Very short answer question:

1. Mention the necessity for the classification of the elements.

Ans: The necessity for the classification of the elements is to arrange all the known elements according
to their properties so that similar elements fall within the same groups and dissimilar elements are
separated so as to simplify their study.

2. What are horizontal rows and vertical columns of periodic table?

Ans: Horizontal rows are called Periods and vertical columns are called Groups of periodic table.

3. State the Mendeleev's periodic law.

Ans: Mendeleev's periodic law states that, "The physical and chemical properties of the elements are
periodic function of their atomic weights. "

4. What is the basis of classification of elements in the long form of periodic table?

Ans: The order of increasing atomic numbers or Periodicity (i.e. periodic repetition of properties) is the
basis of classification of elements in the long form of periodic table.
 5. What is meant by periodicity? Explain with example.

Ans: The recurrence of elements with similar properties after certain regular intervals when these
elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic numbers is called periodicity.

e.g. 3Li = 1S2,2S1

11Na = 1S2, 2S22P6, 3S1

19K = 1S2, 2S22P6, 3S23P6, 4S1

37Rb = 1S2, 2S22P6, 3S23P63d10, 4S24P6, 5S1

55Cs = 1S2, 2S22P6, 3S23P63d10, 4S24P64d10, 5S25P6,6S1

All these elements have one electron in their valence shell and have the similar properties. 87Fr
(Francium) is radioactive.

6. Periodicity of elements is according to electronic configuration or depends on atomic structure. Justify

it.
 Ans: 3Li = 1S2,2S1

11Na = 1S2, 2S22P6, 3S1

19K = 1S2, 2S22P6, 3S23P6, 4S1

37Rb = 1S2, 2S22P6, 3S23P63d10, 4S24P6, 5S1

55Cs = 1S2, 2S22P6, 3S23P63d10, 4S24P64d10, 5S25P6,6S1

From the electronic configuration of these elements it is clear that all elements having same number of
electrons in the valence shell have similar properties. Thus, the recurrence of similar properties is due to
the recurrence of similar electronic configurations or atomic structure. Hence, Cause of periodicity is the
recurrence of similar electronic configuration.

7. Define the term differentiating electron. What is the basis of classification of elements in s-, p-, d- and
f-blocks?

Ans: When electrons are filled in the orbitals according to Aufbau principle, to get the electronic
configuration of atom, the electrons which differentiates it from previous atom is called differentiating
electron.

The basis of classification of elements in s-, p-, d- and f-blocks is by identifying to which orbital the
differentiating electron of the atom enters.

8. What are iso-electronic species with examples.

 Ans: Neutral species or ions of different elements having same number of electrons but different
magnitude of nuclear charge are called iso-electronic species or ions. Size of such ions depends upon
nuclear charge.

Example: Sulphide (S2 -), chloride(Cl-) and potassium (K+) ions are iso-electronic ions because each has
18 electrons but have different nuclear charges i.e. +16, +17 and +19 respectively.

9. Give the characteristics of alkali metals?

Ans: Alkali Metals contains elements of group IA. Some characteristics of alkali metals are:

i. They are very soft metals.

ii. They have low M.P. and B.P.

iii. They are highly electropositive in nature.

iv. They have low ionization energy.

v. They are highly reactive and form ionic compounds e.g. NaCl, KCl etc.

vi. They are good reducing agent.

 10. What are typical elements and transition elements? Why are they called so?

Ans: Elements of the second period are known as typical elements [Li (Z = 3) to Ne (Z = 10)] because each
element is placed in a group whose number matches with the number of valence electrons.

All the elements belonging to 3 to 12 groups are called transition elements. They resemble each other in
several physical and chemical properties. They are all metals. They are called transition elements
because they are placed between the most reactive metals on the left and non-metals on the right. Their
compounds are coloured. They exhibit variable valency.

11. What are d-block elements?

Ans: The elements in which the last electron enters the d-subshell of the penultimate energy level are
called d- block elements. Their general valence shell configuration is (n-1)d1 - 10, ns1 - 2, where 'n'
represents the outermost energy level.

12. Why lanthanides and actinides are placed in separate rows at the bottom of the periodic table?

Ans: Lanthanides and actinides are placed in separate rows at the bottom of the periodic table to avoid
unnecessarily sidewise expansion of the periodic table. As, In both series of elements, the outermost shell
and penultimate shell are incompletely filled but the filling of only f - orbitals of ante-penultimate shell
occurs.
 13. How does ionization energy of the element vary across the period?

