W e aren 't as old as them .
2 They have been here longer than we 7 He had a bigger m eal than me.
have. 8 I'm not as quick as her.
3 I am much taller than he is. 9 ‘W e're from York.' 'Me too.'
4 'He is going to Mexico.' 'So am I.' 1 0 ‘W ho w ants a drink?' 'M e.'
5 "Who said that?' ‘She did.'

3 1 She 2 it 3 It's 4 it/her 5 it 6 W ho 7 It 8 it 9 who 1 0 it

I 1 herself 2 himself 3 itself 4 ourselves 5 him 6 yourself 7 herself; her

8 you/us/h er/him 9 me

2 1 ourselves 2 herself 3 himself 4 themselves 5 myself 6 itself

3 1 each other 2 themselves 3 each other 4 yourselves 5 each other

6 ourselves
4 1 ourselves 2 him 3 each other 4 myself 5 her 6 m e/him /her/us them
7 myself 8 each other 9 itself 1 0 themselves 11 yourself 1 2 you: them

1 (E xam ples o f possible sentences)

1 One needs / You need a passport to get into the US.
2 One needs / You need a ticket to travel by train.
3 Can one/you fly directly from Gdansk to Prague?
4 One has / You have to be good at m aths to be a physicist.
5 One needs / You need a w arm climate to grow oranges.
6 One/You can't get a driving licence until one is I you're seventeen.
7 One/You can 't eat soup with a fork.
8 One has / You have to get up early to see animals in the forest.

2 1 They 2 they 3 they 4 They 5 You 6 you 7 your 8 you 9 you

10 they 11 you 12 them

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
A N S W E R S TO E X E R C I S E S 307

3 1 they 2 their 3 their 4 they: them 5 them 6 her 7 theirs 8 they

9 them 1 0 her

1 2 red woollen one / big grey leather one 3 unsweetened 4 tall ones
5 new ones 6 long sunny one 7 Chinese 8 solid practical ones 9 sharp one
1 0 big grey leather one

2 1 One 2 one 3 Mine 4 some 5 one 6 any 7 hers 8 some

1 W e love you because you’re ours, like the car.'

‘You sold my w hat to who?’
‘Could you tell me if my glasses are ready yet?’
‘Have you seen a lady without m e?’
‘Yes. of course it’s important enough to disturb him .’
‘Have you any “Do It Herself” books?’

1 uncountable: dust: flour: happiness: knowledge: love: milk: m eat: music: oil: rain:
snow
countable: book: cup; flower: mountain: piano: river: song: table; wall
2 l a glass 2 glass 3 wood 4 a wood 5 pity 6 a pity 7 Time 8 times
9 beers 1 0 Beer 11 experience 1 2 an experience 13 a chicken 1 4 chicken

1 accommodation - flat baggage - suitcase bread - loaf furniture - table

information - fact money - banknote publicity - advertisement
traffic - cars travel - journey work - job

2 a flash of lightning: a stroke of luck: a clap of thunder

3 ‘A word of advice. A rthur ..." '... Our baggage has been sent ..."

1 DIY 1 By adding-s. 2 By changing -y to -ies. 3 By adding-s. 4 s .z .s h .c h .x

5 echoes, heroes, potatoes, tomatoes.

2 addresses boxes brushes computers desks faces guys lists losses

messes patches peaches plays poppies repliestoys trees videos
witches worries

1 crisis - crises: means 2 aircraft: sheep 3dozen: thousand 4 shelf: wolf

5 mouse: tooth 6 m athem atics: news 7 police: scissors

1 l a school has lb school have 2 a club have 2b club has 3 a staff do

3b staff does 4 a class is 4b class are 5a orchestra are 5b orchestra is

2 ‘... Shall I tell them ...'

3 1 have 2 have 3 is 4 is 5 have: are 6 is 7 are 8 has 9 are

1 0 has 11 is 1 2 are 13 are 1 4 has 1 5 was 1 6 were 1 7 Is 1 8 have

(Examples o f possible answers)

Ann and P at’s car our dog’s nose most people’s health Jonath an ’s education
those w om en’s legs Katie’s fear of heights Simon and Jill’s c a r doctors’ ideas

2 1 / 2 Are you Al’s daughter? 3 / 4 Here’s Barry's address. 5 / 6 /

7 / 8 / 9 It’s a crazy idea of Alice’s. 1 0 W here is th at brother of Carol’s?

1 lg : 2b: 3h: 4 a ; 5j; 6c: 7e: 8i: 9d: 10Г

2 1 a music shop 2 a Birmingham m an 3 a picture frame 4 mint tea

5 the station clock 6 a space rocket 7 a biscuit factory 8 soap powder

3 antique shop / bicycle shop bicycle race bus station cowboy film kitchen door
grape juice road map newspaper publisher

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
1 a chocolate cake В a kitchen cupboard 4 a matchbox 5 toothpaste
7 the kitchen door 8 a wine bottle 9 a train timetable 11 garden chairs

1 a bus station 2 a toy shop 3 the teacher’s office 4 computer disks

5 my m other’s chair 6 car papers 7 Tom ’s plan 8 a telephone box
9 the dog's toy 1 0 a horse race 11 vegetable soup 12 China’s history
13 a cowboy film 1 4 street lamps 15 the firm's office 1 6 a bath towel
1 7 th at cat's tail 18 a teacher trainer 1 9 the paper's editor 2 0 a glass factory

Mother’s Day card

Angela's leg tbe highest branches of the trees the lock of my suitcase
your dog's leg the bank’s branch in Paris the floor of your office
the leg of the table my family's nam e the town's atmosphere
our com pany’s best sales m anager the police force’s main problem
next week’s timetable last night's party today's news

1 Helen’s story: the story of the French revolution

2 the bed of the stream : the patient’s bed
3 a/th e policy of full employment: the com pany's policy
4 my favourite author's style: the style of the 1930s
5 the place of language education: women's place
6 the ideas of modern physics: my son's ideas
7 the club’s rules: the rules of football
8 the committee's views: a/th e view of the lake
9 the cat's head: the head of the queue
1 0 the arm of the chair: John's arm

‘Fear? He doesn't know the m eaning of the word.'

'Let’s go. I've got somebody else's car parked outside.'
‘Right. Mr Wilson. I have here the results of your tests.'

1 calm 2 calmly/clearly/slowly/softly/un happily 3 cheaply 4 beautifully

5 terrible 6 softly 7 cheap 8 slow 9 calmly 1 0 beautiful 11 soft
12 clear 13 terribly 1 4 slowly 15 unhappy 1 6 clearly

1 amazingly 2 sure 3 real 4 truly 5 gently 6 amazing 7 wonderfully

8 gentle 9 slightly 1 0 really 11 kindly 1 2 badly 13 wonderful: awful
1 4 cleverly 1 5 surprisingly 1 6 unbelievably

adjectives: cowardly: deadly: friendly; likely: lively: lonely: lovely; silly: ugly
both adjectives and adverbs: daily: weekly: monthly: yearly: early: fast: hard: late;
loud; well

2 daily/weekly/monthly/yearly/lively/lovely/silly
3 lively/lovely/silly/ugly/fast/loud
4 fast/loud
5 daily/weekly/monthly, yearly/early/late
6 cowardly/friendly/hard/lovely silly
7 cowardly/friendly/hard/lively jnely/lovely silly/ugly
8 likely
9 lovely
1 0 friendly /lonely /lovely
11 early/fast/late
12 hard
13 deadly
14 deadly/fast/hard/lively/lonely/lovely/silly
15 lonely/hard/lovely
1 6 yearly/daily/friendly/weekly /m onthly/early /late/loud

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
2 hot breezy weather 7 a quiet tense woman
3 untidy red hair 8 yellow and grey sand
4 The m an was young and bearded. 9 The badges were red and blue.
5 The sea was cold and rough. 1 0 a narrow brown room
6 The church was old and ugly.

1 the blind 2 the young 3 the poor 4 the young: the old 5 the rich
6 the living 7 the poor: the rich 8 the dead: the living 9 the blind

a beautiful little Belgian city 9 Swiss drawing ink

a local jazz club 1 0 a short leather jacket
an excellent cold dinner 11 little brick squares
modern industrial buildings 12 French ski boots
a red silk evening dress 1 3 a blue woollen tie
narrow colourless eyes 1 4 grey cotton trousers
a Bat gold frame 15 black nylon swimming trunks
lovely old furniture

(Examples o f possible answers)

1 am always in trouble.
My m other is never depressed.
Most people are usually friendly.

1 You are usually here ... 14 She has never done th at before.
2 Her m um always co o k s... 15 Something is definitely burning.
3 W e usually b ook ... 16 She has always been nervous.
4 They probably th in k ... 17 I never feel cold ...
5 You should always look ... 18 They were always against me.
6 She is probably going to stay ... 19 W e are definitely going to win.
7 Chocolate cakes are definitely the best. 20 February is usually the worst.
I will probably be able ... 21 It is sometimes very difficult.
I have never had ... 22 I always buy them ...
) W e never saw sw eets... 23 I have often tried ...
l I definitely remember ... 24 They are always fighting.
! Do you usually read ... 25 She often s a w ...
! I can usuallly m anage ... 26 You are probably right.

2 I'm only doing this ... 7 He ca n ’t even w rite...

3 She even gets u p ... 8 They even make you pay ...
4 He even wears a s u it... 9 I was only thinking ...
5 She only ate ... 1 0 You can even ski ...
6 I can only play ...

(Examples of possible answers)

I work every day, even on Sundays. Only my m other really understands me.
They do everything together. They even brush their teeth together.
Hello! It’s only me! Even the cat thinks you’re stupid.
She likes all animals, even rats. Only the clock broke the silence.
Only his wife knew th at he was ill. Even his children hated him.
You can borrow it, but only for a few minutes.

1 I work best a t night.

2 I paid the bill at once.
3 He always moves very slowly in the morning.
4 She speaks Japanese fluently.
5 I think we’d better open the parcel now.
6 She was crying quietly in her room.
7 W e talked about it briefly at lunchtime.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 8 I’m going to break the eggs carefully into the bowl.
9 Ann works at the village shop on Saturdays.
1 0 I ca n ’t explain my feelings clearly.
11 The team played brilliantly yesterday.
12 1 always worked very hard at school.
13 She practises the piano here every evening.
1 4 I don’t think she plays tennis very well.
1 5 He read every word slowly.
1 6 Put the butter in the fridge at once.

1 1 Are you still in the same job?

2 He’s seventeen, but he’s already married.
3 Has Susan arrived yet? (o r... already arrived?)
4 I’ve already finished!
5 9 a.m .. and it's still dark!
6 4 p.m.. and it’s already dark!
7 Have you had breakfast yet? ( o r ... already had breakfast?)
8 Look - it’s still raining.
9 Our old car still runs OK.
1 0 Is the rice cooked yet? (o r ... already cooked?)
11 She's already gone to bed.
12 Is she still in that little flat?
13 W hy are you still in bed? (or W hy are you already ... ?)
1 4 I’m already bored with my new job.
1 5 It's not time to stop yet.
16 Have you written th at letter yet5 (o r ... already written ... ?)

1 DIY To make the com parative and superlative of one-syllable adjectives ending in -e,
you add -r. -st.
To make the com parative and superlative of other one-syllable adjectives,
you add -er. -est.
To make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives ending in -y.
you change у to i and add -er. -est.
To make the comparative and superlative of other two-syllable adjectives, you put more
and most in front.
To make the comparative and superlative of longer adjectives, you put more and most
in front.

2 DIY Before -er and -est. we double the last letter of adjectives that end in one vowel +
one consonant.

3 m ore/m ost boring cheaper/cheapest finer ’finest fuller/fullest funnier funniest

m ore/m ost handsome harder/hardest mort most honest m o rt/m ost interesting
lazier/laziest lighter/lightest m ore/m ost nervous sadder/saddest safer/safest
sillier/silliest sorrier/sorriest m ore most stupid m ore/m ost uncomfortable
m ore/m ost useful m ore/m ost violent wetter/wettest

1 ( Examples o f possible answers)

2 It was the best. 3 She lived farther/further aw ay than the others.
4 The cold got worse. 5 The worst. 6 Her older/elder sister: his older/elder brother:
her oldest/eldest sister. 7 Further tests. 8 The one th at needs (the) least water.
9 The Blacks have m ore money than the Browns. The Browns have less money than
the Blacks. 1 0 The park is farther/further aw ay th an the post office.

1 1 faster 2 m ore beautifully 3 (the) hardest 4 earlier 5 the most sensitively

6 m ore peacefully 7 the latest 8 the most fluently

3 1 m ore slowly 2 faster 3 earlier 4 harder

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
(Examples o f possible answers)
The Great Pyramid is very m uch older than the Taj Mahal.
The Amazon is far longer than the Thames.
North America is a little larger than South America.
A dog is a bit bigger than a cat.
A computer is a lot faster than a typewriter.
Asia is even bigger than Africa.
A parrot sings no better than a cat.
Are you any more intelligent than your boss?

(Examples of possible answers)

1 Is this box stronger than that one? Is this box the strongest you’ve got?
2 Alistair is taller than anyone else in the class. Alistair is the tallest in the class.
3 The state of Alaska is bigger than the other states in the US. The state of Alaska is the
biggest in the US.
4 This wine is m ore expensive than that one. This wine is the most expensive in the
world.
5 Al’s party was better than P at’s party. Al’s party was the best I’ve ever been to.

(Examples of possible answers)

Car Y is m ore expensive than c a r X. Car X is m ore comfortable than the other
Car Z is the most expensive of the three. two cars.
Car Y is m ore economical than c a r Z. Car X is m uch better off-road than car Y.
Car X is the most economical of all. Car Z is the best of all off-road.
Car Y is safer than c a r X. Car Z has more luggage space than car X.
Car Z is the safest of the three. Car Y has the most luggage space of the
Car X is the most comfortable of the three. three.

(Examples of possible answers)

1 faster and faster 2 taller and taller 3 hotter and hotter
4 more and m ore difficult/complicated or harder and harder 5 fatter and fatter
6 more and m ore depressed/unhappy 7 more and m ore expensive

(Examples o f possible answers)

1 My m other's driving is getting more and m ore dangerous ...
2 ... he's getting better and better.
3 ... police officers are getting younger and younger.
4 My temper is getting worse and worse.
5 It’s getting harder and harder to find time ...
6 Professional tennis is getting m ore and m ore boring.
7 Restaurants are getting more and more expensive.
8 Her holidays are getting longer and longer.

1 the faster ... the more ... 2 the lo n g er... the m ore ... 3 the old er... the d ark er...
4 the m ore ... the angrier ... 5 the more ... the m ore ... the less...
6 the more ... the less ... 7 the m ore ... the m o re ... 8 the w a rm e r... the more ...

1 The m ore ice cream he eats, the fatter he gets: and the fatter he gets, the m ore ice
cream he eats.
2 The m ore he reads, the more he forgets: and the m ore he forgets, the more he reads.
3 The m ore she ignores him, the m ore he loves her: and the m ore he loves her, the
more she ignores him.
4 The m ore shoes she buys, the more shoes she w ants: and the more shoes she w ants,
the more shoes she buys.
5 The more m oney we spend, the m ore friends we have: and the more friends we have,
the m ore money we spend.
6 The m ore I sleep, the m ore tired I am: and the m ore tired I am , the more I sleep.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
1 (Examples of possible answers)
2 in the Army 3 of the books I own 4 in the class
5 in Europe
6 in my family 7 of the four men 8 of the girls in her school 9 in the office
1 0 of the paintings in the gallery 11 in Rome 12 in the school

2 (Examples o f possible answers)

1 Florence is the ... 2 Wolves are ... 3 I think Stoppard is the ... 4 Bill is the ...
5 The streets are ... 6 Working in the country is the ... 7 1 feel

1 1 as: as 2 than 3 that 4 than 5 than 6 as 7 as 8 that 9 than

1 0 th at 11 as 12 as

2 ‘... a better place than we found it!'

1 (Examples o f possible answers)

Jake didn't go to the same university as Susie.
Susie went to the sam e school as Jake.
Susie is not as tall as Jake.
Susie doesn't weigh as much as Jake.
Jake does/has the sam e job as Susie.
Jake isn’t as old as Susie.
Susie was bom in the sam e town as Jake.
Susie earns twice as m uch money as Jake.
Jake doesn't work for the same firm as Susie.
Susie doesn't have as m any weeks' holiday as Jake.
Jake lives in the same street as Susie.
Susie has the same num ber of children as Jake.
Jake speaks French as well as Susie, but he doesn't speak German as well as her.
Jake doesn’t read as m uch as Susie.

2 as black as night as cold as ice as Bat as a pancake as good as gold

as green as grass as hard as iron as old as the hills as pretty as a picture
as quiet as the grave as red as a beetroot as thin as a rake as w arm as toast
as white as a sheet

1 1 as 2 like 3 as 4 as 5 like 6 like 7 as 8 like 9 like 1 0 As

2 2 as a s ecretary , union representative 3 as an office 4 like a person

5 As you know 6 as a union representative 7 like cardboard 8 as he writes
9 like her mother 1 0 as a dessert

1 1 so 2 such 3 so 4 such 5 such 6 so 7 so 8 such

2 (Examples of possible answers)

1 It was such cold w eath er.. 5 Their house is so nice ...
2 The weather was so h o t ... 6 And they've got such a beautiful garden!
3 It was such a boring book . 7 He has such a pleasant voice ...
4 The film was so good 8 I don't know why her voice is so loud.

3 (Examples o f possible answers)

1 so dark 2 such bad 3 such a fast 4 so heavy 5 such a boring
6 so difficult/hard 7 such a nice 8 so tired 9 I wish my feet w eren’t so big-
1 0 I wish I hadn’t got such a funny nose.

1 1 very fast 2 too fast 3 too hot 4 very' hot

5 too tall 6 very tall 7 too expensive 8 very expensive
9 very small 1 0 too small 11 very' slow 12 too slow

1 1 very much 2 very 3 very 4 very 5very 6 very m uch 7 very

8 very much 9 very m uch 1 0 very m uch 11 very m uch 12 very
13 very much 1 4 very 1 5 very

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
94 1 1 is being 2 am 3 is being 4 are being 5 am 6 are being 7 was being
8 is

I do agree with you. I do need a job.

