FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

▪ Introduction of Surveying ▪ Differential Leveling

▪ Errors and Mistakes ▪ Profile Leveling

▪ Measurement of Horizontal Distances ▪ Tacheometry

▪ Stadia Leveling
▪ Corrections in Taping

▪ Stadia Traverse
▪ Measurement of Angles and Directions

▪ Topographic Survey
▪ Traverse Computations
▪ Triangulation
▪ Area Computations
▪ Hydrographic Surveying
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

For any closed traverse the first step taken by the surveyor should always be to
check if the observed angles fulfill the geometric conditions of the figure. Should
there be an angular error of closure it must be corrected to give a series of
preliminary adjusted directions. All linear distances should then be corrected since
errors in measured lengths will alter the shape of the traverse.

LATITUDE AND DEPARTURE

The Latitude of a line is its projection onto the reference meridian or the North
– South line. Latitudes are sometimes referred to as Northings or Southings.

The Departure of a line is its projection onto the reference parallel or the East
– West line. Departures are sometimes referred to as Eastings or Westings.
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

Sign conventions for Latitude and Departure

DIRECTION SIGN (LAT/DEP)

NORTH (+) LATITUDE
SOUTH (-) LATITUDE
EAST (+) DEPARTURE
WEST (-) DEPARTURE

𝐿𝐴𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 𝑑𝐴𝐵 cos 𝛽𝐴𝐵

𝐷𝐸𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 𝑑𝐴𝐵 sin 𝛽𝐴𝐵
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

LINEAR ERROR OF CLOSURE

There is no such thing as a mathematically perfect survey. Small
errors in both distances and angles will always be present even in closed
traverses observed using instruments and methods of high precision. In all
probability a surveyed closed traverse would not satisfy the geometric
requirements of a closed polygon.
The linear error of closure (LEC) is usually a short line of unknown
length and direction connecting the initial and final stations of the traverse.
It is approximately determined by plotting the traverse to scale, or more
exactly by computing the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose sides are the
closure in latitudes and closure in departures, respectively.
TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

𝑳𝑬𝑪 = 𝑪𝑳 𝟐 + 𝑪𝑫 𝟐

𝑪𝑫
𝜷= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝑪𝑳

where:
CL = closure in latitude or algebraic sum of
the north and south latitudes
CD = closure in departure or algebraic sum
of the east and west departures
𝛽 = bearing of the side error
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

RELATIVE PRECISION
A convenient and more useful measure 𝟏
of precision is defined by the ratio of the linear 𝑹𝑷 =
error of closure to the perimeter or total length
𝑫ൗ
𝑳𝑬𝑪
of the traverse.
where:
TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT
LEC = linear error of closure
The procedure of computing the linear
error of closure and applying correction to the D = total length or perimeter of the
individual latitudes and departures for the traverse
purpose of providing a mathematically closed
figure is referred to as traverse adjustment.
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
METHODS OF TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT
1. ARBITRARY METHOD
When the arbitrary method of adjustment is employed the latitudes and
departures are adjusted in a discretionary manner according to the surveyor’s
assessment of the conditions surrounding the survey. It is simplest to perform. This
method does not conform to established rules or mathematical equations since the
surveyor simply relies on his own estimation and personal judgment.

2. COMPASS RULE
The correction to be applied to the latitude (or departure) of any course is
equal to the total closure in latitude (or departure) multiplied by the ratio of the
length of the traverse or perimeter of the traverse.
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
𝒅 𝒅
𝒄𝒍 = 𝑪𝑳 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 𝒅 = 𝑪𝑫
𝑫 𝑫
where:
cl = correction to be applied to the latitude of any course
cd = correction to be applied to the departure of any course
CL = total closure in latitude
= algebraic sum of the North and South latitudes
CD = total closure in departure
= algebraic sum of the East and West departures
d = length of any course
D = total length or perimeter of the traverse
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
3. TRANSIT RULE
The correction to be applied to the latitude (or departure) of any course is
equal to the total closure in latitude (or departure) multiplied by the ratio of the
length of the traverse or perimeter of the traverse.