Ans: The value of ionization energy increases with increase in atomic number across the period. Due to
the gradual increase in nuclear charge and simultaneously decrease in atomic size the electrons are
more and more tightly bound to the nucleus. This results in the gradual increase in ionization energy
across the period.

14. In what respect electron affinity differ from electro negativity.

Ans: Electron affinity of an element is the energy released when an electron is added to an isolated
gaseous atom to form a gaseous anion or negative ion. When elements combine to form compounds,
then if any one atom try pull the bond pair of electrons towards itself, this tendency of atom is electro
negativity.

Electron affinity measures the firmness or tightness with which an atom can hold the additional electron
but electro negativity is used to understand the nature of bond between the two atoms.

15. A positive ion is smaller but negative ion is larger than their parent atom, explain.

Ans: An anion is formed by the gain of one or more electrons by the neutral atom. In the anion the
nuclear charge is same as in the parent atom but the number of electrons has increased. Since same
nuclear charge acts on increased number of electrons, the effective nuclear charge per electron
decreases in the anion. The electron cloud is held less tightly by the nucleus. This cause increase in size of
anion.
 16. Which of the following pairs would have larger size and why?

i. K or K+ ii. F or F - iii. Fe2+ and Fe3+

Ans: F or F - is the pair which have larger size. Greater the negative charge of anion, larger is the size
and more is the covalent character.

17. What are the factors which influences the ionization energy?

Ans: The factors which influences the ionization energy are:

i. Size of atom

ii. Magnitude of nuclear charge

iii. Screening effect or shielding effect.

iv. Penetration effect of the electrons

v. Electronic configuration
 18. "The ionization energy of Na+ is more than that of Ne although both have same electronic
configuration ", explain why?

Ans: Although Na+ and Ne have same electronic configuration (iso-electronic species) but the nuclear
charge in Na+ is more than in Ne. Hence, the electrons are more tightly held in Na+ and it has higher
ionization energy.

19. Define screening effect. How does it affect the value of ionization potential?

Ans: In multi-electron atoms, the electrons present in the outermost shell do not experience the complete
nuclear attraction because of repulsive interactions of the in between electrons. Thus, outermost
electrons are shielded or screened from the nucleus by the inner electrons called as screening effect.
Screening effect will decrease ionization energy.

20. Arrange the following in order of increasing size

a. I, I+, I - b. Na, Mg, K c. Cl -, S 2-, Mg 2+,Br -, Na +

Ans: a. I+< I< I -

b. Na< Mg< K

c. Mg 2+ <Na +< Br -<Cl -< S 2-

 21. Which has larger electro negativity and why?

a. Na, O b. F, Cl

Ans: a. O < Na Electro negativity goes on increasing with increase in atomic number as we move along
the period.

b. F >Cl

Electro negativity deceases down the group as effective nuclear charge decreases down the group.

22. Among F, Cl, Br and I which has the smallest ionization potential.

Ans: Among F, Cl, Br and I, Iodine(I) has the smallest ionization potential. As ionization potential
decrease with increase in atomic size.

23. Li2CO3 is less stable than other alkali metal carbonates, why?

Ans: Li2CO3 is less stable than other alkali metal carbonates because of small size of lithium Li2CO3 is
unstable to heat.

Li2CO3 + ∆ → Li2O + CO2

24. A, B and C represents elements of atomic number 2, 6, 19 respectively.

a. Write their electronic structure

Ans: A= 2He => 1S2

B = 6C = 1S2, 2S22P2

C = 19K => 1S2, 2S22P6, 3S23P6, 4S1

b. Predict their blocks, period and group

Ans: A= p-block, 0-group and 1st period

B = p-block, IVA-group and 2nd period

C = s-block, IA-group and 4th period

c. Which one is a representative element?

Ans: C = 19K is a representative element.

 25. The first ionization of noble gases is higher than that of halogen. Explain.

Ans: The noble gas have stable electronic configuration so it is very difficult to remove the electron from
their outermost orbit. Thus, they have highest ionization energy. Whereas halogens have unstable
electronic configuration as compared to noble gas and it is easy to remove the outermost electrons.
Hence, the first ionization energy of noble gas is greater than that of halogen.

26. How does the size change when an atom is converted into

a. cation

Ans: When an atom is converted into cation, size decreases.

b. anion

Ans: When an atom is converted into anion, size increases.