I do apologise for disturbing you. Peter did enjoy your party.
I do feel ill/tired. She does look ill/tired.
I do hate cooking / eggs and bacon. You do talk a lot.
I do like cooking / eggs and bacon. I do wonder if he’s really happy.

2 'You don’t love me.' ‘I do love you.’

I may not be educated, but I do know something about life.
I'll be ready in э minute, but I do have to make a phone call.
I’m not sure she’ll be there, but if you do see her give her my love.
It’s a small house. Mind you. it does have a nice big kitchen.
My wife does the housework, but I do iron my own trousers.
Although she didn’t say much, she did give me her phone number.
She doesn't really like sport. She does play a bit of tennis sometimes.
1 made her go to the doctor’s, and she did have a broken finger.
There’s nobody at home. They did say eight o'clock, didn’t they?
3 Scottish people don’t speak Japanese, but they do speak English.
In England it doesn’t snow a lot. but it does rain a lot.
Banks don't sell beer, but they do lend money.
Cats don’t eat potatoes, but they do eat mice.
Napoleon didn't fight against China, but he did fight against England.
1 DIY 1 do 2 make 3 do 4 do

3 ... to make decisions ...

4 2 doing 3 doing 4 making a photocopy 5 make his/the bed

6 made a mistake 7 make a cake 8 making a fire 9 do her hair
10 d o l4 0 m p h 11 done the washing up 12 to make a phone call

1 1 (You can) have a shower 2 ...have a swim 3 ... have dinner

4 ... have a game of cards 5 ... have a game оГ tennis 6 ... have a drink
7 ... have a rest 8 ... have tea 9 ... have a shave
2 (Examples of possible answers)
1 She’s going to have a baby. 2 They're going to have a fight.
3 The patient is going to have an operation.
4 This person is going to have a nervous breakdown.
5 The person is going to have an accident.

1 1 I've g o t... 2 Has your sister g o t... / Does your sister h a v e...
3 I haven't g o t... / I don't have ... 4 The school does not have...
5 Did you have good teachers ... 6 She didn’t have ...

2 (Examples o f possible answers)

1 If you’re bald, you haven’t got any hair.
2 If you’re penniless, you haven't got any money.
3 If you’re childless, you haven’t got any children.
4 If you’re unemployed, you haven't got a job.
5 If you’re toothless, you haven’t got any teeth.
6 If you’re lonely, you haven’t got any friends.
7 If you’re starving, you haven’t got any food.
8 If you’re an orphan, you haven’t got any parents.
9 If you’re unmarried, you haven’t got a wife or husband.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 A N S W E R S TO E X E R C I S E S

1 Have you got; I've got: I've got: I haven't got 2 have you got
3 have got: It's got 4 I've got 5 have you got: I've got 6 Have I got: you've got
7 has got: he’s got: he’s got

(Examples of possible answers)

The m an in the first advertisement has got a Porsche.
The wom an in the second advertisement has got brown hair / blue eyes / a good sense
of humour.
The wom an in the third advertisement has got a nice smile / her own apartment.
The m an in the fourth advertisement has got a suntan / a nice home / a yacht.

1 2 W e have our knives sharpened ...

3 ... to have the roof repaired ...
4 ... have my jacket clean ed .... have my raincoat reproofed.
5 ... have the c a r serviced ... have the oil changed.
6 ... had her jewellery valued ...
7 ... have your tennis racket re-strung
8 ... have the kitchen redecorated ...
9 ... have some more electric sockets put in

1 DIY 1 Infinitive without to. The exception is ought. 2 It doesn't h ave-s.

3 They are made without do.

2 I play 2 to be 3 to do 4 go 5 finish 6 to get 7 make 8 pass

3 1 Can I stay here? 2 Must you go? 3 Will he understand? 4 Shall we drive?
5 Could she do it? 6 Would you like to?

4 1 to be able to 2 been able to 3 been allowed to 4 to have to 5 had to

6 be able to 7 have to 8 to have to 9 been able to

6 be able to

I 2 You m ust be crazy. 3 That can 't be J a n e t... 4 She must think I'm stupid.
5 I must look silly ... 6 ... they m ust make a lot of money.
7 He ca n ’t be a teacher ... 8 ... That must be an interesting job.
9 You ca n ’t be serious. You must be joking. 1 0 He must have another w om an ...

2 (Examples of possible answers)

2 He must be in Scotland. 6 It m ay/m ight be a cat.
3 He m ay be Spanish. 7 This person m ay be an artist.
4 She m ust be unhappy. / She c a n ’t be 8 She must be married.
happy. 9 It m ay be going to rain.
5 She might be in love. / She must be 10 W h at can it be?
happy.

1 1 should 2 must 3 should 4 must 5 must 6 should 7 must 8 must

9 should 1 0 should

3 2 Should I move to London? 8 Should I go to the police?

3 W hat should I call my the baby? 9 Should I take a taxi?
4 W here should I put my this bicycle? 10 Should I take a holiday?
5 W hen should I pay my tax bill? 11 How long should I wait?
6 Should I invite my mother? 1 2 W hat should I do at the weekend?
7 How should I cook this a/th e/th is crab?

1 1 must 2 has to 3 m ust 4 m ust 5 has to 6 have (got) to 7 have (got) to

8 must 9 must 1 0 have to

1 1 m ust not 2 do not have to 3 m ust n >t 4 must not 5 do not have to
6 m ust not 7 don’t have to 8 don't ha ve to 9 m ustn’t 10 don't have to

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
A N S W E R S TO E X E R C I S E S 315

2 ( Examples of possible answers)

In rugby football, you m ust not pass the ball forwards.
In tennis, you do not need to hit the ball before it bounces.
In tennis, you must not hit the ball after its second bounce.
In chess, you must not touch a piece if you aren’t going to move it.
In boxing, you must not hit your opponent below the belt.
In athletics, you must not start before the gun.
In hockey, you must not lift your stick above your shoulder.
In hockey, you do not need to hit the ball before it bounces.
In baseball, you m ust not throw the bat.
In football, you must not touch the ball with your hands.
In bridge, you must not look at other people's cards.

114-J15 1 1 can 2 will be able to 3 can 4 can 5 will be able to 6 could

7 will be able to 8 can 9 could 1 0 will be able to 11 can 12 can
13 will be able to 1 4 could 15 can

2 1 could 2 managed to 3 m anaged to 4 couldn’t 5 managed to

6 could; could 7 managed to 8 managed to 9 could 1 0 managed to

1 can smell 2 could see 3 can/could see 4 can hear 5 can taste
6 could feel; couldn't see 7 can see 8 can hear

116-117 2 Could I use your phone? 7 Could I speak to Jane, if she’s there?
3 May I stop work early today? 8 Can I have a beer?
4 You can take my bike if you w ant to. 9 Can students use this library?
5 Can children go into pubs? 1 0 Could I pay you tomorrow?
6 You ca n ’t come into my room.

1 Can I take your coat?

2 Can/Could you start cooking supper now. please?
3 Can/Could you translate this for me?
4 [ wonder if you could tran slate... ? / Could you possibly translate ... ?
5 You could watch a video if ...
6 You can spend ... / Can you spend ... ? / Could you spend ... ?
7 I can feed the h o rses,...
8 Could you possibly lend me £ 5 ? / 1 wonder if you could lend me £ 5 .
9 Can/Could you tell m e when it’s time to go?
1 0 Could you (possibly) tell me ... / 1 wonder if you could tell me ...

‘Miss Ellis, could you come in here and pass me my coffee?'

118-119 I'll wash up if you’ll dry.

I’m tired. I think I’ll go to bed now.
If you see Ann. would you tell her I got her letter?
She w on't tell us w hat’s wrong.
The cat won’t eat.
The phone’s ringing. I'll answ er it.
This video won't play.
‘W ho’s going to get the tickets?' ‘I will.’
Will you deliver the furniture to this address, please?
Will you let me know when you're ready to leave?
Will you stop shouting?
Would you put the m eat in the oven at 5 .3 0 ?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 (Examples of possible answers)
1 I promise I’ll write. 7 I promise I’ll go to lectures.
2 I promise I w on’t smoke. 8 I promise I won’t fight
3 I promise I'll go to church. 9 I promise I'U do exercises.
4 I promise I w on’t stay out late. 1 0 I promise I’U get up early.
5 I promise I w on’t drink. I l l promise I'll wash my clothes.
6 I promise I’ll study hard. 12 I promise I'U think of you.

1 will keep 2 would make 3 will play 4 will talk 5 will listen
6 would take 7 will drive 8 will fall 9 will ring: will be 1 0 will tell

After you have bought something, you will find it somewhere else cheaper.
If anything can go wrong, it will.
If there are two good TV shows, they will both be on at the same time.
If you explain so clearly th at nobody can misunderstand, somebody will.
If you throw something away, you ’ll need it the next day.
No m atter how much you do. you'll never do enough.
The one who snores will fall asleep first.
The other queue will always move faster.

(Examples of possible answers)

3 Shall we stay in this country or go 8 Shall we stay in one place or travel
abroad? around?
4 When shall we go? 9 Shall we take Granny?
5 How long shall we go for? 1 0 Shall we go with the Jacksons?
6 Shall we fly, go by train or drive? 11 W hat shall we do with the dogs?
7 Shall we stay in a hotel or camp?

122-123 could/might have killed 8 should have taken

would have phoned 9 could/m ight have died
could/might/would have gone 1 0 could/should have hit
should have been 11 might/should/could have told
should/could have put 1 2 might/should/could have washed
should/could have asked

m ay have gone 2 should/may have finished 3 can 't have forgotten

m ust have rained 5 m ust have been 6 m ay have been 7 ca n ’t have spent
8 m ay have found 9 must have had 1 0 m ay/m ust have gone

3 1 ca
cann ’ti have
nave 2z m ay not
may nui have
nave 3з m ust have
luusLiiave 4 had to
m ay not have / c a n ’t have 6 m ay not have

124-125 1 I ca n ’t sing. 4 Could you tell me the time?

2 I would like to be able to travel more. 5 I had to work ...
3 He should work harder.

1 might 2 m ay/m ight 3 ca n ’t 4 may 5 m ay not 6 ca n ’t 7 must

8 should 9 have to 1 0 don't have to 11 can / will be able to
1 2 willbeableto 13 m anagedto 14 could / was able to 1 5 can 1 6 willstop
1 7 m ay not 1 8 ca n 't 19 had to do 2 0 m ust have left

‘Can this be the sam e m a n ...?' ‘... you could live for another twenty minutes.'
‘... I'll take them.' ‘... it m ay not be a joke.’
‘... he might be Prime Minister ...’ ‘... I wonder who it can be from.'

1 needn’t laugh 2 needn’t get 3 needn't write 4 needn't come

5 needn't worry 6 needn’t think 7 needn't ring 8 needn’t take
9 needn’t phone/ring 1 0 needn't tiy

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
A N S W E R S TO E X E R C I S E S 317

1 didn't need to w ater 2 needn’t have cooked 3 needn't have done

4 needn't have bought 5 didn’t need to Ы1 up 6 needn’t have worried
7 didn't need to go 8 didn't need to wait 9 needn't have studied

1 ... You'd better s t a r t ... 6 We'd better invite ...

2 ... I'd better g e t ... 7 I'd better do ...
3 You'd better open ... 8 You’d better not te ll...
4 ... she'd better not fo rg et... 9 ... You’d better have ...
5 We'd better give ... 1 0 You'd better not le t...

(Examples o f possible answers)

You'd better see the doctor. 7 You'd better learn some Chinese and
You’d better go to bed. Japanese.
You'd better put a sweater on. 8 You'd better take a sleeping pill.
You’d better go for a walk. 9 You'd better start studying.
You’d better take a day off. 1 0 You’d better stop.
You’d better tell me all about it. 11 You’d better ring the police.

used to live 2 used to stand 3 used to look after 4 used to play

used to take 6 used to look at 7 used to go 8 used to buy 9 used to keep
1 0 used to have

2 (Examples o f possible answers)

1 People used to travel by horse. 6 People used to believe in ghosts and
2 People used to cook w ith/on wood fires. devils.
3 People didn't use to live so long. 7 People didn't use to be able to vote.
4 People used to fight with spears. 8 People used to think the earth was flat.
5 People used to hunt with bows and 9 People used to have bigger families.
arrows. 1 0 Children used to work.

Aspirins are supposed to cure headaches.

Catholics are supposed to go to church on Sundays.
You were supposed to come and see me yesterday.
It's supposed to have instructions with it. but I can 't find them.
W asn ’t my computer magazine supposed to com e today?
W hat a m i supposed to do with all this chicken salad?
You're not supposed to go into the shower with shoes on.
You're not supposed to smoke in food shops.
Y ou ’re supposed to be good at geography - where the hell are we?
I think you're supposed to pay at the cash desk on the way out.

2 It’s supposed to be a cat. 6 It’s supposed to be a tiger.

3 It’s supposed to be a plane. 7 It’s supposed to be the sun.
4 It's supposed to be a horse. 8 It's supposed to be a Dower.
5 It's supposed to be a bus.

130-131 Buy the cat food here. It'll be cheaper.

Don't give her your keys. She’ll only lose them.
Get John to have a look at the TV. He'll fix it.
'He'll grow up one day.' ‘I hope you’re right.’
He'll need somebody to help him.
'How's June?' ‘She’ll be OK.’
I m ust get back to work, otherwise I’ll get the sack.
If he doesn’t stop drinking, he'll be dead in five years.
If we give a shout, she’ll come and help.
If you put lemon in it. he'll drink it.
Knowing his luck, if he plays golf h e’ll get hit on the nose with a ball.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 No good sending her a bill, is it? She’ll just refuse to pay.
One day you'll be old. and then your kids will laugh at you.
She’ll be fourteen on May 12th.
She’ll forget about you.

3 will / will not get 8 Everybody / Not everybody will have ...
4 will / will not be 9 Everybody / Not everybody will have ...
5 will / will not be 1 0 will will not be
6 will / will not disappear 11 will ,■will not eat
7 will / will not be

(Example of possible answer)

Tomorrow will be mainly dry. but there will be some rain in the north. There will be
strong winds from the south-west later in the day. It will be quite w arm in the south,
but Scotland will be cold, and in the north of Scotland the rain will turn to snow during
the afternoon.

132-133 She is going to try to become a professional pianist.

But first, she is going to spend a year learning German.
Max is going to do maths and science for his final exams.
Then he is going to train as a pilot.
Jennifer's eight, and she doesn't know w hat she is going to do.
One day she says she is going to be a dancer.
And the next she says she is going to start her own business.
This summer, Jane is going to stay with her aunt in America.
Max is going to spend the sum m er learning to fly.
Their parents are going to spend two weeks walking in Scotland.
Then they are going to decorate the house.

(Examples o f possible answers)

1 She is going to have a baby. 6 They гиге going to have dinner.
2 He is going to swim / to dive into the 7 He is going to have some wine,
water. 8 T h e cat is going to catch the bird.
3 She is going to knock a cup off the table. 9 The mugger is going to attack
4 He is going to get on the bus. somebody.
5 She is going to open the letter. 1 0 The pianist is going to play.

1 She's playing tennis on Sunday morning.

2 She's having lunch with James at 1 2 .3 0 on Wednesday.
3 She’s Dying to Amsterdam on Thursday.
4 She's meeting Mrs Parsons in the Oxford office.
5 She's going to the meeting with Mrs Parsons by train.
6 She's going to a funeral on Wednesday morning.
7 She's meeting the accountants at 4 p jn . on Monday.
8 She's going to the theatre on Friday evening.
9 She's spending Saturday at the races.
1 0 Matthew is coming to see her on Sunday afternoon.

1 is going to cost 2 will cost 3 is going to have 4 will have 5I'm playing
6 He'll win. 7 She'll tell 8 isn't going to stop 9 will have
1 0 She’s getting married 11 It's going to rain 12 it will snow

1 does 2 arrives 3 will write 4 are going 5 go 6 willstop 7 do 8 are

9 have 1 0 doesn't 11 will come 12 do 1 3 am playing 14 does
15 will post

137 1 1 when: grow up 2 if: rains 3 when: am 4 if: passes 5 if: don't find
6 if: say 7 if: doesn't w ant 8 when: comes

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
A N S W E R S TO EXERCI SI S 319

2 1 get 2 am 3 will find 4 will keep 5 stops 6 bring 7 will take

8 will make 9 will be 1 0 get

1 (Examples o f possible answers)

1 W hat time will you be getting up? 6 Will you be having lunch out?
2 W h at will you be wearing? 7 W hat time will you be coming back?
3 How will you be travelling to work? 8 W here will you be sleeping?
4 How soon will you be leaving? 9 How will you be paying?
5 Will you be taking the car? 1 0 W hen will you be going back home?

2 ... I’ll be teaching you English literature ...

1 I w on't have finished the report by Monday, and it's needed for Monday morning.
In a couple of years the children will have left home and w e’ll be able to get a smaller
house.
On our next wedding anniversary we will have been married for twenty-five years.
W hen I get home tonight I will have been driving for fourteen hours non-stop.
When I retire I will have been working for forty years.

2 ( Examples o f possible answers )

1 After ten days she will have written 1 0 0 pages; after a month she will have written
3 0 0 pages: after a year she will have written 3 .6 5 0 pages: after ten years she will
have written 3 6 .5 0 0 pages.
2 She will have finished her first book in/after a m onth. A year from now she will have
written twelve books.
3 She will have been writing for ten years.
4 She will have made £ 1 2 million.

(Examples o f possible answers)

After arriving at Star City Airport, the president is to inspect a guard of honour.
At 0 9 .0 0 . he is to have a working breakfast with President Jensen.
From 1 1 .0 0 to 1 3 .0 0 . he is to tour Star City and meet the m ayor and civic leaders.
At 1 3 .0 0 he is to have lunch with Foreign Minister Svendsen and guests.
At 1 4 .0 0 he is to visit inner city schools: then he is to open a new eye hospital.
At 1 6 .0 0 he is to meet business leaders: then he is free until 2 0 .0 0 , when he is to attend
a State Dinner as the guest of President and Mrs Jensen.