𝑳𝒂𝒕 𝑫𝒆𝒑
𝒄𝒍 = 𝑪𝑳 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 𝒅 = 𝑪𝑫
Σ𝑳𝒂𝒕 Σ𝑫𝒆𝒑
where:
ΣLat = arithmetic sum of all the latitudes
ΣDep = arithmetic sum of all the departures
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
ADJUSTED LENGTHS AND DIRECTIONS
After the latitudes and departures of the courses of a closed traverse have
been so adjusted, the bearings (or azimuths) of the courses and their lengths should
also be adjusted to correspond to the adjusted latitudes and departures. The
following are the equations used for this purpose.
𝑫𝒆𝒑′
𝑳′ = 𝑳𝒂𝒕′ 𝟐 + 𝑫𝒆𝒑′ 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 =
𝑳𝒂𝒕′
where:
Note:
L’ = adjusted length of a course
It will be observed that during the process
Lat’ = adjusted latitude of a course of adjustment an excess or deficiency of
0.01 m may result when rounding off
Dep’= adjusted departure of a course computed values. This imbalance is usually
eliminated by applying an arbitrary
α = total closure in latitude correction such as revising one of the
computed corrections.
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

Problem 1
Given in the tabulation below are notes for an open traverse. Determine the
latitude and departure of each course and tabulate values accordingly.

Course Distance Bearing Course Distance Bearing

AB 550.30 m N 28°10’ E DE 631.22 m N 50°00’ E
BC 395.48 m S 69°35’ E EF 340.05 m N 25°05’ E
CD 462.70 m S 27°50’ E FG 275.86 m Due East
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

Solution:
a. Determining Latitudes: 𝐿𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑 cos 𝛼 b. Determining Latitudes: 𝐿𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑 sin 𝛼

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑏 = 550.30 cos 28°10′ = +𝟒𝟖𝟓. 𝟏𝟑 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑏 = 550.30 sin 28°10′ = +𝟐𝟓𝟗. 𝟕𝟔 𝒎
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑏𝑐 = 395.48 cos 69°35′ = −𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟔 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑏𝑐 = 395.48 sin 69°35′ = +𝟑𝟕𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 𝒎
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑑 = 462.70 cos 27°50′ = +𝟒𝟎𝟗. 𝟏𝟕 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑐𝑑 = 462.70 sin 27°50′ = +𝟐𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟒 𝒎
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑒 = 631.22 cos 50°00′ = +𝟒𝟎𝟓. 𝟕𝟒 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑑𝑒 = 631.22 sin 50°00′ = +𝟒𝟖𝟑. 𝟓𝟒 𝒎
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑓 = 340.05 cos 25°05′ = −𝟑𝟎𝟕. 𝟗𝟖 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑓 = 340.05 sin 25°05′ = +𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟔 𝒎

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑓𝑎 = 275.86 cos 90°00′ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑓𝑎 = 275.86 sin 90°00′ = +𝟐𝟕𝟓. 𝟖𝟔 𝒎

 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
c. Tabulated Solution:

Latitude Departure
Course Distance Bearing
+N -S +E -W
AB 550.30 m N 28°10’ E 485.13 m 259.76 m
BC 395.48 m S 69°35’ E 137.96 m 370.64 m
CD 462.70 m S 27°50’ E 409.17 m 216.04 m
DE 631.22 m N 50°00’ E 405.74 m 483.54 m
EF 340.05 m N 25°05’ E 307.98 m 144.16 m
FG 275.86 m Due East 0m 275.86 m

Note: In the above calculations, north latitudes and east departures are
considered plus; south latitudes and west departures minus.
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

Problem 2
Given in the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for a traverse
obtained from a transit-tape survey. Determine the latitudes and departures of
each course and balance these quantities by employing compass rule. Also
determine the linear error of closure, the bearing of the side of error, and the
relative precision of the survey made. Tabulate values accordingly.