Short answer question:

1. a. How does atomic size vary within a horizontal row of the periodic table?
 Ans: The atomic radii (size) decrease with increase in the atomic number in a period. As we go from left
to right in a period, the electrons are added to the same shell but nuclear charge increases progressively
by one unit. As a result increased nuclear charge per electron pulls the electrons closer to the nucleus
thus decreases the size of the atoms.

b. The Mg2+ and Na+ have same no. of electrons, which ion would you expect to have the smaller
radius? Explain.

Ans: Mg2+ and Na+ have same no. of electrons. Both of them are iso-electronic ions with same number
of electrons i.e. 10. Within the series of iso-electronic ions, the nuclear charge increases so that the force
between nucleus and the electron also increases, as a result ionic radii decreases. Or ionic radii of iso-
electronic ions decrease with the increase in magnitude of nuclear charge. Thus, Mg2+ have smaller
radius than Na+ .

2. Show your acquaintance with modern periodic table.

Ans: Modern Periodic Law:- The chemical and physical properties of elements are the periodic function of
their Atomic numbers. The Modern Periodic Table was constructed based on the above law.

Features of the Modern Periodic Table:-

 1)The elements in the periodic table are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic number or
electronic configurations .

2) The horizontal rows are called as "periods".

3) The vertical columns are called as " groups" .

4)The Modern periodic table consists of 7 periods and 18 groups.

PERIODS:-

a) Each period starts with an alkali metal and ends with an inert gas element.

b) Elements present in the same period have same number of shells which is equal to the periodic
number.

c) The 1st period is the shortest period containing only 2 elements i.e. Hydrogen (H) & Helium (He). In
this period, only the 1s orbital is filled.

d) The 2nd period contains 8 elements starting with Lithium (Li) and ending with Neon (Ne). In this
period, the 2s & 2p orbitals are filled.

e) The 3rd period also contains 8 elements starting with Sodium (Na) and ending with Argon (Ar). In this
period the 3s & 3p orbitals are filled.
 f) The 4th period is the long period with 18 elements, starting with Potassium (K) and ending with
Krypton (Kr). In this period, 4s & 4p and also the 3d orbitals are filled.

g) The 5th period is also the long period with 18 elements, starting with Rubidium (Rb) and ending with
Xenon (Xe). The 5s & 5p along with 4d orbitals are filled.

h) The 6th period is the longest period with 32 elements. It not only includes 10 elements belonging to 5d
series i.e. from Lanthanum (La) to Mercury (Hg) but also contains 14 elements belonging the 4f series
called lanthanides i.e from Cerium (Ce) to Lutetium (Lu). In this period, the 6s & 6p along with the 4f & 5d
orbitals are filled.

i) The 7th period is an incomplete period. It includes Fr along with the 14 elements belonging to 5f series
called actinides i.e from Thorium (Th) to Lawrencium (Lr). In this period, the 7s & 5f orbitals are filled.

GROUPS:-

a) The Modern Periodic Table consists of 18 groups or vertical columns.

b) Elements present in the same group show same physical and chemical properties.

c) Also the elements present in the same group have same number of electrons in the outermost shell.

d) According to American convention, the groups are denoted by roman numerals followed by either an
capital alphabet "A" if the group is in the s-block or p-block, or by "B" if the group is in the d-block .
e) Thus the groups from 1 to 18 are denoted as IA , IIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII, IB ,IIB, IIIA, IVA, VA,
VIA, VIIA and 0 (zero).

f) The elements from IA to VII A group i.e the elements in the groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16 & 17 are called
as representative elements.

g) The 18th group or zero group elements are called as inert gases or noble gases. This group includes
the elements He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn.

h) The elements in the groups from IIIB to IIB i.e., from group 3 to 12 are called as transition elements.

i) The two rows placed at the bottom of the periodic table i.e the Lanthanides and Actinides are also
considered to be the part of IIIB group (i.e. group 3). These are usually called as inner transition
elements.

The 14 elements with atomic number 58 to 71 are called as Lanthanides, whereas the 14 elements with
atomic number 90 to 103 are called as Actinides.