( Examples o f possible answers)

You're to do your piano practice.
You're not to give chocolate to the cat.
You're to go to bed at nine o’clock.
You’re to learn how to use the washing machine.
You're not to leave dirty socks on the Door.
You're not to leave empty crisp-packets lying around.
You're not to make hour-long phone calls.
Y ou ’re to make your own bed.
You're not to open the door to strangers.
You're to write your Christmas thank-you letters.

Carola and I hardly noticed each other th at first evening. Two weeks later we would be
married.
He was to regret th at conversation for m any years to come.
I was going to ring you yesterday, but I forgot.
She was leaving in two hours, and she still hadn’t started packing.
So this was the school where I would spend the next five years. I didn't like it.
The letter that was to change my life arrived one Friday morning.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
1 was going to say 2 was m arrying 3 was going to be 4 were to lose
5 were to find 6 would return: would stand: would make

D IY sim ple present: permanent: habit: always: usually

present progressive: temporary; just around now: just at this moment: these days but
not for very long

I read: make 2 am making 3 do you speak 4 are doing 5 plays

6 is playing 7 is she playing 8 Does she play 9 plays 1 0 is playing
I I is cooking 12 shop: cooks 13 doesn't work 1 4 isn't working

He collects dust.' 'So how's everything going?'

A wom an is sitting in a railway carriage when she notices th at the m an opposite her is
holding an orange in his hand and looking out of the window. Suddenly the m an opens
the window, throws out the orange and closes the window again. ‘Excuse m e.' the
wom an asks, ‘but why did you do that?' The m an takes another orange out of his bag
and starts opening the window. ‘Because we are going through the mountains.
Oranges keep the elephants aw ay.’ ‘But there are no elephants in these m ountains.'
says the woman. 'You see?' says the m an. 'It works.'

The police station.

(Example o f possible answer)

You fill a saucepan with w ater and put it on the cooker. W hen it boils you put the egg
in. You leave it for four and a half minutes and then you take it out.

(Examples o f possible answers)

Milk is getting m uch more expensive. Newspapers are getting m ore expensive. Haircuts
are getting cheaper.

( Examples o f possible answers)

The world's population is growing. The political situation is getting worse.
I’m getting older. Children are getting taller.
My English is getting much better. Cities are gening dirtier.
Prices are going up. It is becoming m ore difficult to provide
The days are getting shorter. medical care for everybody.
Pollution is getting worse. Teenagers are getting m ore violent.
Roads are getting busier. Unemployment is becoming very serious.
Trains are getting dirtier. Sprinters are getting faster.
Cars are getting faster and more Men are living longer.
comfortable. W om en are living longer too.
Air travel is getting cheaper. Older people are becoming more isolated.
People are destroying the world's forests People’s holidays are getting longer.
Wildlife is disappearing.

'... How's your English getting on?' T h a t funny noise is getting louder.'

DIY 1 By adding-s. 2 You add-s. 3 You change -y to -ies. 4 s, x. ch. sh

5 do. go

boxes; brushes: buys: completes: cries: defends: denies: destroys: excites: expects; fries:
guesses: looks: prays: reaches; receives: rushes: spends: wants: watches.

1 does: teaches 2 happens 3 takes: washes 4 gets: sings 5 hates

6 starts: does 7 loves: hates 8 makes 9 comes: waits

1 belongs
2 believe/realise/suppose
3 Do ... hate/like/love/prefer'rem ember/understand
4 owns

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
A N S W E R S TO E X E R C I S E S 321

5 hates/likes/needs/prefers/wants
6 need/want
7 believe/realise/suppose; like/love/need/rem em ber/understand/want
8 forget/remember
9 beLieves/hates/likes/loves/needs/remembers/understands/wants: believe/hate/etc.
1 0 m atter
11 prefer/want
12 remember
13 contains

2 1 am having 2 has 3 is appearing 4 appears 5 are you looking 6 looks

7 see 8 am seeing 9 think 1 0 are you thinking 11 am feeling / feel 1 2 feel

1 Dad is always teasing me about m y clothes.

He’s always arguing or fighting.
He’s always giving people small presents.
Her best friend is always dropping in to criticise the w ay she lives her life.
I hate those cartoons where Tom is always chasing Jerry.
Jamie is always having colds and chest problems.
My wife’s always buying new products.
She's always criticising her family.
She's always saying she wishes she was prettier.
Someone is always giving a party in one of the houses.
That old bitch is always making up stories about people.

2 D IY Criticism.

1 1 don’t eat 2 is coming 3 goes 4 play 5 's sitting 6 happens 7 drinks

8 She’s wearing 9 are you looking 1 0 'm staying 11 usually stay 12 runs
13 are you doing 1 4 gets 1 5 fly

2 Id: 2c: 3f: 4e: 5j; 6a: 7b: 8g: 9i: lOh

3 1 think 2 know: mean 3 is always complaining 4 always start

5 is melting: take: break 6 am thinking 7 believe: is changing 8 don’t see
9 are you looking 1 0 understand

(Examples of possible answers)

1 The Foreign Minister is dead. 7 All the plates, knives etc are clean.
2 Lucy has got a new baby. 8 She has a new job with the BBC.
3 Your coat is tom . 9 W e still don't know where he is.
4 My leg is broken. 1 0 It's quiet.
5 He can 't find his address book. I ll don’t remember your name.
6 Is tea ready? 12 She speaks French.

2 ‘... His temperature has gone down. ’

He's dead.

152-153 1 РоЦу and Simon have just got married.

2 The firm has lost £ 3 0 million this year.
3 United have won the cup again.
4 My poor old father has gone into hospital again.
5 Somebody has just crashed into our garden gate.
6 Lucy has had a baby girl.
7 A parachutist has just landed on the roof.
8 Some people have bought the house next door.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 Ana Gomez, of Peru, has set a new record for the m arathon. She covered the 4 2 km in
just over 2 hours and 1 6 minutes.
Novelist Maria Santiago has married actor Tony Delaney. They met while working on
the screenplay for the Elm Sun in the Morning.
Peter has just offered me a new job! He said I was just the person he needed.
Police have found missing schoolgirl Karen Allen. She was at a friend’s house in
Birmingham.
The World Cup team have arrived home. Five thousand fans were at the airporL
Three climbers have died in the Alps. They fell just before reaching the summit of Mont
Blanc (4 .8 0 7 m).
Two prisoners have escaped from Caernarv on high security prison. They stole
dustmen’s uniforms and walked out through the main gate.

1 finished time: a long time ago: before I was born: in 1 9 9 1 : just after I got up: last yean
when I was nine
unfinished time: in my life: lately: this year: today
2 1 haven’t seen 2 ’ve never seen 3 vedone 4 left 5 did you get
6 haven’t finished 7 ’ve often wondered 8 caught 9 read 1 0 Have you seen

3 1 were 2 haven’t read 3 Have you visited 4 Lived 5 didn't discover: knew
6 have discovered 7 gave 8 have you been 9 have never enjoyed
1 0 Did you hear

5 ‘Oh yes! I’ve m e t...' 'W hen did you last feed ... ?'

1 1 Yes. 2 No. 3 No. 4 Yes. 5 Yes. 6 No.

2 2 ...S h e has had bad luck all her life.

3 I wanted to be a doctor until I was fifteen.
4 He has been unemployed ever since he left school.
5 How long have you lived in this town?
6 I didn't work very hard when I was at university.
7 ...b u t he has been fine since then.
8 I have had trouble sleeping all this week.
9 I had trouble sleeping all last week.
1 0 I have learnt a lot in this job.
11 I did not learn m uch in that job.
12 My boyfriend and I have known each other for ages.
1 3 He lived in Durban for a year before he got married.
1 4 I spent three days in hospital last month.

3 1 have played 2 has had 3 ran 4 have you drunk 5 cam e 6 wrote
7 has written 8 cooked: have cooked 9 have made 1 0 have just lost

5 I've sp en t...

1 1 has been raining 2 have been learning 3 has been playing

4 have ... been living 5 has been walking 6 have been working
7 has been crying 8 has been playing 9 H a v e ... been waiting (cart/юп B)
1 0 've been waiting (cartoon A)

2 A ren't you hungry?' ‘No. I've been eating all day.’

’Is it true th at Philip's been arrested?' ‘Yes. he’s been stealing things from shops.’
‘Janet seems very cheerful.’ ‘She's been skiing with Roger for the last week."
‘She’s very dirty.’ ’She's been cleaning the cellar.'
‘W hy are my books all over the floor?’ ‘Helen's been looking at them .'
‘W hy’s your hair wet?’ ’I've been swimming.'
‘You all look very miserable.' ‘Yes. we've been telling each other our life stories.'

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
ANSW ERS TO EX ER C ISES 323

‘You look tired.’ ‘I've been gardening all afternoon.'

‘You’re very late.' ‘I’ve been talking to Henry, and he just goes on and on.’
‘Your hair's all white.’ ‘Yes. I’ve been painting the ceiling.’

(Examples of possible answers)

1 It’s been raining. 4 They’ve been running.
2 She’s been playing tennis. 5 She's been writing letters.
3 He’s been playing the guitar. 6 He’s/They’ve been fighting.

1 has been standing 2 has stood 3 has been gardening; has planted
4 has gone 5 has been seeing 6 have you been waiting 7 have waited
8 has farmed 9 has only been farming 1 0 have been learning 11 have learnt
12 has done 1 3 have been doing 1 4 have cleaned 15 have been washing

D IY sin ce + sta rtin g point; f o r + period. (W e use since if we say when something
started: we use for if we say how long it has lasted.)

3 1 for 2 since 3 for 4 for 5 since 6 for 7 for

4 1 Jake has been running / has run a small business for five years.
2 Andy has been living / has lived in Dublin for a year / since last year.
3 Helen has been playing / has played the piano for two years.
4 Rob has had a Mercedes for five years.
5 Jan has been living / has lived with Pete since 1 9 9 4 .
6 Sammy has been learning Turkish for four years.

1 has been (snowing): got up 4 has been: got

2 have been: lost 5 went: haven't heard
3 took up: has had 6 has been: had

(Examples of possible answers)

He looks m uch younger since he shaved off his beard.
It's nearly three years since he had a job.
It’s only a week since I met her. but it seems like years.
It’s too long since we last had a proper talk.
She’s a lot happier since she stopped going out with Pete.
Things are better since we got our own flat.

DIY Rule 3 is true.

1 cam e 2 didn’t like 3 ’ve been lying 4 ’ve never been 5 ’s been raining
6 didn’t come 7 (’ve)paid 8 got 9 have left 1 0 ’s/h as moved 11 died
12 ’sbeen 13 was 14 ’sgon e 1 5 ’vebeen 1 6 for 17 ’s always been
1 8 ’sleft 1 9 w asn’t 2 0 h aven't trusted 21 broke 2 2 said 2 3 was
2 4 hasn’t been 2 5 have taken

164-165 1 was having: went 2 was lying 3 were all talking

4 was coming; was shopping 5 met: was travelling 6 was talking: walked: stole
7 cam e: stopped 8 looked: saw: were dying 9 woke: was pouring
10 broke: was playing 11 went: was: was crying 1 2 told; was having

(Examples of possible answers)

While she was watching TV the ceiling fell in.
While he was talking to a friend somebody stole his wallet.
He took her photo while she was playing tennis.

3 1 were throwing 2 were dancing 3 w as/w ere not dancing 4 was grinning
5 was holding 6 cam e 7 ordered 8 asked

166-167 1 DIY Rule 3 gives the best explanation.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
324 A N S W E R S TO E X E R C I S E S

2 1 was sorry: had not been 6 had invited: had not invited
2 cam e: had forgotten 7 found: had hidden
3 had seen: knew 8 had never heard
4 had not checked: broke 9 cam e: had been
5 had lent 1 0 had already started: arrived
3 1 went 2 had not been 3 arrived 4 spent 5 had had 6 saw
7 had shared 8 had lost 9 had not seen 1 0 called 11 looked 12 turned
13 realised 1 4 had 15 saw 1 6 went 17 explained 18 had got
19 was not 2 0 felt 21 had not passed 2 2 had said 2 3 had arrived
2 4 had 2 5 thought 2 6 had 2 7 got 2 8 began 2 9 had happened

4 After he had tried on six pairs of shoes he decided he liked the first ones best.
After Mary had done all the shopping she took a short walk round the park.
W hen I had washed and dried the last plate Paul cam e in and offered to help.
W hen Mark had looked through all the drawers in his room he started going through
the cupboards downstairs.
W hen he had finished eating lunch he went to the cafe in the square for a cup of coffee.
5 W hen/After I had written to my boyfriend. I watched television ...
W hen/After everybody had had a chance to say w hat they thought, we ...
W hen/After I had posted the letter I felt...
After she had stopped trying to lose weight she looked ...
W hen/After he had bought presents for everyone in his family he b ou gh t...
2 DIY Simple past perfect: diagram B: past perfect progressive: diagram C.
3 1 had been repairing 2 had been working 3 had been lying 4 had been driving
4 2 Kate, because she had been (doing some) gardening.
3 Stephanie, because she had been playing tennis.
4 John, because he had been practising (his) karate.
5 Pam . because she had been (horse-)riding.
6 Philip, because he had been painting (the ceiling in his room).
7 Roger, because he had been swimming.
5 Mr Lucas said he had been watching TV. but actually he had been stealing cars.
Mrs Allen said she had been talking on the phone, but actually she had been making a
bomb.
Mr Nash said he had been washing clothes, but actually he had been forging £ 5 notes.
Alice said she had been playing cards, but actually she had been selling drugs.
Pete said he had been studying chemistry, but actually he had been fighting.
Aunt Jane said she had been writing letters, but actually she had been planning a bank
robbery.
Miss Fry said she had been washing her hair, but actually she had been out dancing
with her sister's boyfriend.
Rob said he had been painting his fiat, but actually he had been playing roulette.
1 1 ... I've seen this film 7 ... all the family has been together ...
2 ... you've sung that song ... 8 ... I've eaten this year
3 ... I’ve felt happy 9 ... the first thing you've said to me ...
4 ... you’ve made ... 1 0 ... the first clothes I've bought
5 ... I've ever seen her cry m yself...
6 ... you've drunk ...
2 Itwas the first time he had worn uniform.
It w as the first time he had had to make his own bed.
It was the first time he had cleaned his own boots.
It was the first time he had fired a gun.
It was the first time he had walked more than a mile.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
A N S W E R S TO E X E R C I S E S 328

1 1 How m any days did you intend to stay?

2 I was hoping you could lend me £ 1 0 .
3 I was wondering if you had two single rooms.
4 W ere you looking for anything special?
5 Could you give me a hand?
6 I’m looking forward to seeing you again.
7 I was thinking I would borrow your bike ...
8 W e could ask Peter to help us.
9 I was wondering if I could ask you a small favour.
1 0 1 thought it would be a good idea to invite Simon.

172-175 1 1 has crashed; hit; had put 2 turned: went: had forgotten
3 have been doing: have cleaned 4 was lying: rang
5 started: had not been/gone 6 have been playing 7 got; was watching
8 haven’t seen 9 have you been learning 1 0 has changed: cam e
11 have you seen;'ve seen 12 have never seen 1 3 got
1 4 have often wondered; got 1 5 Have you read 1 6 have just discovered
1 7 Did you hear 18 has been 1 9 was talking: started: broke 2 0 had done
21 has been standing 2 2 has stood 2 3 have spent / have been spending; got
2 4 was: studied 2 5 had finished: sat 2 6 met: had been working
2 7 have never learnt 2 8 Have you finished 2 9 lived: was 3 0 hash ad

2 1 got 2 got 3 was 4 were 5 got 6 had already started 7 fell

8 were sitting 9 hit 1 0 turned 11 was sitting 12 waited/was waiting
13 was carrying 1 4 asked 15 told 16 disappeared 1 7 opened 18 saw
1 9 had approached 2 0 saw 2 1 took 2 2 shot 2 3 has seen
2 4 (have) fought 2 5 has/had been 2 6 were 2 7 began 2 8 was

3 A Look, Mary, I must go: I started leaving my husband an hour ago.

В How long have you had this fear of heights. Mr Winthrop?
С You booked us a holiday abroad during the summer. Could you tell us, please,
where we w ent5
D I’ve found another bit of metal. Maureen.
E Good Lord, Fenton, I had no idea you had died.
F First time you've done this job, is it?
G Perhaps I could help you choose, sir - w hat, exactly, have you done?
H He has nothing to do. All his batteries have run down.

176-177 1 were left: simple past were stranded: simple past

had been ... locked in: past perfect were given: simple past

2 1 is spoken 2 was built 3 will be opened 4 is being interviewed

5 was being followed 6 Have you been invited 7 had been stolen 8 are made
9 are asked 1 0 is being mended 11 was burnt down 12 has just been found

3 1 Hamlet w as written by Shakespeare. 1 0 M anchester were beaten 3 - 0 by

2 She has been arrested for shoplifting. Liverpool yesterday.
3 Your car is being repaired now. 11 Paper was invented by the Chinese.
4 Spanish is spoken in Chile. 12 Hops are needed to make beer.
5 Has Peter been asked? 13 Stamps aren’t sold in bookshops.
6 This ring was made by my mother. 1 4 Your application is still being
7 This car is driven by electricity. considered by the directors.
8 You will be told where to go.
9 She was knocked down by a drunken
motorist.

4 . you’re being replaced ..

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
326 ANSWERS TO EXE RCI S E S

178-179 1 D IY It would be difficult to rewrite the text sensibly with active verbs.
The best rules are 2 and 3.

2 lb 2b 3a 4a 5b

3 l a : 2b: 3a: 4b; 5a: 6b: 7a: 8a: 9b

4 D IY 2 W e were shocked that nobody was prepared to take him to hospital.

3 I was annoyed that Mary wanted to teLI everybody what to do.
4 I w an't pleased that George rang me up at three in the morning to tell me he was in
love again.
5 I was confused by the fact that he looked completely different from the last time I had
met him.

A passive can make it easier to move a very heavy subject to the end of a sentence.

