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Barani Institute of Science Sahiwal: Information and Communication Technoligy

The document is an assignment on information and communication technology submitted by Asma Yaqoob. It summarizes the main components of the central processing unit (CPU): The CPU consists of six main components - the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, cache, buses, and clock. The control unit fetches, decodes and executes instructions. The arithmetic logic unit performs arithmetic and logical operations. Registers are used to store data and instructions needed during processing. Cache temporarily holds frequently used data and instructions to allow for faster processing. Buses send control signals and data between the CPU and other components. The clock synchronizes all the computer's components by sending out regular electrical pulses.

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69 views

Barani Institute of Science Sahiwal: Information and Communication Technoligy

The document is an assignment on information and communication technology submitted by Asma Yaqoob. It summarizes the main components of the central processing unit (CPU): The CPU consists of six main components - the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, cache, buses, and clock. The control unit fetches, decodes and executes instructions. The arithmetic logic unit performs arithmetic and logical operations. Registers are used to store data and instructions needed during processing. Cache temporarily holds frequently used data and instructions to allow for faster processing. Buses send control signals and data between the CPU and other components. The clock synchronizes all the computer's components by sending out regular electrical pulses.

Uploaded by

Anas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BARANI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE SAHIWAL

ASSIGNMENT#1
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLIGY

Submitted by:

Asma Yaqoob

Submitted to:

Hina Umbreen

Registration No:

20-BIS-2348

Section:

BSCS 1st A

1. Table of Contents
2

1 Components of CPU...........................................................................................................3
1.1 Control unit (CU)........................................................................................................3
1.2 Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)........................................................................................3
1.2.1 Arithmetic Unit.....................................................................................................3
1.2.2 Logic Unit............................................................................................................3
1.3 Registers......................................................................................................................4
1.4 Cache...........................................................................................................................4
1.5 Buses............................................................................................................................4
1.5.1 Three types of bus are used:.................................................................................5
1.6 Clock............................................................................................................................5

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1 Components of CPU
The central processing unit (CPU) consists of six main components. All components work
together to allow processing and system control.

Figure 1

1.1 Control unit (CU)


The CU provides several functions:

 it fetches, decodes and executes instructions
 it issues control signals that control hardware
 it moves data around the system

1.2 Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)


The ALU has two main functions:

1.2.1 Arithmetic Unit


It performs arithmetic and logical operations (decisions). The ALU is where calculations are
done and where decisions are made.

1.2.2 Logic Unit


It acts as a gateway between primary memory and secondary storage. Data transferred
between them passes through the ALU.

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1.3 Registers
Registers are small amounts of high-speed memory contained within the CPU. They are used
by the processor to store small amounts of data that are needed during processing, such as:

 the address of the next instruction to be executed


 the current instruction being decoded
 the results of calculations

Different processors have different numbers of registers for different purposes, but most have
some, or all, of the following:

 program counter
 memory address register (MAR)
 memory data register (MDR)
 current instruction register (CIR)
 accumulator (ACC)

Figure 2

1.4 Cache
Cache is a small amount of high-speed random access memory (RAM) built directly within
the processor. It is used to temporarily hold data and instructions that the processor is likely
to reuse. This allows for faster processing as the processor does not have to wait for the data
and instructions to be fetched from the RAM.

1.5 Buses
A bus is a high-speed internal connection. Buses are used to send control signals and data
between the processor and other components.

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1.5.1 Three types of bus are used:

Figure 3

 Address bus - carries memory addresses from the processor to other components
such as primary memory and input/output devices.
 Data bus - carries the actual data between the processor and other components.
 Control bus - carries control signals from the processor to other components. The
control bus also carries the clock's pulses.

1.6 Clock
The CPU contains a clock which is used to coordinate all of the computer's components. The
clock sends out a regular electrical pulse which synchronizes (keeps in time) all the
components.

The frequency of the pulses is known as the clock speed. Clock speed is measured in hertz.
The higher the frequency, the more instructions can be performed in any given moment of
time.

In the 1980s, processors commonly ran at a rate of between 3 megahertz (MHz) to 5 MHz,
which is 3 million to 5 million pulses or cycles per second. Today, processors commonly run
at a rate of 3 gigahertz (GHz) to 5 GHz, which is 3 billion to 5 billion pulses or cycles per
second.

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Asma Yaqoob

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