3. Give the anomalies in Mendeleev's periodic table.

Ans: Anomalies in Mendeleev's periodic table are:

a. Position of Hydrogen: The position of hydrogen was not correctly defined. It was placed in Group I
although its properties resembled both the Group I elements (the alkali metals) and the group VII
elements (the halogens).
b. Grouping of Some Elements: In some cases Mendeleev placed elements according to their similarities
in properties and not in increasing order of their atomic masses, while some dissimilar elements were
grouped together. Thus, the position of these elements was not justified. For example, cobalt (at. mass
58.9) was placed before nickel (at. mass 58.6); copper and mercury are similar in their properties but
were placed separately. Copper was placed in group I although it did not resemble the elements of this
group.

c. Anomalous Pair: In certain pairs of elements like, Ar (40) and K (39); Co (58.9) and Ni (58.6); Te (127.6)
and I (126.9) the arrangement was not justified. For example, argon was placed before potassium
whereas its atomic mass is more than potassium.

d. Isotopes: Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different atomic mass but same atomic
number. For e.g., there are three isotopes of hydrogen with atomic mass 1, 2, and 3. According to
Mendeleev's periodic table these should be placed at three separate places. However isotopes have not
been given separate places in the periodic table.

e. Lanthanides and Actinides: Fourteen elements that follow lanthanum called lanthanides and fourteen
elements following actinium called actinides were not given proper places in Mendeleev's periodic table.

f. Cause of Periodicity: Mendeleev's table was unable to explain the cause of periodicity among
elements.

4. What do you mean by electro negativity? Discuss its variation across a period and a group.

Ans: When elements combine to form compounds, then if any one atom try pull the bond pair of
electrons towards itself, this tendency of atom is known as electro negativity.

Effective nuclear charge decreases as we go down a group in a periodic table, because with the increase
in atomic number within a group i.e. top to bottom, the atomic size also increases. Hence, electro
negativity decreases down a group.
 Effective nuclear charge increases with decrease in size of the atom and the size of the atom decreases
as we move along a period from left to right in the periodic table. Accordingly, electro negativity goes on
increasing with increase in atomic number as we move along the period.

5. What are the advantages of modern periodic table over Mendeleev's periodic table?

Ans: The advantages of Modern periodic table over Mendeleev's periodic table are :

1. Modern periodic table is based on the most fundamental property, the atomic number of elements,
while Mendeleev's periodic table is based upon the atomic masses of elements.

2. Modern periodic table explains clearly why elements in a group display similar properties. It also
explains why elements of a group differ in properties from the elements of other groups.

In the modern periodic table, elements are arranged in accordance with their electronic configurations.
The elements having similar electronic configurations are placed in the same group. Hence, elements in
given group show similar properties. Elements with different electronic configurations are grouped
separately, hence they show different properties.

Mendeleev’s periodic table does not provide any reason for the similarity and the difference in properties
of elements.

3. Modern periodic table gives a satisfactory explanation about the chemical periodicity in the properties
of elements. The periodicity in properties arises due to periodicity in electronic configurations of
elements. Since the electronic configurations of elements are repeated at regular intervals, the
properties of elements are bound to do so.

Mendeleev's periodic table does not assign any reason for the periodicity in properties of elements.
4. In Mendeleev's periodic table there are several anomalies, e.g. the position of isotopes, wrong order of
atomic masses of some elements etc. In the long form of the periodic table, these anomalies have been
removed.

5. In the long form of the periodic table, elements have been clearly separated as normal elements,
transition elements and noble gases. Metals and nonmetals are also separated. But in Mendeleev's
periodic table there is no such separation of different types of elements.

6. In the modern periodic table the subgroups A and B are clearly separate because the elements
belonging to subgroup A differ in properties from those of elements belonging to subgroup B. In
Mendeleev's periodic table the two subgroups are kept together.

7. The long form of the periodic table is comparatively easy to remember.

6. What do you understand by diagonal relationship?

Ans: A diagonal relationship is said to exist between certain pairs of diagonally adjacent elements in the
second and third periods of the periodic table. These pairs (Lithium (Li) and magnesium (Mg), beryllium
(Be) and aluminium (Al), boron (B) and silicon (Si) etc.) exhibit similar properties; for example, boron and
silicon are both semiconductors, forming halides that are hydrolyzed in water and have acidic oxides.

Such relationship occurs because crossing and descending the periodic table have opposite effects. On
moving across a period of the periodic table, the size of the atoms decreases, and on moving down a
group the size of the atoms increases, Similarly, on moving across the period, the elements become
progressively more covalent, less basic and more electronegative, whereas on moving down the group
the elements become more ionic, more basic and less electronegative. Thus, on both descending a group
and crossing the period by one element, the changes "cancel" each other out, and elements with similar
properties which have similar chemistry are often found – the atomic size, electro negativity, properties
of compounds (and so forth) of the diagonal members are similar.
 7. Compare the size of F- and Na+ with the atomic size of Neon.