2 W e were brought papers to sign. 7 W e are taught French by Mrs Lee.

3 Henry was given a clock ... 8 1 have been lent a c a r for a week.
4 The children were read stories. 9 We were promised a full explanation.
5 1 am owed £ 5 .0 0 0 . 1 0 I was told a lot of lies by the secretary.
6 I have been offered a new job.

1 had been told 2 had been given 3 was shown 4 was given 5 was given
6 had never been taught 7 was sent 8 was offered 9 was promised
1 0 w asn't being paid

(Examples of possible answers)

Bills are being prepared/paid. Money is being changed/paid/taken.
Coffee is being made/ordered/prepared/ New guests are being welcomed.
served. Reservations are being made/taken.
Drinks are being ordered/served. Rooms are being cleaned/prepared.
Food is being ordered/prepared/served. Tables are being laid.
Luggage is being brought down.

( Examples o f possible answers)

The houseboats have been turned into floating restaurants.
A new car park has been built.
New schools have been built.
The opera house has been rebuilt.
The old fire station has been turned into a theatre.
A ring road has been built.
The station has been modernised.
Some streets have been widened.
The town centre has been turned into a pedestrian precinct.
A statue of you has been put up in the park.
The Super Cinema has been turned into a supermarket.
Your house has been turned into a museum.

1 It is thought that the governm ent will fail.

2 Mr Evans was appointed secretary.
3 She w as called a witch by the villagers.
4 ft was believed that fresh air was bad for sick people.
5 There are said to be wolves in the mountains.
6 The m an holding the hostages is thought to be heavily armed.
7 He is said to be in an agitated state.
8 She was considered strange (by everybody).
9 The rate of inflation is expected to rise.
1 0 He is said to be somewhere in Germany.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
ANSWERS TO EXERCI SES 327

11 Harris was seen to leave the plane in Ontario.

12 She is thought to have died in a plane crash.
13 The earth was believed to be the centre of the universe.
14 There is thought to be oil under Windsor Castle.
15 I was made to give them details of my bank accounts.

1 Could you send the bill to me? 6 Read me the letter, will you?
2 I've bought you a present. 7 She teaches French to adults.
3 Leave some potatoes for me. 8 I took Mrs Samuels the report.
4 I lent £ 5 to Bill yesterday. 9 Would you get a beer for me?
5 Show your picture to Granny. 1 0 We owe the bank £ 2 0 ,0 0 0 .

184-185 blow up - explode break up - disintegrate get up - rise give up - abandon

go a w a y -le a v e go in to -e n te r look fo r-s e e k put off-p ostpone send b ack -
return talk about - discuss think over - consider turn up - arrive

DIY Rules 1. 4 and 6 are correct.

1 W e talked about it. 2 I put it off. 3 Could you look after them?
4 W e broke it off. 5 Can you clean it up? 6 She put it on.7 I'm looking for it.
8 I wrote it down. 9 I sent it back. 1 0 1 stood on it.

1 aw ay 2 on paper 3 not working 4 quieter 5 into pieces

6 to various people 7 further 8 higher 9 working 1 0 louder

186-187 DIY get + direct object: receive, obtain, fetch, buy ...
get + adjective: become
get + adverb particle/preposition: move, change position
get across - cross get better - improve get bigger - increase, grow
get off - alight from, leave (public transport) get on - board (public transport)
get out o f - leave get over - recover from get smaller - decrease, shrink
get to - reach get up - rise (from bed)

1 getting better 2 got into 3 Get on: get off 4 Get out 5 get wet 6 get cold
7 get old 8 get really hungry 9 getting tired/sleepy 1 0 gets dark

'Shall we go swimming?' ‘OK. I’ll just go and get changed.’

‘W hat time do the animals get fed?’ ‘Eight o'clock.’
Every time he goes walking in the country he gets lost.
His glasses got broken in the fight.
I was talking to her on the phone but we got cu t off.
I’m going to get undressed and go to bed.
If you leave your bag there, it’ll get stolen.
That child takes an hour to get dressed in the morning.
They're going to get married next April.

1 1 to be working 2 be repaired 3 to go 4 to have seen 5 be having

6 to listen 7 to be chosen 8 not to be 9 have told 1 0 to be interrupted

2 (Examples of possible answers)

2 She seems to be drinking. 6 She seems to be talking on the phone.
3 She must be driving. 7 She could be brushing her hair.
4 She m ay be playing tennis. 8 She may be reading.
5 She could be washing.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
1 I'm glad to have met you. 5 I'm happy to have had a chan ce ...
2 I was sorry to have disturbed him. 6 I was disappointed to have missed .
3 I expect to have passed ... 7 She seems to have got lost.
4 You seem to have made ... 8 She was pleased to have found ...

2 I would like to have seen his face 5 It was to have been the happiest...
w h e n ... 6 She meant to have said goodbye ...
3 He m eant to have finished all his 7 I would like to have Lived ...
w o rk ... 8 He was to have played ...
4 W e were to have spent a week skiing.

2 You should eat enough. 10 You needn't apologise.

3 I might go sailing ... 11 They have decided to open ...
4 She expects to get m arried ... 12 1 promise to pay you ...
5 I agreed to help her. 13 I didn't m anage to find ...
6 W e must make ... 14 I would rather go ...
7 He seems to be ill. 15 She refused to see ...
8 I wish I could change ... 16 I’ve learnt to play chess.
9 I hope to co m e...

(Examples of possible answers)

'Ann really upset Granny.' ‘I'm sure she didn't mean to.'
‘Are you enjoying your new job?' ‘Well. I'm starting to.'
‘Can I see you home?' ‘If you'd like to.’
‘Can you mend this by Tuesday?' 'I'Ll try to. but I can 't promise.'
‘Did you get my coat from the cleaner's?' ‘Sorry. I forgot to.'
‘Do you collect stamps?' ‘No. but I used to.'
‘Do you think he knows w hat he's doing?' 'He seems to.'
‘Do you want to come out with us tonight?' ‘I’d like to. but I'm working late.’
‘Does she think she'll win?’ ‘Yes. she expects to.'
‘How would you and Sue like to spend the weekend with us?’ 'W e’d love to.'
'I think you ought to see the police about the people next door.’ ‘I intend to. They can't
go on keeping the whole street awake every night.'
‘Shall we go swimming?' ‘I don't really w ant to - it's too cold.'
‘Should we book seats in advance?' 'W e don't need to - there's always plenty of room .'
We'd like to move to a bigger house but we ca n ’t afford to.

( Examples of possible answers)

2 You go to a bookshop to buy books. 3 ... to see a film. 4 ...to see a play.
5 ...to swim. 6 ... to exercise. 7 ... to learn to drive. 8 ... to catch a train.
9 ... to catch a plane. 1 0 ... to book a holiday. 11 ... to pray.
1 2 ... to watch a football m atch. 13 ... to get money. 14 ... to buy stamps.
15 ... to have a meal. 1 6 ... to buy food. 1 7 ... to get petrol.
1 8 ... to buy a newspaper.

1 surprised 2 surprising 3 tiring 4 tired 5 disappointing 6 disappointed

7 excited 8 exciting 9 shocked 1 0 shocking 11 confusing 12 confused
13 annoyed 1 4 annoying

The visitors are boring (and the host is bored).

A botanist is interested in plants. A historian is interested in the past.

A cook is interested in food. A linguist is interested in languages.
A doctor is interested in medicine. A mathem atician is interested in
An explorer is interested in travel. numbers.
A fashion designer is interested in clothes. A zoologist is interested in animals.
A geographer is interested in places.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
ANSW ERS TO EX ER C ISES 329

194-195 1 1 Drinking 2 paying 3 hearing 4 lying 5 skiing: climbing 6 Learning

7 saying 8 Forgetting
9 W atching 1 0 Answering: typing

1 Do you mind me asking ... ? 5 ... by Peter needing to see ...

2 I don't appreciate you shouting... 6 I was astonished at you expecting .
3 I couldn't understand P at w an tin g... 7 ... by Arm having to go ...
4 W h at's the use of them asking ... ? 8 She c a n ’t stand me telling h e r...

(Examples of possible answers)

Do you feel like helping me?
Do you have time to do anything else besides looking after the children?
He insisted on paying for everything.
He passed his exam s in spite of not doing any work.
How about going out to a restaurant tonight?
I apologise for disturbing you.
I like walking as well as playing football.
I sometimes dream of having time to read all my books.
I'm fed up of/with selling things.
I'm not capable of understanding this - it's too difficult.
I’m tired of answering that child’s questions.
She succeeded in convincing the police that she was not a burglar.
She talked about/of changing her job. but I don’t think she will.
She’s keen on cooking.
She’s very good at swimming and dancing.
Thank you for telling me the truth.
W e’re excited about moving to Canada.
W e're thinking of seeing George next week.
W hy don't you come out with us instead of staying at home?
You ca n ’t live without eating.

2 By playing loud music. 6 By taking an aspirin.

3 By robbing a bank. 7 By using an extinguisher.
4 By oiling it. 8 By switching on the ignition.
5 By looking in a dictionary.

2 (Examples of possible answers)

A paperclip is for holding papers together. Money is for buying things.
Soap is for washing. A knife is for cutting things.
A saucepan is for cooking. A bag is for carrying things.
A pen is for writing. A hairbrush is for brushing hair.

1 D IY 1A 2C 3B

A ren’t you used to walking this far?

Starting at half four's no problem - I’m used to getting up early.
I look forward to receiving your comments.
I look forward to seeing you again in six months' time.
I object to paying for it. It should be free.
I’ll never get used to sleeping on the floor.
I'm not looking forward to going back to school.
I'm not sure where to turn. I’m not used to coming this way.
If you're used to having money, it’s hard to be without it.
Sean’s used to dealing with difficult kids.

D IY verb + in fin itiv e : agree: dare: decide: expect: fail: happen: hope: m anage: mean:
offer: prepare; pretend: promise: refuse; seem: wish
verb + -in g form : avoid: ca n ’t help; deny; (can 't) face: fancy: feel like; finish: give up;
imagine: keep (on); mind: miss: postpone: practise: put off: risk: spend time:
(can ’t) stand: suggest

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 1 liking 2 to stay 3 to hear 4 going 5 cooking 6 studying 7 smoking
8 being 9 to find 1 0 passing 11 seeing 12 to be 1 3 seeing 1 4 talking
1 5 to see 1 6 w atching

1 You can go fishing 2 ...g o riding 3 ...g o sailing 4 ... go shopping

5 ...g o skating 6 ... go swimming 7 ...g o skiing

1 1 The shoes need cleaning. 5 The chicken needs cooking.

2 The window needs mending. 6 The c a r needs servicing.
3 The racket needs re-stringing. 7 The wall needs painting.
4 The bed needs making. 8 The m an ’s hair needs cutting.

202-203 1 (Examples o f possible answers) Her son wants her to buy him some new
Her boss wants her to work harder. clothes.
Her daughter wants her to buy her a car. The butcher wants her to pay his bill.
Her husband wants her to cook supper. The dog wants her to take him for a walk.
Her m other wants her to leave her The governm ent w ants her to pay taxes.
husband. The vicar wants her to go to church.

2 1 They didn’t allow us to look at the 6 Did you m ean me to pay?

house. 7 The captain ordered the men to attack.
2 I asked Jake to be m ore careful. 8 I reminded Sue to buy coffee.
3 She encouraged me to try the exam . 9 She taught me to cook.
4 I expect him to come soon. 1 0 1 don’t w ant her to tell anybody.
5 I left him to solve the problem.

4 ‘I’m not asking you to serve m e ...’

5 1 Her parents let her stay up late.

2 Her parents made her do the washing up.
3 Her parents let her read w hat she liked.
4 Her parents made her iron her own clothes.
5 Her parents made her do her homework.
6 Her parents let her drink beer.
7 Her parents made her clean up her room.
8 Her parents made her go to church.
9 Her parents let h er have parties.
1 0 Her parents let h er choose her own school.

204-205 1 D IY Things people did: remember ...ing. Things people h ave/had to do: remember +
infinitive.

2 DkY Change: goon + infinitive. Continuation: goon ...ing.

3 D IY Infinitive after object; -ing form if there is no object.

4 D IY Activity stops: -mg form. Reason for stopping: infinitive.

5 D IY Only infinitive after would like, would prefer etc.

6 D IY Both structures for things th at are difficult; try ...ing for experiments.

7 D IY Action going on: object + -ing form. Completed action: object + infinitive
without to.

8 1 meeting 2 to post 3 not visiting 4 to talk 5 learning 6 to make

7 visiting 8 watching / to w atch 9 to spend 1 0 to come 11 reading
12 to repair / repairing 13 waiting 1 4 break 1 5 crawling 1 6 to get
17 working 18 to tell

2< DIY The five which cann ot are fine, intelligent, lazy, unusual, well.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES 331

2 (Examples of possible answers)

I’m bad at getting up early.
I’m bored with seeing the same faces every day.
I'm capable of going for a long time without sleep.
I’m excited about seeing my family next weekend.
I’m fed up with (or of) studying.
I'm fond of dancing.
I'm good at repairing cars.
I’m guilty of breaking the speed limit.
I’m tired of listening to the children.

1 D IY Fo llo w e d by in fin itiv e : decision, need. plan. time, wish

Fo llo w e d by p re p o sitio n + ...ing: difficulty, hope. idea, thought

2 1 to go 2 in reading 3 of arriving 4 of leaving 5 to tell 6 to spend

7 of losing 8 to go 9 to meet

3 Has he got any hope of passing the exam?

He made a decision to start a new life.
Does your fear of flying stop you travelling?
Lucy has difficulty in keeping her temper.
She hated the thought of dying without seeing the world.
She was a fool to buy that car.
There’s no need to get angry.
They have a plan to start a business.
Time to get up!

1 1 There’s no need for the meeting to start before eight.

2 It’s time for the postman to come.
3 It’s unusual for him to be late.
4 I’m anxious for the children to go to a good school.
5 It’s a bad idea for John to go to Australia.
6 It would be a mistake for Sue to change her job just now.
7 Is it possible for Paul to come to the meeting?
8 It’s important for the c a r to have regular services.
9 It’s normal for him to stay up late on Saturdays.
1 0 I’d be happy for you to take a holiday.

2 1 It’s important for there to be public libraries.

2 It’s vital for there to be a good public transport system.
3 It's important for there to be plenty of open spaces.
4 It’s essential for there to be enough car parks.

3 (Examples of possible answers)

English is easy to understand. Boiled eggs are good to eat.
Chinese is hard to learn. Lobster is hard to eat.
Small children are interesting to w atch. Some modern music is boring to listen to.
Silver is hard to clean.

210-211 1 W as the train very crowded, dear?

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 A N S W E R S TO E X E R C I S E S

(Examples o f possible answers)

1 W here is the small village? 9 W hat does Joe design-
2 W here do the three families live? 10 W hat does Pam do? / W hat is Pam's
3 How many children have Alice and job?
George got? 11 How many of the children go to
4 W ho has got a baby daughter? school in the village?
5 W hat does George do? 12 How do the other children go to
6 W hat do Joe and Si5e do? school?
7 W hat does Alice take care of? 13 W here is the secondary school?
8 W here does ]oe work? 14 How far aw ay is it?

(Examples of possible answers)

1 W ho does the cooking? 5 W h at is their biggest worry?
2 W ho does the housework? 6 W h at needs replacing?
3 W ho does the repairs? 7 W hat needs repairing?
4 W ho takes care of the garden?

] ‘W h at’s your flat like?' 4 How's business?"

2 'How's your mother?' 5 ‘W hat's Anne's boyfriend like?'
3 'How's work going?' 6 'How's school?'

(Examples o f possible answers)

1 W hat size 2 W hat colour 3 W hat sort of 4 W hat make 5 W hat time
6 W hat time 7 W hat sort of 8 W hat size 9 W hat make of 1 0 W here ever
11 W h oever 12 W h atever

2 Austrians don't speak Japanese. 7 The sun doesn't go round the earth.
3 Roses aren't green. 8 Telescopes don't make things smaller.
4 Cats ca n 't Dy. 9 There aren't seventeen players in a
5 Shakespeare w asn't French. rugby team.
6 Fridges don't run on petrol. 1 0 Bananas don't grow in Scotland.

1 Aren't you cold? 4 Aren't the shops closed?

2 W hy aren't you eating? 5 Hasn't the postman come?
3 Don’t you speak French? 6 Isn’t your m other at home?

2 Don’t you speak German? 7 W asn't Tony going to come ... ?

3 Isn't that Pamela ... ? 8 W'on't you be in Edinburgh next week?
4 Didn't you study ... ? 9 A ren't you making a mistake?
5 Isn't this your coat? 1 0 W ouldn't it be better to stop now?
6 Isn't your father a doctor?

2 Didn't she pass the exam? 7 Didn't you get the letter I sent?
3 H aven't you paid for your ticket? 8 Didn't you enjoy the film?
4 Didn't you lock the door? 9 A ren't you and John going to get
5 Can't you understand English?... married?
6 Don't you like my cooking? 1 0 Don't you w ant any more potatoes?

2 No. I don't. 3 No. I can't. 4 Yes. it is. 5 Yes. I have. 6 Yes. she was.
7 No. I’m not. 8 No. I didn't.

1 not 2 not 3 no 4 not5 no 6 not 7 not 8 Not 9 no 1 0 not no

1 I don't think you're right- 5 I don’t think they know what they're
2 I don't believe you’ve met my sister. doing.
3 I don't suppose you know where 6 I don't think I made myself clear.
Ruth is. 7 I don't suppose you remembered to
4 I don't imagine we'll arrive before bring my book back,
midnight. 8 I don’t believe I’ve got enough money.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
ANSWERS TO E XE RCI SE S 333

1 He doesn’t seem to be well. 4 It doesn’t seem to be raining.

2 I don’t expect to be home late. 5 I don’t expect to pass the exam .
3 I never w ant to climb another 6 He never wants to get married.
mountain.

218-219 1 1 Don’t use 2 Add 3 Mix 4 oil 5 put in 6 Shape 7 bake

3 1 Always add s a lt ... 6 Always count your change .