Course Distance Bearing Course Distance Bearing

AB 495.85 m N 05°30’ E DE 1,020.87 m S 12°25’ E
BC 850.62 m N 46°02’ E EF 1,117.26 m S 83°44’ W
CD 855.45 m S 67°38’ E FA 660.08 m N 55°09’ W
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

Solution:
a. Determining Latitudes: 𝐿𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑 cos 𝛼 b. Determining Latitudes: 𝐿𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑 cos 𝛼
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑏 = 495.85 cos 05°30′ = +𝟒𝟗𝟑. 𝟓𝟕 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑏 = 495.85 sin 05°30′ = +𝟒𝟕. 𝟓𝟑 𝒎
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑏𝑐 = 850.62 cos 46°02′ = +𝟓𝟗𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑏𝑐 = 850.62 sin 46°02′ = +𝟔𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟑 𝒎
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑑 = 855.45 cos 67°38′ = −𝟑𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟑 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑐𝑑 = 855.45 sin 67°38′ = +𝟕𝟗𝟏. 𝟎𝟗 𝒎
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑒 = 1020.87 cos 12°25′ = −𝟗𝟗𝟔. 𝟗𝟗 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑑𝑒 = 1020.87 sin 12°25′ = +𝟐𝟏𝟗. 𝟓𝟏 𝒎
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑓 = 1117.26 cos 83°44′ = −𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑓 = 1117.26 sin 83°44′ = −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝒎
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑓𝑎 = 660.08 cos 55°09′ = 𝟑𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟗 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑓𝑎 = 660.08 sin 55°09′ = −𝟓𝟒𝟏. 𝟕𝟎 𝒎
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
c. Tabulated Solution:

Latitude Departure
Course Distance Bearing
+N -S +E -W
AB 495.85 m N 05°30’ E 493.57 m 47.53 m
BC 850.62 m N 46°02’ E 590.53 m 612.23 m
CD 855.45 m S 67°38’ E 325.53 m 791.09 m
DE 1,020.87 m S 12°25’ E 996.99 m 219.51 m
EF 1,117.26 m S 83°44’ W 121.96 m 1110.58 m
FA 660.08 m N 55°09’ W 377.19 m 541.70 m
SUM 5,000.13 m +1,461.29 -1,444.48 +1,670.36 -1,652.28
(ΣNL) (ΣSL) (ΣED) (ΣWD)
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

Solution:
d. Determining Total Closure in Latitudes and Departure:

Σ𝑁𝐿 = +493.57 + 590.53 + 377.19 = +𝟏, 𝟒𝟔𝟏. 𝟐𝟗 𝒎 (summation of north latitudes)

Σ𝑆𝐿 = −325.53 − 996.99 − 121.96 = −𝟏, 𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟖 𝒎 (summation of south latitudes)

Σ𝐸𝐷 = +47.53 + 612.23 + 791.09 + 219.51 = +𝟏, 𝟔𝟕𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 𝒎 (summation of east departures)

Σ𝑊𝐷 = −1,110.58 + 541.70 = −𝟏, 𝟔𝟓𝟐. 𝟐𝟖 𝒎 (summation of west departures)

𝐶𝐿 = Σ𝑁𝐿 + Σ𝑆𝐿 = +1,461.29 + −1,444.48 = +𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎 (total closure in latitude)

𝐶𝐷 = Σ𝐸𝐷 + Σ𝑊𝐷 = +1,670.36 + −1,652.28 = +𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟖 𝒎 (total closure in departure)

 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
Solution:
𝐷 = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 + 𝑑3 + 𝑑4 + 𝑑5 + 𝑑6
𝐷 = 495.85 + 850.62 + 855.45 + 1,020.87 + 1,117.26 + 660.08
𝑫 = 𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟑 𝒎 (length of the traverse)
𝐶𝐿
e. Determining Corrections for Latitudes: 𝐾𝑙 = 𝐷
𝑐𝑙 = 𝑑𝐾𝑙
16.81
𝐾𝑙 = = 0.00336
5000.13

𝑐𝑎𝑏 = 495.85 × 0.00336 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 𝒎 𝑐𝑑𝑒 = 1,020.87 × 0.00336 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 𝒎

𝑐𝑏𝑐 = 850.62 × 0.00336 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝒎 𝑐𝑒𝑓 = 1,117.26 × 0.00336 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝒎
𝑐𝑐𝑑 = 855.45 × 0.00336 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟖 𝒎 𝑐𝑓𝑎 = 660.08 × 0.00336 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝒎
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
Solution:
Solution Check: Sum of Latitude Corrections = CL
1.67 + 2.86 + 2.88 + 3.43 + 3.75 + 2.22 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟏 (check!)
𝐶𝐷
f. Determining Corrections for Departures: 𝐾𝑑 = 𝑐𝑑 = 𝑑𝐾𝑑
𝐷
18.08
𝐾𝑑 = = 0.00362
5000.13