Ans: Fluorine's atomic configuration is (2,7). As its charge is -1, it will have 8 electrons in its outermost
shell thus filling its octane. Similarly, Sodium loses one electron as it's charge is +1. So initial Na(2,8,1)
will become Na+(2,8). And neon's atomic configuration is (2,8).

Now, fluorine has more electrons than protons(present in the nucleus) as it's charge is F-.So, its size will
increase than that of the standard F atom For Na, will be vice versa. So, we can conclude that the
increasing order of sizes will be,

Na<Ne<F

8. Arrange the elements Na, Li and K in the increasing order of first ionization energy. Give reasons.

Ans: Since ionization energy decreases down the group with increase in size. These elements belong to
same group (1st). The correct order of first ionization energy should be: K < Na < Li.

Longanswer question:

1. State modern periodic law. What are the main features of long form of periodic table?

Ans: ModernPeriodicLawstates that, ''The physical and chemical properties of the elements are the
periodic function of their Atomic numbers''.

The general features of the Long Form Periodic Table are:

(i) The long form periodic table (IUPAC 1984) consists of 18 vertical columns and 18 groups. These groups
are numbered 1 to 18 from the left, using Arabic numerals.

(ii) Elements of the groups 1 and 2 , and groups 13 to 17 are called main group elements. These are also
called typical or representative or normal elements.

(iii) The elements of the groups 3 to 12 in the middle of the periodic table are called transition elements.

(iv) Elements with atomic numbers 58 to 71(Ce to Lu) occurring after lanthanum are called lanthanides.

(v) Elements with atomic numbers 90 to 103(Th to Lr) are called actinides.

(vi) Both these series of elements (lanthanides and actinides), are placed in mass separate box atomic
the bottom of the periodic table. This is done to avoid excessive width of the periodic table.

(vii) There are seven (7) horizontal rows in this periodic table called periods. Thus, there are seven
periods in this periodic table.

(a) First period contains 2 element, and is called shortest period.

(b) Second and third periods contains 8 elements each, and are called Short periods.

(c) Fourth and fifth periods contain 18 elements each, and are called long periods.

(d) Sixth period contains 32 elements, and is called Longest Period.

 (e) Seventh period is incomplete, and is called Incomplete period.

(f) Each period begins with the element that has been one electron in mass new main shell.

(g) The elements belonging to the group 1 and are collectively called alakali metals.

(h) The elements belonging to the group 2 are collectively called alkaline earth metals.

(i) The elements belonging to the group 17 are collectively called halogens.

(j) The elements belonging to the group 18 are collectively called noble gas elements.

(k) Metals are located in the left and the central parts of the periodic table. Non metals are located in the
upper right portion of the periodic table.

2. Name the four blocks of elements in the periodic table. Write their general electronic configuration;
mention at least four characteristics of each block.

Ans:The periodic table is divided into four blocks of elements:

1. s-Block elements

2. p-Block elements

3. d-Block elements
 4. f-Block elements

Properties of s-Block elements (contain s-electrons in their valence shell)

1. Except H all elements of s-Block elements are active metals.

2. General electronic configuration of s- Block elements is: ns1 - 2

3. They have +1/ +2 oxidation state.

4. They form basic oxides.

5. They impart characteristic colour to the flame.

6. Generally they form ionic salts with nonmetals.

7. They have low ionization potentials.

8. They have very small electron gain enthalpies.

9. They are solids at room temperature (Cs is liquid at about at 35oC)

10. Their hydroxides are basic in nature.

 11. They are good reducing agents.

Properties of p-Block elements: (contain p-electrons in their valence shell)

1. General electronic configuration of s- Block elements is: ns2np1-6

2. Most of p-Block elements are non-metals.

3. They have variable oxidation states.

4. They form acidic oxides.

5. They impart no characteristic cooler to the flame.

6. Generally they form covalent compounds. Halogens form salts with alkali metals

7. They have high ionization potentials.

8. They have very large electron gain enthalpies.

9. They are solids/liquids/gases at room temperature (Br is liquid).

 10. The aqueous solutions their oxides are acidic in nature.

Properties of d-Block elements: (contain d-electrons in their valence shell).