2 Always check the ty re s ... 7 Never/Always put olT...
3 Never cook chicken ... 8 Never/Always say ...
4 Never wait m ore ... 9 Always/Never pay ...
5 Always u n p lu g... 1 0 Never apologise...

4 (Examples of possible answers)

1 Don’t be (so) greedy. 6 Don’t be (so) stupid.
2 Do be careful. 7 Do be on time.
3 Don’t be angry. 8 Don’t be (so) rude.
4 Do be back by midnight. 9 Don’t be (so) jealous.
5 Don't be frightened.

1 (Examples o f possible answers)

3 Let's play tennis. 4 Let’s go for a walk. 5 Let’s not play cards.
6 Let’s play chess. 7 Let’s go to Paris. 8 Let’s go and see a film.
9 Let’s n ot go dancing. 1 0 Let’s go skiing. 11 Let’s do the washing up.
12 Let’s go to a restaurant.

1 D IY The subject and verb come at the end of the exclamation.

2 How interesting! 7 How well he cooks!

3 W hat a nuisance! 8 How wrong we were!
4 W hat big eyes you’ve got. 9 W hat a lot of nonsense he talks!
grandmother! 1 0 W hat funny clothes she wears!
5 How disgusting! 11 How badly she plays!
6 How noisy those children are! 1 2 W hat a fool I was!

2 Isn’t that interesting! 8 W eren't we wrong!

3 Isn’t that a nuisancel 9 Doesn’t he talk a lot of nonsense!
4 Haven’t you got big eyes, grandmother! 1 0 Doesn't she w ear funny clothes!
5 Isn't that disgusting! 11 Doesn't she play badly!
6 A ren't those children noisy! 12 W asn’t I a fool!
7 Doesn't he cook well!

222-223 1 There is 2 There were 3 there was 4 there will be b There's

6 Are there 7 There have been 8 There are not 9 There's been 1 0 there isn’t

2 1 There’s 2 It’s 3 It's 4 There’s 5 It's 6 There's 7 There's It’s

9 There’s 1 0 It's

According to the forecast, there's likely to be m ore snow tonight.

I c a n ’t see how to open the door. There must be a keyhole somewhere.
I'm looking forward to the party. There are sure to be some nice people there.
OK. children, now I don't w ant there to be any noise while I'm on the phone.
That must be Jeff. There can 't be two people who look like that.
There are too m any people looking for too few jobs in this country.
There aren ’t any tickets now, but there may be some tomorrow.
There’s no need to hurry. W e’ve got plenty of time.
There's no point in going out if you've got a headache - you w on't enjoy it.
There’s something the m atter with the c a r - it w on’t start.
‘W hat did the doctor say?' ‘He says there’s nothing wrong with me.'
‘W hy have we stopped?’ ’There seems to be something lying in the road.'
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
224 ] 1 My wife's on holiday. 2 I cou ld n 't... 3 Have you seen Joe? 4 Be careful.
5 There's nobody ... 6 I don’t think so. 7 The train's late again.
8 Do you know ... ? 9 Have you g o t ... ? 1 0 I've lo st...

Changed my job. 2 Doesn't know ... 3 Cost you £ 1 0 . 4 Careful o f...

No time ... 6 Bus is coming. 7 Speak English? 8 Haven't been there.
Thinks he's clever. 1 0 Got a light?

... but I can tomorrow. 6 ... Yes. it is.

... and Sue has too. 7 ... but I can.
... Yes. I would (have). 8 ... and Celia doesn't either.
... It certainly does. 9 ... but I do.
... I have.

(Examples of possible answers)

1 think the whole thing is too absurd / 5 come round
think so 6 ready to take offence
thought that; so 7 ready to take offence
think that/so 8 w ant to quarrel
come round 9 want to say another thing about it

1 aren 't I 2 aren't we 3 are they 4 a m i 5 were they 6 is she 7 isn't it

8 isn't he 9 can 't he 10 mustn't it 11 w on’t it 12 don't they 13 will they
14 isn't there 15 hasn't she 16 does she 1 7 haven't they 18 wasn't I

1 they 2 are you 3 is there 4 does it э they 6 did she / haven't they
8 is there 9 did you

Do have some m ore lea, won't you? Pass me the newspaper, could/will/
Don't drive too fast, will you? would you?
Let’s start again, shall we? You couldn't tell me the time, could you?

(Examples o f possible answers )

1 Yes. I am . ' No, I'm not. 6 Yes. I have. / No. I haven't.
2 Yes. I do. / No. I don't. 7 No. I can'f Yes. I can.
3 It certainly is. 8 He certainly does.
4 1 won't. 9 Yes. she did.
5 1 will. 10 I will.

(Example of possible a/iswer)

'It was a lovely wedding."
'W as it?'
‘Yes. Though I didn't think much of Maggie's dress.'
"Didn't you?'
"No. that colour doesn't suit her at all.'
'Doesn't it?'
'No. it doesn't. Anyway. I don't really go for chu rch weddings.'
‘Don't you?'
'No. And the service wem on for ages.'
‘Did it really?'
‘Yes. And I was sitting right at the back, so I couldn't hear the vicar.'
'Couldn't you?'
"No. The music was nice, though.'
"Was it?'
‘Yes. They played that hymn about sheep. Lovely. I must say I didn’t enjoy the
reception m uch.'
"Didn't you?’
'No. The food w asn’t very good.'

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
ANSWERS TO EXE RCI SE S 335

'Oh. dear. W asn’t it?’

'No. And the bride’s father made such a stupid speech.’
‘Did he. dear?'
'Yes. And I got one of my headaches.’
‘Did you? I am sorry.’
'Yes. Champagne always gives me a headache.'
‘Does it?'
'Yes. it really does. And 1 was sitting next to that Mrs Foster from down the road. I c a n ’t
stand that w om an.’
’Can’t you?’
‘No. she's always criticising.’
‘Is she really?'
'Yes. Anyway. I must go.'
‘Oh. m ust you?’
'Yes. Nice to talk to you. It really was a lovely wedding.'

1 (These are the sentences that the people said, but other answers are possible.)
1 I think so 2 I’m afraid so 3 I suppose so 4 I think so 5 1 hope so
6 I think so 7 I think so 8 I’m afraid so 9 I hope so 1 0 I suppose so

2 1 I’m afraid not 2 I don’t think so 3 I hope not 4 I suppose not

5 I’m afraid not 6 I hope not 7 I suppose not 8 I don’t think so

230-231 1 I so is 2 Neither/Nor have 3 neither/nor can 4 So do 5 So did

6 neither/nor do 7 so was 8 neither/nor will 9 So do 1 0 Neither/Nor was

3 (Examples of possible answers)

The cat is black, and so is the handbag. The parrot isn’t green, and neither is the
The car doesn't cost much, and nor does butterfly.
the motorbike. The shoes are white, and so is the fish.
The car is green, and so is the frog.

232-233 1 2 It annoys me to hear her talk like that. 6 It makes me tired to w atch him.
3 It takes four hours to g e t... 7 It upsets me to hear her complaining.
4 It's silly to get upset... 8 It’s hard to say no to people.
5 It's nice to get up in the morning, but
it’s nicer to stay in bed.

2 2 It’s a good thing that she’s got some money saved.

3 It doesn't bother me th at he’s got long hair.
4 It worried her that John never talked to her.
5 It is essential that she should be told immediately.
6 It was strange th at he didn’t remember my name.
7 It's a pity that he can 't come.
8 It is important that the children should get to bed early.
9 It is not true that wolves attack people.
10 It shocked me that she stole money.

3 ( Examples o f possible answers)

It doesn't interest me w hat you think.
It looks as if w e’re going to have trouble with Ann again.
It seems that he forgot to buy the tickets.
It will be a pity if we have to ask her to leave.
It’s exciting when a baby starts talking.
It’s important that everybody should have a chan ce to speak.
It’s probable that we’ll be a little late.
It’s surprising how m any unhappy m arriages there are.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
ззв A N S W E R S ТО E X E R C I S E S

5 Не made it difficult to like him. He made it clear w hat he wanted.

His bad leg made it a problem to walk. I find it interesting to hear her stories.
1 thought it strange that she hadn’t
written.

1 1 It was the baby th at/w ho put m arm alade ...

It was marmalade that the baby p u t...
It was Dad’s trousers that the baby put marmalade on ...
It was this morning that the baby p u t ...
2 It was Maria that/w ho g a v e ...
It was her old bicycle that Maria gave ...
It was Pat that Maria gave her old bicycle to ...
It was last week that Maria gave ..
3 It was Carl that/w ho broke...
It was the kitchen window that Carl broke ...
It was a ladder that Carl broke the kitchen window with today.
It was today t h a t ...
4 It was Mark that/w ho met Cathy ...
It was Cathy that Mark m e t...
It was in Germany that Mark m e t..
It was in 1 9 9 2 that Mark m e t...

2 2 It's not you I love, it's Peter.

3 It’s not Carol th at’s/w h o’s the boss, it's Sandra.
4 It’s not the music I hate, it’s the words.
5 It w asn’t my glasses I lost, it was m y keys.
6 It isn’t Bob that's/vvho’s getting married, it's Clive.
7 It w asn't Judy I saw. it was Jill.
8 It’s not maths he's studying, it's physics.
9 It’s not Max that's who's crazy, it's you.
10 It's not a nail you need, it’s a screw.

3 2 W hat I need is a drink.

3 W h at I like is her sense of humour.
4 W hat I hate is his jealousy.
5 W hat keeps me fit is cycling.
6 W hat makes the job interesting is the travelling.
7 All I w ant is five minutes' rest.
8 W hat I found was something very strange.
9 W hat stopped us was the weather.
1 0 W hat I don't understand is why she stays with him.

1 D IY ail: at: by: this: under: with

2 Although he was very bad-tempered, he had lots of friends.

Always brush your teeth after you have a meal.
Always wash your hands before you have a meal.
As Liz told you. her m other left for Berlin last Friday.
Because I knew her family. I did w hat I could for her.
Talk to me like that again and I'll hit you.
Don't do th at again or I'll hit you.
He had a terrible temper, but everybody liked him.
Liz explained to you th at her m other w ent back home last week.
I was sorry for her. so I tried to help her.
If you do that again, you’ll be sorry.
There’ll be trouble unless you stop that.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
ANSWERS TO E XERCI SES 337

1 1 After I’ve finished work. I’ll com e round to your place.

2 When the w eather gets better, let’s have a weekend in the country.
3 Before you go back to Canada, you ought to see Paula.
4 Although I didn’t understand everything. I enjoyed the lecture.
6 Until Sean phones, we w on’t know w hat’s happening.
7 As we're going out tonight. I'm going to buy some new jeans.
8 While they were asleep, somebody broke into the house.
9 Since he met Julie, he hasn't looked at another woman.
12 Because he was deaf, he didn’t understand the policeman.
The order cannot b e changed in 5,10, or 1 1 .
2 1 did 2 spoke 3 went 4 gave up 5 felt 6 left

238-239 1 1 as long as / provided 2 until 3 so that 4 while 5as if / as though

6 until 7 as if / as though 8 as long as / provided 9 so that 1 0 While

2 He went to Switzerland so th at he could learn French.

1 don’t mind you singing as long as you do it quietly.
W e moved the piano so that there would be room for the Christmas tree.
We took some blankets so that we would be w arm enough.
W e’ll come back this afternoon as long as th at’s OK with you.
We'U play tennis as long as it doesn't rain.

3 2 While she's veiy clever, she’s got no com m on sense at all.

3 While I know how you feel. I think you’re making a mistake.
4 While the job’s well paid, it's deadly boring.
5 While I'm interested in economics. I wouldn’t w ant to work in a bank.
6 While the hotel was nice, it was a long w ay from the beach.

4 1 She looks as if she's going swimming. 5 She looks as if she's had bad news.
2 He looks as if he’s lost something. 6 He looks as if he’s seen a ghost.
3 She looks as if she’s been painting. 7 It looks as if it’s going to rain.
4 He looks as if he's got a cold. 8 He looks as if he’s had good news.

1 1 before 2 while 3 After 4 when 5 since 6 before 7 after 8 since

9 while 1 0 when/while

2 Don't go swimming immediately after eating.

Have a rest every hour or so when driving long distances.
He has been terribly depressed since failing the exam.
I had a word with Janet before talking to Eric.
I often solve problems in my head while running.
She always gets nervous before going on stage.
Since coming back from America we haven't even had time to unpack.
A few days after returning from holiday he began to feel ill.

1 Having left school at twelve, he had ... 7 A lorry broke down in High Street.
2 It tastes delicious fried in butter ... causing a ...
3 Walking over to her desk, she picked ... 8 Not wanting to frighten her, I phoned.
4 The w ater cam e into the houses. 9 Sent first class, it should ...
flooding the ... 10 At 3 a.m. Simon cam e in. waking
5 Knowing his tastes. I took ... everybody ...
6 Putting on his coat, he went out.

2 1 thinking 2 staring 3 getting 4 sacrificing 5 thrown 6 dreaming

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
338 A N S W E R S TO E X E R C I S E S

1 He repairs both cars and motorbikes.

2 He speaks neither English nor French.
3 I neither like nor dislike her.
4 I both admire (him) and distrust him.
5 Both Paul and Saily are on holiday.
6 Neither the secretary nor the accountant had the file.
7 The play was both funny and shocking.
8 He collects both paintings and jewellery.
9 You're neither right nor wrong.
1 0 She neither looked at me nor said anything.

Did you know there were mice in I thought you’d get lost.
the cellar? I was surprised she wasn't angry with me.
He suggested we might like to go skiing I'm glad we've had this talk.
with him. It’s funny he didn’t say hello to you.
I believe this is your coal. Tell me you love me.
I expect you’ve seen this already. Were you surprised I phoned you?
I heard you’d got a new job. You knew I wouldn’t forget your birthday.

2 1 provided that 2 so 3 Now 4 s u c h .. . that э so that 6 provided

7 Now that

2 -. —245 1 1 will find: go 2 have: will write 3 Will you stay: takes 4 will be: recognises
5 will go: go 6 will give: finds 7 will ask: want 8 will find: are
9 win: will have 1 0 arrive: will phone

2 1 would be able: thought 6 would tell: thought

2 would always: was: knew 7 would be; could: liked
3 would never do: went 8 would not give: asked
4 would be: had: wanted 9 would mean: spent
5 would hit: talked

3 1 was: had not helped: needed 4 had done: needed

2 has been; lasted 5 talks: is thinking
3 have usually liked: worked

2 D IY 2 is the best explanation.

3 You're; today: Oh. thanks: You are: OK: you (sit): I'll (get) you: (There)'s:
Yes (there) is: there; I don't (w ant): (It)’s: I'll (sit*: here; you can 't: these:
Eire (taken): etc.

D IY a neither has to be changed с the first ‘this’ has to be changed

b the second "this' has to be changed d both have to be changed

last week - the week before next week - the next week/the week after
now - th en/that day right aw ay th is-th a t/th e /la st this morning - that morning
today - that day tom orrow - the next day tonight - that night
yesterday - the day before

2 that evening 3 there 4 the week before 5 the 6 right aw ay/then

7 that morning 8 that night 9 the day before 1 0 that day

243-219 DIY

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

simple present simple past

present progressive past progressive
present perfect past perfect
simple past past perfect
w ill... w o u ld ...

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
ANSWERS TO EXERCI SES 339

2 1 was 2 played 3 could 4 were leaving 5 hadn't brushed 6 had had

7 had left 8 wouldn't9 say
would know 1 0 had been opened

1 fancied 2 had never met 3 had 4 wanted 5 was 6 did 7 was doing
8 could not 9 moved / was moving 1 0 thought 11 wanted 1 2 could
13 would call 14 wanted 1 5 thought 16 was falling 1 7 was lying
18 had 19 didn't m atter 2 0 were 21 was going 2 2 were 2 3 had left

2 I asked what the dark-haired child’s nam e is/was.

3 Are you deaf? I said I'm /I was utterly fed up.
4 1 told you it’s/it was raining.
5 I said you'll/you'd get your money.
6 This article ... said the weather is/was changing.
7 A1 told me the repairs will/would cost £ 5 ,0 0 0 .
8 I asked if Jane is/was coming to see us.
9 Pat told me that you’re/you were going to the north.
1 0 I b e t... that you w on’t/w ouldn’t pass your exam .
11 See - 1 told you he h asn 't/h ad n ’t got much sense of humour.
12 Sue ... said they’re/they were getting married next week.

1 I asked w hat Peter's address was. 6 ... where they kept the money.
2 ... when the new m anager was coming. 7 ... w hat time the meeting was.
3 ... how she knew my name. 8 ...w h en the last train left.
4 ... why all the windows were open. 9 ... how the photocopier worked.
5 ... how many books he wanted. 10 ... how often Ann went shopping.

1 I wondered if they liked me. 6 ... if/whether my hair looked funny.

2 ... if/whether I would be ready in time. 7 ... if/whether the postman had been.
3 ... if/whether there was any food in 8 ... if/whether they spoke English.
the house. 9 ... if/ whether I was doing the right thing.
4 ... whether/ifservice was included or not. 1 0 ... whether/if the meeting was on
5 ... if/whether I could pay by cheque. Tuesday or Wednesday.

2 She offered to cook supper. 9 He agreed to pay half.

3 He advised me to leave early. 10 She told me to park round the corner.
4 She asked me to close the door. 11 I asked him how to find the house.
5 She promised to stop smoking. 12 She told me when to phone.
6 He offered to do the shopping. 13 1 told him w hat to say.
7 She advised me to tell the police. 14 W e offered to pay for the tickets.
8 I told her to wait outside.

DIY 1 After t e l l , we normally say who is spoken to. W e do not put ‘to’ before the object.
2 After say. we don’t have to say who is spoken to. If we do. we put ’to’ before the
object.
3 T e l l m eans 'inform' or ‘instruct’. It ca n ’t introduce questions.
4 Say can t normally be used before ал infinitive.