𝑐𝑎𝑏 = 495.85 × 0.00362 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟗 𝒎 𝑐𝑑𝑒 = 1,020.87 × 0.00362 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟗 𝒎

𝑐𝑏𝑐 = 850.62 × 0.00362 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟖 𝒎 𝑐𝑒𝑓 = 1,117.26 × 0.00362 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟒 𝒎
𝑐𝑐𝑑 = 855.45 × 0.00362 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟗 𝒎 𝑐𝑓𝑎 = 660.08 × 0.00362 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟗 𝒎
Solution Check: Sum of Departures Corrections = CD
1.79 + 3.08 + 3.09 + 3.69 + 4.04 + 2.39 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟖 (check!)
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
Solution:
g. Adjusting the Latitudes: 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐿𝑎𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑡 ± 𝑐𝑙

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑏 = +493.57 − 1.67 = +𝟒𝟗𝟏. 𝟗𝟎 𝒎 Solution Check:

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑏𝑐 = +590.53 − 2.86 = +𝟓𝟖𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 𝒎 Algebraic Sum of Adj. Latitude = 0.00
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑑 = −325.53 − 2.88 = −𝟑𝟐𝟖. 𝟒𝟏 𝒎
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑒 = −996.99 − 3.43 = −𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝒎 +𝟒𝟗𝟏. 𝟗𝟎 + 𝟓𝟖𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 − 𝟑𝟐𝟖. 𝟒𝟏
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑓 = −121.96 − 3.75 = −𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟕𝟏 𝒎 − 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟕𝟏 + 𝟑𝟕𝟒. 𝟗𝟕 = 𝟎
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑓𝑎 = +377.19 − 2.22 = +𝟑𝟕𝟒. 𝟗𝟕 𝒎 (check!)

Note: Since the sum of north latitudes exceeds the sum of south latitudes, latitude
corrections are subtracted from the corresponding north latitudes and added to
corresponding south latitudes to determine the adjusted latitudes.
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
Solution:
h. Adjusting the Departures: 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐷𝑒𝑝 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝 ± 𝑐𝑑

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑏 = +47.53 − 1.79 = +𝟒𝟓. 𝟕𝟒 𝒎 Solution Check:

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑏𝑐 = +612.23 − 3.08 = +𝟔𝟎𝟗. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎 Algebraic Sum of Adj. Departure = 0.00
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑐𝑑 = +791.09 − 3.09 = +𝟕𝟖𝟖. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑑𝑒 = +219.51 − 3.69 = +𝟐𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟐 𝒎 +𝟒𝟓. 𝟕𝟒 + 𝟔𝟎𝟗. 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟕𝟖𝟖. 𝟎𝟎
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑓 = −1,110.58 − 4.04 = −𝟏, 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟐 𝒎 + 𝟐𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟐 − 𝟏, 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟐 − 𝟓𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟗 = 𝟎
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑓𝑎 = −541.70 − 2.39 = −𝟓𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟗 𝒎 (check!)

Note: Since the sum of east departures exceeds the sum of west departures, departure
corrections are subtracted from the corresponding east departures and added to
corresponding west departures to determine the adjusted departures.
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
i. Tabulated Solution:

Correction Adjusted Latitude Adjusted Departure

Course
Latitude Departure +N -S +E -W
AB 1.67 m 1.79 m 491.90 m 45.74 m
BC 2.86 m 3.08 m 587.67 m 609.15 m
CD 2.88 m 3.09 m 328.41 m 788.00 m
DE 3.43 m 3.69 m 1,000.42 m 215.82 m
EF 3.75 m 4.04 m 125.71 m 1114.62 m
FA 2.22 m 2.39 m 374.97 m 544.09 m
SUM 16.81 m 18.08 m +1,454.54 -1,454.54 +1,658.71 -1,658.71
(ΣNL + ΣSL = 0.00) (ΣED + ΣWD = 0.00)
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
Solution:
j. Determining Linear Error of Closure, Bearing of Side of Error, and Relative
Error of Closure:

𝐿𝐸𝐶 = 𝐶𝐿 2 + 𝐶𝐷 2 = +16.81 2 + +18.08 2

𝑳𝑬𝑪 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟔𝟗 𝒎 (linear error of closure)