1. These elements lie in between s-block and p-block elements. These elements are called transition

2. Elements as they show transitional properties between s and p-block elements.

3. The general electronic configuration of d-block elements is (n-1)d1-10ns0-2.

4. Most of the d-block elements are metals.

5. Most of them exhibit variable oxidation states because of the presence of partly filled d-orbital.
(Except Sc, Zn, Cd etc.)

6. Many of their compounds are colored.

7. They readily form complexes by acting as Lewis acid.

8. They easily form colored complexes.

9. Most of them and their compounds show paramagnetic, ferromagnetic behavior.

10. They act as good catalysts.

 Properties of f-Block elements: (contain f-electrons in their valence shell)

1. Electronic configuration: ns2 (n-) d0-1(n-2) f1-14

2. f – block elements are also called as inner transition elements. They are: Lanthanides and actinides.

Lanthanides (58Ce- 71Lu )

3. All lanthanides closely resemble lanthanum.

4. Lanthanides are chemically similar to each other.

5. Except for cerium (III and IV) and europium (III and II), the lanthanides occur as trivalent cations in
nature.

6. Most lanthanides are widely used in lasers

7. These elements deflect UV and Infrared electromagnetic radiation and are commonly used in the
production of sunglass lenses.

7. The ionic radii of the lanthanides decrease through the period — the so-called lanthanide
contraction
 Actinides( 90Th– 103Lr)

8. All the actinides are radioactive.

9. These are highly electro-positive (show+3,+4,+5,+6 oxidation states)

10. These metals tarnish in air.

11. They have number of isotopes.

12. They react with boiling water or dilute acids to give H2 gas.

13. These directly combine with non-metals.

3. In what respect does Modern periodic table differ from Mendeleev's periodic table. How does it help in
removing the defects of Mendeleev's periodic table?

Ans: The difference of Modern Periodic table from Mendeleev Periodic table areas;

1. Modern periodic table is based on the most fundamental property, the atomic number of elements,
while Mendeleev's periodic table is based upon the atomic masses of elements.

2. Modern periodic table explains clearly why elements in a group display similar properties. It also
explains why elements of a group differ in properties from the elements of other groups.
In the modern periodic table, elements are arranged in accordance with their electronic configurations.
The elements having similar electronic configurations are placed in the same group. Hence, elements in
given group show similar properties. Elements with different electronic configurations are grouped
separately, hence they show different properties.

Mendeleev’s periodic table does not provide any reason for the similarity and the difference in properties
of elements.

3. Modern periodic table gives a satisfactory explanation about the chemical periodicity in the properties
of elements. The periodicity in properties arises due to periodicity in electronic configurations of
elements. Since the electronic configurations of elements are repeated at regular intervals, the
properties of elements are bound to do so.

Mendeleev's periodic table does not assign any reason for the periodicity in properties of elements.

4. In Mendeleev's periodic table there are several anomalies, e.g. the position of isotopes, wrong order of
atomic masses of some elements etc. In the long form of the periodic table, these anomalies have been
removed.

5. In the long form of the periodic table, elements have been clearly separated as normal elements,
transition elements and noble gases. Metals and nonmetals are also separated. But in Mendeleev's
periodic table there is no such separation of different types of elements.

6. In the modern periodic table the subgroups A and B are clearly separate because the elements
belonging to subgroup A differ in properties from those of elements belonging to subgroup B. In
Mendeleev's periodic table the two subgroups are kept together.

4. What is meant by ionization energy? How does it vary in a group and a period?
 Ans: The electrons in an atom are attracted by the positively charged nucleus. In order to remove
electron from an atom, energy has to be supplied to it to overcome the attractive force referred to as
Ionization energy. Thus, Ionization energy may be defined as the amount of energy required to remove
the most loosely bound electron from the isolated gaseous atom.

As we go down a group, the outer electrons are farther and farther away from the nucleus, and are
"shielded" from the nuclear charge by more electrons in the inner shells. So, the outer electrons
"experience" a reduced nuclear charge holding them onto the atom. So, they are easier to remove, and
the ionization energy decreases.

As we go across a period, the nuclear charge increases. All of the outer electrons are at roughly the same
distance away from the nucleus, so they "feel" the increasing nuclear charge. Thus, the ionization energy
generally increases across a period.