1 said 2 Tell 3 told 4 say 5 tell 6 told 7 say 8 tell 9 said 1 0 Say

1 I knew (that) I had seen him once before in London.

2 The professor said (that) Shakespeare didn't speak French.
3 When I got there. I found out (that) he had died two years before.
4 It said on this TV programme th at three thousand years ago there were tigers in
England.
5 It said on this morning's news that somebody had thrown a bomb at the Prime
Minister.
6 I read in a magazine that the ancient Romans suffered from lead poisoning.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 2 1 She asked me If I would Like a drink.
2 I said (that) I couldn't help it.
3 They thought (that) they should be home about six.
4 The forecast said (that) it might rain.
5 Everybody said (that) she must be joking.
6 I explained that I hadn't seen the notice.

1 1 She thought (that) he was ill.

2 He said (that) he would be back the next day.
3 She said (that) she didn't like the music.
4 She asked me where the bus station was.
5 I asked him if/whether he had finished.
6 1 felt (that) nobody loved me.
7 He asked her w hether/if she wanted tea or coffee.
8 She offered to clean the flat.
9 I asked when the car was going to be ready.
10 I wondered w hat I was doing there.
11 He proved th at the earth is/was not flat.
12 I knew (that) those figures couldn't be right.
13 She thought (that) her cat understood everything she said.
1 4 I asked what the boss wanted.
15 Г wondered if/whether Mary had phoned back.
1 6 I wondered if/whether dinosaurs laid eggs.
1 7 He advised me to see the doctor.
18 She asked him if/whether he would like a drink.

2 ‘... 1 thought they were yours.'

‘... no doubt you’re wondering why I sent for you.'

256-257 1 If anybody asks you w hat you're doing, say you're with me.
How can you make decisions if you don’t know w h at’s going on?
1ГI buy three kilos. th at’U do for a few weeks.
Ifl don’t get up till nine. I never get anything done.
If I can 't fix the video. I’ll take it back to the shop.
I’ll go with you if you like.
The shops are easy to get to if you park near the station.
We don't have to go out if you're not feeling up to it.
If you’re ready before eight, we can catch the early train.
You have to practise if you want to learn a musical instrument.

2 1 if 2 when 3 when 4 if э if 6 when / if 8 when 9 when 1 0 if

3 1 say: will scream 2 will be: m anages 3 come: will cook 4 will need: go
5 will miss; move 6 wash: will dry 7 will be: doesn’t come 8 get; will phone
9 look; will find 1 0 will be: gets

5 Pete.

258-259 1 1 would look: had 10 would help: asked

2 would be: didn’t see 11 w as/w ere not: would tidy
3 would be: didn't get 12 had: would show
4 knew: would go 13 had: would send
5 would you do: won 14 would you go: needed
6 would be: used 15 Would you mind: went
7 were not: would show 16 cam e: would you have
8 had: would make 17 would be: spent
9 loved: would buy 18 would not do: did not have

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
ANSWERS TO E XE RCI S E S 341

2 ( Examples of possible answers)

2 If I had a big house. I would invite lots of people.
3 If I had a yacht. I would go round the world.
4 If I had plenty' of money. I would buy a horse.
5 If I didn't have a job. I'd be happier.
6 If I had m ore time. I’d study biology.

4 1 could/might play 2 might feel 3 might go 4 could/might get

5 could/m ight understand 6 might taste

1 1 comes 2 find 3 lived 4 arrived 5 W e’ll 6 would 7 would 8 will

9 will 1 0 stop

2 (The most probable answers)

1 live 2 lived3 were 4 wake 5declared 6 have 7 gave 8 thought
9 is 1 0 is 11 banned 12 have

1 If I were a rabbit. I’d live in a hole.

If I were forty' years younger. I’d go dancing all night.
If I w ere M oroccan, I’d speak Arabic.
Ifl were the m anager. I’d give everybody ten weeks’ holiday.
If it weren’t so cold. I’d go for a walk.
If it were Sunday, I wouldn’t be working.
If my nose were shorter, I’d be quite pretty.
If people were m ore sensible, there wouldn’t be any wars.
If she were better-tempered, life in the office would be easier.

262-2S3 had known: would have invited 9 hadn’t been: wouldn't have become
would have gone: hadn’t been 1 0 had had: would have sold
had said: wouldn’t have cooked 11 hadn’t spent: would have had
would have won: had played 12 wouldn’t have caught: had taken
hadn't cut; would have finished 13 would have won: had run
hadn't invented: would have done 1 4 would have got: had booked
hadn’t spent: wouldn’t have been 15 would have been: had asked
wouldn’t have got: had remembered 1 6 had been: would have been

If he hadn’t worked so hard, he wouldn't have passed his exams.

If he hadn’t passed his exams, he wouldn’t have gone to university'.
If he hadn’t gone to university', he wouldn’t have studied languages.
If he hadn't studied languages, he wouldn't have learnt Chinese.
If he hadn't learnt Chinese, he wouldn't have gone to China.
If he hadn't gone to China, he wouldn’t have gone climbing in Tibet.
If he hadn't gone climbing in Tibet, he wouldn't have tried to climb Everest.
If he hadn't tried to climb Everest, he wouldn't have disappeared ...
If he hadn’t bought a bicycle, he wouldn’t have gone for a ride in the country.
If he hadn’t gone for a ride in the country, he wouldn't have fallen off.
If he hadn't fallen off, he wouldn't have woken up in hospital.
If he hadn’t woken up in hospital, he wouldn’t have met a beautiful nurse.
If he hadn't met the beautiful nurse, he wouldn’t have written a bestselling novel
about her.
If he hadn't written the bestselling novel, he wouldn’t have got rich.
If he hadn't got rich, he wouldn’t have married the nurse and had three charm ing
children.
If he hadn't married the nurse and had the three children, he wouldn’t have lived
happily ever after.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
342 P •— ■VERS ТО EXERCI SES

3 ITMary's mother hadn't gone out that evening, Mary wouldn't have cooked for
herself.
If she hadn’t cooked for herself, she wouldn't have got interested in cooking.
If she hadn't got interested in cooking, she wouldn't have opened a very successful
restaurant.
[f she hadn't opened the restaurant, she wouldn't have had the Prime Minister as a
customer.
If she hadn't had the PM as a custom er, he wouldn't have ordered mussels.
If he hadn't ordered mussels, the mussels wouldn’t have poisoned him.
If the mussels hadn’t poisoned him. he wouldn't have died.
If he hadn't died. Mar}' wouldn’t have gone to prison for life.

He'll get thrown out of school unless he starts working.

I always w atch TV in the evenings unless I go out.
Let's have dinner out - unless you're too tired.
I'll see you at ten unless I phone to say I can't come.
I’ll teLl you a good joke - unless you've heard it before.
Things will go on getting worse unless there's a change of government.
W e're going to have a picnic unless it rains.
You can have the last sausage unless the children want it.
You can 't open the door unless you know the code.

3 You can have the c a r tonight unless Harriet needs it.

5 I'm going to dig the garden this afternoon unless it rains.

She's packing a German phrase book in case the hotel staff don't speak English.
She's packing a pack of cards in case she meets people who play bridge.
She's packing a racket in case there is a tennis court.
She's packing a thick sweater in case the weather is cold.
She's packing a swimsuit in case the hotel has a heated pool.
She’s packing aspirins in case the sun gives her a headache.
She's packing binoculars in case she wants to go bird-watching.
She's packing her address book in case she decides to send postcards.
She's packing some books in case she has time to read.
She's packing walking boots in case she wants to go walking.

2 1 in case 2 if 3 if 4 in case 5 in case 6 if 7 if 8 In case

266-267 1 'It's time to clean the car.' 'I'd rather not clean it today.’
‘It's time to cook supper.' ‘I'd rather have something cold.'
'It's time to get a new fridge.’ ‘I'd rather go on using the old one ..."
‘It's time to get your hair cu t.’ ‘I'd rather keep it long.'
‘It's time to go hom e.' T d rather stay here for a bit longer.'
‘It's time to invite the Harrises.’ ‘I’d rather invite the Johnsons.’
Tt's time to plan our trip to Scotland.' T'd rather go to Wales.'
‘It’s time to see the dentist.' T d rather see her next year.'
‘It's time to start work on the garden.' ‘I'd rather start next week.’

2 2 It's time she got her hair cut. 7 It's time he grew up.
3 It’s time we had a holiday. 8 It's time we painted the kitchen.
4 It's time you cut the grass. 9 It's time he got/bought a new car.
5 It’s time you washed that sweater. 1 0 It's time that team won a match.
6 It’s time you stopped smoking.

3 2 No, I’d rather we talked tomorrow. 7 I’d rather you asked him.
3 I’d rather you cam e at ten. 8 I’d rather he stayed in.
4 I’d rather you didn’t. 9 I'd rather they brought their own.
5 I'd rather she worked with Maggie. 1 0 I'd rather they did something about
6 I'd rather you cooked tonight. the homeless.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
ANSWERS TO E XE RCISE S 343

268-269 1 2 I wish I spoke Russian. 7 I wish it didn’t rain all the time.
3 I wish I had a car. 8 I wish she didn't work on Sundays.
4 I wish I w as/w ere hard-working. 9 I wish I could eat eggs.
5 I wash I w as/w ere good at sport. 1 0 I wish the radio worked.
6 I wish I liked dancing.
2 2 I wish it would snow. 6 I wish the traffic lights would go green.
3 I wash the phone wouldn’t keep 7 I wish your m other would write.
ringing. 8 I wish Pat would find a job.
4 I wish the baby would stop crying. 9 I wish the exam results would come.
5 I wish the kettle would boil. 1 0 I wish spring would come.

I wish I’d chosen a different career. I wish I hadn’t told him the truth.
I wish I’d done m ore travelling when I I wish I'd saved money when I was
had the chance. earning a good salary.
I wish I’d gone to a better school. I wish I'd studied harder at university.
I wish I'd gone to bed earlier last night. I wish I’d taken better care of my teeth.
I wish I hadn't got married w'hen I was
eighteen.

270-271 (Examples o f possible answers)

Do you know a shop which sells good coffee?
I know somebody who could mend that chair.
I w ant some plates w'hich can go in the microwave.
I was at school with the m an who is driving th at taxi.
I’d like to speak to the person who deals with exports.
She's got friendly wath a boy who lives next door.
The police haven’t found the m an who stole my car.
There's some cheese in the fridge which needs to be eaten.
W e’ve got some light bulbs which last for years.
This is the switch which isn’t working.

1 The people who live in Greece speak Greek.

2 The language th at people speak in Hungary is called Hungarian.
3 The language that people speak in China is called Chinese.
4 The people who live in Italy speak Italian.
5 The people who live in Turkey speak Turkish.
6 The language that people speak in Algeria is called Arabic.
7 The language that (some) people speak in Scotland is called Scots Gaelic.
8 The people who live in Holland speak Dutch.
9 The language that (some) people speak in Ireland is called Irish.
1 0 The people who live in Portugal speak Portuguese.
11 The language that (some) people speak In Wales is called Welsh.
12 The language that people speak in Japan is called Japanese.

All the poetry that he wrote was destroyed In a fire.

At school I learnt nothing that was useful to me.
I've told you everything that happened.
Nothing that she said made any difference.
It's the best western film that was ever made.
The most useful thing that you can do is leave now.
This is the only hire c a r th at I could get.
You can have everything that you want.

272-273 D IY The relative pronoun can be left out in sentences 1. 2 and 6.

Rule 4 is correct.

2 IS 2 0 3S 4 0 5 0 6S 7 0 8S 9 0 10 0

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
344 ANSWERS TO E XE RCI S E S

3 2 Our doctor is a person I really respect.

4 I've lost that nice ring Bill gave me.
5 It’s a book everybody talks about and nobody reads.
7 T h at’s the man I wanted to see.
9 He keeps telling you things you already know.
10 They never thanked me for the money I sent them.

4 1 Here's the paper you asked me to get you.

2 W e went to see the film you recommended, but we didn’t think m uch of it.
3 The car my sister bought last m onth has broken down four times already.
4 The actor you didn't recognise on television last night was Kiefer Sutherland.
5 Only a very few of the friends Jane had at school went on to university'.
6 The operation my father had for his heart problem was only a partial success.
7 The essay Mark wrote while we were on holiday has won a prize in the school
competition.
8 Some of the friends my daughter brings home look as though they never wash.

1 Did you read about w hat happened to poor Harry?

He just teaches you w hat you already know.
W h at I w ant to know is where's my c a r gone?
The dog can have what I don’t eat.
The holiday wasn't at all what I expected.
They hadn't got w hat she asked for.
You misunderstood - that isn’t w hat 1 meant.
W hat you said made m e very1happy.

1 ( Examples o f possible answers)

2 A good parent is one whose children are happy.
3 A good gardener is one whose plants are healthy.
4 A good doctor is one whose patients get better.
5 A good writer is one whose books are successful.
6 A good teacher is one whose students learn things.
7 A good tourist guide is one whose tourists see interesting places.
8 A good cook is one whose food tastes nice.

2 1 Anton, whose brother Fritz helps him run the sports shop, lives with Marika, whose
sister Anneliese also helps out in the sports shop.
2 Anneliese has a younger brother M ax. whose wife Paula works in the restaurant run
by A nton’s other brother Toni, whose girlfriend Heidrun is an instructor at the ski
school.
3 The person in charge of the ski school at the moment is Klaus, whose wife Monika
works part-time for the baker down the road. Karsten. whose daughter Uesl runs the
pizzeria.
4 Monika also helps in the bar. the 'Happy Skier', which is run by Erwin, whose uncle
Erich runs a hotel, in partnership with Klaus's brother Paul, whose wife Christiane
was national ice-dancing champion in her younger days.

1 D IY The ones in the ‘a ’ sentences.

2 D IY 1 The ‘b’ sentences.

2 To show that they are not an essential part of the sentences - they can be separated
3 Identifying clauses (the ones in the 'a' sentences).
4 Identifying clauses.
5 In a formal style.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
A N S W E R S TO E X E R C I 5 E S 345

3 1 No change possible. 7 1 like a film that has ...

2 People that don’t answer letters 8 No change possible.
annoy me. 9 Do you remember those people we
3 W hat happened to the oranges met in Corfu?
I bought yesterday? 1 0 No change possible.
4 No change possible. 11 No change possible.
5 No change possible. 1 2 No change possible.
6 No change possible.

4 1 which 2 what 3 what 4 which 5 w hat 6 which 7 which 8 w hat

9 which 1 0 which

1 1 W ho’s that good-looking m an talking to Alison?

2 Luggage left unattended wall be taken aw ay by police.
3 Left-handed children forced to write with their right hands often develop
psychological problems.
4 The nurse looking after m y aunt is very kind to her.
5 All the rubbish floating in the sea is a real danger to health.
6 Ham made in the traditional way costs more, but tastes better.
7 W om en tourists wearing trousers are not allowed in the temple.
8 James thought that the m an with his girlfriend was her brother.
9 The m an bitten by my neighbour’s dog was her husband's boss.

2 1 I keep having a dream in which there’s a wom an standing with her back to me.
2 James said he heard a shot fired in the street.
3 Are those your trousers hanging over the balcony?
4 They live in a beautiful old house built 3 0 0 years ago.
5 The Navajo are famous for beautiful jewellery made of silver and turquoise.
6 Passengers standing on Platform 2 are asked to keep behind the yellow line.
7 Pauline has a very strange old painting of a w om an holding a small dog.

1 1 which 2 w hat 3 that 4 w hat 5 that 6 which 7 which 8 that

9 w hat 1 0 that

2 1 who 2 - 3 that 4 that (informal) or who 5 which 6 - 7 who 8 -

9 that 1 0 which

3 ‘I’U discuss it with you.’ she said, in a voice th at could have been used ...
A politician is a statesm an who approaches every question ...
Any m an who hates dogs and babies ca n ’t be all bad.
Anyone who has been to an English public school will feel ...
Consultants are people who borrow your w atch ...
No m an can lose w hat he never had.
Nothing that is worth knowing can be taught.

2^>-281 1 D IY 2

2 1 The earrings w hich/that he gave her for C hristm as...

2 The fax w hich/that he got that morning ...
3 The sofa w hich/that we bought last y e a r ...
4 The people w h om /that he had hoped to introduce Lee to ...
5 The flat w hich/that the terrorists hid the guns in ...
6 The song w hich/that she could not remember the nam e o f ...

3 1 The rosebush.
2 The tall men are the nephews; Duncan and Jack are the uncles.
3 The m an my m other was working for.
4 No.
5 (People from) the newspaper.
6 Police.
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 1 A m an I m e t... 2 The d ress... 3 The little flat... 4 A very ordinary-looking
woman ... 5 Some Polish people ...

1 1 W hoever 2 whatever 3 w hatever whichever 4 wherever 5 whenever

6 How'ever 7 whoever 8 However, W henever 9 whoever 1 0 Whenever

2 1 Send it to whoever pays the bills.

2 W hatever is in that box is making ...
3 People always want more, however rich they are.
4 However you travel, it'll ta k e ...
5 W hatever you say. I don’t think ...
6 W hichever room you use. make sure ...
7 W hatever problems you have, you can always come ...
8 W hoever phoned just now' was very polite.
9 W henever I see you I feel nervous.
1 0 W hatever you do. I'll love you.

3 1 No m atter what 2 No m atter w here 3 No m atter how 4 No m atter w hat

5 No m atter when 6 No m atter how

4 W hether he's lying or telling the truth, it's a wonderful story.

W hether we tell her now or later, she's not going to be pleased.
W hether you're a beginner or an expert. you'U learn som eth in g...
W hether you ski downhill or cross-country, the equipment costs a lot.
W hether you like her or dislike her. you have to admire her.

1 1 - 2 at 3 - 4 at 5 on 6 m to 7 on 8 of 9 - 1 0 into 11 in
12 - 13 of 14 in 15 in 1 6 to 1 7 - 18 for 19 after 2 0 to 21 -
2 2 to 2 3 for 2 4 of 2 5 for 2 6 of 2 7 for 2 8 in 2 9 into 30 of
31 by 32 In 3 3 in 3 4 in 35 in 3 6 on

2 D IY______________________

Rule
at + clock time
in + part of a day
on + part of a particular day
on + particular day
at + weekend, public holiday
in + longer period

3 4 on

4 1 at 2 on 3 in 4 in 5 on 6 in 7 - 8 -(o ra t) 9 at 10 - 11 -
1 2 on

1 D IY A< and in are used for position.

T o is used for m ovem ent.