−𝐶𝐷 − +18.08
tan 𝛽 = = = +1.075550
−𝐶𝐿 − +16.81
𝛽 = tan−1 +1.075550 = 𝟒𝟕°𝟎𝟓′ = (Bearing of Side of Error = 𝑺 𝟒𝟕°𝟎𝟓′ 𝑾)
𝐿𝐸𝐶 24.69
𝑅𝑃 = =
𝐷 5,000.13
𝑹𝑷 = 𝟏Τ𝟐𝟎𝟐. 𝟓𝟐 = 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟏Τ𝟐𝟎𝟎 (Relative Precision)
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
Problem 3
Given the observed and calculated data in Problem No. 2. Determine the adjusted
length and adjusted bearing of each course and tabulate values accordingly.
Solution:
a. Determining Adjusted Length of Each Course: 𝐿′ = 𝐿𝑎𝑡′ 2 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝′ 2

𝐿′𝑎𝑏 = +491.90 2 + +45.74 2 = 𝟒𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟐 𝒎 (adjusted length of course AB)

𝐿′𝑏𝑐 = +587.67 2 + +609.15 2 = 𝟖𝟒𝟔. 𝟒𝟐 𝒎 (adjusted length of course BC)
𝐿′𝑐𝑑 = −328.41 2 + +788.00 2 = 𝟖𝟓𝟑. 𝟕𝟎 𝒎 (adjusted length of course CD)
𝐿′𝑑𝑒 = −1000.42 2 + +215.82 2 = 𝟏, 𝟎𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 𝒎 (adjusted length of course DE)
𝐿′𝑒𝑓 = −125.71 2 + −1,114.62 2 = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟔𝟗 𝒎 (adjusted length of course EF)
𝐿′𝑓𝑎 = 374.97 2 + −544.09 2 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎. 𝟕𝟖 𝒎 (adjusted length of course FA)
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
Solution:
𝐷𝑒𝑝′
b. Determining Adjusted Bearing of Each Course: tan 𝛼 =
𝐿𝑎𝑡′

+45.74
tan 𝛼𝑎𝑏 = = +0.092986 and 𝜶𝒂𝒃 = 𝟓°𝟏𝟗′
+491.90
(Therefore, bearing of course AB is N 5°19’ E)
+609.15
tan 𝛼𝑏𝑐 = = +1.036551 and 𝜶𝒃𝒄 = 𝟒𝟔°𝟎𝟐′
+587.67
(Therefore, bearing of course BC is N 46°02’ E)
+788.00
tan 𝛼𝑐𝑑 = = −2.399440 and 𝜶𝒄𝒅 = 𝟔𝟕°𝟐𝟑′
−328.41
(Therefore, bearing of course CD is S 67°23’ E)
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

Solution:
+215.82
tan 𝛼𝑑𝑒 = = −0.215729 and 𝜶𝒅𝒆 = 𝟏𝟐°𝟏𝟎′
−1,000.42
(Therefore, bearing of course DE is S 12°10’ E)
−1,114.62
tan 𝛼𝑒𝑓 = = +8.866598 and 𝜶𝒆𝒇 = 𝟖𝟑°𝟑𝟒′
−125.71
(Therefore, bearing of course EF is S 83°34’ W)
−544.09
tan 𝛼𝑓𝑎 = = −1.451023 and 𝜶𝒇𝒂 = 𝟓𝟓°𝟐𝟔′
+374.97
(Therefore, bearing of course FA is N 55°26’ W)
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
c. Tabulated Solution:

Adjusted Latitude Adjusted Departure Adjusted Adjusted

Course
+N -S +E -W Length Bearing
AB 491.90 m 45.74 m 494.02 m N 05°19’ E
BC 587.67 m 609.15 m 846.42 m N 46°02’ E
CD 328.41 m 788.00 m 853.70 m S 67°23’ E
DE 1,000.42 m 215.82 m 1,023.43 m S 12°10’ E
EF 125.71 m 1114.62 m 1,121.69 m S 83°34’ W
FA 374.97 m 544.09 m 660.78 m N 55°26’ W
SUM +1,454.54 -1,454.54 +1,658.71 -1,658.71
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

Problem 4
Given in the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for a traverse
obtained from a transit-tape survey. Determine the latitudes and departures of
each course and balance these quantities by employing transit rule. Tabulate
values accordingly.