5. Explain why?

a. Electron affinity of halogen is high.

b. Electro negativity of halogen is highest in each period but that for inert gas is zero.

c. Electron affinity values of Be and Mg are almost zero.

d. Electron affinity of fluorine is unexpectedly less than that of chlorine.

e. Cl - has larger size than K+ though they have same electronic configuration.

f. Alkali metals (gr. IA) have low ionization energy.

g. Ionization energy of nitrogen is more than that of boron.

 h. Size of Mg ++ is smaller than O -- although they are iso electronic species.

i. Ionization energy of alkali metals decrease as the atomic number increases.

j. Metals form positive ions and non-metals form negative ions?

Answers:

a. EA of halogen is high. halogen have agreater electron affinity because of their

atomic structures: first, they have morevalence electrons than others in therespective period, thus it is
easier for thehalogen to gain electrons to fulfill a stable

octet and secondly, the valence electronshell is closer to the nucleus, thus it is

harder to remove an electron and it easierto attract electrons from other elements.

Thus halogen has high EA.

b. EN of halogen is highest in the periodbut that for inert gas is zero. It is because

halogen have more number of valence electron and there is decrease in size so

they have high tendency to attract bondedelectrons thus they have high EN but in

the case of inert gas they have stableouter electronic configuration and there

is no possibility of addition or loss ofelectron or shell so they have zero EN.

c. EA values of Be and Mg are almost zero. It is because the outer electronic

configuration of Be is 1s2, 2s2. Here,' s'sub-shell is completely filled and is quite

 stable. Likewise the outer electronicconfiguration of Mg is (Ne)3s2 , here also

the outer sub-shell is completely filledand it is also stable so in case of both Be

and Mg there is no addition of electron.So, the EA of Be and Mg are almost zero.

d. EA of fluorine is unexpectedly less thanthat of Cl because the atomic size of

fluorine is the smallest as compared tothat of chlorine and there is strong

electronic and nuclear attraction due towhich incoming electron feels lesser

attraction,in fluorine than that ofchlorine. Thus the EA of F<Cl

e. although they have same electronicconfiguration size of potassium ion is

smaller than that of chlorine ion becausethere is strong attraction between

electron and nucleus in potassium ionwhich results in the decrease in size but

in chlorine ion there is strong electronicrepulsion due to which electronic clouds

spreads out resulting in increase in size.Thus, although they have same electronic

configuration size of potassium ion issmaller than that of chlorine ion.

f. Alkali metals are highly reactiveelements in the periodic table and they

have greater atomic size as compared toother elements in the same period. So

they require less amount of energy toloose valence electron i.e. they have low

IE.
 g. the electronic configuration of nitrogenis 1s2,2s2,2p3. Here p sub shell is half

filled so it is quite stable and theelectronic configuration of boron is

1s2,2s2,2p1 and in this case there is nosuch extra stability as in case of nitrogen.

So a large amount of energy is required toremove a valence electron from the

nitrogen than that of boron. So IE of N isgreater than that of B.

h. although they have same electronicconfiguration size of magnesium ion issmaller than that of oxide
ion becausethere is strong attraction between

electron and nucleus in magnesium ionwhich results in the decrease in size but

in oxide ion there is strong electronicrepulsion due to which electronic clouds

spreads out resulting in increase in size.Thus, although they have same electronic

configuration size of magnesium ion issmaller than that of oxide ion.

i. as atomic number increases on goingdown the group in alkali metals there is

addition of electronic shells whichdecreases the nuclear attraction force

and the electrons are loosely held solesser amount of energy is required for

the removal of valence electron. Thus IEof alkali metals decreases as the atomic

number increases.

j. metals have low ionization energy sothey easily loses valence electron and theyacquire positive charge
and form positiveion. But non metals have high IE so they

hardly loses electron instead they readilyaccepts electron so they acquire negative

charge and form negative ion.

 6. Write short notes on:

a. Division of elements in blocks

Ans: The periodic table is divided into four blocks - s, p, d and f block.The elements are classified into four
blocks depending on the type of atomic orbitals which are being filled with electrons.s-block consists of
elements of groups 1 and 2 while p-block consists of elements of groups 13 to 18. The d-block elements
lie between the s and p block elements. d-block consists of elements of groups 3 to 12. The two rows of
elements placed at the bottom of the periodic table constitute the f-block. All the elements belonging to
d and f-block are metals.

s-block elements:

s-orbital can accommodate a maximum of two electrons. Their general formula are ns1 and ns2
respectively. The total number of s block elements are 13.The elements of the periodic table in which last
electron enters in s-orbital are called s-block elements.

p-block elements:

p-orbital can accommodate a maximum of six electrons. The general formula of p block elements are
ns2p1-6The total number of p block elements in the periodic table is 30. There are nine gaseous elements
belonging to p-block. Gallium and bromine are liquids.

d-block elements:

The elements of the periodic table in which the last electron gets filled up in the d orbital called d block
elements. The general formula of these elements is (n-1)s2, p6, d1-10ns1-2 where n=4 to 7.All of these
elements are metals. Out of all d block elements mercury is the only liquid element.

f-block element:
 The element of the periodic table in the last electron gets filled up in the f-orbital, called f-block
elements. The f-block elements are from atomic number 58 to 71and from 90 to 103.There are 28 f block
elements in the periodic table. The elements from atomic number 58 to 71 are called lanthanides
because they come after lanthanum (57). The elements from 90 to 103 are called actinides because they
come after actinium (89).

b. Modern periodic table

In 1912, Henry Gywn- Jeffrey's Moseley showed that the atomic number of an element is numerically
equal to the number of electrons round the nucleus. The number of electrons in turn is equal to the
number of protons in the nucleus. He suggested that atomic number is a more fundamental property of
an element than its atomic mass. When the elements are arranged in the increasing order of their
atomic number, most of the defects of Mendeleev's classification get rectified. The periodic law given
earlier is now modified and followed today. It states that "the properties of the elements are periodic
functions of their atomic numbers."

The modern periodic table is also known as the long form of the periodic table or the extended form of
the periodic table.

In this table, the elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic numbers in such a way that
elements with similar properties fall in the same vertical column. These vertical columns are referred to
as 'Groups'. There are eight groups, which are further sub-divided into eighteen sub-groups. There are 7
horizontal rows in the periodic table. These are called the periods. Noble (inert) gases are placed in the
18 or VIII A, which is at the extreme right of the table. Halogens are placed in group 17 or VII A, just
ahead of the noble gas elements. The alkali metals (Na, K, etc.) are placed in group 1 or I A and the
alkaline earth metals (Ca, Ba, etc.) are placed in 2 or II A which is at the extreme left of the table.
Transition elements such as copper, iron, etc., are placed in the 3 to 12 groups, which occur at the middle
of the table. The inner transition elements, lanthanides and actinides are placed in two separate series at
the bottom of the main body of the periodic table.

c. Periodic properties of elements

Ans: The elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. Most of the
properties of the elements such as valency, atomic size, and ionization energy and electron affinity are
directly related to the electronic configuration of the atoms. All of these elements display several other
trends and we can use the periodic law and table formation to predict their chemical, physical, and
atomic properties. Understanding these trends is done by analyzing the elements electronic
configuration; all elements prefer an octet formation and will gain or lose electrons to form that stable
configuration. These properties indirectly control the physical properties such as melting point, boiling
point, density, etc. Periodic properties are another name for the patterns that are repeated on moving
across a period and down each group. Atomic and Ionic radius decreases across a group and increases
down a group electro negativity increases across a period and decreases down a group. First ionization
energy decreases down a group and follows a similar trend in generally increasing across a period.
Reactivity/activity of metals increases reactivity of halogens decreases melting points of non-metals
increases oxides of elements become increasingly acidic across a period.

d. Mendeleev's periodic table:

In 1869, just five years after John Newlands put forward his Law of Octaves, a Russian chemist called
Dimitri Mendeleev published a periodic table. Mendeleev also arranged the elements known at the time
in order of relative atomic mass, but he did some other things that made his table much more successful.

Mendeleev realized that the physical and chemical properties of elements were related to their atomic
mass in a 'periodic' way, and arranged them so that groups of elements with similar properties fell into
vertical columns in his table.

Gaps and predictions Sometimes this method of arranging elements meant there were gaps in his
horizontal rows or 'periods'. But instead of seeing this as a problem, Mendeleev thought it simply meant
that the elements which belonged in the gaps had not yet been discovered. He was also able to work out
the atomic mass of the missing elements, and so predict their properties. And when they were
discovered, Mendeleev turned out to be right. For example, he predicted the properties of an
undiscovered element that should fit below aluminum in his table. When this element, called gallium,
was discovered in 1875 its properties were found to be close to Mendeleev's predictions. Two other
predicted elements were later discovered, lending further credit to Mendeleev's table.