2 laugh: look: point: shoot: smile: wave

Shouting at and throwing at are aggressive.

3 1 in 2 to 3at 4 at in 5 to 6 to 7 at 8 to 9 at 1 0 to 11 at
1 2 to 13 to 1 4 in

1 D IY By is used: 3 to say that som ething w ill happen at o r before a certain

moment.
Until is used: 1 to say that a situ a tio n w ill c o n tin u e up to a certain moment.
2 1 until 2 by 3 by 4 until 5 by 6 by 7 Until 8 by 9 by 10 until

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
ANSWERS TO E XE RCI SE S 347

1 (fo r and during) DIY For tells you b o w long. During tells you w hen.
2 1 during 2 for: during 3 during 4 for 5 during 6 for

1 (opposite and in fron t o f) DIY The bus stop is opposite the house; the ca r is in
fron t o f the house.
2 1 opposite 2 In front of 3 in front of 4 opposite 5 in front of 6 opposite

1 DIY W e say among a group, crowd or mass of things that are not seen separately.
W e say between two or more clearly separate people or things.
W e say between things on two sides.

1 between 2 between 3 between 4 among

I between 2 among 3 between 4 among 5 among 6 between

7 am ong 8 between 9 between 1 0 among

1 ‘W hat are you thinking about?’ 6 ‘W hat did she hit him with?’
2 ‘W ho did you buy it from?’ 7 'W ho does your father work for?’
3 ‘W ho did she send it to?’ 8 ‘W ho did you make it for?’
4 ‘W hat will you carry it in?’ 9 ‘W h at’s the book about?-
5 ‘W hat can I eat it with?’ 1 0 ‘W ho were you talking to?’

(Examples of possible answers)

1 ‘W hat are you waiting for?’ 6 ‘W hat are you looking at?’
2 ‘W h at are you worried about?’ 7 ‘W h at are you looking for?’
3 ‘W hat were you talking about?’ 8 ‘W h at are you interested in?’
4 ‘W ho were you speaking to?’ 9 ‘W ho are you writing to?’
5 ‘W ho do you work for?’ 1 0 ‘W h at are you thinking about?’

(Examples o f possible answers)

W hat is she waiting for? W ho did you have lunch with?
W hat w ere you listening to? W ho did you buy th at car from?
Who do you usually play tennis with? W ho is Anne in love with?
W hat country do you come from? W h at did you change your job for?
W ho is that letter from? W hat are you studying English for?
W ho did you get it from?

290-291 A cup is something that you drink out of.

A picture is something that you can look at.
A tap is something that w ater comes out of.
A toy is something th at a child plays with.
A vase is something that you put Dowers in.
A window is something th at you can look through.

1 things that you bite with (B) 6 a thing that you hang clothes on (D)
2 something that you sleep in (C) 7 liquid th at you w ash dishes with (H)
3 something that you put things on (E) 8 something th at you can start a fire
4 something that you put valuables in (G) with (A)
5 a thing that you clean your teeth with (F)

3 somebody (that) I have great respect for 5 the problem (that) I was worried about
4 the girl (that) I was writing to 6 a car (that) I paid too much for

John is the m an (that) Bill plays chess with / Sally is married to.
Anne is the w om an (that) Ron plays chess with / Peter is married to / Bill works with.
Alice is the woman (that) Peter plays chess with / Bill is married to / Sally works with.
Mary is the w om an (that) Sally plays chess with / Ron works with.
Sue is the woman (that) Ron is married to / Peter works with.

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 A N S W E R S TO E X E R C I S E S

Bill is the m an (that) John plays chess with / Alice is married to / Anne works with.
Ron is the m an (that) Anne plays chess with / Sue is married to / Mary works with.
Peter is the m an (that) Alice plays chess with / Anne is married to / Sue works with.
Sally is the woman (that) Mar}’ plays chess with / John is married to / Alice works with.

1 operated on 2 talked/spoken about 3 spoken/talked to 4 slept in

5 sat on/in 6 paid for 7 heard of/from 8 played with or spoken/talked to
9 looked at or spoken/talked to

(Examples o f possible answers)

W ho was America/Australia/penicillin/electricity discovered by?
W ho was the novel Anna Karenina / Hamlet / Happy Birthday to You written by?
W ho was radio/television invented by?
W ho was the film The Birds directed by?
W ho was the Eiffel Tower / the Taj Mahal built by?
W ho was the Mona Lisa painted by?

1 She’s nice to talk to. 6 The river was difficult to swim across.
2 He’s difficult to live with. 7 Her village is hard to get to.
3 My brother’s impossible to argue with 8 He's very easy to get on with.
4 Those old trains aren ’t very pleasant 9 W ater-colours are difficult to paint with.
to travel in. 1 0 She's interesting to work with.
5 Ice isn't easy to drive on.

(Examples of possible answers)

A broken cup is hard to drink out of.
A broken fork is difficult to eat with.
A cushion is comfortable to sit on.
A small hard chair is uncomfortable to sit on.
A w arm bath is nice to lie in.
Baby anim als are nice to play with.
Classical music is interesting to listen to.
Family problems can be difficult to talk about.
Lectures are often hard to listen to.
People who travel a lot can be interesting to talk to.

(Examples of possible answers)

A very small spoon is hard to eat with.
Shoes that are too small are uncomfortable to walk in.
A hard bed is uncomfortable to lie on.
A noisy hotel room is difficult to sleep in.
A broken pencil is hard to write with.

1 a hundred 2 one thousand, four hundred and fifty pounds 3 a thousand

4 three thousand, one hundred and forty-four 5 one dollar (and) eighty-five (cents)
6 one thousand pounds

1 hundred 2 million 3 hundred 4 millions of 5 Thousands of 6 dozen

second: third: fourth: fifth: sixth: seventh: eighth: ninth: tenth: twelfth: sixteenth:
twentieth: twenty-first: thirtieth: hundredth: thousandth

1 1 0 April 1 9 9 6
2 17 September 1 9 1 1
3 1 6 June 1 9 7 9
4 the sixteenth of May I May the sixteenth, nineteen seventy'
5 the twelfth of March / March the twelfth, nineteen ninety-three
6 the fourteenth of January / January the fourteenth, nineteen eighty-six

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
ANSWERS TO EXERCI S ES 349

296-298 1 I’m tired. 10 My c a r’s broken down.

2 She’s French. 11 You needn’t worry.
3 She’s forgotten. 12 I ca n ’t swim.
4 They’ve finished. 13 The door w on’t close.
5 I thought you’d left. 14 It doesn't matter.
6 W e’ll tell you tomorrow. 15 I haven’t forgotten.
7 I wish he’d stop. 16 I’m not sorry.
8 How’s your mother? 17 W hy aren’t you in bed?
9 Nobody's perfect. 18 Don’t you like this?

1 ... where she’s staying. 8 I don’t believe they’re fresh.

4 ... No. I haven’t. 9 ... if you ca n ’t come.
5 It isn’t true. / It’s not true. 1 0 ... No. I c a n ’t ...
Contraction not possible in 2, 3, 6 and 7.
1 there’s 2 you’ve 3 he’s 4 c a n ’t 5 he’d 6 I’ll 7 th at’s 8 w e’ve

298-302 nouns: uncountable soup, petrol, wood; singular countable suggestion, suit, book,
brother, problem; plural countable potatoes, buildings, people, rules
adjectives: ordinary small, cold, stupid, high, new. dry: com parative more
interesting, older, younger: superlative best, cheapest, worst
determiners: articles a, the: possessives my. his. our: dem onstratives this, those,
these: quantifiers (a) few. some, many, no

other personal pronouns: me. he, him. her. we, they, them
other possessive pronouns: his. hers, ours, theirs
other reflexive pronouns: yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
3 lost, rains, open, tastes, won, got

4 1 future simple (aux . will) 6 future progressive (aux. will be)

2 present progressive (aux. is) 7 past progressive (aux. was)
3 past perfect (mix. had) 8 future perfect (aux. will have)
4 simple present 9 present perfect (aux. has)
5 simple past 1 0 simple past (aux. did)

conditional would ... stop -in g form smoking infinitive stop

perfect infinitive have started past participle ordered, started
im perative shut (up), leave active verb smoke, would ... stop, could, talk, say,
shut (up), leave, d o n 't... think. '11 stop, suppose: should ... have started
passive verb 'm ordered
prepositions: at, with, by, for. in
adverbs: usually, yesterday, suddenly, terribly, loud
Out is an adverb particle.
subject Jake direct object songs
subject I direct object m y address indirect object Monica
subject you direct object the time indirect object me
subject you directobject w hatsort of books
subject you direct object a postcard, time indirect object me
8 1 pretty 2 tired 3 a student 4 sorry

9 conjunctions: 1 while 2 if 3 where 4 when 5 before 6 although

subordinate clauses: 1 while I'm trying ... 2 if you s ta y ... 3 where you were
staying 4 W hen I get back 5 Before you went out 6 Although it w as snowing
interrogative m ain clauses: 3. 5 affirmative m ain clauses: 1, 4
negative main clauses: 2. 6

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 351

Index
(For explanations of the words that we use to talk alw ays: is alw ays happening 1 4 9
about gram m ar, see pages 2 9 8 - 3 0 2 .) alw ays: position 74
alw ays: position with imperatives 2 1 9
a /a n and one 17 among and between 2 8 8
a/an : the difference 17 an and a: the difference 17
a/an : uses 1 8 - 2 0 and with adjectives 71
a. not a and no 35 another and other 4 3
a bit with comparatives 8 2 any (o f) 4 6
a couple o f with plural verb 61 any and no 36
a few . fe w and (a) little 41 any and som e 32
a group o f with plural verb 61 any meaning ‘it doesn't m atter which' 3 6
a Iiule with comparatives 8 2 any: not any and no 3 5
a little, little and (a ) fe w 41 any or no article 34
a lot (o f), lots (o f) and m uch/m any 4 0 any with comparatives 8 2
a lot with comparatives 8 2 anybody, anyone, anything and som ebody, som eone.
a num ber o f with plural verb 61 som ething 32
able: was able to and could 1 1 4 appear: not always used in progressive forms 1 4 8
able: will be able to and can 114 appear: there appears to be 2 2 3
able: would be able to and could 1 1 4 appear with adjective or adverb 6 9
accom m odation (uncountable) 57 aren't, don't etc (contractions) 2 9 6
active and passive 1 7 6 - 1 8 2 articles 1 7 - 2 7
adjective + f o r ... to 2 0 8 articles dropped after prepositions 2 4
adjective + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 6 articles: no article or som e/an y 34
adjectives and adverbs 6 8 - 7 0 articles with place names 2 5
adjectives: comparative and superlative 7 9 - 8 6 as and like 9 0
adjectives: order before nouns 73 a s ... as 8 8
adjectives with find 71 as: conjunction 2 3 6
adjectives without nouns 72 as if 2 3 8
adverb particles with verbs 184 as long as 2 3 8
adverbs and adjectives 6 8 - 7 0 as m e etc 4 8
adverbs: comparative and superlative 7 9 - 8 6 as m uch/m any 4 0
adverbs: position with the verb 74 as. than and that 8 7
advice (uncountable) 57 as though 2 3 8
afraid: I'm afraid so etc 2 2 9 as you like 191
afraid with be 9 5 asham ed with be 9 5
after: conjunction 2 36 at church, school etc 2 4
after ...ing 2 4 0 fit, in and on (time) 2 8 4
after: order of clauses 2 3 7 at. in and to (place) 2 8 5
after with past perfect 1 6 7 attention signals 2 2 8
ago 1 54 auxiliaries: short questions and answers with
all (o f) 4 6 auxiliaries 2 2 6 - 2 3 1
all and w hole 39
all. everybody and evert/thing 38 baggage (uncountable) 57
all: position 74 be able and can 1 14
all t h a t ... 271 be: age. colour etc 95
allow + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 4 be: do be 9 4
already with present perfect 154 be: I am to ... 1 4 0
already, yet and still 78 be: progressive forms 9 4
although 2 3 6 because 2 3 6
although and in spite o f 2 3 9 because and because o f 2 3 9
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
before: conjunction 2 3 6 could in indirect speech 2 5 4
before ...ing 2 4 0 could in polite requests etc 171
before', order of clauses 2 3 7 coidd in structures with if 2 5 9
before with present perfect 1 54 countable and uncountable nouns 56
begin + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 5 couple: a couple of with plural verb 61
believe: negative structures 2 1 7 cowardly: adjective ending in -ly 70
believe: not used in progressive forms 1 4 8
belong: not used in progressive forms 148 daily: adjective or adverb 7 0
better, best 8 0 . 81 dates 2 9 5
between and among 2 8 8 dead: the dead 7 2
blind: the blind 72 deadly: adjective ending in -ly 70
both (of) 4 6 deaf: the deaf 7 2
both ... and 2 4 2 definitely: position 74
both: position 7 4 difficult + infinitive 2 0 9
breakfast: at breakfast etc 2 4 disabled: the disabled 72
bus: by bus 2 4 distancing: past, progressive and future verb forms
by and until 2 8 6 in polile requests etc 1 71
by car. plane etc 2 4 do and make 9 8
by ...ing 1 9 7 do be 9 4
by oneself 51 do: emphatic auxiliary 9 4 . 9 6 . 2 1 8
by the time 2 8 6 do in negatives 2 1 3
do in questions 2 1 0
can (ability): special problems 1 1 4 do not used in indirect questions 2 51
can and will be able to 114 do not have,'need to. must not etc 113
can hear, feel etc 11 5 don't, isn t etc (contractions) 2 9 6
can. could and may: permission etc 1 1 6 double comparatives 8 4
can. must, may and might: how certain? 1 0 8 dozen! s) 2 9 4
can: there can be 223 dropping relative pronouns 2 7 2
can’t bear + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 5 dropping sentence-begirmings 2 2 4
can't have ...ed and may not have ...ed 122 dropping that 2 4 3
car: by car 2 4 dropping words after auxiliaries 2 2 4
certain: there is certain to be 2 2 3 during and for 2 8 7
Christmas: at Christmas 2 4 Dutch: the Dutch 72
church: at church etc 2 4
class with plural verb 6 0 each t o f i 4 6
club with plural verb 6 0 each: position 74
cold with be 9 5 each other and -selves 51
college: at college etc 2 4 early: adjective or adverb 7 0
comparatives and superlatives 7 9 - 8 6 Easter, at Easter 24
comparatives and superlatives: the difference 84 easy + infinitive 2 0 9
comparison of adjectives and adverbs 7 9 - 8 6 elder and older, eldest and oldest SO
compound verbs 1 8 4 ellipsis after auxiliaries 2 2 4
conditional: see would ellipsis at the beginning of a sentence 2 2 4
conditional structures: see if ellipsis: relative pronouns 2 7 2
conjunctions 2 3 6 - 2 4 5 ellipsis: that 2 4 3
contain: not used in progressive forms 1 4 8 emphasis with do 9 4 . 9 6 . 2 1 8
continue + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 4 emphasis with it. what etc 2 3 4
continuous: see progressive English: a an not used 56
contractions 2 9 6 English: the English 72
could and was able to. managed to etc 1 1 4 enough 4 4
coiild and would be able го 1 1 4 enough (of) 4 6
could, can and may : permission etc 1 1 6 even: position 76
could have ...ed etc 1 2 2 even with comparatives 8 2

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
INDEX 353

ever with present perfect 1 5 4 had better 127

ever: who/what ever 2 12 had better in indirect speech 2 5 4
every one of 4 6 had to ... and must have ...ed 122
everybody and all 38 handicapped: the handicapped 72
everything and all 3 8 hard + infinitive 2 0 9
everything that ... 2 7 1 hard: adjective or adverb 7 0
exclam ations 2 2 1 hardly not used with do 2 13
expect: negative structures 2 1 7 hardly with any 32
hate + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 4
hate: not used in progressive forms 1 4 8
family with plural verb 6 0
have 1 0 0 - 1 0 5
far with comparatives 8 2
have: not always used in progressive forms 1 4 8
farther and further, farthest and furthest 8 0
have (got) 1 0 2
fast: adjective or adverb 7 0
have (got) to and must: obligation 1 1 2
feel + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 5
have to: do not have to and must not 1 1 3
feel: not always used in progressive forms 1 4 8
he and she used for animals 4 9
feel with adjective 68
hear + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 5
feel with can 1 1 5
hear with can 1 1 5
few (of) 4 6
holiday: on holiday 2 4
few. a few and (a) little 4 1
home: at home etc 2 4
few: another few 4 3
homeless: the homeless 72
fewer, fewest, less and least 4 2
hope: I hope so etc 2 2 9
first: this is the first etc with perfect tense 1 7 0
hope: negative structures 2 1 7
first, second etc 2 9 5
hospital: in hospital etc 2 4
first: word-order with numbers 73
hot with be 95
for and during 2 8 7
how...! 2 2 1
for and since 1 6 1 . 162
how and what ...like 2 1 2
for ...ing 1 9 7
how to ... 2 5 2
f o r ... to after adjective/noun 2 0 8
however 2 8 2
forget + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 4
hundred(s) 2 9 4
forget: not used in progressive forms 1 4 8
hungry with be 9 5
French: the French 72
friendly: adjective ending in -ly 7 0
I and me. he and him etc 4 8
furniture (uncountable) 57
I'd rather 2 6 6
further and farther, furthest and farthest 8 0
I ’m. you've, she'll etc (contractions) 2 9 6
future 1 3 0 -1 4 1
1 should( n't)... if 1 were you 2 6 1
future continuous: see future progressive
I wish: structures and tenses 2 6 8
future in the past 141
i/and when 2 5 6
future perfect 139
if...ed 2 4 0
future progressive 138
if: followed by future 1 3 7
future verb forms in polite requests etc 1 7 0
ifl were you 261
if in indirect questions 2 5 1
generalisations without the 2 2 if not and unless 2 6 4
get: have got 1 0 2 if only 2 6 8
get: structures and meanings 1 8 6 //: structures 2 5 6 - 2 6 3
get used to ...mg 1 9 8 if you likeI want 1 9 1
go ...ing 2 0 0 imagine: negative structures 2 1 7
go on + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 4 imperatives 2 1 8
going to: future auxiliary 1 3 2 impossible + infinitive 2 0 9
going to: future in the past 141 in. at and on (time) 2 8 4
good + infinitive 2 0 9 in. at and to (place) 2 8 5
gram m ar: useful words 2 9 8 in or o f after superlatives 8 6
group: a group of with plural verb 61 in case 2 6 5

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
354

ill front o f and opposite 287 like: I'd like to. if you like etc 191
in spile o f and although 2 3 9 like: not used in progressive forms 1 4 8
indirect speech 2 4 6 - 2 5 5 like this that 91
infinitive 1 8 8 - 1 9 2 . 1 9 9 . 2 0 2 - 2 0 9 likely: adjective ending in -ly 70
infinitive after adjective/noun + f o r ... 2 0 8 likely: there is likely to be 2 2 3
infinitive in indirect speech 2 5 2 little (of) 4 6
infinitive of purpose 1 9 2 little, a little and (a) few 41
infinitive or -ing form after adjective 2 0 6 little with comparatives 8 2
infinitive or -ing form after noun 2 0 7 lively: adjective ending in -ly 7 0
infinitive or -ing form after verb 1 9 9 . 2 0 4 lonely: adjective ending in -ly 7 0
information (uncountable! 57 look of 2 8 5
-ing form 1 9 4 - 2 0 1 . 2 0 4 - 2 0 7 look forward to ...ing 1 98
-ing form after conjunction 2 4 0 look: not always used in progressive forms 1 4 8
-ing form or infinitive after adjective 2 0 6 look with adjective or adverb 6 9
-ing form or infinitive after noun 2 0 7 lot: a lot (of), lots I of I and much many 4 0
-ing form or infinitive after verb 1 9 9 . 2 0 4 lots with comparatives 8 2
intend + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 4 loud: adjective or adverb 7 0
interested and interesting etc 193 love + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 4
Irish: the Irish 72 love: not used in progressive forms 148
irregular comparatives and superlatives 81 lovt ly: adjective ending in -ly 7 0
irregular plurals 59 luck (uncountable) 57
isn't, don't etc (contractions) 2 9 6 lucky with be 9 5
isn't it etc 2 2 6 - 2 2 7 lunch: at lunch etc 2 4
it after nothing etc 4 9
it: emphatic structures 2 3 4 majority: the majority of with plural verb 61
it: preparatory subject/object 2 3 2 make and do 9 8
it used for countries 4 9 managed to and could 114
it used for identifying people 4 9 many loll 4 6
it was the first etc with perfect tense 1 7 0 many, much and a lor (of I 4 0
it’s time 2 6 6 matter: not used in progressiv e forms 1 4 8
matter, there is something the matter
just any in negative sentences 36 with ... 2 2 3
just now with simple past 1 5 4 may. can and could: permission etc 1 1 6
may have ...ed etc 122
kind of without article 19 may. might, car and must: how certain- 10S
blow: not used in progressive forms 148 may not have ...ed and can't have ...ed 122
knowledge (uncountable i 57 may: there may be 22 3
me and I. he and him etc 4 8
last: word-order with numbers 7 3 me etc with -ing forms 19 5
late: adjective or adverb 7 0 meant to have ...ed l b 9
laugh at 2 8 5 might have ...ed etc 122
least 4 2 might in indirect speech 2 54
leaving out relative pronouns 2 7 2 might in polite requests etc 171
leaving out that 2 4 3 might in structures .vith if 2 5 9
leaving out words after auxiliaries 2 2 4 might, may. can and must: how certain- 1 0 8
leaving out words at the beginning of a sentence million!s) 2 9 4
227 mine, yours etc 2 8
less (of) 4 6 modal auxiliary verbs ) t i<S—J 2 9
less, least, fewer and fewest 4 2 Monday: on Monday etc 2 4
let me see/think 2 2 0 monthly: adjective or adverb 7 0
let's 2 2 0 more (of) 4 6
like + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 4 more and more 8 4
like and as 9 0 more and other 4 3

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
 • П ЕУ 355

m ore used to make comparatives 7 9 -8 1 noun + noun 6 3 - 7 1

m ost (o f) 4 7 noun + noun and possessive's 6 5
m ost used to make superlatives 7 9 - 8 1 noun + noun or structure with o f 6 6
m uch (o f) 4 6 nouns dropped after adjectives 72
m uch, m any and a lot (o f) 4 0 nouns: plurals 5 8 - 5 9
m uch with comparatives 8 2 number: a num ber o f with plural verb 61
must and have (got) to: obligation 112 numbers 2 9 4
must. can. m ay and m ight: how certain? 1 0 8
must have ...ed and had to ... ] 2 2 object to ...ing 1 9 8
must in indirect speech 2 54 o f after som e, any and other determiners 4 6
must not. do not have to etc 113 o f or if! after superlatives 8 6
must, should etc: obligation 1 1 0 of: structures with o f or noun + noun 6 6
must: there must be 2 2 3 often: position 74
m y e tc with -ing forms 1 9 5 often with present perfect 1 5 4
m y. y o u r etc 2 8 old: the old 72
m yself, y ou rself e t c 5 0 older and elder, oldest and eldest 8 0
on. at and in (time) 2 8 4
need 1 2 6 on ...ing 1 9 7
need not. must not etc 113 one and a /an 17
need ...ing 2 0 1 one another 51
need: not used in progressive forms 1 4 8 one meaning ‘people in general’ 52
need: there is no need to 2 2 3 one o f ... with singular verb 61
negative questions 2 1 4 one(s): a big one etc 5 4
negative questions as exclam ations 2 2 1 only: if only 2 6 8
negative structures 2 1 3 - 2 1 7 only: position 76
neither arn I etc 2 3 0 only: the only thing t h a t ... 271
n e ith e r... nor 2 4 2 opposite and in front o f 2 8 7
never not used with do 2 1 3 oth er(s) 4 3
never: position 74. 2 1 9 ought in indirect speech 2 5 4
never with any 32 ought, should and m ust: obligation 1 1 0
never with present perfect 1 5 4 own: m y ow n etc 51
nice + infinitive 2 0 9 oiwi: not used in progressive forms 1 4 8
night: at night 2 4
no and any 36 participles: present and past participles 1 9 3
no and not 2 1 6 particles: verbs with particles 1 8 4
no and yes in answers to negative questions 2 1 5 passive structures 1 7 6 - 1 8 2
no ...ing 1 9 5 passives: position of prepositions 2 9 2
no m atter w ho/w hat etc 2 8 3 past and present participles 1 9 3
no meaning ‘not a/an y ' 35 past and progressive tenses in polite requests etc
no with comparatives 82 171
nobody 35 past continuous: see past progressive
non-progressive verbs 148 past perfect 1 6 6 - 1 6 9
none o f 35. 4 3 past progressive 1 6 4
nor am 1 etc 2 30 past simple: see simple past
not 2 1 6 . 2 1 7 past tenses instead of w o u ld ... after
not a /an y and no 3 5 conjunctions 2 4 5
not and no 2 1 6 people: m ost ( o f the) people 4 7
not: I hope not etc 2 2 9 perfect infinitives 1 8 9
not so ... as 8 8 perfect tenses with this is the f i r s t ... etc 1 7 0
nothing 3 5 perm it + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 4
nothing t h a t ... 2 7 1 personal pronouns: I and т с etc 4 8
noun + fo r ... to 2 0 8 phrasal verbs 1 8 4
noun + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 7 place names: articles 2 5
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
plane: by plane 2 4 rather a 19
plenty (o f) 4 0 rather: would rather 2 6 6
plural expression with singular verb 61 ready + infinitive 2 0 9
plural verb with singular noun 6 0 realise: not used in progressive forms 148
plurals of nouns 5 8 - 5 9 recently with present perfect 1 54
point at 2 8 5 reflexive pronouns 50
point: there is no point in ...ing 2 2 3 regret + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 4
polite requests: past, progressive and future verb relative clauses and pronouns 2 7 0 - 2 8 3
forms 171 relative clauses: position of prepositions 2 9 0
poor: the poor 72 rem em ber + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 4
possessive s 6 2 rem em ber, not used in progressive forms 1 4 8
possessive's and noun + noun 65 reported speech: see Indirect speech
possessives 2 8 rich: the rich 72
prefer + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 4 right with be 9 5
prefer: not used in progressive forms 1 4 8
prepositions 2 8 4 —2 9 3 s 62
prepositions: structures with preposition or noun sam e: the sam e ... as 8 8
+ noun 6 4 say and tell 2 5 3
prepositions: verbs with prepositions 1 8 4 school: at school etc 2 4
prepositions with -ing forms 1 9 6 - 1 9 8 school with plural verb 6 0
present and past participles 1 9 3 Scottish: the Scottish 72
present and present perfect 1 5 6 . 1 5 8 see + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 5
present continuous: see present progressive see with can 11 5
present perfect and present 1 56. 1 58 seem : negative structures 2 1 7
present perfect and simple past 1 5 1 - 1 6 3 seem : not used in progressive forms 1 4 8
present perfect continuous: see present perfect seem : there seem s tv be 2 2 3
progressive self: m y self etc 50
present perfect progressive 1 5 8 sense: there is no sense in ...ing 2 2 3
present perfect progressive or simple 1 6 0 shall: future auxiliary 1 3 0
present progressive 1 4 2 - 1 5 0 shall In questions 121
present progressive and simple present 142 sh e used for cars, boats etc 4 9
present progressive used for future 1 3 4 shoot at 2 8 5
present progressive with alw ays 1 4 9 short answers 2 2 8
present simple: see simple present shcrt forms {don't. I'm etc! 2 9 6
present tense stories etc 1 4 4 should: I should/ n't) ... i f I w ere you 2 6 1
present tenses Instead of will after conjunctions should have ...ed e tc 122
244 should in indirect speech 2 5 4
prison: in prison etc 2 4 should, m ust etc: obligation 1 1 0
probably: position 74 shout a i ‘to 2 8 5
progressive and past tenses In polite requests etc sick: the sick 7 2
170 s illy adjective ending in ly 7 0
progressive: verbs not used In progressive simple or progressive present perfect 1 6 0
forms 1 4 8 simple past and present perfect 1 5 1 - 1 6 3
pronouns: I and m e etc 4 8 simple present 1 4 2 - 1 5 0
propose + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 4 simple present and present progressive 1 4 2
provided 2 3 8 simple present used for future 1 3 6
since and fo r 1 6 1 . 162
question tags 2 2 6 - 2 2 7 singuiar noun with plural verb 6 0
questions 2 1 0 - 2 1 2 . 2 1 4 singular verb with plural expression 61
questions in indirect speech 2 5 1 sleepy with be 9 5
questions: negative questions 2 1 4 sm ell with adjective 6 8
questions: position of prepositions 2 8 9 sm ell with can 1 1 5
quite a 19 sm ile at 2 8 5

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
so am I etc 2 30 the ... the with comparatives 8 5
so and such 9 1 the used instead of m y etc 2 9
s o ... as 8 8 the with place names 25
so: conjunction 2 3 6 the with superlatives 8 6
so: I ( don't) think so etc 2 2 9 the with whole and all 39
so m uch/m any 4 0 the with -ing forms 1 9 5
so that 2 3 8 then after if 2 5 7
som e (o f) 4 6 there is 2 2 2
som e and any 32 these and those 30
som e or no article 34 they meaning 'people in general' 52
som ebody, som eone, som ething and anybody, anyone. they: singular indefinite use. meaning 'he or she'
anything 32 etc 53
sort o f without article 19 think: I (don't) think so etc 2 2 9
sound with adjective 6 8 think: negative structures 2 1 7
Spanish: the Spanish 72 think: not always used in progressive forms
spelling: plurals 5 8 - 5 9 148
spelling: simple present 1 4 7 thirsty with be 95
spring: in ( the) spring etc 2 4 this is the f i r s t ... etc with perfect tense 1 7 0
sw/fwith plural verb 6 0 this, that etc 30
sutrl + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 4 this, that etc with -ing forms 1 9 5
still, yet and already 78 those and these 30
slop + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 4 thousand(s) 2 9 4
succeeded in ... and could 1 1 4 th r o w ... a t/to 2 8 5
such a 19 till 2 8 6
such and so 91 time: it's tim e 2 6 6
suggest: structures 2 5 2 to. at and in (place) 2 8 5
sum m er: in ( the) sum m er etc 2 4 to: infinitive with and without to 1 9 0
suppose: I suppose so etc 2 2 9 to ...ing 1 9 8
suppose: negative structures 2 1 7 to used for whole infinitive 191
suppose: not used in progressive forms 148 too and too m uch/m any 4 4
supposed to 129 too and very 9 2
sure: there is sure to be 2 2 3 too m uch/m any 4 0
town: to town etc 2 4
taste with adjective 6 8 travel (uncountable) 57
taste with can 1 1 5 try + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 5
team with plural verb 6 0 two-word verbs 184
tell and say 2 5 3
tenses after conjunctions 2 4 4 ugly: adjective ending in -Iу 7 0
tenses in indirect speech 2 4 8 . 2 5 4 uncountable and countable nouns 56
tenses: see the names of the different tenses understand: not used in progressive forms 1 4 8
tenses with if 2 5 6 - 2 6 3 unemployed: the unem ployed 72
terminology 2 9 8 university: at university etc 2 4
than, as and that 8 7 unless and if not 2 6 4
than me etc 4 8 until + past participle 2 4 0
that: left out 2 4 3 until and by 2 8 6
that (relative pronoun) 2 7 0 until (conjunction) 2 3 8
that, than and as 8 7 until ...ed 2 4 0
that, this etc 30 use: there is no use ...ing 2 2 3
the 2 1 - 2 5 used to + infinitive 1 2 8
(he blind, the Dutch etc 72 used to: be/get used to ...ing 1 9 8
the dropped in at school etc 24 usually: position 74
the m ajority o f with plural verb 61
the not used in generalisations 22 verb + infinitive or -ing form 199. 2 0 4
the sam e ... as 88 verb + object + infinitive 2 0 2

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
verbs not used in progressive forms 1 4 8 while (contrast) 2 3 8
verbs with prepositions and particles 1 8 4 while ...ing 2 4 0
verbs with two objects 1 8 3 who and whom 4 9
verbs with two objects: passive 1 8 0 w h o ev er 21 2
very and too 9 2 who (relative pronouni 2 7 0
w ry m uch/m any 4 0 w hoever 2 8 2
very (m uch) with past participles 9 3 whole and all 39
w hose Irelative I 2 7 5
want: I don I m int to. if you wain etc 191 why ( n o t ) ...? 1 9 0
want: negative structures 2 1 7 will and would: typical behaviour 1 2 0
want: not used in progressive forms 148 will be able to and can 114
want som ebody to do som ething 2 0 2 will: future auxiliary 1 30
warm with be 9 5 will in structures with if 1 3 7 . 2 5 7
was able to and could 1 1 4 will not used after conjunctions 2 4 4
was to have ...ed 1 8 9 will: willingness, intentions, requests etc 1 1 8
w as/w ere t o ... 141 wish: structures and tenses 2 6 8
watch + infinitive or -ing form 2 0 5 without with any 32
w eather: a/an not used 56 word-order: adjectives before nouns 7 3
weekly: adjective or adverb 7 0 word-order: adverbs at the end of a sentence 77
well: adjective or adverb 7 0 word-order: adverbs with the verb 74—7 6
W elsh: the W elsh 72 word-order: alw ays and never with
were after if 261 imperatives 2 1 9
w h a t 221 word-order. conjunctions and clauses 2 3 7
what a ...I 1 9 . 2 2 1 word order: enough 4 4
what and which 31 word-order: first and last with numbers 73
what colou r/size/m ake 2 1 2 word-order in questions 2 1 0
what ever 2 1 2 word order: position of prepositions 2 8 9 - 2 9 3
w h a t ... like and how 2 1 2 work: at w ork etc 2 4
what (relative) meaning the thing(s) that' 2 7 4 w ork (uncountable I 5 7
what sort o f 2 1 2 worse, worst 8 0 . 81
what tim e 2 1 2 would and will: typical behaviour 1 2 0
what to ... 2 5 2 would: future in the past 141
what: emphatic structures 2 35 would have ...ed etc 122
whatever 2 8 2 would in indirect speech 2 5 4
when and if 2 5 6 would in polite requests etc 171
when ...ed 2 4 0 would in structures with if 2 5 8 - 2 6 3
when: followed by future 1 3 7 would like to have ...ed 18 9
when ...ing 2 4 0 would not used after conjunctions 2 4 4
when (relative) 2 7 1 would rather 2 6 6
when with past perfect 1 6 7 wrong: there is som ething wrong with ... 2 2 3
when you like/w ant 191 wrong with be 9 5
whenever 2 8 2
where (relative) 2 7 1 yearly: adjective or adverb 7 0
wherever 2 8 2 y es and no in answers to negative questions 2 1 4
w hether in indirect questions 2 51 yet. still and already 7S
w hether ...o r 2 8 3 yet with present perfect 154
which and what 31 you meaning people in general' 52
which (relative pronoun) 2 7 0 young: the young 72
whichever 2 8 2

Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi
how
ENGLISH
works
H ow English Works makes grammar practice interesting.
Rules are easy to understand and remember; exercises
entertain as well as teach. Learners who want to use the
book for self study are guided in their learning, and
teachers who want to use the book in class will find extra
exercises for group work. I f you are an intermediate or
advanced leamer, How English Works offers you:

• short clear grammar explanations and rules

• information about the grammar o f speech as

well as writing

• simple reliable examples in real English

• easier exercises to give you confidence

• more challenging exercises to make you think

• opportunities to work out some rules for yourself

• tests to show you what you need to study most

• an easy-to-read full-colour layout

• hundreds o f illustrations

There are two editions o f H ow English Works:

one with answers and one without.

ISBN 0-19-431456-1

9 780194 314565
Oxford University Press
Elbarskhan_shaxsiy kutubxonasi