Azimuth Azimuth
Course Distance Course Distance
from North from North
AB 495.85 m 05°30’ DE 1,020.87 m 167°35’
BC 850.62 m 46°02’ EF 1,117.26 m 263°44’
CD 855.45 m 112°22’ FA 660.08 m 304°51’
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

Solution:
a. Determining Latitudes: 𝐿𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑 cos 𝛼 b. Determining Latitudes: 𝐿𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑 cos 𝛼

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑏 = 495.85 cos 05°30′ = +𝟒𝟗𝟑. 𝟓𝟕 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑏 = 495.85 sin 05°30′ = +𝟒𝟕. 𝟓𝟑 𝒎
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑏𝑐 = 850.62 cos 46°02′ = +𝟓𝟗𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑏𝑐 = 850.62 sin 46°02′ = +𝟔𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟑 𝒎
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑑 = 855.45 cos 112°22′ = −𝟑𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟑 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑐𝑑 = 855.45 sin 112°22′ = +𝟕𝟗𝟏. 𝟎𝟗 𝒎
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑒 = 1020.87 cos 167°35′ = −𝟗𝟗𝟔. 𝟗𝟗 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑑𝑒 = 1020.87 sin 167°35′ = +𝟐𝟏𝟗. 𝟓𝟏 𝒎
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑓 = 1,117.26 cos 263°44′ = −𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑓 = 1117.26 sin 263°44′ = −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝒎
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑓𝑎 = 660.08 cos 304°51′ = 𝟑𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟗 𝒎 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑓𝑎 = 660.08 sin 304°51′ = −𝟓𝟒𝟏. 𝟕𝟎 𝒎
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
c. Tabulated Solution:

Latitude Departure
Course Distance Bearing
+N -S +E -W
AB 495.85 m 05°30’ 493.57 m 47.53 m
BC 850.62 m 46°02’ 590.53 m 612.23 m
CD 855.45 m 112°22’ 325.53 m 791.09 m
DE 1,020.87 m 167°35’ 996.99 m 219.51 m
EF 1,117.26 m 263°44’ 121.96 m 1110.58 m
FA 660.08 m 304°51’ 377.19 m 541.70 m
SUM 5,000.13 m +1,461.29 -1,444.48 +1,670.36 -1,652.28
(ΣNL) (ΣSL) (ΣED) (ΣWD)
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

Solution:
d. Determining Total Closure in Latitudes and Departure:

Σ𝑁𝐿 = +493.57 + 590.53 + 377.19 = +𝟏, 𝟒𝟔𝟏. 𝟐𝟗 𝒎 (summation of north latitudes)

Σ𝑆𝐿 = −325.53 − 996.99 − 121.96 = −𝟏, 𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟖 𝒎 (summation of south latitudes)

Σ𝐸𝐷 = +47.53 + 612.23 + 791.09 + 219.51 = +𝟏, 𝟔𝟕𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 𝒎 (summation of east departures)

Σ𝑊𝐷 = −1,110.58 + 541.70 = −𝟏, 𝟔𝟓𝟐. 𝟐𝟖 𝒎 (summation of west departures)

𝐶𝐿 = Σ𝑁𝐿 + Σ𝑆𝐿 = +1,461.29 + −1,444.48 = +𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎 (total closure in latitude)

𝐶𝐷 = Σ𝐸𝐷 + Σ𝑊𝐷 = +1,670.36 + −1,652.28 = +𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟖 𝒎 (total closure in departure)

 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
Solution:
𝐶𝐿
e. Determining Corrections for Latitudes: 𝐾𝑙 = Σ𝑁𝐿−Σ𝑆𝐿 𝑐𝑙 = 𝐿𝑎𝑡 𝐾𝑙
16.81 16.81
𝐾𝑙 = = = 0.00579
+1,461.29 − −1,444.48 2,905.77

𝑐𝑎𝑏 = 493.57 × 0.00579 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝒎 𝑐𝑑𝑒 = 996.99 × 0.00579 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟕 𝒎

𝑐𝑏𝑐 = 590.53 × 0.00579 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟐 𝒎 𝑐𝑒𝑓 = 121.96 × 0.00579 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎 𝒎
𝑐𝑐𝑑 = 325.53 × 0.00579 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝒎 𝑐𝑓𝑎 = 377.19 × 0.00579 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟖 𝒎

Solution Check: Sum of Latitude Corrections = CL

2.86 + 3.42 + 1.88 + 5.77 + 0.70 + 2.18 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟏 (check!)
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
Solution:
𝐶𝐷
f. Determining Corrections for Departures: 𝐾𝑑 = 𝑐𝑑 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝 𝐾𝑑
Σ𝐸𝐷−Σ𝑊𝐷
18.08 18.08
𝐾𝑑 = = = 0.00544
+1,670.36 − −1,652.28 3,322.64

𝑐𝑎𝑏 = 47.53 × 0.00544 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔 𝒎 𝑐𝑑𝑒 = 219.51 × 0.00544 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟏 𝒎

𝑐𝑏𝑐 = 612.23 × 0.00544 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎 𝑐𝑒𝑓 = 1,110.58 × 0.00544 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟒 𝒎
𝑐𝑐𝑑 = 791.09 × 0.00544 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟏 𝒎 𝑐𝑓𝑎 = 541.70 × 0.00544 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟓 𝒎

Solution Check: Sum of Departures Corrections = CD

0.26 + 3.33 + 4.31 + 1.19 + 6.04 + 2.95 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟖 (check!)
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
Solution:
g. Adjusting the Latitudes: 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐿𝑎𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑡 ± 𝑐𝑙

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑏 = +493.57 − 2.86 = +𝟒𝟗𝟎. 𝟕𝟏 𝒎 Solution Check:

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑏𝑐 = +590.53 − 3.42 = +𝟓𝟖𝟕. 𝟏𝟏 𝒎 Algebraic Sum of Adj. Latitude = 0.00
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑑 = −325.53 − 1.88 = −𝟑𝟐𝟕. 𝟒𝟏 𝒎
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑒 = −996.99 − 5.77 = −𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟐. 𝟕𝟔 𝒎 +𝟒𝟗𝟎. 𝟕𝟏 + 𝟓𝟖𝟕. 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟑𝟐𝟕. 𝟒𝟏
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑓 = −121.96 − 0.70 = −𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟔 𝒎 − 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟐. 𝟕𝟔 − 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟔 + 𝟑𝟕𝟓. 𝟎𝟏 = 𝟎
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑓𝑎 = +377.19 − 2.18 = +𝟑𝟕𝟓. 𝟎𝟏 𝒎 (check!)

Note: Since the sum of north latitudes exceeds the sum of south latitudes, latitude
corrections are subtracted from the corresponding north latitudes and added to
corresponding south latitudes to determine the adjusted latitudes.
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
Solution:
h. Adjusting the Departures: 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐷𝑒𝑝 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝 ± 𝑐𝑑

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑏 = +47.53 − 0.26 = +𝟒𝟕. 𝟐𝟕 𝒎 Solution Check:

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑏𝑐 = +612.23 − 3.33 = +𝟔𝟎𝟖. 𝟗𝟎 𝒎 Algebraic Sum of Adj. Departure = 0.00
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑐𝑑 = +791.09 − 4.31 = +𝟕𝟖𝟔. 𝟕𝟖 𝒎
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑑𝑒 = +219.51 − 1.19 = +𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟐 𝒎 +𝟒𝟕. 𝟐𝟕 + 𝟔𝟎𝟖. 𝟗𝟎 + 𝟕𝟖𝟔. 𝟕𝟖
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑓 = −1,110.58 − 6.04 = −𝟏, 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟐 𝒎 + 𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟏, 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟐 − 𝟓𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟓 = 𝟎
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑓𝑎 = −541.70 − 2.95 = −𝟓𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟓 𝒎 (check!)

Note: Since the sum of east departures exceeds the sum of west departures, departure
corrections are subtracted from the corresponding east departures and added to
corresponding west departures to determine the adjusted departures.
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
i. Tabulated Solution:

Correction Adjusted Latitude Adjusted Departure

Course
Latitude Departure +N -S +E -W
AB 2.86 m 0.26 m 490.71 m 47.27 m
BC 3.42 m 3.33 m 587.11 m 608.90 m
CD 1.88 m 4.31 m 327.41 m 786.78 m
DE 5.77 m 1.19 m 1,002.76 m 218.32 m
EF 0.70 m 6.04 m 122.66 m 1116.62 m
FA 2.18 m 2.95 m 375.01 m 544.65 m
SUM 16.81 m 18.08 m +1,452.83 -1,452.83 +1,661.27 -1,661.27
(ΣNL + ΣSL = 0.00) (ΣED + ΣWD = 0.00)
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
Problem 5
Given the observed and calculated data in Problem No. 4. Determine the adjusted length
and adjusted azimuth (reckoned from north) of each course and tabulate values accordingly.
Solution:
a. Determining Adjusted Length of Each Course: 𝐿′ = 𝐿𝑎𝑡′ 2 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝′ 2

𝐿′𝑎𝑏 = +490.71 2 + +47.27 2 = 𝟒𝟗𝟐. 𝟗𝟖 𝒎 (adjusted length of course AB)

𝐿′𝑏𝑐 = +587.11 2 + +608.90 2 = 𝟖𝟒𝟓. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎 (adjusted length of course BC)
𝐿′𝑐𝑑 = −327.41 2 + +786.78 2 = 𝟖𝟓𝟐. 𝟏𝟗 𝒎 (adjusted length of course CD)
𝐿′𝑑𝑒 = −1002.76 2 + +218.32 2 = 𝟏, 𝟎𝟐𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 𝒎 (adjusted length of course DE)
𝐿′𝑒𝑓 = −122.66 2 + −1,116.62 2 = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟐𝟑. 𝟑𝟒 𝒎 (adjusted length of course EF)
𝐿′𝑓𝑎 = 375.01 2 + −544.65 2 = 𝟔𝟔𝟏. 𝟐𝟕 𝒎 (adjusted length of course FA)
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
Solution:
𝐷𝑒𝑝′
b. Determining Adjusted Bearing of Each Course: tan 𝛼 =
𝐿𝑎𝑡′

+47.27
tan 𝛼𝑎𝑏 = = +0.096330 and 𝜶𝒂𝒃 = 𝟓°𝟑𝟎′
+490.71
(Therefore, azimuth from north of course AB is 5°30’ )
+608.90
tan 𝛼𝑏𝑐 = = +1.037114 and 𝜶𝒃𝒄 = 𝟒𝟔°𝟎𝟑′
+587.11
(Therefore, azimuth from north of course BC is 46°03’ )
+786.78
tan 𝛼𝑐𝑑 = = −2.403042 and 𝜶𝒄𝒅 = 𝟔𝟕°𝟐𝟒′
−327.41
(Therefore, azimuth from north of course CD is 180° - 67°24’ or 112°36’ )
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

Solution:
+218.32
tan 𝛼𝑑𝑒 = = −0.217719 and 𝜶𝒅𝒆 = 𝟏𝟐°𝟏𝟕′
−1,002.76
(Therefore, azimuth from north of course DE is 180° - 12°17’ or 167°43’)
−1,116.62
tan 𝛼𝑒𝑓 = = +9.103375 and 𝜶𝒆𝒇 = 𝟖𝟑°𝟒𝟒′
−122.66
(Therefore, azimuth from north of course EF is 180° + 83°34’ or 263°44’)
−544.65
tan 𝛼𝑓𝑎 = = −1.452361 and 𝜶𝒇𝒂 = 𝟓𝟓°𝟐𝟕′
+375.01
(Therefore, azimuth from north of course FA is 360° - 55°27’ or 304°33’)
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
c. Tabulated Solution:

Adjusted Latitude Adjusted Departure Adjusted

Adjusted
Course Azimuth
+N -S +E -W Length
from North
AB 490.71 m 47.27 m 492.98 m 5°30’
BC 587.11 m 608.90 m 845.85 m 46°03’
CD 327.41 m 786.78 m 852.19 m 112°36’
DE 1,002.76 m 218.32 m 1,026.25 m 167°43’
EF 122.66 m 1116.62 m 1,123.34 m 263°44’
FA 375.01 m 544.65 m 661.27 m 304°33’
SUM +1,454.54 -1,454.54 +1,658.71 -1,658.71
 TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
d. Sketch of the Adjusted Traverse: