TS-990S In-Depth User

IN-DEPTH MANUAL
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ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 PROLOGUE Protections ..................................................................... 25
SWR Protection .....................................................................25
About the Release of the TS‑990S ................................... 1 Overcurrent Protection ..........................................................25
Features of the TS‑990S .................................................. 1 Thermal Protection and Fan Control ......................................25
Power Supply ................................................................. 26
02 ANTENNA SWITCHING CIRCUIT High‑Eiciency Large‑Capacity Power Supply
Implemented .........................................................................26
Signaling Paths ................................................................ 2 Power Saving.........................................................................26
Using the Same Antenna Connector for the Main Band and Safety ....................................................................................26
the Sub Band ...........................................................................2 Power Factor Correction (PFC) to Prevent Harmonics in
Using Diferent Antenna Connectors for the Main Band and the Rectiier Circuit ................................................................27
the Sub Band ...........................................................................3 Continuous Variable Rotations and the Cooling Fan ..............27
RX Antenna Function (RX IN and RX OUT Connectors DC/DC Converter ..................................................................27
On/Of) ....................................................................................3
Connecting an External Receiver ............................................3
05 LOCAL OSCILLATOR
03 RECEPTION DDS and PLL System .................................................... 28
First Local Oscillator for the Main Band Receiver ..................28
Receiver Coniguration .................................................... 5
First Local Oscillator for the Sub Band Receiver ....................29
Conversion Method .......................................................... 5
Local Oscillator in the Transmit Block ....................................29
Main Band Receiver ................................................................5
Reference Frequency Generator Circuit ......................... 30
Sub Band Receiver..................................................................6
Pre‑selector ..................................................................... 8
06 DSP
New Mixer ........................................................................ 9
Rooing Filters ................................................................ 10 Features of TS‑990S DSP Technologies ........................ 32
What is a Rooing Filter? .......................................................10 DSPs and Peripheral Hardware ..................................... 32
Main Band Rooing Filters .....................................................10 Signal Processing in the IF Stage .................................. 34
Additional Rooing Filter ........................................................11 IF AGC Processing ................................................................34
Adjacent Interference Characteristics ............................ 12 IF Filter ..................................................................................35
AGC Circuits .................................................................. 13 Interference Rejection ...........................................................37
Analog AGC Circuits ..............................................................13 Reception ...................................................................... 40
Optimized Gain Distribution ...................................................13 Demodulation ........................................................................40
Delection of the S Meter Needle ...........................................14 AF Filter .................................................................................41
Noise Level ............................................................................14 Audio Peak Filter ...................................................................42
RF Gain Adjustment ..............................................................15 Noise Reduction ....................................................................42
AGC Of .................................................................................15 Beat Cancellers .....................................................................46
Noise Blankers ............................................................... 16 Transmission .................................................................. 47
Features of the NB1 and NB2 ...............................................16 Modulation ............................................................................47
Auxiliary Circuits ............................................................ 17 Microphone Gain Control ......................................................49
Medium Wave Band Sensitivity Risers ..................................17 Speech Processors ...............................................................49
Bandscope .................................................................... 51
04 TRANSMISSION Features of the FFT Bandscope ............................................51
Examples of Signal Displays .................................................52
IF Circuit for Clean and Stable 200 W Output Power ...... 18
Other Functions ............................................................. 54
FET Final Ampliier Circuit ............................................. 18 TX/RX DSP Equalizers ..........................................................54
High‑speed Relay‑controlled Antenna Tuner .................. 19 Voice Guidance .....................................................................54
Linear Ampliier Control ................................................. 19 Optical Digital I/O ..................................................................55
REMOTE Connector .............................................................19
Conigurations in the Advanced Menu ...................................20
ALC .......................................................................................21
Transmit Power Limiter ..........................................................22
ALC Operation when an External Device is Connected .........22
DRV Terminal ................................................................. 23
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
07 SOFTWARE 08 TERMINAL
Processor Connections .................................................. 56 PADDLE and KEY Jacks ................................................ 85
Dual TFT Display ........................................................... 56 EXT SP1 and EXT SP2 Jacks ........................................ 85
Main Screen ..........................................................................56 PHONES Jack ............................................................... 86
Meter .....................................................................................57 KEYPAD Jack ................................................................ 86
Function Coniguration Screens and Bandscope Screen ......58 METER Jack .................................................................. 87
Touch Screen ........................................................................58 ACC 2 Connector ........................................................... 88
Sub Screen............................................................................58
OPTICAL IN and OPTICAL OUT Connectors ................ 89
Sub Scope .............................................................................59
DISPLAY Connector ...................................................... 90
Mechanical Dial Display ........................................................60
LAN Connector .............................................................. 90
Switching Split Operation with an Intuitive Operation ..... 60
USB Connector (USB‑A) ............................................... 91
New Split Frequency Setting Method for Quick
Operation ....................................................................... 60 USB Connector (USB‑B) ............................................... 92
Multifarious Memory Channels ...................................... 61
Storing States of Split Operation and Dual Band Reception ...61 09 MECHANICAL STRUCTURE
Multifarious Functions Supporting the Operator ............. 61 Internal Structure ........................................................... 93
Frequency Tracking ...............................................................61
Cooling .......................................................................... 94
DATA Modes Corresponding to a Variety of Operations .........61
Top Panel Vibration Analysis .......................................... 96
Transversed Dials in SWL Mode ............................................62
Lift‑up Mechanism of the Front Bases ............................ 96
RTTY and PSK Operation without using a PC .......................63
Bandscope with a Waterfall Display .......................................64
Panel Design .................................................................. 97
Audio Scope for TX/RX Audio Analysis .................................67 Operability ..................................................................... 98
Recording Function for Multi‑use ...........................................68 Dual TFT Display and Touch Panel ................................ 99
Coniguring the Clock using an NTP Server ..........................69 Main Control Knob Mechanism .................................... 100
Menu and Sub Menu .............................................................69
Easy Firmware Updating .......................................................69 10 SP-990
PC‑Control ............................................................................71
Appearance and Features ........................................... 101
Various Software Applications for Extensive
Operations ..................................................................... 74 Speaker ....................................................................... 101
System Conigurations ................................................... 75 Built‑in Low‑cut/High‑cut Filters ................................... 102
Radio Control Program ARCP‑990 ................................ 77 Speaker Input Select Switch ........................................ 102
Basic Speciications Inherited from the ARCP‑590 ................77
User Interface ........................................................................77
LAN Connection with the TS‑990S ........................................78
Internal VoIP (for the KNS Connection via a LAN) .................78
Radio Host Program ARHP‑990 .................................... 79
Basic Speciications Inherited from the ARHP‑590................79
User Interface ........................................................................80
Disabling the AF Gain Control from the ARCP‑990 ...............80
LAN Connection with the TS‑990S ........................................80
Internal VoIP (for the KNS Connection via a LAN) .................80
USB Audio Controller for the ARUA‑10 .......................... 81
Basic Functions .....................................................................81
Operation ..............................................................................81
Conigurations for Practical Operations .................................82
TX/RX Audio Delays Reduced ...............................................82
VoIP Programs ARVP‑10H/ARVP‑10R .......................... 83
Basic Functions .....................................................................83
Virtual COM Port Driver ................................................. 84
iv
01 PROLOGUE
About the Release of the TS‑990S
Since the TS‑900 was launched in 1973, the Nine Hundred series of KENWOOD (TRIO) transceivers has been our
lagship high‑end HF transceivers. Following the TS‑900, the TS‑930, TS‑940, and TS‑950 were launched. However,
more than 20 years have now passed since the TS‑950SDX was launched.
At the end of February 2013, we started shipping our long‑awaited new Nine Hundred series lineup.
The TS‑990S is positioned as a top‑end transceiver in the KENWOOD HF transceiver lineup, both in name and reality.
We accomplished the engineering of the TS‑990S enabling it not only to succeed the TS‑950 but also to be reputed as a
lagship transceiver despite the TS‑990S being the last‑entered lagship transceiver in the marketplace.
What we engineered with the most careful attention to position the TS‑990S as a lagship transceiver, is the fundamental
transceiver performance. The performance includes not only the transmit and receive characteristics that can be
measured as mathematical values but also what you will have been sensed that can be comprehensively received
through actual transceiver operation. The detailed design aesthetic extends from the circuits and components all the way
to the texture of the chassis and the operability of the panel.
The TS‑990S has the functionality required for advanced DX operation as well as an eye‑catching dual TFT display and
touch panel that let the user view a wide range of information. There are surprisingly many buttons on the TS‑990S,
shown in the photographs in catalogs. However, we believe you will understand our design concept for the TS‑990S as
transceiver when you see and operate it.
The KENWOOD HF transceivers aim not only to receive signals from and transmit signals to locations further away,
but also to transmit and receive signals with more natural sound. In other words, the TS‑990S has been designed as a
lagship transceiver not only for DX’ers but also for those operators who seek for better sound quality.
This in‑depth manual is written by the TS‑990S designers to describe the technologies and techniques used to
implement the concepts mentioned above. We hope this manual will help you to have a deeper understanding of the
TS‑990S.
November 2013, KENWOOD HF Transceiver Development Team
Features of the TS‑990S

The TS‑990S is a HF/50 MHz all‑mode transceiver featuring a reception performance high enough to satisfy DX’ers
all over the world and the world’s irst dual TFT display*1, enabling higher operability and information feedback to the
operator for better practical operation. (*1 As of August 2013, according to our research)
The receiving circuits of the TS‑990S, a successor of the TS‑900, TS‑930, TS‑940, and TS‑950, realize dual band
reception in diferent bands. For the main band, narrowband rooing ilters are implemented using a full down‑conversion
method to raise the adjacent interfering signal elimination performance, and a new type of mixer is used to implement
a +40 dBm level performance at the third intercept point. In addition, the rooing ilters are combined with an IF DSP
featuring sharp iltering characteristics to provide superb interference elimination that provides clear reception of target
signals even when there is signal interference due contesting signals. For the sub band, we are using the same receiving
circuit as of the TS‑590S, which was launched in 2010 and is reputed with good performance.
For the display, a dual TFT display (7″/3.5″) is employed to indicate detailed operating statuses. The main display
can show the band scope and waterfall screens as well as readouts of the main band/sub band frequencies, S meter,
RIT/XIT, and more. A sub‑display is placed directly above the main tuning knob, and provides functions to display the
readouts of the main band/sub band frequencies and the information about iltering, audio spectrum, and more, making
it extremely useful for DX’ers.
The maximum transmission power of the TS‑990S is 200 W. To implement QRP, it is equipped with a power control
function that can control down to 5 W. A switching power supply is built in the transceiver to secure stable transmissions.
The TS‑990S is equipped with an automatic antenna tuner, and up to 4 antennas can be centrally controlled. Memory
functions are implemented for each band to allow quick band switching and quick manipulations through split operation.
The SP‑990, a dedicated external speaker, is available as an option. The speaker is designed to match the TS‑990S
design. The sound quality is excellent and the SP‑990 is tuned dedicated for the TS‑990S. The SP‑990 has 2 input lines.
If another transceiver is used, the SP‑990 can be used as an external speaker for that transceiver.
1
02 ANTENNA SWITCHING CIRCUIT
Signaling Paths
The TS‑990S has 4 antenna connectors, ANT1 to ANT4, and the RX IN and RX OUT connectors that can be used for a
reception‑dedicated antenna input or an external ilter connection.
There is more than one path from the antennas to the receiving circuits, and these paths can be changed according to
the coniguration. The paths from the antennas to the receiving circuits can be speciied for each reception band in the
main band and the sub band. The antenna terminals that are not speciied are connected to GND.
Using the Same Antenna Connector for the Main Band and the Sub Band
BPF, etc.
ANT 1 ANT 2 ANT 3 ANT 4 RX (OUT) RX (IN)
Each Relay is in the

Off state (inactive).
AT
Splitter
3 dB loss
MAIN
SUB
FINAL
Fig. 1 Signaling Paths with ANT1 for the Main Band and ANT1 for the Sub Band
When the antenna speciied for the sub band is the same as that conigured for the main band, signals are routed as
illustrated in the igure “Signaling Paths with ANT1 for the Main Band and ANT1 for Sub Band". The signals received by
the antenna are split nearly equal to the main band and the sub band, by a splitter. In this case, the readouts of the S
meter with the gain corrected in the reception path are processed to be the same readouts that are indicated when no
receive signal is split by the splitter.
2
ANTENNA SWITCHING CIRCUIT 02
Using Diferent Antenna Connectors for the Main Band and the Sub Band
BPF, etc.
Each relay is in
the Off state (inactive).
AT
Splitter
3 dB loss
MAIN
SUB
FINAL
Fig. 2 Signaling Paths with ANT1 for the Main Band and ANT2 for the Sub Band
The igure “Signaling Paths with ANT1 for the Main Band and ANT2 for the Sub Band” shows the case when diferent
antennas are selected for the main band and the sub band. The received signals are entered to the receiving circuits
from the antennas, not through the splitter, and are not subject to sensitivity deterioration by the insertion loss.
RX Antenna Function (RX IN and RX OUT Connectors On/Of)
When a reception‑dedicated antenna such as a low‑band Beverage antenna or loop antenna is used, when a bandpass
ilter is appended externally, or when a Transverter is connected, the RX Antenna function enables to receive the signals
via the RX IN connector or send the received signals from the RX OUT connector.
Pressing the [RX ANT] key and then activating the RX antenna function blocks the signals from the antenna connectors
(ANT1 to ANT4) and allows reception of signals diverted to the RX IN connector or entered from the RX OUT connector.
To append a bandpass ilter, it needs to be connected between the RX OUT and RX IN connectors. However, you
cannot receive the signals without correctly entering the signals from the RX IN connector.
Connecting an External Receiver
To receive signals via another receiver by using the RX antenna function, connect a splitter between the RX OUT and
RX IN connectors as shown in the igure “Example of Operating the RX Antenna Function (Main Band)” and make the
other receiver receive the signals split by the splitter.
The splitter to be used can split the entered signals with a 50 Ω impedance equally through two output terminals.
Connect one output terminal to the RX IN connector with the TS‑990S and the other to the other receiver. You can
connect a commercially available splitter or a user‑manufactured splitter as described below.
3
02 ANTENNA SWITCHING CIRCUIT
Simply short‑circuiting the RX OUT connector, RX IN connector, and an antenna connector with the other receiver
without using a splitter may start reception; however, it may cause impedance matching failure or a problem due to
failure in isolation from the other receiver.
OUT 1
IN
Splitter Other Receiver
OUT 2
AT
Splitter
3 dB loss
MAIN
SUB
FINAL
Fig. 3 Example of Operation using the RX Antenna Function (Main Band)
Fig. 4 Example of a Splitter Circuit
“Example of a Splitter Circuit” shows a theoretical diagram of a splitter circuit. This circuit equally distributes signals
entered from the IN terminal and sends them through the OUT1 and OUT2 terminals, resulting in a 3 dB insertion loss.
Determine the number of turns for the transformer to be used according to factors such as the magnetic permeability
of the core. A low‑capacitance capacitor may need to be connected to the input or output in parallel to correct the
frequency characteristics. In the TS‑990S, a similar circuit is used for signal distribution to the main band and the sub
band.
Note:
◆ This circuit is a theoretical diagram. We can neither answer questions about the selection of parts or wiring of the splitter nor
guarantee its operation.
4
03 RECEPTION
Receiver Coniguration
The TS‑990S has two receivers; the main band receiver and the sub band receiver. This coniguration enables dual
band reception using the main band and the sub band even if two bands are in the same band or diferent bands. During
transmission, the reception stops using both receivers. The bandscope circuit can select signals from either the main
band receiver or the sub band receiver, regardless of the selected band, and show the status of IF signals selected and
being transmitted (excluding FM modulated signals).
Conversion Method
Main Band Receiver
It is important for a receiver to eliminate interfering signals through narrow ilters at an earlier stage and pass desired signals
to the subsequent circuits. Using ilters with better selection characteristics for earlier elimination of interfering signals serves
to prevent distortion in the subsequent circuits and improves practical anti‑interference characteristics. The irst mixer, through
which a number of interfering signals pass, needs to have high intercept point (referred to as IP hereafter) characteristics.
In developing the TS‑990S main band receiver, implementation of rooing ilters with excellent selection characteristics and
high IP characteristics was the top‑priority. For the rooing ilter implementation, the full down‑conversion method of the irst
IF frequency of 8.248 MHz is adopted (the “down‑conversion” method used in the system is not intended for a conventional
coniguration in which a high irst IF frequency, e.g., the 73 MHz band is used but for a coniguration in which a low irst IF
frequency, e.g., 8 MHz band or 11 MHz band, is used). The use of a low IF frequency allows ilters with steep attenuation
characteristics to be employed and performance suiciently tolerant to adjacent interfering signals to be secured.
The next issue was the bandpass ilters placed in the front‑end block of the main band receiver. The use of a low irst IF frequency
allows interference on image frequencies and/or spurious reception to easily take place, thus it is necessary to place a number of
bandpass ilters with steeper attenuation characteristics. As shown in the table “Bandpass Filter Division in the Main Band Filter”,
bandpass ilters for 15 paths are used, and for the major amateur bands (1.8 MHz, 3.5 MHz, 7 MHz, 14 MHz, and 21 MHz), a toroidal
coil with steep attenuation characteristics and high IP characteristics is used. Also, the bandpass ilters for amateur bands including
other WARC bands are designed for positive use of parts with high Q (quality factor) and distortion resistance characteristics.
To eliminate distortion‑causing elements placed on the signaling paths in the front‑end block of the main band receiver, a
switching method through relays is used to select the bandpass ilter, pre‑selector, pre‑ampliier, post‑ampliier, and rooing ilter
for the major amateur bands. This also helps to reduce insertion loss and improve the isolation between the signaling paths.
Table 1 Bandpass Filter Division in the Main Band Receiver
Band Filter Bandwidth

LF 30 to 522 kHz
BC 522 kHz to 1.705 MHz
1.8 MHz 1.705 to 2.5 MHz
3.5 MHz 2.5 to 4.1 MHz
5 MHz 4.1 to 6.0 MHz
7 MHz 6.0 to 7.5 MHz
10 MHz 7.5 to 10.5 MHz
14 MHz 10.5 to 14.5 MHz
18 MHz 14.5 to 18.5 MHz
21 MHz 18.5 to 21.5 MHz
24 MHz 21.5 to 26.5 MHz
28 MHz 26.5 to 35 MHz
35 MHz 35 to 40 MHz
40 MHz 40 to 46.5 MHz
50 MHz 46.5 to 60 MHz
5
03 RECEPTION
The following block diagram shows the front‑end block or the main band receiver.
Roofing
Filters
270Hz
500Hz
RF BPF 1 st Mixer 2.7kHz

through through through
ATT
0/6/12/18dB 6kHz
Pre Selector Pre Amp Post Amp

15kHz
Fig. 5 Block Diagram of the Front‑end Block for the Main Band Receiver
The signal received by the antenna enters the main band receiver through the antenna switching circuit. The bandpass
ilter for the selected band eliminates interfering signals outside the band, the received signal is ampliied by a pre‑
ampliier and is then converted to the irst IF signal (8.248 MHz) by the irst mixer. The irst mixer is described later.
Through the post‑ampliier linked with the bandscope branching circuit and pre‑ampliier, the irst IF signal enters a
rooing ilter that eliminates the adjacent interfering signals outside the band. The rooing ilters are also described later.
The “Block Diagram of the IF Stage for the Main Band Receiver” shown below illustrates the diagram of the blocks
subsequent to the rooing ilters. The irst IF signal routes through the AGC ampliier and the irst IF ampliier to the
second mixer, which converts it to the second IF signal (24 kHz). The second IF signal enters the DSP as the baseband
signal through the second IF ampliier, and routes through various signal processing such as demodulation after IF
processing by the AGC, ilters, audio signal processing, etc. In FM mode, the irst IF signal (8.248 MHz) enters the FM
system IC, and the detected AF signal enters the DSP for audio signal processing.
D31 IC12
Q70 D30 FM
Switching FM AF AMP
AGC AMP ATT (AF)
FM IC9
FM IC
Q49, Q52 IC11
IF AMP CF1
MAGCV 455kHz BPF Multiplexer
MIFGC BW: 9kHz (Narrow) MRIF
CN137
CF2
455kHz BPF
BW: 12kHz (Wide)
SSB, CW, AM,
SSB, CW, AM, FSK, PSK
FSK, PSK 24kHz (24kHz)
D32,D33 IC10
2rd mixer IF AMP
Fig. 6 Block Diagram of the IF Stage for the Main Band Receiver
Sub Band Receiver
The sub band receiver is reined and diverted from the receiver of the TS‑590S. For the major amateur bands (1.8 MHz,
3.5 MHz, 7 MHz, 14 MHz, and 21 MHz), its circuit coniguration is for down‑conversion. In conditions other than those
described in the “Applicable Conditions for Down‑Conversion” table below, a frequency coniguration for up‑conversion
is applied and can be used for general coverage reception.
6
RECEPTION 03
Table 2 Applicable Conditions for Down‑Conversion
1.8 MHz (1.705 to 2.1 MHz)

3.5 MHz (3.4 to 4.1 MHz)
Band 7 MHz (6.9 to 7.5 MHz)
14 MHz (13.9 to 14.5 MHz)
21 MHz (20.9 to 21.5 MHz)
Pass
2.7 kHz or less
Bandwidth
Mode SSB, CW, FSK, PSK
The block diagram below shows the front‑end block of the sub band receiver. The signal received by the antenna comes into
the sub band receiver through the antenna switching circuit. The bandpass ilters divided for 12 paths eliminate the interfering
signals outside the band, and a pre‑ampliier ampliies the signal and sends it to the irst mixer. The irst mixer has independent
sections for down‑conversion and up‑conversion respectively, which are switched by the signaling path conditions.
LPF
30k~522kHz
ATT ATT LPF LPF PRE OFF

SRAT ATT To 1st Mixer
(Sub RX RF in) -6dB -12dB ~60MHz 522k~1.705MHz
S6DB S12DB
BC Trap BPF
1.705M~60M Q219
x11 Sub PRE AMP
BPF
Fig. 7 Block Diagram of the Front‑end Block for the Sub Band Receiver
The block diagram below shows the IF circuit of the sub band receiver. The irst IF signal (11.374 MHz) converted by
the down‑conversion mixer is handled as the second IF signal after passing through the bandscope branching circuit
and MCF. On the other hand, the irst IF signal (73.095 MHz) converted by the up‑conversion mixer passes through the
bandscope branching circuit, MCF and irst IF ampliier, and will then be converted to the second IF signal (10.695 MHz)
by the second mixer.
Scope unit
11.374MHz 73.095MHz
Q351~354 XF351
Sub RX 1st Mixer1 11.374MHz
SRX-1
11.374MHz
LPF+
DIV. MCF
11.374M NOTCH
From Sub PRE AMP

Q408 D405,406
Q401~404
Sub 1st IF AMP Sub 2nd Mixer
Sub RX 1st Mixer2
10.695MHz
LPF To Sub 2nd IF AMP1
DIV. MCF
~60MHz (Q481)
SRX-2
XF401
TX TX TX
73.095MHz
Q355, 356 Q405, 406 Q410
SLO1 AMP1 SLO1 AMP2 SLO2 AMP
13.174~32.195MHz 73.125~133.095MHz
SLO2
SLO1
62.4MHz
Fig. 8 Block Diagram of the IF Circuit for the Sub Band Receiver
After that, the second IF signal on a diferent path passes through the second IF ampliier and NB gate and enters a
rooing ilter, which eliminates adjacent interfering signals outside the band. The “Photograph of the Rooing Filter in the
Sub Band Receiver” below shows the rooing ilters. The second IF signal, which passes through the AGC ampliier and
second IF ampliier, is converted by the third mixer to the third IF signal (24 kHz). The third IF signal enters the DSP as
the baseband signal through the third IF ampliier, and passes through various signal processing such as IF processing,
demodulation, and audio signal processing. In FM mode, the second IF signal (10.695 MHz) enters the FM system IC,
and the detected AF signal feeds to the DSP for the audio signal processing.
7
03 RECEPTION
Fig. 9 Photograph of the Rooing Filter in the Sub Band Receiver
Pre‑selector
The pre‑selector is implemented to attenuate, by using a narrowband ilter, the in‑band interfering signals that cannot be eliminated
by the bandpass ilters in the front‑end block of the main band receiver and to elicit the desired signals. The “Pre‑Selector Unitary
Resonance Circuit” shows its internal resonance circuit. A method of relay‑switching of highly accurate capacitors, toroidal coils,
etc. enables it to change the precisely tuned frequency in accordance with the received frequency in the HF amateur bands. The
“Available Band and Step Frequency Speciications” table shows the available bands and step frequencies.
Fig. 10 Pre‑Selector Unitary Resonance Circuit
Table 3 Available Band and Step Frequency Speciications
Band Range Step Frequency 3 dB Passband

Width
1.8 MHz 1.79750 to 2.00499 MHz 2.5 kHz 20 kHz
3.5 MHz 3.49250 to 4.01749 MHz 7.5 kHz 50 kHz
5 MHz 5.24000 to 5.46999 MHz 10.0 kHz 100 kHz
7 MHz 6.98000 to 7.33999 MHz 20.0 kHz 120 kHz
10 MHz 9.98000 to 10.17999 MHz 20.0 kHz 220 kHz
14 MHz 13.95000 to 14.44999 MHz 50.0 kHz 620 kHz
18 MHz 18.01800 to 18.26799 MHz 50.0 kHz 880 kHz
21 MHz 20.90000 to 21.69999 MHz 100.0 kHz 880 kHz
24 MHz 24.79000 to 25.18999 MHz 100.0 kHz 1120 kHz
28 MHz 27.90000 to 29.89999 MHz 100.0 kHz 1170 kHz
The frequency response shape a steep single‑peaked pattern. A large‑sized coil with less loss is used; however, a large
insertion loss may be inevitable; therefore, an ampliier is placed after the pre‑selector to compensate the loss. Signal
level correction in connection with the ampliier is also applied to suppress delection of the S meter needle. To prevent
the reception noise level from rising, it is designed so that the pre‑ampliiers do not work in conjunction with it. Thus,
enabling the pre‑selector disables the pre‑ampliiers.
8
RECEPTION 03
The “Frequency Response” igure shows an example of typical Pre‑selector Frequency Amplitude characteristics.
Fig. 11 Frequency Response
Pressing the [P.SEL] key to turn the pre‑selector on makes the tuning ilter waveform‑shaped by the relay operation
logic conigured as the factory default, following the frequency displayed at the main band reception. Pressing and
holding the [P.SEL] key shifts the center frequency of the tuning ilter up to ±20 steps. For instance, when a strong
adjacent interfering signal suppresses the desired signal, shifting the center frequency in the opposite direction of
the interfering signals attenuates the level of the interfering signals instead of attenuating the desired signal, thus it
efectively reduces interference as much as possible.
New Mixer
The irst mixer was a part of the block on the main band receiver and was examined the longest. Double balanced
mixers with conventional J‑FET implementation have been unable to fully satisfy the required IP3 characteristics.
To satisfy the requirement, a mixer called the “H‑mode mixer”, which employs the double balanced grounded switch
type that is diferent from conventional types, is employed for the irst mixer. The circuit of the mixer can turn the GND
terminating ends on the signaling paths On or Of, to minimize the mixer distortion.
For the switch elements, bus switches are used and turned on/of only by low‑power local oscillator signals. For the RF
input and IF output of the mixer, large balun transformers with distortion resistance characteristics are used, and the
winding methods and materials of the cores with diferent magnetic permeability are carefully chosen and examined.
Furthermore, after the mixer, a duplexer circuit is placed to stabilize the impedance of the rooing ilters in a wider band.
L59
+2.5V
IC7
RF L55 1st IF
x4 8.248MHz
L60
IC8
+2.5V
MLO1
8.278~51.752MHz
Fig. 12 Double Balanced Grounded Switch Type Mixer

9
03 RECEPTION
Rooing Filters
What is a Rooing Filter?
This section describes the rooing ilter, which is the most important in the main band receiver. The rooing ilter is a ilter
placed at the ceiling, or the “roof” of the intermediate frequency (IF) circuit of the receiver. In other words, this represents
a narrowband ilter where the signal converted to the intermediate frequency irst passes through. A received signal
includes a number of strong adjacent signals other than the desired signal, thus attenuating the undesired signals in
an early stage in a preceding circuit enables the signal to not be distorted in the subsequent amplifying circuit. The
high intercept point obtained by the high‑performance irst mixer gives full play to its ability in a frequency domain
slightly distant from the desired signal attenuated by the rooing ilter. If the level of adjacent signals inevitably passing
through the rooing ilter is high, it causes distortion to occur in the subsequent IF ampliier, mixer, and other circuits,
and the dynamic range deteriorates on the adjacent frequencies. This is why the rooing ilters must be narrowed to their
minimum and attenuated to the steepest direction.
For the main band, 8.248 MHz is selected for irst IF frequency, and for the sub band with the down‑conversion setting,
11.374 MHz is selected for the irst IF frequency; these irst IF frequency settings enable ilters with good attenuation
characteristics in a narrowband and fewer characteristic changes by temperature.
Note:
◆ For example, narrowband ilters with a high frequency, e.g., 73 MHz, may be implemented, but such ilters have large
characteristic changes by temperature and cause problems such as increased attenuation, thus do not serve for practical
operation.
Main Band Rooing Filters
Five rooing ilters are used as narrowband ilters of high IP characteristics implemented by the full down‑conversion
method. The “Photograph of Rooing Filter in the Main Band Receiver” shows the rooing ilters. In the photograph, the
15 kHz, 6 kHz, 2.7 kHz, 500 Hz, and 270 Hz bandwidth ilters are mounted from the lower right side. In that order. The
15 kHz and 6 kHz bandwidth ilters are 4‑pole monolithic crystal ilters (MCF). The 2.7 kHz bandwidth ilter is a 6‑pole
monolithic crystal ilter. The 500 Hz and 270 Hz bandwidth ilters are structured as the ladder type to suppress in‑band
insertion losses and steeply shape the adjacent out‑of‑band attenuation characteristics. The “Frequency response of
the 500 Hz Bandwidth” and ”Frequency response of the 270 Hz Bandwidth” igures show the ladder ilter frequency
response.
The rooing ilters for the main band receiver can be selected regardless of operation mode (excluding FM mode).
Pressing and holding the [FIL/SEL] (M) key opens the RX Filter screen on the main display. The screen allows you to
select the rooing ilter to be used.
Fig. 13 Photograph of Rooing Filter in the Main Band Receiver
10
RECEPTION 03
Fig. 14 Frequency response of Fig. 15 Frequency response of

the 500 Hz Bandwidth the 270 Hz Bandwidth
Additional Rooing Filter
The TS‑990S main band receiver has a slot to mount a rooing ilter in addition to the ive built‑in rooing ilters. (We have
no plan to commercialize additional rooing ilters on our own.)
Fig. 16 Additional Rooing Filter Mounting Slot
If an additional rooing ilter is mounted, change the default value of “Of” in Advanced Menu 6 “Bandwidth (Additional
Rooing Filter)” to your desired ilter bandwidth, and then press and hold the [FIL/SEL] (M) key to open the RX Filter
screen. In the screen, change the coniguration for “Roof” to “Add.” to enable the additional rooing ilter. If “Auto” is set to
“Roof”, the additional rooing ilter is preferentially selected depending on the IF ilter bandwidth.
Concerning the built‑in rooing ilters, the PIN diode‑type attenuator at the IF stage corrects the gain, causing no
diference in S meter needle delection, whether a ilter is applied or not. But, if an additional rooing ilter is used, it is
necessary to correct the S meter needle delection by a diference of the insertion loss. To receive a signal with a stable
signal strength, change the attenuation of the additional rooing ilter in Advanced Menu 7 “Attenuation (Additional
Rooing Filter)”. The “Electrical Speciications” table shows the additional rooing ilter electrical speciications. The
“Dimensions (Reference)” diagram shows the additional rooing ilter dimensional diagram (reference).
Table 4 Electrical Speciications
Center Frequency 8.248 MHz

Bandwidth (‑6 dB) 300 to 3500 Hz
Terminating Impedance 50 Ω
Insertion loss 8 dB or less
11
03 RECEPTION
2.5 47.5
62.0
ϕ1.0 ~ 1.2
14.45 6.2 11.4
17.5
16.1 2.5 5.15 23.75 2.5
R0.7
1.2
23.35
IN GND
No part can be mounted on the reverse.

3.7 x 5.3
GND OUT
GND GND
Fig. 17 Dimensions (Reference, Unit: mm, top view)
Adjacent Interference Characteristics

The “IP3 Characteristics Comparison” graph shows a comparison between the TS‑990S main band receiver (orange)
and the receiver of a conventional transceiver (gray). It indicates that the IP3 characteristics are improved to the +40
dBm level and uniformly settled to adjacent interference signals in the range of 2 to 10 kHz from the reception frequency.
In addition, the 110 dB class dynamic range, which exceeds the 105 dB class of the TS‑590S, has been achieved.
Fig. 18 IP3 Characteristics Comparison
Note:
◆ The horizontal axis is the separation to the desired signal of the interference signal frequency (2 waves). At 10 kHz,
interfering signal 1 is the +10 kHz reception frequency, and interference signal 2 is the +20 kHz reception frequency.
◆ The result of measurements is an example that does not guarantee the performance of the respective products.
◆ The measurements conform to a measurement method speciied by the ARRL.
12
RECEPTION 03
AGC Circuits
Analog AGC Circuits
To achieve high adjacent dynamic range characteristics, an analog AGC circuit is used together to make the A/D Converter
work to its performance limit. The AGC circuit is required to have low noise and a wide dynamic range, wide control range, and
linearity to the control. The TS‑990S implements high‑precision AGC response characteristics with an AGC circuit in which a
dual‑gate MOSFET is used (shown in the diagram “AGC Circuit with a Dual‑Gate MOSFET”) and correction is made by DSP.
Fig. 19 AGC Circuit with a Dual‑Gate MOSFET
The graph below shows the AGC response characteristics to a control voltage in the circuit coniguration with a dual‑
gate MOSFET. Suicient control range, dynamic range, and linearity are secured.
Dual Gate MOSFET
Fig. 20 AGC Response Characteristics to a Control Voltage
Optimized Gain Distribution
The mixer, which is the key block in the main band receiver and is newly developed, has relatively larger conversion loss
than that of conventional mixers. Therefore, the circuit is structured to work in conjunction with a post‑ampliier, which
is placed in the mixer output, during operation of the pre‑ampliier. Pressing the [P.AMP] key improves the reception
sensitivity by approximately 14 dB by pre‑ampliier 1 and the post‑ampliier in a reception band below 21.5 MHz and
approximately 18 dB by pre‑ampliier 2 and the post‑ampliier in a reception band above 21.5 MHz.
The attenuation outside the band is fully obtained by the rooing ilters with good selectivity. Therefore, the analog AGC circuit
and high‑gain IF ampliier are placed in a later stage so that undistorted IF signals are supplied as baseband signals to the DSP.
13
03 RECEPTION
Delection of the S Meter Needle
The IARU (International Amateur Radio Union) standard scale requires ‑73 dBm as the S meter level to point S9. However,
concerning the S meter needle delection, on all our products, the S meter level is ‑81 dBm to point S9 in the 14 MHz band while
a pre‑ampliier is on. The TS‑990S also provides S meter needle delection familiar to operators using a conventional model.
Turning of the pre‑ampliiers lowers the gain and the S meter needle delection. The gain changes by a pre‑ampliier by
approximately 12 dB in the amateur bands up to the 21 MHz band and by approximately 20 dB in higher bands.
The “S Meter Levels (Reference)” table shows the indicated levels of the S meter. (The S meter level is adjusted to point
S1, S9, or S9+60 in the 14/50 MHz bands.)
In FM mode, you can select the same coniguration (High) as that has been conigured for conventional models, or a
lower value enabling to lower the S meter sensitivity, through Menu 0‑08 “FM Mode S‑meter Sensitivity”.
Table 5 S Meter Levels (Reference)
0.03 to 21.5
S Meter 21.5 to 60 MHz FM (High) FM (Low)
MHz
S1 (3 dots) ‑107.0 dBm ‑114.0 dBm ‑117.0 dBm ‑117.0 dBm
S9+20 (48 dots) ‑61.0 dBm ‑68.0 dBm ‑102.4 dBm ‑93.2 dBm
Fig. 21 S Meter Readout (Analog) Fig. 22 S Meter Readout (Digital)
Noise Level
With a pre‑ampliier active, the sensitivity increases by the gain and internal noise, and the S meter needle is
easily delected and the noise level rises. The sensitivity decreases with the pre‑ampliier inactive; however, the IP
characteristics improve, noise level lowers, and the S meter needle cannot be delected. In addition, the IF gain is
corrected so that the gain, sensitivity, delection of the S meter needle, noise level, and other factors appropriately
change.
With a pre‑ampliier active in a band below 21.5 MHz, the noise level will not increase. However, with a pre‑ampliier
active in a band above 21.5 MHz, the noise level increase relatively.
14
RECEPTION 03
RF Gain Adjustment
KENWOOD HF‑band transceivers are designed with our consistent philosophy to balance the levels, such as the
sensitivity, S meter needle delection, pre‑ampliier gain, gain correction, and other factors. If the input level from an
antenna is low, (internal) noise may be conspicuous. If noise is conspicuous, reducing the IF gain can lower the noise
level. For that purpose, the [RF] knob is provided. Rotating the [RF] knob counterclockwise reduces the IF gain and
consequently lowers the noise level. Slightly lowering the gain does not change the reception sensitivity. The S meter
shows the gain reduction by the AGC and the [RF] knob, thus the S meter needle delects by the gain reduction. In the
range the AGC is applicable, the S meter sensitivity does not change.
Placing the [RF] knob to the 3 o`clock position reduces the IF gain by approximately 6 dB from the maximum and
reduces the noise level at no signal by approximately 6 dB. The gain reduction causes the S meter needle to delect
closer to S3. A 6 dB gain reduction causes the sensitivity to change little, and the reception sound volume does not
change with reception of a usual signal that makes the S meter needle delect. If the noise level is noticeable, adjust the
RF gain.
AGC Of
The AGC time constants for such as the attack time, release time, and hold time are optimized for a practical radio
waves state. However, for reception of a signal easily buried in noise, turning the AGC of may occasionally increase its
performance. In such a case, the AGC can be disabled with a press of the [AGC OFF] key.
With the AGC inactive, the signal level will not be controlled to be the certain volume level, and the speaker may emit
very loud sounds. This is why a conirmation message appears before the AGC is turned of to prompt attention to loud
sounds.
Before turning the AGC of, you must adjust the RF gain to a signal level that makes the S meter needle delect. Rotate
the [RF] knob counterclockwise to lower the RF gain, letting the S meter needle delect slightly wider. This prevents loud
sounds from being emitted while the AGC is inactive.
If a large signal is entered while the AGC is inactive, the S meter needle delects up to the level speciied for the RF gain
and the reception sound volume increases up to a certain level. However, if this level is exceeded, the reception audio
volume reaches its limit and sudden distortion takes place. This is intended to set limits so that the allowable levels are
not exceeded in the D/A converter and through signal processing.
15
03 RECEPTION
Noise Blankers
Features of the NB1 and NB2
The TS‑990S has two noise blankers; NB1 for analog processing and NB2 for digital processing by DSP.
NB1 is efective for short‑cycle pulses, such as ignition noise. NB2 is efective for noise that the analog noise blanker
(NB1) cannot follow. The following block diagram shows the analog noise blanker (NB1).
Buffer NB AMP2 NB AMP3 NB AMP4 Buffer
Noise
 Detection
Switching
 Mute Signal
AGC
NB AGC
AMP
Noise Blanker
Threshold Level
Fig. 23 Noise Blanker Circuit (NB1) Block Diagram
NB1 has the circuit coniguration inherited from that of conventional models, which is efective for weak noise. A pulse
signal after passing through a narrowband ilter changes its noise waveform, increasing the pulse width. Thus, at the
rooing ilter input stage, which is not subject to inluence of pulse noise, signals are picked up and switch circuits
operate.
For example, if a pulse with a short cycle is entered as shown in diagram 1, the AGC in the noise blanker circuit does not
react to it, thus the switch functions and a muted signal will be present.
To the contrary, if a pulse with a long cycle is entered as shown in diagram 2, the AGC reacts to it and corrects the gain,
thus the switch does not function and the signal will not be muted.
To adjust the efect of NB1, rotate the [NB1] knob for the main band, or press the [NB1/SEL] key for the sub band. The
larger the value displayed, the more the efect to noise.
The DSP digital noise blanker (NB2) may insuiciently take efect if the desired signal is strong or the rooing ilter
bandwidth is narrow. However, in CW mode, and in the case of a bandwidth of 500 Hz or lower, it may be unexpectedly
efective. This is because NB2 operates lexibly, conforming the blanking time to the pulse length.
NB2 produces an efect on acquisition of a weak desired signal that is buried in noise and with a long pulse width that
NB1 cannot eliminate. Chapter 6, DSP, describes the details of NB2.
● How to Use the NBs and NRs

There is a term: “NB cross‑modulation”. This means the situation of modulation in which a noise blanker is running
falsely recognizes the desired signal or adjacent signal as a noise pulse. It does not relate to the front‑end performance.
Once a false recognition takes place, the noise to be eliminated as of non‑desired signals clearly appears (or noise
clearly appears to the keying in CW) or the desired signal is heard with distortion.
The former case is caused by the noise blanker being unable to produce an efect when the desired signal is relatively
strong, or when a strong signal appears in an adjacent frequency. This is because a strong signal activates the AGC of
the noise blanker so that the noise ampliier gain decreases. If the level of the signal and the level of the pulse noise are
equivalent, placing an attenuator or disabling the pre‑ampliier decreases the front‑end gain and may restore the efect
of the noise blanker.
The latter case may easily take place by increasing the noise blanker level. This is a trade‑of and is inevitable. If the
received signal appears to be distorted, turn of the noise blanker and check the received sound. Turn on and adjust the
noise blanker level to rectify the distortion if doing so takes efect.
16
RECEPTION 03
Auxiliary Circuits
Medium Wave Band Sensitivity Risers
Just as in conventional transceivers, the TS‑990S has attenuators of approximately 20 dB for the medium wave band
(522 kHz to 1.705 MHz) (as the factory default, the sensitivity is lowered by approximately 20 dB by the attenuators). In
the medium wave band, there are a number of strong radio waves and there may be medium wave band input excessive
for low‑band antennas. The inserted attenuators are intended for clear reception with less distortion even if such strong
medium wave band signals are received. The attenuators are placed respectively for the main band and the sub band, and
the signal can bypass the attenuator after switching the jumper pins on the board allowing it to increase the sensitivity.
The “Main Band Jumper Pin Locations” image shows the main band attenuator jumper pins and the parts around them
on the RX unit. The “Sub Band Jumper Pin Locations” image shows the sub band attenuator jumper pins and the parts
around them on the TX‑RX unit. Detach the TS‑990S lower case to access the TX‑RX unit. To access the RX unit, detach
the center shield plate. (Before detaching the lower case, be sure to irst detach the upper case. After inishing the jumper
pin coniguration, irst attach the lower case, and then attach the upper case. Otherwise, the cases may be damaged.)
Table 6 Medium Wave Band ATTs
Main Band Sub Band

NORM (ATT: 20 dB) CN 60 CN 220
DX (ATT: Thru) CN 50 CN 210
Fig. 24 Main Band Jumper Pin Locations Fig. 25 Sub Band Jumper Pin Locations
The jumper pins are placed in the”NORM” position at shipment. Placing the jumper pins to the connectors for “DX”
bypasses the attenuators and raises the medium wave band sensitivity by approximately 20 dB.
Fig. 26 Medium Wave Bandpass Filter Characteristics
17
04 TRANSMISSION
IF Circuit for Clean and Stable 200 W Output Power
A signal modulated and multifariously processed in the DSP is fed as the 24 kHz transmit irst IF signal by a D/A
converter, and a mixer IC converts it to 10.695 MHz. The second IF signal of 10.695 MHz passes through an IF ilter with
a 6 kHz bandwidth at which undesired frequency components outside the band are attenuated, and is then ampliied.
Next, the signal goes through a gain control circuit that corrects the gain diference by band, enters a TX/RX mixer,
and is then converted to the 73.095 MHz third IF signal. After that, the signal passes through a gain control circuit that
corrects the signal gain to the required level for the speciied transmit power. The signal then passes through a ilter that
eliminates unwanted spurious components and an ALC circuit that controls the signal to be a stable transmit power, and
enters a mixer circuit for conversion to the desired transmit frequency. If there is no key‑down during operation in CW
mode, the ampliier gain is lowered. As described above, ine gain control in compliance with the situation implements
low‑noise and high‑quality transmit signals. The signal converted to the desired transmit frequency passes through a
bandpass ilter to eliminate spurious signals, so as not to generate an interfering signal outside the transmit bandwidth,
and is ampliied to a certain level and sent to the inal circuit. The drive signal generated through the process is also
available from the DRV terminal (if the DRV output is enabled).
FET Final Ampliier Circuit

The TS‑990S inal ampliier employs the well‑reputed MOS FET VRF150MP (Pch 300 W) and is conigured with a push‑
pull system. The FET, supplied by Microsemi Corporation, is paired, with two VRF150s of the same rank and carefully
chosen by the Vth characteristics. By connecting FETs of matched characteristics in the push‑pull system, ine IMD
characteristics and high stability can be achieved. The drive ampliier employs a MOS FET RD100HHF1 and the pre‑
drive ampliier employs a MOS FET RD06HHF1.
The inal ampliier circuit is conigured with 50 V power and enables continuous operation with low distortion and stability.

Fig. 27 Final Devices and Final Ampliier
The Transmit IMD Characteristics (14.2 MHz, 200 W output power) and Transmit Spurious Response (14.2 MHz, 200 W
output power) graphs show the IMD characteristics and harmonic spurious response. The graphs prove superb anti‑
distortion characteristics and clean output power.
Fig. 28 Transmit IMD Characteristics Fig. 29 Transmit Spurious Response

(14.2 MHz, 200 W output power) (14.2 MHz, 200 W output power)
18
TRANSMISSION 04
High‑speed Relay‑controlled Antenna Tuner

The TS‑990S has a high‑speed relay‑controlled antenna tuner, which digitally controls in a combination of capacitors of
diferent capacitance through switching relays. The digital control achieves high‑speed tuning.
The antenna tuner employs parts durable for operating at 200 W and has dedicated cooling fans to secure continuous
operation at 200 W.
Fig. 30 Automatic Antenna Tuner Circuit
Linear Ampliier Control

There are two control methods for switching between transmit and receive in the linear ampliier or the transverter; one
method is by using a relay for the linear ampliier and the other is by using the RL pin. Both methods allow you to send
the control signal via the REMOTE connector. The linear ampliier control can be enabled in the Advanced Menu, as
described later.
REMOTE Connector
The REMOTE connector is a 7‑pin DIN type connector, the same as our conventional transceivers. The REMOTE
Connector Pin Assignment illustration shows the signaling paths allocated to the REMOTE connector pins.
(RX) COM
(TX) BRK
MKE 2
4 5
1 3
b ALC
6 7
RL
d e
a c
Active High/ Active during TX: 12V
Active Low/ Active during TX: Low
f g
Fig. 31 REMOTE Connector Pin Assignment Fig. 32 REMOTE Connector Terminal Description
Table 7 Terminal Descriptions for the REMOTE Connector
Terminal No. Terminal Name Function I/O

1 SPO Speaker output (SP1/ Internal Speaker) O
2 COM Common terminal for signaling from the linear ampliier control relay I/O
3 SS PTT input I
4 MKE Make terminal for signaling from the linear ampliier control relay I/O
5 BRK Break terminal for signaling from the linear ampliier control relay I/O
6 ALC ALC input from the linear ampliier I
7 RL Output for the linear ampliier control O
19
04 TRANSMISSION
● Use of the Linear Ampliier Control Relay

The TS‑990S linear ampliier control relay functions on transmission if “Active High + Relay Control” has been selected
from Advanced Menu 11 or 12.
The linear ampliier control relay assumes that the TL‑922 (discontinued) is standing by and can be connected as‑is to
the TL‑922. For a linear ampliier that stands by with a voltage application or a short‑circuit to ground, disable the relay
control and make it standing by using the RL terminal as described later.
● Use of the RL Terminal

In addition to a logic to output 12 V on transmission, following the coniguration in the Advanced Menu as described
later, in the same manner as conventional transceivers, a logic for short‑circuiting to ground on transmission by an open
drain is added to the RL terminal (pin 7). By this, to use a linear ampliier that is placed in the transmit state with the low
state logic for transmit control, the linear ampliier can be used without externally adding a transistor to reverse the logic.
When transmission starts while the RL terminal has been set to “Active High”, the transistor switch shown in the
“REMOTE Connector Pin Assignment” is turned On and 12 V is diverted (10 mA or less). “Active High” indicates that the
logic is high while the circuit is active. If a linear ampliier which can be switched to the transmit state upon detection of
the voltage is connected, conigure “Active High” for the RL terminal.
When transmission starts if “Active Low” has been conigured for the RL terminal, the FET switch shown in “REMOTE
Connector Pin Assignment” switches to a short‑circuit to ground. “Active Low” indicates that the logic is low while the
circuit is active.
The linear ampliier, which can be switched to the transmit state while the signal pulled up by the linear ampliier is being
short circuited to ground, can be connected. If such a linear ampliier is connected, conigure “Active High” for the RL
terminal. However, the amount of withstand voltage and current are not large (DC 15 V or less, 10 mA or less), thus it is
not possible to directly drive a relay in this circuit or to connect those which are activated with high voltage, such as an
evacuated‑tube type linear ampliier (e.g., TL‑922). In such a case, use relay contacts alternatively.
Conigurations in the Advanced Menu
To control the linear ampliier, conigure the settings in the Advanced Menu.
Table 8 Linear Ampliier Control Settings Menu
Advanced Menus 11 and 12 Setting Values RL Output*1 Relay Control*2 Delay Time
Of ‑ ‑ 10 ms
Active High TX: High (12 V) ‑ 10 ms
Active High + Relay Control TX: High (12 V) ○ 10 ms
Active High + Relay & TX Delay Ctrl TX: High (12 V) ○ 45 ms (SSB, FM, AM)
Active Low TX: Low ‑ 10 ms
Active Low + TX Delay Control TX: Low ‑ 45 ms (SSB, FM, AM)
*1
REMOTE connector pin 7
*2
REMOTE connector pins 2, 4, and 5
20
TRANSMISSION 04
KEY KEY
RX RX
TX TX
RL RL
45 ms
10 ms
Switch Switch
RF Power RF Power
45 ms
AF AF
Fig. 33 Timing Charts: When the TX Delay Control is Not Selected (Left) and Selected (Right)
If a linear ampliier that conforms to full break‑in and switches to the transmit state upon application of approximately +12
V voltage is connected, select “Active High” from Advanced Menu 11 “Linear Ampliier Control (HF Band)” and Advanced
Menu 12 “Linear Ampliier Control (50 MHz Band)”.
If an external linear ampliier that does not conform to break‑in and takes time to switch the internal relay contacts, e.g.,
the TS‑922, is connected, select “Active High + Relay & TX Delay Ctrl” from Advanced Menu 11 and Advanced Menu 12.
This coniguration extends the duration of time from when the transceiver is placed in the transmit state until radio waves
are practically transmitted so that the linear ampliier relaying will switch and then transmit the radio waves. If full break‑in
is active in CW mode, the duration of time prior to a transmission is not extended.
Note that selecting “Active High + Relay & TX Delay Ctrl” or “Active Low + TX Delay Control” from Advanced Menu 11
and/or Advanced Menu 12 extends not only the duration of time until a transmission starts but also the duration of time
until reception begins, so as to reduce the click noise at the moment of switching.
Note:
◆ Large‑sized relays generally tend to take time to start switching after energizing and have a long duration of time in which
chattering may take place at the moment of switching. If transmission starts before the contacts switch to the transmission
side, the SWR will increase until the switching inishes, thus the TS‑990S activates a protection circuit to momentarily reduce
the transmit power. In addition, there is a case where the microphone may pick up a large operating sound of relay switching
and the sound causes transmit signals to be transmitted. There is also another case where contact switching in the reception
side after reception starts may cause a strong clicking noise. Selecting “Active High + Relay & TX Delay Ctrl” or “Active Low +
TX Delay Control” may serve to prevent such problems.
ALC
For use with a linear ampliier or transverter, it is possible to connect an external device to the ALC terminal (pin 6),
intending proper transmit power control.
If the transmit power reaches the range to be restricted from the external device standpoint, the ALC signal shifts the
voltage to the negative side (for KENWOOD transceivers). External devices generally have voltage adjustment variable
resistors. On the TS‑990S, applying a negative voltage (between ‑7 V and ‑10 V) to the ALC terminal reduces the
internal gain. The operating point is described later.
As described above, conventionally it has been common to enter the ALC signal from a linear ampliier to control
the automatic level. However, in order to prevent excessive input to the linear ampliier, it is recommended to make a
preliminary adjustment to the appropriate transmit power. If the transmit power is set by the ALC while the full transmit
power is present in the transceiver, excessive power is applied to the linear ampliier before the ALC voltage is applied
from the linear ampliier, resulting in linear ampliier damage.
21
04 TRANSMISSION
● Recommended Operation
Set the maximum transmit power, that can be entered to the linear ampliier, to the TS‑990S in advance. The ALC control
in the transceiver activates at high‑speed, thus it can limit the output power without receiving an ALC signal from the
linear ampliier. The transmit power limiter described later is useful for this.
As conigured as described above, apply the ALC signal of the linear ampliier to the ALC terminal of the TS‑990S. If
the linear ampliier has to limit the transmit power, for example, in the case where the transmit power of the TS‑990S is
increased by a false operation, this protects the linear ampliier.
Transmit Power Limiter
The transmit power limiter prevents the transmit power from exceeding the pre‑conigured transmit power level. Pressing
the [MAX‑Po] (F) key opens the TX Power Limit screen. The screen allows the coniguration of the transmit power
by band. Continuously rotating the [PWR] knob clockwise increases the transmit power to the conigured maximum.
Consequently, transmit power limit for use in DATA mode and transmit power with TX tuning can also be conigured.
An external device such as a linear ampliier may have diferent gains or withstanding input powers by band, thus the
required transmit power varies in most cases. The TX Power Limit screen allows the conigurations for the transmit
power by band. If the maximum transmit power has been conigured on the screen, this eliminates troublesome transmit
power adjustment with the [PWR] knob each time the band is changed.
Fig. 34 Setting Screen for the Max Power Limiter Function
Selecting “ANT1” for the antenna connector when an external antenna tuner is connected limits the maximum transmit
power to 100 W. Even if the transmit power limiter is set to 100 W or higher, “00 W” appears on the lower line of the
[MAX‑Po] (F) key and the transmit power on the main screen (top center).
Note:
◆ Transmit power cannot be conigured individually for each antenna connector (ANT1 to ANT4).
ALC Operation when an External Device is Connected
"Connection Block to an External Device for ALC Signal Input" shows the block diagram of a signal circuit to enter the
TS‑990S ALC signal from an external device and control the TS‑990S internal ALC ampliier.
It employs a method to control the TS‑990S gain by using an ALC voltage entered from an external device; however,
it consequently serves to control the TS‑990S transmit power. This operation is common for both linear ampliiers and
transverters. A change in the DRV output level by the ALC voltage represents a change of the output level of the ALC
voltage entered from the external device. The gain decrease will be noticeable in the TS‑990S IF circuit upon a drop in
voltage to below ‑7 V. The gain decrease also leads to reduction of the transmit power (ANT output and DRV output); this
serves for output control.
22
TRANSMISSION 04
Fig. 35 Connection Block to an External Device for ALC Signal Input
Fig. 36 Change of DRV Output Level by the ALC Voltage
● Operation on an ALC Signal Input from an External Device

If the microphone gain and carrier level are adjusted to optimize the ALC meter needle delection while no ALC signal is
present from an external device, applying an external ALC signal results in more feedback control for the ALC. Therefore,
the increase causes the ALC meter needle to delect wider. In that case, rotate the [PWR] knob counterclockwise while
viewing the ALC meter needle delection or readjust the microphone gain and carrier level.
DRV Terminal
The output level from the DRV connector is approximately 0 dBm (1 mW). Depending on the coniguration for the
transmit power, the output level can be lowered to approximately 1/20. To make the output level lower, rotate the [CAR]
knob in CW, FSK, PSK, or AM mode, or rotate the [MIC] knob (microphone gain) or [PROC OUT] knob (speech
processor output level) in SSB mode. The level for the output signal from the DRV connector is insuicient to be
transmitted directly through an antenna. Operation with a transverter or connection to the high‑gain linear ampliier
allows operation in each amateur band including the 135 kHz band.
The following graphs show the spurious response in the 14 MHz band and spurious response in the 135 kHz band on the
DRV connector. The harmonic level also changes upon change of the level to 0 dBm, ‑10 dBm, and ‑20 dBm.
DRV outputs not passing through a low‑pass ilter may include a lot of harmonic components. For transmission,
eliminate such harmonic components through a low‑pass ilter as needed after signal ampliication. Alternatively,
lowering the level for the transmit power coniguration or applying the ALC signal from the REMOTE connector to limit
the DRV connector output level can reduce distortion.
23
04 TRANSMISSION
Fig. 37 Spurious Response: Fig. 40 Spurious Response:

14.175 MHz, 0 dBm 136 kHz, 0 dBm

14.175 MHz, ‑10 dBm 136 kHz, ‑10 dBm

14.175 MHz, ‑20 dBm 136 kHz, ‑20 dBm
24
TRANSMISSION 04
Protections
The TS‑990S employs a inal ampliier circuit coniguration for a 200 W transmit power output with suicient margins.
Consequently, protections against large currents and excessive heating are provided, taking account of safety.
SWR Protection
If the antenna SWR (standing wave ratio) is high, eicient radio wave radiation is disturbed, and distortion may occur in
the inal circuit by relected waves, or the TS‑990S, its antennas, or in a worst case scenario, other components may be
damaged. To prevent such a problem from occurring, a protection circuit is implemented to reduce the transmit power to
relected waves. The protection circuit starts reducing the transmit power when the SWR becomes 1.5 or higher.
Overcurrent Protection
A protection circuit is implemented to monitor currents in the inal ampliier and prevent currents over a speciied level
from passing through.
Thermal Protection and Fan Control
In the TS‑990S, two inal ampliiers are mounted, and thermistors are placed near the ampliiers. The thermistors
sense the temperature. The cooling fan for the inal ampliier block switches its rotations in 3 steps according to the
detected temperature (antenna tuner fan: 2 steps, AC/DC power supply fan: variable). The “Final Ampliier Fan Activation
Temperatures (Detected) and Cooling Fan Rotation Speeds” table shows the cooling fan rotation speeds for the cooling
fan activation temperatures. The antenna tuner fan is designed to follow the rotation speed of the inal ampliier fan
and activates only when the antenna tuner is active. If the inal ampliier temperature appears to increase more, a
warning message appears on the main screen, and the transmit power is controlled or the transmission is stopped. The
transceiver is then placed in the receive state so as to prevent it from being damaged.
Additionally, the cooling fan rotation pulses are detected to monitor whether all the cooling fans including the inal
ampliier fan are running normally. If a cooling fan is not rotating normally, an error message appears on the main screen
and some functions will be restricted to secure the TS‑990S.
Table 9 Final Ampliier Fan Activation Temperatures (Detected) and Cooling Fan Rotation Speeds
Final Ampliier Fan Activation Cooling Fan Rotation Speed

Temperature (Detected) Final Ampliier Fan Antenna Tuner Fan
Approximately 75°C (167°F) High High*1
Approximately 65°C (149°F) Medium
Low*1
Approximately 55°C (131°F) Low
*1
When the antenna tuner is on
25
04 TRANSMISSION
Power Supply
High-Eiciency Large-Capacity Power Supply Implemented
In the TS‑990S, a large‑capacity current‑resonance‑type switching power supply unit is implemented for stable 200 W
transmit power operation.
In comparison with conventional transformer types, its load eiciency is higher (83% typical on AC 100 V 200 W
transmission) with less heating and less power consumption.
Fig. 43 High‑Eiciency Large‑Capacity Power Supply
Power Saving
The TS‑990S has another power supply circuit dedicated for the main microprocessor, which is diferent from those
sourced for the TX/RX. In low power consumption mode, the standby power is secured to 0.5 W or less. This conforms to
international energy regulations.
Safety
The TS‑990S conforms to international safety standards and provides the following protection functions for safety
operation.
● Overcurrent Protection
All power supply output currents are subject to monitoring, and if an overcurrent is detected, intermittent output begins to
drop the output voltage.
● Thermal Protection
The temperature in the power supply unit is subject to regular monitoring. When the temperature rises excessively,
transmission stops, and if the temperature rises more, the power supply shuts down to secure the safety operation.
26
TRANSMISSION 04
Power Factor Correction (PFC) to Prevent Harmonics in the Rectiier Circuit
A switching power supply typically produces large harmonics in a rectiier circuit by its switching operation, causing
reduction of the power factor, and harmonics relected back to the AC input side may cause noise and other
disturbances to external devices.
The TS‑990S employs a rectiier circuit of the Power Factor Correction (PFC) method to make current waveforms close
to the sine wave in order to prevent reduction of the power factor and disturbances due to power supply harmonics and
conform to international power supply harmonics regulations.
Fig. 44 Diference in Rectiied Waveforms with/without Application of Power Factor Correction (PFC)
Continuous Variable Rotations and the Cooling Fan
The temperature of the switching power supply block is subject to regular monitoring, and the cooling fan rotations are
continuously changed for the best‑suited cooling, increasing the cooling eiciency and reducing the cooling fan noise.
DC/DC Converter
For the power feed to the respective blocks, a DC/DC converter is employed. In comparison with a regulator for power
feed on conventional transceivers, it generates less heat and requires less power consumption.
27
05 LOCAL OSCILLATOR
DDS and PLL System
The local oscillator circuit in the TS‑990S is conigured to give best‑suited characteristics to signals to be processed by
the VCO division type and the DDS (Direct Digital Synthesizer) direct system (switchable) for the main band receiver,
DDS system for the sub band receiver, and PLL system for the transmission block.
First Local Oscillator for the Main Band Receiver
The irst local oscillator for the main band receiver is not a DDS direct system but a conventional VCO/PLL system
(excluding the 10 MHz, 28 MHz, and 50 MHz bands).
Generally, the VCO/PLL system is good for C/N characteristics on distant carrier frequencies and superior in spurious
response by the efect of the ilter in the PLL loop, while it tends to be disadvantageous for characteristics of the
adjacent carrier to noise ratio.
In the TS‑990S main band receiver, down converting all bands enables it to lower the local oscillator frequencies.
Consequently, the irst local oscillator for the main band receiver newly employs the division type that oscillates the
conventional‑type VCO/PLL output signals using a higher frequency than the desired frequency and then divides the
output signals.
Theoretically, the C/N characteristics of the VCO/PLL output signals are improved by the efect of division at the ratio of
20*log (division ratio) (1/10 division maximum: 20*log (1/10) = ‑20 dB).
Block Diagram of First AMP

Local Oscillator for
Main Band RX Circuit Divider
1/N
82.78 ~ 115.48 ~
92.48MHz 128.992MHz 1.8/3.5/5M … N=10 AMP
PLL DDS PLL 7M … N=8
14/18/21/24M … N=4
96.48 ~ 127.48 ~ (Other than the
107.48MHz 138.992MHz above, DDS Direct)
DDS IS AD 9951
Fig. 45 Block Diagram of the First Local Oscillator for the Main Band Receiver
With the VCO division type local oscillator employed, low spuriousness, which is an advantage of the VCO/PLL system
on the adjacent frequencies, and ine C/N characteristics on distant carrier frequencies are achieved.
Fig. 46 C/N Characteristics of the First Local Oscillator for the Main Band Receiving Circuit
28
LOCAL OSCILLATIOR 05
First Local Oscillator for the Sub Band Receiver
The irst local oscillator for the sub band receiver, which is reined and diverted from the local oscillator circuit of the
TS‑590S, directly feeds output signals to a mixer from a 14‑bit DDS which has superior adjacent C/N characteristics.
During the down‑conversion, the oscillating frequency is lower than that of the up‑conversion method, and the C/N
characteristics for the output signals will be improved further, resulting in ine reciprocal mixing characteristics.
Sub Band Local Oscillator C/N 14.1 MHz IF: 11 M
Fig. 47 C/N Characteristics of the First Local Oscillator for the Sub Band Receiver
Local Oscillator in the Transmit Block
In comparison with the irst local oscillator using a conventional VCO/PLL system, the irst local oscillator using a
DDS system has better characteristics of the adjacent carrier to noise ratio; however, as a transmitter, good C/N
characteristics on distant carrier frequencies are required.
If there is a strong signal present using a distant carrier frequency, and if noise afects the desired signal by poor
characteristics of the distant carrier to noise ratio of the signal, the noise causes interference to reception of the signal.
On a local station or those participating a contest in the multi‑band, interference of reception by noise may occur in
some cases.
Considering the 200 W output power of the TS‑990S and the market demand emphasizing the manner not to disturb
other stations, the TS‑990S employs a VCO/PLL system for the local oscillator circuit in the transmit block, achieving
signiicant C/N characteristics for distant carrier frequencies.
For its transmission frequency coniguration, the up‑conversion method is implemented. The up‑conversion method
employs a high local oscillator frequency, thus a VCO division type local oscillator circuit cannot be implemented. To run
in a wide frequency range, a frequency shift circuit is placed in the VCO oscillator circuit in the VCO/PLL for the local
oscillator of the transmitter. This enables switching to the optimum status by band and ine C/N characteristics can be
implemented.
Antenna Output C/N
Fig. 48 Transmit Signal C/N Characteristics
29
05 LOCAL OSCILLATOR
Reference Frequency Generator Circuit

The TS‑990S employs a TCXO for generating the reference frequency enabling a frequency stability of 0.1 ppm (0 to
50°C/32 to 122°F).
Fig. 49 TCXO (Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator)
Frequency Stability (Referenced to +25°C)
Fig. 50 Frequency Stability
Application of the OCXO to the reference frequency generation improves the frequency stability. However, the OCXO
serves for high stability by keeping a high internal temperature, and power consumption of a few more watts is required.
Additionally, the OCXO requires time to stabilize the internal temperature. In the case of a cold start, it takes several
minutes to stabilize the internal temperature. To be ready for operation immediately after the power is turned ON, it
needs to be energized at all times.
On the other hand, the TCXO ine‑adjusts the output frequency to a temperature that the internal temperature sensor
detects. This allows the reference frequency stability to be secured, resulting in low power consumption (TCXO power
consumption: 7.92 mW, max.).
Frequency Stability Time (Cold Start)
Fig. 51 Comparison of Power‑up Characteristics of the TS‑990S and Transceivers with an OCXO Implemented
30
LOCAL OSCILLATIOR 05
Furthermore, the TCXO has a short start‑up time (400 ms or lower for the 10 MHz reference signal output) to operate
following the ambient temperature, the TS‑990S can be used immediately even if it is not energized while the TS‑990S is
not in use.
Considering the reference frequency generator circuit characteristics and global energy‑saving approaches, the TCXO
is employed for the TS‑990S. If higher accuracy and stability than those present by the reference frequency generator
circuit is demanded, enter a 10 MHz (‑10 to +10 dBm) reference signal to the REF I/O connector from an external
reference oscillator. With this, the frequency accuracy of the external reference oscillator is applicable to the operation.
Also, the 10 MHz reference signal with the accuracy of the reference frequency generator circuit of the TS‑990S can be
generated from the REF I/O connector.
To enter the reference signal to the REF I/O connector, select “Input” from Advanced Menu 4 “REF I/O Connector
Coniguration”. To generate the TS‑990S reference frequency from the REF I/O connector, select “Output” from
Advanced Menu 4.
1 MHz Reference Output Time

(from power key voltage detected)
Fig. 52 REF I/O Output Starting Characteristics
31
06 DSP
The TS‑950 series HF transceivers were the world’s irst amateur radios with built‑in DSPs.
The TS‑870 achieves, with DSP, all IF processing including the IF AGC processing for controlling the received signal
level and the steep IF ilter.
The TS‑590S provides evolved IF AGC processing for ine sound quality durable over long‑time operation and functions
for noise/interference rejection and boasts of top‑level reception characteristics by means of DSP.
We have been providing “Quality” in communications that cannot be realized only by analog circuits.
The development concept of the DSP for the TS‑990S is the very compilation of our traditional techniques. Achievements
of various functions are important; however, it is DSPs that represent our positive attitude towards “Quality”.
Features of TS‑990S DSP Technologies

• Three 32‑bit loating‑point DSPs are implemented for the main band RX/TX, sub band RX, and bandscope, respectively.
• The IF AGC processing intends to pursue the natural audio quality with the comprehensive matching of analog circuits, rooing
ilters, and IF ilter with digital signal processing.
• The bandscope processing materializes high resolution and high‑speed sweeping.
DSPs and Peripheral Hardware
Fig. 53 DSP Hardware Block Diagram
The DSPs that are kernels of the digital signal processing are 32‑bit loating‑point DSP SHARC processors made by Analog
Devices Inc. and provide better arithmetic characteristics than the 32‑bit loating‑point DSPs employed in the TS‑590S.
There are three SHARC processors (referred to as DSPs hereafter) built in the TS‑990S.
32
DSP 06
Table 10 Description of the DSPs
Name DSP Type Operation Clock Functions

TXMRX DSP ADSP‑21363 331.776 MHz Main band reception, transmission, RTTY/PSK31/PSK63 encoders
Sub band reception, audio output control, voice guidance, optical
SRX DSP ADSP‑21369 258.048 MHz
digital signal I/O
SCP DSP ADSP‑21363 331.776 MHz Bandscope, audio scope, RTTY/PSK31/PSK63 decoder
The DSP for transmission and main band reception is called the “TXMRX DSP”, the DSP for sub band reception and
audio output processing is called the “SRX DSP”, and the DSP for the bandscope and decoding in RTTY/PSK31/PSK63
modes is called the “SCP DSP”.
The TXMRX DSP and SRX DSP are placed in the DSP
unit and DSPs are linked together and process the transmit
and receive signals. The application of high‑processing‑
speed DSPs with large built‑in memory achieves functional
enhancement such as improved IF AGC processing
performance, a new interference rejection capability,
improved IF ilter shaping factors, speech processor
IF implementation, and RTTY/PSK31/PSK63 encoder/
decoder implementation.
Fig. 54 TXMRX DSP
Also, implementation of the digital interface enabling

the digital audio signal input and output via the Optical
connectors is nice for those who have a keen interest in
audio signal quality. By using an optical digital cable, optical
digital signals can be sent via and received from an external
device, without using an analog path. Consequently, digital
signals can enter the modulator and received audio can be
emitted without being inluenced by noise from the analog
paths.
Fig. 55 SRX DSP
The SCP DSP, which is placed in the control unit, manages

the displays on the LCDs, such as the bandscope, RTTY/
PSK31/PSK63 decoder, X‑Y scope, and vector scope. The
bandscope, which is newly developed, requires a vast
amount of mathematical processing, thus a DSP with the
same performance as the TXMRX DSP, is employed to be
dedicated for the main band transmission/reception.
Fig. 56 SCP DSP
33
06 DSP
Signal Processing in the IF Stage

The IF AGC processing for signal reception is the core of the TS‑990S.
In the TS‑870, TS‑2000S, and TS‑590S, the IF AGC processing is the most actively innovated algorithm in the DSP
signal processing and the tuning in the analog stages. We have found new tasks each time we create an innovation and
solve them through hardships.
The IF AGC processing we have been innovating through inheritance of our technological tradition represents our
KENWOOD tones.
IF AGC Processing
As described above, the TS‑990S can simultaneously receive two bands by using the main band and the sub band.
The basic scheme (block) of the IF AGC processing is the same for both the main band DSP and the sub band DSP.
However, concerning the analog‑step frequency coniguration, down‑conversion is applied for the main band and
conditional down‑conversion/up‑conversion switching system is applied for the sub band, and the applicable rooing
ilter types are diferent.
For both the main band and the sub band, the passband width of the preceding stage (analog stage) may be wider than
the inal passband width of the DSP. The IF AGC processing was designed carefully so as to inluence interfering signals
to the desired signal. The analog circuit characteristics of the main band are diferent from those of the sub band, thus
their response characteristics are respectively tuned.
Fig. 57 IF AGC Processing Block Diagram
AGC loops are placed before and after the interference rejection, such as an IF ilter, manual notch ilter, etc. The AGC
loop of the preceding stage functions to prevent signals whose level is higher than the reference from being entered into
the A/D converter for the IF input and is called the out‑band AGC loop. The AGC loop of the succeeding stage has the
same AGC performance as a traditional one and is called the in‑band AGC. With the in‑band AGC operated after the IF
ilter and interference rejection, the desired signal can be highlighted.
The basic approach to AGC response characteristics is to control the AGC ampliier gain with an ultra‑high‑speed
attack, as well as conventional transceivers do, to control the gain without causing unnecessary amplitude luctuation,
and to reduce factors causing fatigue felt by the long‑term listening.
One of the factors causing fatigue felt from listening are a momentary signal level overshoot by high‑speed attacks. This
phenomenon is inevitable in highlighting weak signals and minimizing distortion on the receiver. However, demodulation
with the phenomenon causes the sound quality to be hard, and the high‑processing‑speed release setting is of no use.
The sound quality at attacking is based on the comprehensive characteristics including the characteristics of the AGC
ampliier in the analog stage as well as the characteristics of the AGC loops in the preceding and succeeding stages and
the IF ilter. In the TS‑990S, to drastically change the response characteristics for the out‑band AGC following the status
of the out‑band and in‑band AGC gain control and to realize ideal attack characteristics by two types of AGC loops having
diferent characteristics for the in‑band dual loop AGC (the single loop AGC for AM mode) are solutions for designing tasks.
34
DSP 06
KENWOOD Existing Model
Amplitude (dB)
Time (S)
TS-990S
Amplitude (dB)
Time (S)
Fig. 58 Comparison of Received CW Waveforms of

a Conventional Transceiver to those of the TS‑990S
IF Filter
As the main band limitation ilter, the TS‑990S is equipped with rooing ilters for the analog stage and the digital IF ilter
and AF ilter in the DSPs. (In addition to these, the audio peak ilter, etc. are also implemented.)
Concerning the ilters, the IF ilter is placed before the in‑band AGC and the AF ilter is placed after the in‑band AGC. In
AM mode, the AF ilter is placed in the circuit after demodulation. In FM mode, a demodulation IC is used, thus only AF
iltering is handled in the DSP.
There are three types of ilters available, and, with the front panel operation, the ilters jointly work and switch to low‑cut,
high‑cut, or the passband width. Only the bands of the rooing ilters for the main band can be changed independently
following the coniguration.
The IF ilter in the DSP constructs the slope tuning in combination with the IIR low‑pass ilter and high‑pass ilter in SSB
mode, and constructs the function that can adjust the passband width (Width) and the amount of the center frequency
shift (Shift) with bandpass ilters for IIR in CW, FSK, and PSK modes. Only in SSB mode, the function to adjust “Width”
and “Shift” can be applied following the coniguration, instead of the slope tuning.
In AM mode, the ilter constructs the FIR bandpass ilter enabling to switch the bandwidth of the bandpass ilter upon
adjustment of the high‑cutof frequency.
SSB IF Filter (Slope Tune\ Medium) CW IF Filter (Width/Medium)

Amplitude (dB)
Amplitude (dB)
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 59 SSB Slope Tuning (Combination CW Passband Width

of the Low‑cut and High‑cut Filters, Filter Shape: “Medium”) (Bandpass Filter, Filter Shape: “Medium”)
35
06 DSP
In conventional transceivers, slopes (shoulders) by the IF ilter were sharply formed regardless of the slope tuning
and passband width setting. The TS‑990S employs choices of ilter shapes. For the shape characteristics, “Sharp”,
“Medium”, or “Soft” can be selected for the main band and the sub band respectively in the RX Filter screen.
Table 11 Shape Factors by Shape Switching
Demodulation Mode Shape Factors (-60 dB BW/-3 dB BW) Stop Band Attenuation
SSB (Slope Tuning) 1.6/ 1.8/ 2.0 (Low‑cut ilter: 200 Hz, High‑cut ilter: 2600 Hz) 110 dB
SSB (WIDTH), FSK, PSK 1.5/ 1.8/ 2.0 (Bandwidth: 2400 Hz) 110 dB
CW 1.5/ 1.8/ 2.0 (Bandwidth: 500 Hz) 110 dB
SSB IF Filter (Low-cut 2000 Hz, High-cut 2600 Hz/Sharp, Medium, Soft)
Amplitude (dB)
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 60 Comparison of the Filter Shape Characteristics in Fig. 61 Comparison of the Filter Shape Characteristics in
SSB Mode (Blue and Dark Green: Sharp, Red and Blue‑ CW mode (Blue: Sharp, Green: Medium, Red: Soft)
Green: Medium, Purple and Yellowish Green: Soft)
The shape factors during the adjustment of the passband width and center frequency shift are designed with a reference
of a 2400 Hz bandwidth in SSB, FSK, and PSK modes and that of a 500 Hz bandwidth in CW mode. Such a sharp ilter
tends to cause ringing by bandwidth narrowing and inluence to the sound quality by group delay in SSB mode.
On the TS‑990S, with the digital ilter design skills we have accumulated, the ilter and AGC design is devised so that the
ringing and inluence on the sound quality are minimized. However, the rooing ilters for the analog circuit are linked with
speciied ilter bandwidth characteristics, that is, for example, if a narrow band of 250 Hz or lower is set in CW mode, the
rooing ilter bandwidth is set to 270 Hz (if “Auto” is conigured for “Roof” in the RX Filter screen). If a narrow band such
as 270 Hz is conigured for the rooing ilter, there is an advantage of insusceptibility to interference by adjacent signals
while there is a disadvantage of susceptibility of ripples and group delay characteristics.
Because of the relationship with the analog ilter characteristics, only devising the digital ilter does not attain practical
listening sensation in sound quality reining. The tuning of the IF AGC processing described above serves to gain the
efective ilter characteristics.
36
DSP 06
Interference Rejection
Interference signals such as pulse noise and beats may afect the AGC and suppress the desired signals. In that case,
eliminating the interference signals in the preceding stage to the AGC can highlight the signal behind the interference
signals. The interference rejection is a function that is placed before the in‑band AGC processing, as well as the IF ilter,
and that eliminates particular interference signals.
For interference rejection by digital signal processing in the TS‑990S, in addition to the noise blanker, the manual
notch ilter and auto notch ilter, the band elimination ilter that can adjust the stopband bandwidth and the amount of
attenuation is newly employed.
● Noise Blanker
The TS‑990S has two noise blankers called the NB1 and NB2. NB1 is the noise blanker for the analog circuit. NB2 is the noise
blanker for digital signal processing. The noise blanker can be selected depending on the type of noise and the receiving
status. Furthermore, NB1 and NB2 are usable concurrently for iner adjustment by tuning their respective efective levels.
NB2 operates with the envelope following system, so that it is efective even if there is a slight signal level diference
between the desired signal and a pulse noise signal that cannot be followed by the past analog circuit as the noise blanker.
This algorithm does not allow you to simply blank the pulse noise from the received signal, unlike the analog‑circuit
noise blanker. With automatic demodulation of the pulse noise following the received signal level and comparison with
the desired signal level other than the pulse noise, the length of time corresponding to the pulse noise is appropriately
attenuated. This is the algorithm that achieves the noise suppression with this system. Hence, this enables you to
process the relatively long pulse noise even with less deterioration of the desired signals.
The “Efect of NB2” graphs show how an audio signal suppressed by AGC operation is highlighted when the pulse noise
is eliminated by NB2.
NB2 OFF
Amplitude (dB)
Time (S)
NB2 ON
Amplitude (dB)
Time (S)
Fig. 62 Efect of NB2
NB2 afects the noise that cannot be processed by the analog circuit; however, there may be a case where it cannot
suppress the noise depending on the strength of the desired signal and characteristics of the pulse noise. In such
a case, by using noise reduction together, the receiving status may be improved. Also, use of a narrow rooing ilter
bandwidth may change the noise component that deteriorates its efect: lexible use of NB1, NB2 and noise reduction
according to the situation provides you with more variations.
37
06 DSP
● Manual Notch Filter (NCH) and Auto Notch Filter (A.NCH)

The manual notch ilter allows you to change the center frequency of the notch by rotating the [NOTCH] knob. The auto
notch ilter automatically tracks the single beat frequency with adoption of the applicable iltering technique. Both notch
ilters have an attenuation of 60 dB or higher at the notch center frequency.
The “Efect of the Manual Notch Filter” graph shows how a minute signal suppressed by AGC operation is highlighted
through beat elimination by the manual notch ilter.
Amplitude (dB) MCH OFF
Frequency (Hz)
MCH ON
Amplitude (dB)
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 63 Efect of the Manual Notch Filter
The bandwidth of the manual notch ilter can be toggled between Normal and Wide with a long press of the [NCH/SEL]
(M) or [NCH /SEL] (S) key. For a single beat frequency, Normal is efective. In case of interference by a signal in SSB
mode or diiculty in listening due to elimination of part of the desired signal by the low‑cut and high‑cut ilter adjustment,
selecting “Wide” for the manual notch ilter may be more efective.
Fig. 64 Manual Notch Filter Characteristics (Reference)
The auto notch ilter, which is inherited from the TS‑870, has improved beat tracking performance and is efective to a
relatively weak beat. The auto notch ilter is sharper than the manual notch ilter and can minimize impacts on audio.
38
DSP 06
● Band Elimination Filter (BEF)

The “band elimination ilter” is an incomprehensible name. Read it as the name of a function to control the band and
attenuation of the manual notch ilter. While the notch ilter mainly impacts on beats, the band elimination ilter is useful
to attenuate interfering signals even with slight attenuation to the desired signal when there is an interfering signal such
as that of audio over the desired signal.
Besides using the manual notch ilter, the center frequency of the ilter can be changed by rotating the [NOTCH] knob.
In the Band Elimination Filter screen, the stopband bandwidth can be changed in the range of 300 Hz to 1200 Hz in
steps of 100 Hz and the amount of attenuation at the center can be changed in the range of 20 dB to 80 dB in steps of
20 dB.
Fig. 65 Band Elimination Filter Characteristics (Reference)
39
06 DSP
Reception
Demodulation
● Demodulation in SSB, CW, FSK and PSK Modes

The demodulation processing in SSB, CW, FSK, and PSK modes is based on the well‑established PSN (Phase Shift
Network) system.
The optimum characteristics of the PSN system are determined by the characteristics of the implemented IF ilter. If a
steep and large‑attenuation ilter similar to the IF ilter in the TS‑990S is used, there is few reverse bandwidths that can
be canceled by the PSN system. The section about the IF ilter described the functions for slope tuning, passband width,
center frequency shift change, and the change of the reference bandwidth that determines the shape factors for use in
SSB and CW modes. The PSN system enables you to reduce the ilter order by designing followed by the IF ilter, which
improves the group delay characteristics on the low passband called a weak point of the PSN system; hence, there is
less attenuation compared with conventional transceivers and more characteristics are extended to the lower band.
In SSB mode, “0 Hz” can be conigured as the cut‑of frequency for the low‑cut ilter. This means that the cutof frequency
has been conigured for the carrier point allowing you to extend the low passband to its maximum with use of the PSN
system as describe above.
We wish this will make you to aware of and enjoy the diferences of the sound quality compared with conventional
transceivers, as well as the ilter conigurations.
● Demodulation in AM Mode
In AM mode, an absolute value detect circuit is used for demodulation as in the previous models.
● Demodulation in FSK Mode

In FSK mode, it modulates an audio signal detected with the PSN system and sends it to a speaker or an external output
terminal regardless of the status of the decoder (either On or Of). If the decoder is On, frequency modulation is detected
through mixers and low‑pass ilters on a path diferent from that for audio output from the IF stage, and the RTTY
baseband signal is acquired.
The RTTY decoder operates in FSK mode (only if 170 Hz is conigured for the shift width).
● Demodulation in PSK31 and PSK63 Modes

The PSK31/PSK63 decoders operate in PSK mode.
In PSK mode, demodulation takes place with the PSN system regardless of the status of the decoder (either On or
Of) as well as when in RTTY mode, and the audio signal is sent to the speaker or an external output terminal. With the
decoder turned On, delay demodulation and other processing can be made through mixers and low‑pass ilters on a
path diferent from that for audio output from the IF stage to acquire the PSK31/PSK63 baseband signal.
BPSK or QPSK can be selected for PSK31, and BPSK can be selected for PSK63. Also, the AFC (Automatic Frequency
Control) can be used for decoding in PSK31 or PSK63 mode. The AFC is processed on the path from the IF stage to the
decoder; however, audio output signal will not be processed. This is because the audio signal output to a PC while using
the internal decoder and the AFC or decoding concurrently made by the decoder software, etc. installed on the PC were
taken into our consideration.
40
DSP 06
AF Filter
● SSB, CW, FSK and PSK Modes

The AF ilter, which is placed after the in‑band AGC, is a switch linked with an IF ilter when the low‑cut ilter, high‑cut
ilter, or passband width is switched. Therefore, the AF ilter, as well as the IF ilter, is capable of changing the shift
amounts for the slope tuning, passband width, and center frequency shift.
The AF ilter is intended to assist the IF ilter and facilitates to hear the desired signal. In the AF stage, other than above,
there is an audio peak ilter for CW and FSK modes and an RX DSP equalizer for all modes available.
The design of the AF ilter peaks our interest in the TS‑990S, and it actually has an IF stage processing by iltering prior
to detecting, although the AF stage processing has been phased. The band limitation immediately before demodulation
will be an equivalent band limitation in the AF stage due to combination with the demodulation by the high‑performance
PSN system. By this, there will be various advantages so as to form the ilter shape by changing the low‑cut and high‑
cut ilters and to design the group delay size of the steep low‑cut ilter, as an AF ilter in the low band, to have the same
delay size as that of the high‑cut ilter; resulting in good sound quality.
The IF ilter has the capability of forming ilter shapes. On the other hand, there are three steps for AF iltering, “Narrow”,
“Medium”, and “Wide”, allowing the selection of the linking method to the cutof frequency to be speciied by the low‑
cut ilter, high‑cut ilter, or passband width. “Medium” sets the passband to same as that of the IF ilter, “Narrow” sets
the passband to narrower than that of the IF ilter, and “Wide” sets the passband to wider than that of the IF ilter. The
AF ilter has the efect of gaining the sharpness of sound and improving the ease of listening, selecting “Narrow” makes
the sound clear‑cut, and selecting “Wide” provides more analogical sound with emphasis of the IF ilter and AGC
characteristics.
Fig. 66 Comparison of Passband Characteristics in SSB Fig. 67 Comparison of Passband Characteristics in CW

Mode and with Slope Tuning mode
● AM and FM Modes
In AM mode, the AF ilter is placed after demodulation. The IF ilter bandwidth is also switched following the switching of
the the high‑cut frequency, and only the AF ilter setting is applied to the low‑cut frequency. In AM mode, extending the
bandwidth only with the IF ilter causes a feeling of distortion, thus linking it with the AF ilter results in the audio to be
highlighted at the front.
In FM mode, the demodulation IC is used so that only the AF ilter can be selected. If the CTCSS function is On, with the
high‑pass ilter inserted, the tone signals are not apparent even if the low‑cut bandwidth is extended to the maximum.
The high‑pass ilter switches by turning the CTCSS On or Of.
In AM and FM modes, the characteristics of the AF ilter can be selected from “Narrow”, “Medium”, and “Wide”.
41
06 DSP
Audio Peak Filter
The audio peak ilter is applicable in CW and FSK modes.

In CW mode, a peak ilter with a center frequency of the pitch frequency is called an audio peak ilter and the passband
characteristics can be selected from “Narrow”, “Medium”, and “Wide”. The center frequency of the Audio Peak Filter can
be shifted within the range of ±200 Hz.
Fig. 68 CW Audio Peak Filter Characteristics
In FSK mode, the audio peak ilter functions as a twin peak ilter that has a peak of the mark frequency and space
frequency. The audio peak ilter is usable only if the RTTY shift width is set to 170 Hz. This ilter does not process the
signals entered to the built‑in RTTY decoder and is efective only on audio signals sent to a speaker or via external
output terminals.
Noise Reduction
There are two methods available for noise reduction: NR1 and NR2. You can select the noise reduction that is more
efective depending on the operation mode and reception conditions.
NR1 has diferent algorithms that operate according to the operation mode. In voice modes (SSB, FM and AM), noise
reduction featuring the spectral subtraction method specialized for audio signals will function, and in non‑voice modes
(CW, FSK and PSK), noise reduction featuring the line enhancer method using the adaptive ilter which emphasizes the
periodic signals will function. The noise reduction is automatically switched over following the operation to switch the
operating mode.
NR2 employs what is known as a SPAC (Speech Processing system by use of the Autocorrelation function) to piece
together only the periodic components detected from the received signal and to produce the result as audio output.
Table 12 Reception Modes and Noise Reduction Algorithms Used
Receive Mode
Noise Reduction
SSB, AM, FM CW, FSK, PSK
NR1 Spectral subtraction Line enhancer
NR2 SPAC SPAC
42
DSP 06
● Spectral Subtraction Method: NR1

The NR1 featuring the spectral subtraction method estimates noise components contained in the received signal and
eliminates (subtracts) only the estimated noise components from the received signal to highlight the desired signal.
Fig. 69 Conceptual Scheme of NR1 Featuring Spectral Subtraction
The spectral subtraction method is developed, intending to improve the intelligibility of weak signals received in SSB
mode. Compared with the conventional NR1 (line enhancer method), the new NR1 has less efect on high‑frequency
voice components and realizes the audio signal output with noise attenuation and minimum degradation of sound quality.
The TS‑990S employs a technique to reduce musical noise (tonal “blip blip” sound, like minutely segmented sound) that
is inherently generated by features of spectral subtraction. With this technique, musical noise is largely reduced, and
inluence by digital processing that is incidental to noise reduction is lowered.
Additionally, with the spectral subtraction method, the NR1 allows the adjustment for smooth noise elimination efect by
controlling the attenuation amount of noise.
In principle, the noise estimation processing of the spectral subtraction method of NR1 attenuates beat and CW signals
because it determines constant tones as noise components. Thus, while the conventional NR1 (line enhancer method)
functioned to emphasize beat and CW signals, the NR1 with the spectral subtraction method attenuates beat and CW
signals as well as noise components. However, the NR1 featuring the spectral subtraction method, which is not intended
for CW and beat signal elimination, does not have a large attenuation width for such signals. For beat and CW signal
elimination, use the beat canceller.
The graphs below show how audio signal buried in noise is highlighted by the NR1 with the spectral subtraction method.
Fig. 70 Efect of the NR1 with the Spectral Subtraction Method
43
06 DSP
● Line Enhancer Method: NR1

The line enhancer method, which employs a DSP, is widely used for general noise reduction.
The line enhancer method automatically changes the FIR ilter characteristics to the frequency components of received
signals. It especially provides high iltering efects on periodic signals such as CW signals and improvement of the S/N
ratio. Because the process automatically passes and emphasizes periodic signals, it is called a line enhancer (line
spectrum enhancer). The line enhancer employs relatively simple signal processing for efect of S/N ratio improvement;
however, it has weak points such as a blurring of sound in weak signal processing in SSB mode. It is positioned in the
TS‑990S as noise reduction to non‑audio‑intended signals.
The graphs below show how the NR1 improves the S/N ratio of a tone signal with the line enhancer method.
Fig. 71 Efect of the NR1 with the Line Enhancer Method
● SPAC Method: NR 2
The NR2 is for noise reduction with a speech processing system by using the Autocorrelation function, which is called
SPAC (Speech Processing system by use of the Auto Correlation function).
This system enables to detect periodic signals contained in the received signal and to piece together the periodic
signals detected as the received signal to be reproduced. Consequently, only the periodic signals in the received audio
are highlighted clearly.
The substance of the line enhancer method of NR1 is a ilter; however, the approach of NR2 to signal processing is
diferent from that of the line enhancer method. Therefore, NR2 is efective to signals with a single frequency such as
CW signals. Also, the SPAC method characteristically detects the rising of a signal quickly, so it also delivers an efect to
make attack parts of a CW signal more distinguishable. With these features, the NR2 is a very beneicial function in CW
mode. However, due to its operating principle, for less periodic audio signals, it may generate some noise where periodic
signals join, and the noise may make the audio less clear. In practical operation, we recommend you use the NR1 in
SSB mode and choose the NR1 or the NR2 depending on the circumstances in CW mode.
The NR2 allows the autocorrelation time, which is important for periodic signal demodulation, to be speciied in
the range of 2 to 20 ms. The optimum autocorrelation time difers depending on the receive conditions such as the
frequency of the target signal and the noise contained in the received signal. Conigure the best autocorrelation time to
receive a signal by receiving the actual signal.
44
DSP 06
The graphs below show how the NR2 improves the S/N ratio of a tone signal.
NR1 (CW) OFF
Amplitude (dB)
Frequency (Hz)
NR1 (CW) ON
Noise Reduction adjacent to Target Signal

Amplitude (dB)
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 72 Efect of the NR2
45
06 DSP
Beat Cancellers
While the auto notch ilter processes signals in the IF stage, the beat cancellers (BC) suppress the beat in the AF stage.
In comparison with the auto notch ilter, which is efective only for a single beat signal, the beat cancellers are efective
for several beat signals.
In the beat cancellers, the adaptive ilter technique of the same type as that for the NR1 line enhancer method is used.
This cancels a periodic signal like a beat signal contained in the entered signal by feeding the diferences of the signal
between the output signals from and the input signal to the line enhancer.
The graphs below show how a beat canceller cancels beat signals.
BC OFF
Amplitude (dB)
Frequency (Hz)
BC ON
Elimination of Multiple Beats

Amplitude (dB)
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 73 Efect of a Beat Canceller
There are two types of beat cancellers: BC1 and BC2. BC1 is tuned to be efective against weak or continuous beat
signals. BC2 is tuned to be efective against intermittent beat signals such as Morse signals. The BCs are for beat signal
elimination and do not work in CW, FSK, and PSK modes.
If there is beat interference stronger than the desired signal in an adjacent frequency, the beat signal may cause the
AGC to activate. The beat cancellers process signals in the AF stage so that the beat signals will be eliminated; hence,
the beat cancellers receive the desired signal, keeping it suppressed, without highlighting the desired signal. In that
case, the auto notch or manual notch ilter that works in the IF stage is more efective.
46
DSP 06
Transmission
Modulation
● SSB Mode
An audio signal entered from a microphone or an external input terminal is processed by the TX DSP equalizer,
microphone gain control, and TX ilter, and is then modulated. For SSB modulation, the PSN method, which is well
established in conventional transceivers, is employed. A 24 kHz carrier is used for modulation and a modulated wave is
conigured in the IF stage.
Unlike demodulation, for modulation, enough sideband suppression must be secured to the input bandwidth. The
characteristics of the PSN are designed to deliver suicient suppression in compliance with the characteristics of the TX
ilter, which is the TX bandwidth‑limiting ilter.
Fig. 74 Characteristics of the Opposite Sideband Suppression of

the PSN for SSB Modulation
The TX ilter has a function in which low‑pass iltering and high‑pass iltering of the IIR ilter are combined and can switch
the band. For high‑cut iltering, specifying a value between 2.5 kHz and 3 kHz makes components of 3 kHz or higher
fully attenuated. However, specifying a value between 3.5 kHz and 4 kHz makes high‑pass frequencies extended. In
practical operation, set it to the allowable occupied bandwidth or less.
Fig. 75 Characteristics of the SSB TX Filter

47
06 DSP
When the speech processor is on, the modulated wave in the IF stage is processed by the compressor and bandpass
ilter, and a signal is then diverted. With a speech processor placed in the IF stage, the TX monitoring audio is present as
the monitored audio after the modulated wave has been detected. This enables audio monitoring with the audio close to
the practical audio to be transmitted.
● CW Mode
A CW keying signal is waveform shaped by iltering the rising and falling waveforms so as to optimize the amplitude
change to prevent the occupied bandwidth from expanding. With the rise time setting, the rise time is switchable in 4
steps (1, 2, 4, and 6 ms). The lower the value, the steeper the rise and sound is exaggerated. The higher the value, the
slower the rise and sound is softened.
Using the waveform‑shaped keying signal as the baseband signal, a modulated wave in the IF stage is generated
through multiplication with the 24 kHz carrier. Additionally, through multiplication with a carrier with an accurate tone
frequency linking with the CW pitch frequency, a sidetone is generated. The rising and falling waveforms become the
same shape as those of the modulated wave in the IF stage.
● FSK Mode
A signal generated by FSK keying is processed in the baseband ilter, and a 24 kHz modulated wave by 170 Hz shift
width modulation is generated. Additionally, using the audio mark frequency as a reference, the frequency is shifted and
the signal is then audible or sent as monitored audio.
For operation with the RTTY encoder, the signal contains the ASCII code transferred from a USB keyboard and
message memory and is converted to Baudot code to which the start bit and stop bit are added, and the signal is
modulated as the keying signal the same way as described above.
● PSK Mode
In PSK mode, a modulated wave is sent out only if the PSK31 or PSK63 encoder is active. If the PSK31 or PSK63
encoder is inactive, no modulated wave is sent out.
With the PSK31 or PSK63 encoder, BPSK or QPSK can be selected for PSK31, and only BPSK can be used for PSK63.
The ASCII code from a USB keyboard or message memory is converted to a code called Varicode, and convolutional
encoding is also processed in QPSK mode. After processing by the baseband ilter, it is subject to quadrature
modulation with a 24 kHz carrier to generate a modulated wave in the IF stage. Separately, it is subject to quadrature
modulation with the carrier of the tone frequency in PSK mode, and is then audible or sent as monitored audio.
● AM Mode
In AM mode, audio from the microphone or external input terminal is processed by the TX DSP equalizer, microphone
gain control and TX ilter and adds a DC signal following the factor of modulation to the audio. A modulated wave in the
IF stage is then generated after multiplication with the 24 kHz carrier. The demodulated wave is detected in the same
manner as in SSB mode, and is then audible or sent as monitored audio.
● FM Mode
In FM mode, audio from the microphone or external input terminal is processed by the TX DSP equalizer and microphone
gain control, and after the 3 kHz band limitation, passes through the pre‑emphasis ilter which adds a CTCSS tone.
Additionally, the frequency characteristics are corrected following the modulation characteristics of the analog stage.
48
DSP 06
Microphone Gain Control
The microphone gain is digitally adjusted by rotating the [MIC] knob (on the front panel).
Audio from the microphone is converted by the A/D converter to a digital signal and is then sent to the DSP. The TX
audio signal entered into the DSP is subject to the band limitation by the TX ilter, and its level is adjusted by the AF
AGC so as not to exceed the reference level conigured for the DSP. If the signal level exceeds the reference level, for
instance, when the conigured value of the microphone gain is higher than the audio signal level for transmission, the
audio gain level for transmission will be lowered. The reference level is equivalent to the level that fully delects the ALC
meter needle for SSB mode and to the maximum factor of modulation for AM and FM modes.
The TS‑990S allows the modulation of multiple signals that are combined with the input signal from the ACC 2 connector, the
signal from USB audio input and optical digital input as well as that from the microphone (either the ACC 2 connector input
or USB audio input is exclusively selectable). The microphone gain on the respective paths can be independently adjusted.
As described as above, you can conigure the microphone gain by rotating the [MIC] knob, and the gains for other sound
sources are conigured in the Menu screen. The microphone gains are adjusted by path, and the signals from the respective
path are mixed and sent to the TX ilter. Consequently, the TX audio gain control is applied to a mixed audio signal.
Fig. 76 Microphone, ACC2 Connector, USB Audio Input, Optical Digital Input, and Gain Processing
Speech Processors
The TS‑990S employs a speech processor placed in the IF stage for SSB mode (hereinafter referred to as the IF speech
processor) and a speech processor in the AF stage for AM and FM modes (hereinafter referred to as the AF speech processor).
The speech processor ampliies the average power for the entered audio from the microphone within the limit of the
maximum power to enhance the intelligibility of the receiving stations. The speech processor ampliies the average
power as a function intended for SSB mode, in addition the speech processor can increase the average modulation in
AM and FM modes, enhancing the intelligibility of the receiving station.
The IF speech processor compresses the modulated wave in the IF stage. Unlike the compression in the AF stage,
harmonics generated by distortion due to compression are outside the audio band. From the compressed signal, the
bandpass ilter eliminates distortion components outside the audio band, thus it implements a high average power (talk
power) with less distortion than that of the AF speech processor.
To pursue an emphatic sound to be called back during pileup, select “Hard” from the Speech Processor Efect screen.
In comparison with “Soft”, this causes more compression of the modulated wave. The TS‑990S is designed not to difer
the frequency characteristics even if the Speech Processor Efect is toggled between “Hard” and “Soft”.
By monitoring the transmitting audio signal and viewing the COMP meter delection, you can rotate the [PROC IN] knob
until the compression level is adjusted as appropriate, and by viewing the ALC meter delection, you can rotate the
[PROC OUT] knob until the level is adjusted as appropriate.
The graphs below show modulated signal waveforms while the IF speech processor is inactive and if waveforms of
modulated signals which are compressed respectively with “Soft” conigured or with “Hard” conigured.
49
06 DSP
Fig. 77 IF Modulated Signals by Conigurations for the IF Speech Processor
You can see that when the IF speech processor is activated, the diferences in amplitudes are averaged and the talk
power is increased.

50
DSP 06
Bandscope
The TS‑990S is the irst KENWOOD transceiver to employ a FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) bandscope, which is diferent
from bandscopes based on a sweep technique widely used in transceivers of other manufacturers.
The FFT bandscope features outstanding “high spectral display refresh speed” and “adjacent signal discriminability
(frequency resolution)”. The FFT bandscope is newly developed as a proper method to grasp the frequency band status
which from time to time varies in the environment where variety stations are active on their own style.
Features of the FFT Bandscope
The sweep bandscope refreshes the spectral display, detecting the signal level by literally sweeping the displayed
frequency span from end to end. In contrast, the FFT bandscope analyzes signals of a certain frequency width (10 kHz)
all at once. If there is a wide displayed frequency span, frequency analysis by FFT is repeated to refresh the spectral
display after merging the cumulated analysis results.
SWEEP TYPE BANDSCOPE FFT TYPE BANDSCOE
Gradually analyze the edge of the displayed frequency Analyze the certain bandwidth (10 kHz) at once and
span and fresh the display. refresh the display.
Fig. 78 Diferences in Spectral Analysis between Sweep‑type and FFT‑type Bandscopes
If the spectral display refresh speed is increased in the sweep‑type bandscope, the frequency resolution may deteriorate
and the spectral display may distort; hence, the spectral display refresh speed has a limit (approximately 5 times per
second). On the other hand, the FFT‑type bandscope is still capable of high frequency resolution even if the refresh
speed is doubled compared with that of the sweep‑type bandscope.
The high frequency resolution facilitates you to distinguish multiple adjacent CW signals. Narrowing the displayed
frequency span enables you to distinguish closer adjacent signals. For example, if there is a 5 kHz frequency display
span, a CW signal distant by 40 Hz can be distinguished.
Fig. 79 Reception of two signals with a frequency diference by 40 Hz
51
06 DSP
Examples of Signal Displays
As described above, spectral appearance difers due to the diferent in analytic schemes between the sweep‑type and
FFT‑type bandscopes. This section provides practical examples of various signal appearances in the bandscope. The
Bandscope screen allows you to presume the signal status.
● CW Mode
The high frequency resolution allows you to distinguish each station by separating signals from each station even if there
are many signals congested. Also, with the waterfall display, the weak CW signal can be distinguished.
Fig. 80 Example of the Bandscope Display on CW Signal Reception
Fig. 81 Example of the Bandscope Display on CW Signal Reception (with Waterfall Display)
● SSB Mode
The audio signal shape is clearly visible on the spectrum; hence, the signal can visually be discriminated to tune the
frequency of the target station.
Fig. 82 Example of Bandscope Display for Received Signals in SSB Mode (LSB Side)
52
DSP 06
● AM Mode
The FFT bandscope analyzes a frequency width of 10 kHz at one time; hence, coniguring the frequency span to 10 kHz
or less eliminates the time diference in the displayed frequency span. When an AM modulated wave is received, an
almost bilaterally symmetric spectrum with the carrier centered can be observed.
Fig. 83 Example of Bandscope Display for Received Signals in AM Mode
● RTTY Mode
The high frequency resolution serves to clearly separate mark signals and space signals and enables the spectral
observation which is characteristic to the operation in RTTY mode.
Fig. 84 Example of Bandscope Display for Received Signals in RTTY Mode
53
06 DSP
Other Functions
TX/RX DSP Equalizers
The RX DSP equalizer (RX EQ) allows you to easily adjust frequency characteristics of the RX/TX audio. From various
preset equalizer curves, you can select your preferred setting and adjust it.
Likewise, the TX audio characteristics can be adjusted with the TX DSP equalizer (TX EQ). With this, you can correct the
microphone characteristics and also correct it to follow characteristics of your voice.
The volume of each band divided into 18 bands can be adjusted in the TX Equalizer Adjustment screen and RX
Equalizer Adjustment screen. The screens also allow the preset equalizer curves to be customized and the unique
equalizer curves to be conigured. The equalizer settings for the TS‑590S can be customized only using the ARCP‑590
PC software; however, the TS‑990S enables customization of the equalizer settings on the TX Equalizer Adjustment
and RX Equalizer Adjustment screens. Use of this function extends wider varieties of equalizing settings.
Typical audio graphic equalizers divide a spectrum by octave. The equalizers in the TS‑990S are designed to divide
a spectrum in multiples of 300 Hz. This enables notches to be inserted to a speciic frequency and the results of
complicated frequency analysis to be reproduced. The settings conigured in the TX Equalizer Adjustment screen
and RX Equalizer Adjustment screen are immediately applied, and iner adjustment is applicable while monitoring the
audio.
Customized equalizer settings can be stored in a USB lash drive. Preferred audio characteristics settings can easily be
diverted and applied to the TS‑990S from the USB lash drive.
Fig. 85 Customization of Settings in the RX Equalizer Adjustment Screen
Voice Guidance
Unlike conventional transceivers, which require an optional voice guide and storage unit, the TS‑990S has a voice
guidance function in a DSP to make the voice guidance and playback functions available.
The new voice guidance speed control function does not change the pitch of the guiding voice even if the speaking
speed is increased; hence, it provides more natural speech speed control.
54
DSP 06
Optical Digital I/O
The DSP in the TS‑990S has an internal optical digital signal encoder and decoder. A device that supports optical
digital signals and is connected to the optical digital I/O terminals can directly send/receive signals to/from the TS‑990S
internal DSP without going through an analog circuit.
TS-990S
Internal, External Speaker, etc.
DAC Analog Circuit

(Amp., etc.)
OPTICAL
OUT Equipment that
accepts optical
DSP digital signals
OPTICAL IN
ADC Analog Circuit

(Amp., etc.)
Microphone,
ACC Input, etc.
Fig. 86 Diference of the Paths to the Optical Digital I/O terminals

and the Paths to the Microphone Input and Speaker Output
A high‑precision sampling rate converter runs inside the DSP. The optical digital signals entered to the TS‑990S conform
to the 48 kHz and 44.1 kHz sampling frequencies.
55
07 SOFTWARE
The TS‑990S has nine CPU and DSP processors. The processors are respectively mounted in the control unit, DSP
unit, digital unit, and other units, and the processors jointly operate to realize a variety of functions in the TS‑990S. This
chapter describes the functions of the TS‑990S and convenient ways to use functions, mainly focusing on the TS‑990S
software.
Processor Connections
The processors built for the TS‑990S are carefully chosen and are capable of performing appropriately and suiciently
by purpose or utilization. Even if processing redundantly takes place while there are heavy loads imposed on the
processors, it does not afect any user manipulation or processing operation. The processors are placed in their
respective dedicated units, and mutually communicate through UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)
and the SPI bus. According to the role or purpose assigned, appropriate transmission rates and communication
methods are applied.
Dual TFT Display

To eiciently display the multifarious functions and information of the TS‑990S, the TS‑990S has two TFT displays.
Segment‑type LCDs used on conventional transceivers are mainly intended to display the operating frequency, and
the status indications of functions, such as the On/Of state of each functions. Therefore, the segment‑type LCDs
cannot appropriately display various status indications and other information, such as the waterfall display, a text string
demodulated from the RTTY and PSK signals, that are changing every moment following the operating environment and
the receive and transmit state. However, the TS‑990S with its TFT displays has realized such capabilities.
Two types of bandscopes, which are a signiicant feature of displaying, have their respective tasks. The 7‑inch main
screen is for monitoring the status of the band and ambient status of the target signal. The 3.5‑inch sub‑screen is for
monitoring received signals.
Main Screen
On the main screen, basic information such as operating frequency indications, meters, and icons of respective
functions, which indicates the active or inactive state, are functionally placed at the top. Also, the coniguration screen for
respective functions, the RTTY/PSK Encode Decode screen, the Memory Channel List screen, and the Bandscope
screen for monitoring the band status are located on the lower part of the screen. The screens can be switched as
necessary.
Information displayed on the main screen can be transferred through the DISPLAY connector (on the rear panel). With
an external monitor connected, you can easily determine the delicate waveform motions, such as in a waterfall display.
The main screen collectively displays a variety of information. For quick visibility and easy identiication, the placement
and coloring of the indications are carefully examined and devised.
Fig. 87 Example of a Waterfall View Fig. 88 Example of an Equalizer View
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07 SOFTWARE SOFTWARE 07
Fig. 89 Example of a RTTY Decode View Fig. 90 Example of a SWL Mode View
Meter
The meter on the upper left side of the main screen can be selected from three types of meters: Two types of analog
meters resembling those on the TS‑930 and TS‑940, and one digital meter, employed on the TS‑950, indicate three
diferent types of information during the transmit.
Fig. 91 Analog Type Meter on the TS‑930
Fig. 92 Analog Type Meter on the TS‑940
Fig. 93 Digital Type Meter
The analog meters are actually virtual meters that appear on the main screen. Since operators frequently observe the
status of signals during operation, the appearance of meters may roll the face of the transceiver. The meters are elaborately
designed with long‑time examination to give them vivid appearances. The scale plate of the meter, directions and angles of
the pilot lamps, needles and their shadows, glossy texture, and other details are all carefully devised.
For easy reading with all three meters, for example, Menu 0‑09 “Meter Response Speed” dedicated for analog meters
enables switching of the response speed and Menu 0‑11 “Meter Display Peak Hold” dedicated for the digital meter
enables the coniguration for peak hold.
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Function Coniguration Screens and Bandscope Screen
Although there is no display on the lower portion of the main screen by default, this is where various screens are
displayed, such as the Bandscope screen, Waterfall screen, and the RTTY/PSK Encode Decode screen. To
conigure the desired function, the screen corresponding to that function appears here.
Pressing the [EXTEND] (F) key while the RTTY/PSK Encode Decode screen or the Memory Channel List screen is
open extends the display area.
Pressing the [SCP] key even while the RTTY/PSK Encode Decode screen or other function coniguration screen is
open displays a compressed version of the Bandscope screen, allowing you to view the radio wave status at any time.
Touch Screen
Fig. 94 Touch Screen (Touch‑controllable Main Screen)
During operation, a signal drawing a noticeable event may appear on the Bandscope screen or the Waterfall screen.
To receive such a noticeable signal, simply touch the portion, where the signal appears on the screen quickly transits to
the ambient of the target signal, allowing you to do the ine tuning of the frequency by rotating the Tuning knob. In CW
mode, long touching of the Waterfall screen starts CW auto tuning, which provides high‑precision tuning. In SSB mode,
to make the tune‑in easier on a point on the screen, the marker position is shifted to the carrier frequency by 500 Hz (the
shift amount can be changed in the menu).
Available touch screens are roughly classiied into two types: the “Electrostatic Capacity” type and the “Resistive
Membrane” type. Since the TS‑990S has transmission capability, the resistive membrane types, which appears to not
have much inluence by the loop interference is employed.
Sub Screen
The largest aim at placing a sub screen in addition to the main screen is to display the frequency just above the Tuning
(main) knob, facilitating you to view the frequency value. The small‑size display is mounted to minimize the moving
amount of the sight line during operation and achievement of the innovative convenience and comfortable operation.
The sub screen displays the status of signals the TS‑990S is receiving and helps manipulations of the operator. The
sub screen can also display the ΔF value display, enabling you to view the diference between the transmit and receive
frequencies (ΔF), the sub‑scope displaying the audio spectrum by superimposing an audio spectrum on the shape of
the RX ilter, and the large‑sized X‑Y monitor and vector scope convenient for tuning while in RTTY and PSK modes. In
place of these scope displays, the sub screen can also display a mechanical dial and enlarged values of the operating
frequencies.
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Sub Scope
The sub‑scope displays the spectrum of a received audio signal to be processed through FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation).
That is, it draws the image (spectrum) of a practical audible sound. To make the relationship between the ilter cut‑of
frequency and the demodulated frequency spectrum comprehensible, these are superimposed and drawn. The relationship
between the target signal and interference signals in the passband can instantly be viewed in parallel to listening to the
signal.
While the manual notch ilter or band elimination ilter is active, the indicator of the notch center frequency is added. The
notch frequency can be adjusted with the [NOTCH] knob by not only hearing the elimination state of the interference
signal but also viewing the status of the interference signal attenuation.
The X‑Y scope and vectorscope, mainly used for tuning in RTTY mode or PSK mode, are designed with an oscilloscope
image. An audio FFT scope can be displayed on the main screen enabling you to tune it by observing the scope.
Fig. 95 ΔF Display Fig. 98 Enlarged Single‑Frequency Value Display
Fig. 96 Mechanical Dial Display Fig. 99 Enlarged Frequency Value Display (No Scope)
Fig. 97 X‑Y Scope (FSK Mode) Fig. 100 Vector Scope (PSK Mode)
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Mechanical Dial Display
Fully utilizing the TFT display features in the TS‑990S, the mechanical dial, imitating a classical mechanical main dial,
can be displayed. There are two types of mechanical dials available on the TS‑990S, the “R‑820/TS‑820 type” and the
“TS‑520 type”. Both are redesigned and modernized from the originals.
Switching Split Operation with an Intuitive Operation

Split operation and dual band reception are complicated in the TS‑950 series transceivers. On the TS‑990S, these
operations are simpliied, and enable the intuitive operations using the main band and sub band. Basically, for simplex
operation, the main band is used for transmission, and for split operation, the sub band is used for transmission.
Dual band reception can be toggled between active and inactive with use of the [RX] (sub) key above the Tuning (main)
knob, and the simplex operation and split operation can be switched by using the [TX] (main) key and the [TX] (sub) key.
Fig. 101 Key Allocation Suitable for Split Operation
New Split Frequency Setting Method for Quick Operation

Using the new split transmit frequency setting, you can quickly respond in a pileup.
When the transmit frequency responding to the target station (receive frequency) is determined, press and hold the [TX]
(sub) key. The “SPLIT” LED blinks, and the ten‑key LEDs will light. If you wish to “Up 5 kHz”, press the [5] key on the ten‑
key. This is the only conigurable operation.
Additionally, the ΔF value display, which is reputed on the TS‑950 series, appears on the sub screen.
Fig. 102 Example of the ΔF Value Display
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Multifarious Memory Channels

The TS‑990S is capable of storing up to 120 memory channels within which operation data can be registered. The 120
memory channels are classiied into three groups: 00 to 99, P0 to P9, and E0 to E9.
• 00 to 99 (standard memory channels): for storing frequently‑used operation data.
• P0 to P9 (programmable memory channels): for storing frequency ranges of programmable VFOs and programmed scanners.
• E0 to E9 (extended memory channels): for storing those addition to the standard memory channels.
Storing States of Split Operation and Dual Band Reception
Standard memory channels and extended memory channels can be divided into two modes, following the memory
channel registration and recall methods: single memory channel mode and dual memory channel mode.
• Single memory channel mode is used to store frequencies for simplex operation and frequencies for radio broadcasting.
• Dual memory channel mode is used to store frequencies for split operation and frequencies for dual band reception.
Fig. 103 Example of the Memory Channel List Screen
Multifarious Functions Supporting the Operator
Frequency Tracking
With frequency tracking enabled, rotating the Tuning (main) knob changes the main band and sub band frequencies
at the same time. Rotating the Tuning (sub) knob changes only the sub band frequency. Rotating the Tuning (main)
knob while the sub band frequency is displaced changes the main band frequency and the sub band frequency
simultaneously, maintaining their frequency spacing.
Frequency tracking can be used to receive both main band and sub band signals with diferent antennas connected to
the main band and sub band, for instance.
DATA Modes Corresponding to a Variety of Operations
As well as the MIC connector (on the front panel), there are connectors on the rear panel as an audio signal sourcing
path for TX audio signal input. In addition to the USB‑B connector for USB audio signal input from a PC and the ACC2
connector for analog audio signal input, there is the OPTICAL IN connector that enables the signal input from a device
with an optical digital I/O capabilities.
For the transmit trigger, the [PTT] key, [SEND] key, PKS terminal in the ACC2 connector, and the PF key assigned as
DATA SEND can all be used.
In the TS‑990S, the input audio signal to be transmitted can be selected by DATA mode, by viewing a matrix displayed in
the Modulation Source screen.
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Fig. 104 Modulation Source Screen
The illustration above shows an example of the TX input audio source if “DATA1” is speciied for DATA mode. In this
coniguration, the audio signal entered from the MIC terminal is transmitted by pressing the [SEND] key or the [PTT]
key, or the audio signal entered from the USB Audio device is transmitted by pressing the [DATA SEND] (PF) key or by
shorting the PKS terminal.
To activate the VOX (DATA VOX) function by using the audio signal entered from a connector on the rear panel, press the
[D.VOX] key to select the sound source for DATA VOX. In the example above, “USB Audio” is selected.
As an example of the operation, there may be a case when you need to explain to the receiving station about the image
after transmitting an image using SSTV. With the conigurations as described above, the image signal entered from the
USB Audio device can be transmitted by using the DATA VOX function. Upon completion of the image transmission,
press and hold the [PTT] key to speak into the microphone to transmit your explanation about the image.
TS-990S
A/D Converter,
Mixer, etc.
Fig. 105 Diagram of Transmit Audio Signal Paths
Transversed Dials in SWL Mode
In SWL mode, transversed dials, the horizontal scales, and an S‑meter resembling those on the 9R‑59, which has a well
reputed history as well as the TS‑900 series, can be displayed for reception of short wave broadcasting.
The receivable frequency range of the TS‑990S is diferent from that of the 9R‑59. Thus, the scales of the transversed
dials and S‑meter are reined to match the receive frequency range of the TS‑990S. The “band spread scale”, which was
implemented on the 9R‑59, is not applied here; however, the elaborately reproduced vertical S‑meter, “MEGACYCLE”
notations, and transversed dials and meters of the 9R‑59 will evoke memories of transceivers from those days.
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Below the transversed dials and an S‑meter, the Bandscope screen and Recording Audio File screen open in the
same manner as in normal operations. Meter band choice, useful for reception of short wave broadcasting, and a
recorder can also be used.
Fig. 106 Example of Operation in SWL Mode with a Bandscope
Note:
◆ The pre‑determined meter bands in SWL mode are reined to be diferent from commonly used meter bands and to widely
cover the broadcasting bands in every region.
◆ The TS‑990S cannot transmit in SWL mode.
RTTY and PSK Operation without using a PC
The TS‑990S is equipped with an internal demodulator and decoder (conformed to 170 Hz shift only), allowing operation
in RTTY and PSK modes without using a PC. For operation in PSK mode, in addition to PSK31, which many have been
familiar with for decades, PSK63 (BPSK only), which is becoming popular operation in these years, is implemented.
With a USB keyboard connected to the TS‑990S, eicient and comfortable operations can be secured. Needless to say,
keying from an external RTTY device through the RTTY terminal is allowed.
Fig. 107 RTTY Decode/Encode Screen
In FSK mode or PSK mode, the encode/decode screen shows a dedicated audio FFT scope. The bands of the audio
FFT scope are specially designed to provide an enlarged view of a signal close the indication displayed. If the target
signal is masked by diferent signals, the status of the target signal can still be observed visually.
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Superimposing a peak of the received signal on the indication displayed on the audio FFT scope by rotating the Tuning
knob enables you to tune in the target signal.
Fig. 108 Displays on the RTTY Sub Screen Fig. 109 Displays on the PSK Sub Screen
The sub screen displays a Lissajous waveform by the X‑Y scope (in RTTY mode) and a vector scope (in PSK mode).
The sub screen placed just above the Tuning knob (main) allows accurate tuning with a waveform observation by either
scope, without a large movement of the line of sight. BPSK and QPSK (excluding PSK63) are implemented for operation
in PSK mode. AFC (Automatic Frequency Control), assisting the tuning, and NET function, applying the automatically
tuned frequency by the AFC for transmission, are also included.
The QSO log can be stored into a USB lash drive, and the content of the log can be reviewed later.
Note:
◆ PSK does not correspond to a QSO with double‑byte characters.
◆ Only BPSK is fulilled for operation in PSK63 mode.
◆ No FSK frequency shift width can be changed while the RTTY Encode/Decode screen is open.
Bandscope with a Waterfall Display
The TS‑990S is equipped with an FFT spectrum scope capable of high‑speed drawing. This is useful to observe the ambient
status of the receive frequency or the status in a band. Events in either the main band or the sub band can be displayed.
In addition, the TS‑990S is capable of indicating a waterfall display. The waterfall display shows a history of the recent
signals chronologically; hence, band activity can be grasped at a glance, for instance, during the contest. Also, if a DX
station which has been piled up with a number of stations is found, viewing the bandscope and using the TF‑SET function
help you to quickly and exactly tune in a vacant frequency or a frequency of a station which is picked up by the DX station.
Fig. 110 Waterfall View in the Bandscope Screen
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Depending on the operational status, the bandscope can be used in either of two modes: Center mode and Fixed mode.
In Center mode, the frequency spectrum is displayed placing the receive frequency at the screen center at all times. This
is useful to view the adjacent frequencies of the received signal.
In Fixed mode, the range of the frequency spectrum display is ixed by band. This is useful to monitor the status through
the band. The lower‑limit frequency and the upper‑limit frequency of the display ranges of the bands can be conigured
respectively in the menu. Bands are partitioned by amateur band in the range from 1.8 to 50 MHz bands, and the LF
band and MF band are individually available.
The following auxiliary functions are convenient to observe signals:
● Adjusting the Reference Level

If there is substantial noise or if it is not easy to distinguish a target signal and noise, adjusting the reference level of the
bandscope will facilitate you to distinguish the target signal easily.
Note:
◆ If a target signal is indistinguishable in the Bandscope screen due to strong adjacent frequency signals or within the band,
press the [ATT] (F5) key to select an adequate attenuator for the bandscope.
● Changing the Falling Speed of Waterfall Display

Reducing the falling speed of a fast moving waterfall display allows the waterfall waveform to be more easily
recognizable.
● Changing the Receive Frequency with a Touch

When a target signal is detected in the Bandscope screen or the Waterfall screen, touching the main screen directly
with your inger, prior to rotating the Tuning knob, near the target signal can instantly enable QSY (access) to near the
target frequency. In CW mode, long touching a point on the main screen automatically activates CW auto tuning after the
frequency is placed close to the target signal, allowing more accurate tuning.
Fig. 111 Touching a Target Frequency or Band in CW mode
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Fig. 112 CW Auto Tuning Activated with a Long Touch
● Applying the Center Mode Lower Limit Frequency and Upper Limit Frequency for Fixed mode
With a long press of the [CTR/FIX] (F) key while in Center mode, the displayed frequency range speciied for Center
mode (lower limit frequency and upper limit frequency) is applied to those for Fixed mode. This is convenient to match
the displayed frequencies for Center mode and Fixed mode.
● Averaging the Waveform Display

This enables the waveform display to be averaged and the waveform change to be smooth. To observe an intermittent
signal such as a CW wave, lower the averaging level, and to observe a fast‑changing and diicult signal, raise the
averaging level to make the waveform more easily viewable.
● Facilitating the Tune In to an SSB Signal

For waveform observation in SSB mode, you can set the carrier point as the marker display position or set the marker
display position ofset for the speciied amount from the carrier point.
It is defaulted to a 500 Hz ofset. The value is close to the peak value of the common frequency spectrum of the human
voice. In the bandscope display, placing the marker around the highest level of the frequency level facilitates the tune in
to a target signal.
● Capturing a Screen Image

The Bandscope screen and Waterfall screen allow the screen to be captured. The captured screen images as
observed can be stored in a USB lash drive and displayed on a PC.
The following functions are also available:
• Span Switching
• Grid Frequency Switching (relative frequency/absolute frequency)
• Main Band, Sub Band, and Transmit Frequency Markers Display
• Waveform Maximum Value Display
• Pausing
• Attenuator
• Waveform Display on transmission
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● Operation Tips
The bandscope can be displayed while the function settings screen or RTTY/PSK Encode Decode screen is open.
Pressing the [SCP] key while the function settings screen or encode/decode screen is open displays the bandscope in a
vertically compressed form.
Fig. 113 Example of an AGC Coniguration
Audio Scope for TX/RX Audio Analysis
The TS‑990S is equipped with an oscilloscope and an audio scope having a waterfall display for observing an audio
signal.
The scopes display the frequency spectrum and waveform of the received and transmitting audio signal, allowing you to
view the efects of the equalizer and the speech processors.
Fig. 114 Example of Audio Scope and Oscilloscope Displays
The image can be captured even in the Audio Scope screen; hence, observed waveforms can be stored in a USB lash
drive and viewed on a PC.
Not only the received audio of the main band but also that of the sub band can be observed.
Note:
◆ While the audio scope is displayed, the audio spectrum does not appear on the sub screen.
◆ The vertical scale on the audio scope is divided by 20 dB.
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Recording Function for Multi‑use
For example, in the case where you missed hearing the callsign or when you are not conident in a callback, the constant
recording is convenient for recording of audio that can be played back later. Pressing and holding the [REC] key saves
the latest communication for up to 30 seconds into an audio ile that can be played back later.
The recording function can also be used as a general‑use recorder. For recording and playing back by a press of the
[REC] key and [STOP] key, use the internal memory or a USB lash drive. With the internal memory, a maximum of
30 seconds of audio signal can be recorded in one ile, and with a USB lash drive, a maximum of nine hours. (For the
9‑hour long‑time recording, at least four gigabytes of free space required.)
Press of [REC] key
Recorded Voice
Approximately 30 s
Time
Past Present Time Elapse
Fig. 115 Recording with a Long Press of the [REC] Key (Full‑time Recording)
Short press of [REC] key Press of [Stop] key Press of [Stop] key
Recorded Voice
(in the internal memory)
Max. recording time of 30 s per recording
Recorded Voice
(in the USB flash drive)
Max. recording time of 9 hours per recording

Time Elapse
Fig. 116 Recording by Standard Operation
Those functions, such as “Voice Message” which is useful in a contest, timer recording, and other various recording
functions, are implemented for variety of your operations.
Note:
◆ The audio ile saved into the internal memory can be copied to a USB lash drive. Audio iles saved into a USB lash drive
have properties of PCM, 16 kHz, 16 bits, stereo, and .wav extension deined as WAVE format. KENWOOD does not warrant
that the TS‑990S can play back iles created or edited on a PC.
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Coniguring the Clock using an NTP Server
Connecting the TS‑990S to a network enables its clock to be conigured with the time information of an NTP server.
Once an NTP server is initially speciied, the clock can be adjusted by a single touch.
Enabling the automatic time correction makes the TS‑990S automatically correct the clock whenever it is active and
approximately every 24 hours after it is powered ON.
Menu and Sub Menu
The TS‑990S and other KENWOOD HF transceivers are designed to allow conigurations and changes for a variety of
functions using the menu.
There is a “Menu” and “Sub Menu” available in the TS‑990S.
In the “Menu”, various functions are grouped, and each of the functions can be selected from the respective group.
In the “Sub Menu”, there is a reset function, clock coniguration, LAN coniguration, and “Advanced Menu” which
provides functions to be used depending on the operating environment such as the linear ampliier control. “Sub Menu”
is independent from the “Menu” with often used functions.
Coniguring the TS‑990S based the operating environment and operations of each operator provides the coniguration
satisfaction to everybody’s own circumstances. Also, pressing and holding the [RESET] (F) key, which is assigned to
each function, can securely restore the customized value to its default.
.
Fig. 117 Menu
Easy Firmware Updating
These days, electronic products whose irmware can be updated for functional supplementation or modiication are
increasing in number. The TS‑990S is also designed to allow easy irmware updating.
The latest irmware is distributed on the KENWOOD website. There are two irmware updating methods available, and
you can choose either of the procedures for easy irmware updating:
● Updating the irmware by using a USB lash drive

• The latest irmware can be downloaded from the KENWOOD website. Copy the downloaded irmware ile into the root folder of
the USB lash drive, keeping it compressed in ZIP format.
• Disconnect a USB lash drive from the USB connector of the PC.
• Press the Power (front panel) switch while pressing and holding the [M.IN] (MEMORY) key to open the Firmware Updating
screen. Insert the USB lash drive containing the irmware ile into the TS‑990S.
• The TS‑990S shows the update progress on its screen. Wait until it inishes.
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● Updating the irmware by using a PC

• The latest irmware can be downloaded from the KENWOOD website.
• Connect the PC to the TS‑990S using a USB cable.
• Press the Power (front panel) switch while pressing and holding the [M.IN] (MEMORY) key to open the Firmware Updating
screen.
• Explorer on the PC identiies the TS‑990S as an external storage device. Drag and drop the downloaded irmware to the
TS‑990S device. The irmware in the zipped ile must be dragged and dropped without it irst being irmware extracted.
• The TS‑990S shows the update progress on its screen. Wait until it inishes.
Fig. 118 Firmware Updating Screen
Fig. 119 Screen with Firmware Updating in Progress
Note:
◆ Refer to the instruction manual for irmware updating.
◆ There may be a case when the instruction manual is also revised depending on the contents of the irmware updating. The
latest instruction manual is also available on KENWOOD website.
◆ It may take from several minutes up to approximately 30 minutes to update the irmware, depending on the case.
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PC‑Control
Operators who enjoy remotely controlling a transceiver or operating a transceiver with user‑speciic PC applications are
increasing in number. We irst implemented a USB connector on the TS‑590S in 2010 to provide PC‑controlled capability
and TX/RX audio transfer through a single cable. In addition to that, dual connections through the COM connector and
the USB connector are used for recording communication logs or remotely controlling from the PC, and enables a
connection of other external device for simultaneous serial communications. The TS‑990S is also equipped with a LAN
connector that can be used to operate the TS‑990S from the PC through a LAN.
A dedicated radio control program (ARCP‑990) for the TS‑990S is distributed free of charge. The TS‑990S can connect
to a PC not only through a conventional COM connector and USB connector but also through the LAN connector. While
the TS‑990S is connected to a PC with a LAN cable, the bandscope display equivalent to that which can be displayed on
the TS‑990S can be used on the ARCP‑990.
For PC commands and how to use them (e.g., how to program application software for the TS‑990S), refer to the
“TS‑990S Series PC Control Command Reference Guide”. Since the TS‑990S has a number of functions, some PC
commands have been revised. Consequently, certain PC commands executable in the conventional transceivers may no
longer be executable as they were for the TS‑990S.
The following introduces some examples of how to use PC commands excerpted from the PC Control Command
Reference Guide.
● Acquiring the Frequency Information of the TS‑990S in Real Time

Auto Information (AI) is a command to conigure whether or not the status change of the TS‑990S is notiied to a PC.
Executing the “AI” command activates the AI function promptly notiies the TS‑990S status changes to the PC. For
example, upon a change of the main band frequency, the latest main band frequency value is automatically transferred,
coupled with the “FA” command, and upon a change of the sub band frequency, the latest sub band frequency value is
automatically transferred coupled with the “FB” command. It is not necessary for the application to read the TS‑990S
status periodically.
While the AI function is active, not only the frequency change information but also the status change information of most
functions, such as mode, ilters, and transmit power, are promptly notiied by the corresponding commands of those
functions. In a self‑programmed application, use only required commands.
The AI function may transfer a number of commands all at once to a PC; hence, you should manage that the self‑
programmed application has the suicient bufer memory size allowing it to receiving commands in the PC with high
processing speed.
● Toggling the Split Operation and Sub Band Reception between Active and Inactive
The “TB” command is used to toggle Split operation between active and inactive (switching of the TX band). The “SB”
command is used to toggle the reception on the sub band between active and inactive.
On the TS‑990S, the VFO A and VFO B, which are commonly expressed for conventional transceivers, are reworded
with the main band and the sub band. Additionally, a function to toggle the sub band between active and inactive has
been added; hence, the “FR” command and “FT” command used on conventional transceivers can no longer serve to
handle all TX/RX behaviors. This is why the “TB” command is newly deined to switch the TX band (split operation) and
the “SB” command is newly deined to toggle the reception for the sub band between active and inactive.
● Transmitting an Audio Signal Entered from the Rear Panel Terminal By a PC Command
Specify “1” (transmission by the [DATA SEND] (PF) key) as the “TX” command parameter. (The “RX” command is used
for restoring the RX state.)
With the TS‑990S default conigurations, pressing the [PTT] key or the [SEND] key transmits an audio signal entered to
a microphone, or pressing the [DATA SEND] (PF) key or shorting the PKS terminal of the ACC2 connector transmits the
audio signal entered from the rear panel terminal.
To handle these transmission methods using a PC command, change the “TX” command parameter.
If transmission begins using “TX1”, an audio signal entered from the rear panel terminal is transmitted in the same
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manner as when the [DATA SEND] key is pressed or the PKS terminal of the ACC2 connector is shorted.
If transmission begins using “TX” (without a parameter assignment) or “TX0”, an audio signal entered from the
microphone is transmitted in the same manner as when the [PTT] key or [SEND] key is pressed.
In the TS‑990S, the input sound source for transmission can be selected as desired following the transmit operation
type. Any of “MIC”, “ACC2”, and “USB Audio” or “OPTICAL” can be selected for the input sound source at the same time
(either of “ACC2” and “USB Audio” can be selected). The default conigurations are the same as those of conventional
transceivers.
For details of the coniguration method, refer to “AUDIO SOURCE LINES FOR TX AUDIO” in the instruction manual”.
● Activating TX Tuning
TX tuning is used to continuously transmit a carrier having a ixed output power. With this function, the linear ampliier
can be tuned without changing the mode. The function can be assigned to the front panel PF key for quick operation. For
TX tuning by command execution, use “TX2” to start TX tuning and “RX” to stop TX tuning.
● Copying the Main Band Frequency to the Sub Band

Sending the “VV” command to the TS‑990S copies the main band frequency to the sub band. It is not necessary to
create a program to copy the main band frequency by using the “FA” and “FB” commands.
● Sending CW Morse Signals by using a Command

The “KY” command can be used to send Morse code.
For example, to send a Morse signal “CQ CQ CQ DE JA1YKX”, send the command “KY CQ CQ CQ DE JA1YKX;” to the
TS‑990S. While the TS‑990S is in CW mode and if break‑in is active, CW Morse signals can be transmitted.
A message with a maximum of 24 letters can be appended to the “KY” command. Messages exceeding 24 letters will be
divided and sent. To cancel the keying, use the “KY0” command. To change the keying speed, use the “KS” command.
● Coniguration for Connection to a Network via the LAN Connector

Use the LAN menu in the Sub Menu to conigure the IP address, administrator ID, and password.
Subsequently, coniguring TCP/IP on a PC makes it accessible to a LAN. The port number is “60000”. The character
encoding format is UTF‑16.
Send the “##CN” command to the IP address of the TS‑990S to request a connection. Once the TS‑990S responds with
a permission to connect, send the administrator ID and password to using the “##ID” command. When the administrator
ID and password transmitted from the PC match with those conigured in the TS‑990S, a connection between the
TS‑990S and the PC is established. If no communication is established within 10 seconds, the connection session
automatically quits.
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● Using the ARCP‑990 and Logging Software at Once

Use the LAN connector for the command communications with the ARCP‑990, and the USB‑B connector for command
communications with the logging software.
Log Software
COM
LAN
Linear Amplifier
ARCP-990
Fig. 120 Connection Method
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Various Software Applications for Extensive Operations

This section describes the software to control the TS‑990S from a PC which has Windows installed.
The software listed below is available to control the TS‑990S.
Name Description
ARCP‑990 This is a software application that controls the TS‑990S from the PC.
ARHP‑990 This is a software application on the host station PC to remotely control the TS‑990S through a
network.
This is to be used together with ARCP‑990.
ARVP‑10 This is VoIP software to send TX/RX audio signals when a PC is connected to the KNS through the
Internet and the PC remotely controls the TS‑990S.
Note:
◆ There are two types of ARVP‑10: the ARVP‑10H and ARVP‑10R.
◆ These software applications are not used when a PC is connected to KNS through a LAN.
ARUA‑10 This is a software application to substitute a microphone and speaker of the TS‑990S with the
microphone and speaker of the PC, when the TS‑990S is connected to the PC through a USB cable.
It allows the TS‑990S to transmit audio signals collected by the PC microphone, through the USB
Audio. Also, the output audio signal from the TS‑990S can sound from the PC speaker through the
USB Audio.
Note:
◆ This software is not used when a user‑manufactured audio signal cable is connected to the
ACC2 connector.
◆ This software is not used for a connection through a network.
Virtual COM Port This is a driver to be installed in the PC, connecting the TS‑990S with a USB cable, to operate the
Driver TS‑990S using the ARCP‑990 or ARHP‑990.
Note:
◆ This software is not used when a serial or LAN cable is connected.
The software applications listed above can be downloaded from the KENWOOD website free of charge.
http://www.kenwood.com/i/products/info/amateur/software_download.html
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SOFTWARE 07
System Conigurations
Typical software conigurations to control the TS‑990S are described below.
● Controlling the TS‑990S from the PC through a LAN Connector (with a Microphone
connected to the TS-990S and an Internal Speaker)
PC Connection TS‑990S
Signal Type
Software Hardware Method Hardware
Control
ARCP‑990 LAN Cable LAN connector
signal
No Microphone connected to the TS‑990S
Audio signal
connection and internal speaker
● Controlling the TS‑990S from a PC through the USB Connector (with a Microphone
connected to the TS-990S and an Internal Speaker)
Signal Type
Control Virtual COM port
USB cable USB‑B connector
signal driver and ARCP‑990
Audio signal
● Controlling the TS‑990S from a PC through the COM Port (with a Microphone connected
to the TS-990S and an Internal Speaker)
Signal PC Connection TS‑990S
Type Method
Software Hardware Hardware
Control RS‑232C
ARCP‑990 COM port
signal cable
Audio signal
● Controlling the TS‑990S from a PC (with a Microphone and Speaker connected to the PC
and Audio Connection to the USB Connector on the TS-990S)
Signal Type
Virtual COM
Control
port driver and
signal
ARCP‑990
USB cable USB‑B connector
Windows standard Microphone and
Audio signal drivers and ARUA‑ speaker connected
10 to a PC
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07 SOFTWARE
● Controlling the TS‑990S from a PC (with a Microphone and Speaker connected to the PC
and Audio Signal Entered to the ACC2 Connector)
Signal Type
RS‑232C
Control signal ARCP‑990 COM port
cable
Microphone and
User‑made
Audio signal speaker connected ACC2 connector
audio cable
to a PC
Note:
◆ The ARUA‑10 is not used for audio signal I/O through the ACC2 connector.
● Controlling the TS-990S from a Remote PC (through a LAN and KNS Connection)
Host Station (PC placed on the
Remote Station (Remote PC)
Signal Type
Connection TS-990S side)
Method
Software Hardware Software Hardware
Control ARCP‑990 Network ARHP‑990 LAN connector,
signal USB‑B
connector, or
COM port
Audio signal ARCP‑990 Microphone and ARHP‑990 ACC2 connector
speaker connected or USB‑B
to a PC connector
Note:
◆ Even when the USB‑B connector is used for audio signal I/O on the host station side, the ARUA‑10 is not used.
● Remotely Controlling the TS‑990S from a Remote PC (through the Internet and KNS
Connection)
Host Station (PC placed on the
Remote Station (Remote PC)
Signal Type
Connection TS-990S side)
Method
Software Hardware Software Hardware
LAN connector,
Control
ARCP‑990 ARHP‑990 USB‑B connector,
signal
or COM port
Network
ARVP‑10R or Microphone and ARVP‑10H or ACC2 connector
Audio signal equivalent VoIP speaker connected equivalent VoIP or USB‑B
software to a PC software connector
Note:
◆ Even when the USB‑B connector is used for audio signal I/O on the host station, the ARUA‑10 is not used.
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SOFTWARE 07
Radio Control Program ARCP‑990

The radio control program (ARCP‑990) is a software application dedicated for the control of the TS‑990S from a PC.
Fig. 121 ARCP‑990 Main Window
Basic Speciications Inherited from the ARCP-590
The ARCP‑990, inheriting the basic speciications of the ARCP‑590 developed for the TS‑590S, is designed to be able
to operate the most TS‑990S functions. The ARCP‑990 also conforms to the new functions of the TS‑990S.
User Interface
The ARCP‑990 has its user interface languages in both Japanese and English. The ARCP‑990 is operable with the
language familiar to the user.
On the ARCP‑990, new frequency change methods are employed:
• Frequency change with the mouse wheel
• Frequency change with the Up and Down buttons for tuning
• Frequency change with the Up/Down buttons for Multi/Channel
• Frequency change with direct input
• Frequency change by clicking on the frequency indication
• Frequency change by left‑clicking on the Bandscope screen (touch screen tuning)
To make a frequency change with the mouse wheel, rotate the mouse wheel on the “Coarse” or “Fine” image in the
“Tuning (Main Band)” and “Tuning (Sub Band)” frames, or rotate the mouse wheel on the “Tuning” image in the “Multi/
Ch”and “RIT/XIT” frame.
To make a frequency change with the mouse wheel or UP/Down buttons for tuning, the tuning step frequency is
selectable in the “Tuning Step Frequency” list box.
In the TS‑990S, the number of functions and buttons on the main window increase; hence, a display of SXGA (1280 x
1024) or higher resolution is required. Therefore, the size of the main window can now be resized for suicient display
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07 SOFTWARE
even on a small‑sized notebook PC. To change the main window size, select “Size of Main Window” in the “Tool” pull‑
down menu, or use the resize grip on the lower right side of the main window.
For quick access from the main window to the sub window, the “...” buttons are now placed close to function buttons. For
example, the “...” button is placed at the right side of the “ANT” button on the upper left side of the main window. Clicking
the “...” button opens the “Edit Antenna Name” sub window.
As the number of functions increased in the TS‑990S, the sub Windows allowing their respective conigurations also
increased in number. For quick access to the functions with higher relevance, the "Other Functions" hyperlink is provided
at the bottom of the sub Windows.
It is possible to conigure the delay time, which occurs upon a connection to the KNS (the conigurations for the control
commands and the audio signal delay time for use when switching between transmit and receive, and also for the delay
time for use when switching between transmit and receive during the connection to USB, COM, and LAN). The delay
time can be applied using diferent values for a KNS connection and a USB, COM, or LAN connection. Select “Select
Modulation Line” from the “TX/RX” pull‑down menu, and use the list box in the “Delay by TX to RX Transition” frame on
the “Select Modulation Line” screen to conigure it.
LAN Connection with the TS‑990S
In the ARCP‑990, connection through the TS‑990S LAN connector is realized.

By utilizing high‑speed communications speciic to a LAN connection, with a LAN connection to the TS‑990S, display
drawing on the Bandscope screen and Sub Scope screen are faster than those when using a USB or COM connection
to the TS‑990S.
Select “Settings” from the “Tool” pull‑down menu, and then conigure the settings in the “Connection to the TS‑990S”
frame on the “Settings” screen.
Internal VoIP (for the KNS Connection via a LAN)
In the ARCP‑990 and ARHP‑990, there is an internal VoIP function for audio signal exchange. The VoIP function
is usable when the ARCP‑990 and ARHP‑990 connect to the KNS through a LAN. To use the VoIP function in the
ARHP‑990, the VoIP function must be active.
It is possible to not use the VoIP functions available in the ARCP‑990 and ARHP‑990. Without using available VoIP
functions, the ARVP‑10H, ARVP‑10R, or generally available VoIP software can also be used for audio signal exchange.
The VoIP functions in the ARCP‑990 and ARHP‑990 cannot be used when the ARCP‑990 and ARHP‑990 are connected
to the KNS through the Internet. To connect through the Internet, the ARVP‑10H/ARVP‑10R or generally available VoIP
software is required separately.
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SOFTWARE 07
Radio Host Program ARHP‑990

The ARHP‑990 radio host program relays between the ARCP‑990 installed in a PC connected to the KNS, and the
TS‑990S.
Refer also to the “TS‑990S KENWOOD NETWORK COMMAND SYSTEM Setting Manual” disclosed on the KENWOOD
website.
Fig. 122 ARHP‑990 Main Window
Basic Speciications Inherited from the ARHP-590
The ARHP‑990, which inherits the basic speciications of the ARHP‑590 developed for the TS‑590S, conforms to the
new functions of the TS‑990S.
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User Interface
The ARHP‑990 has its user interface languages in both Japanese and English. The ARHP‑990 is operable with the
language familiar to the user.
The ARHP‑990 can automatically start up when Windows starts. With this function, for instance, when a PC restarts, the
ARHP‑990 automatically starts up and establishes a connection.
Select “Settings” from the “Tool” pull‑down menu, and then click on the “Run Automatically at Windows startup.”
checkbox to enable it.
Now, operating statuses of the ARHP‑990 and TS‑990S can be viewed even while the ARHP‑990 is minimized.
The TS‑990S power On/Of state, user connection status, transmitting state, etc. can be viewed in pop‑up messages.
Fig. 123 ARHP‑990 Pop‑up Message
Disabling the AF Gain Control from the ARCP‑990
In the ARHP‑990, the AF gain control by the ARCP‑990 can be disabled. If the AF gain control can be controlled from
the ARCP‑990, an unexpected audio level may be set in the TS‑990S. Disabling the AF gain control does not change the
audio level.
To enable this function, select “Setup” from the “Tool” pulldown menu, and then click on the “Prohibits control of AF gain
from ARCP‑990” checkbox in the “Settings” screen.
LAN Connection with the TS‑990S
In the ARHP‑990, a connection to the TS‑990S through the LAN connector is implemented. Refer to the section “LAN
Connection with the TS‑990S” in “Radio Control Program ARCP‑990”.
Internal VoIP (for the KNS Connection via a LAN)
For the VoIP functions, refer to “Internally Implemented VoIP (for a LAN connection to the KNS)” in “Radio Control
Program ARCP‑990”.
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SOFTWARE 07
USB Audio Controller for the ARUA‑10

The ARUA‑10 is a software application for the USB audio control to substitute a microphone and speaker of the
TS‑990S with a microphone and speaker connected to a PC when the TS‑990S is connected to the PC using a USB
cable.
Refer also to “TS‑990S USB Audio Settings Manual” distributed on the KENWOOD website.
Caution:
◆ For USB audio, a time delay is unavoidable due to its operating principle. Thus, it is not appropriate in a case when the delay
may cause a problem in operation (for example, when quick responses are required in a contest or pileup).
◆ If the TS‑990S is operated with a KNS connection through a network, no ARUA‑10 is used.
Basic Functions
To use the ARUA‑10 along with the ARCP‑990, connect the TS‑990S to a PC using a single USB cable. Through the
connection, the transceiver can be controlled from the PC and a microphone and speaker connected to the PC can be
substituted with the microphone and speaker of the TS‑990S. To use the ARCP‑990 with a USB cable connection, you
must irst install the virtual COM port driver in the PC.
To use only the ARUA‑10 while a PC is connected with a USB cable, the virtual COM port driver does not need to
be pre‑installed into the PC. The USB sound function implemented in the TS‑990S can operate with only the drivers
implemented in Windows.
Operation
The ARUA‑10 diverts the data between the USB sound function (USB audio device) built into the TS‑990S and the
sound device on a PC for the microphone and speaker control.
An audio signal captured by the microphone connected to the PC is diverted to the modulation input of the USB audio
device in the TS‑990S.
The audio signal sent from the RX output of the USB audio device in the TS‑990S is diverted to the speaker of the PC.
Fig. 124 Example of the ARUA‑10 and Peripheral Connections
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07 SOFTWARE
Conigurations for Practical Operations
The ARUA‑10 was released as a software application dedicated for the TS‑590S at the same time the TS‑590S was
released. The latest ARUA‑10, Version 2.01 (as of August 2013), allows you to save up to 10 patterns of conigurations,
enabling you to connect both the TS‑990S and TS‑590S to one PC.
Right‑clicking the “ARUA‑10” icon on the task tray displays the “Device Settings” pulldown menu. The desired
coniguration according to your practical operations can be made in the "Settings" screen.
Fig. 125 ARUA‑10 Settings Screen
TX/RX Audio Delays Reduced
In the ARUA‑10, Version 2.00, the structure of the software itself was reviewed and the TX/RX audio delay has been
reduced in comparison with that of Version 1.00.
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SOFTWARE 07
VoIP Programs ARVP‑10H/ARVP‑10R
Fig. 126 ARVP‑10H Main Window (for Host Station) Fig. 127 ARVP‑10R Main Window (for Remote Station)
There are two software applications released to divert the audio signal with the network connection: the ARVP‑10H,
which provides the VoIP function on the host station site where the TS‑990S is placed, and the ARVP‑10R, which
provides the VoIP function on the remote station site that remotely controls the TS‑990S.
The ARVP‑10H and ARVP‑10R are free software applications and can be downloaded from the KENWOOD website.
Refer also to the “TS‑990S KENWOOD NETWORK COMMAND SYSTEM Setting Manual” distributed on the
KENWOOD website.
Basic Functions
The ARVP‑10H and ARVP‑10R enable an audio signal to be sent and received through LAN or the Internet.
Connecting the ARCP‑990 and ARHP‑990 to the KNS through a LAN enables use of the VoIP functions provided by the
ARCP‑990 and ARHP‑990.
Connecting the ARCP‑990 and ARHP‑990 to the KNS through the Internet disables the VoIP functions provided in the
ARCP‑990 and ARHP‑990, so use the ARVP‑10H, ARVP‑10R, or commonly available VoIP software.
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Virtual COM Port Driver

If the TS‑990S is connected to a PC using a USB cable, a virtual COM port driver must be installed to use the
ARCP‑990, ARHP‑990, and/or other application software which can control the TS‑990S through the RS‑232C bus.
For connection of the TS‑990S to a PC using an RS‑232C or LAN cable, a virtual COM port driver does not need to be
installed onto the PC.
Likewise, for use only with the ARUA‑10 by connecting the TS‑990S to the PC using a USB cable, a virtual COM port
driver does not need to be installed onto the PC. In the case when only the USB sound function implemented in the
TS‑990S is used, the standard drivers installed in Windows are employed.
To conirm which COM port number the USB port of the TS‑990S is allocated in the virtual COM port drive, open the
Device Manager window of Windows and expand “Port (COM and LPT)”.
“COMxx” of “Silicon Labs CP210x USB to UART Bridge (COMxx)” indicates the COM port number allocated in Windows
for the virtual COM port driver.
In the following example, “Silicon Labs CP210x USB to UART Bridge (COM3)” is indicated. In this case, "COM3" is the
COM port number allocated to the virtual COM port driver
.
Fig. 128 COM Port Number for the Virtual COM Port Drive in the Device Manager
The COM port number will change upon reconnecting a USB cable to another USB port of a PC that is connected to the
TS‑990S. To view the COM port number, repeat the above procedure.
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08 TERMINAL
PADDLE and KEY Jacks
Conventional models have the PADDLE jack on their rear panel; however, the TS‑990S places the PADDLE jack on the
front panel for easier accessibility. The TS‑990S has an internal electronic keyer, which allows you to use a paddle by
simply connecting it to the PADDLE jack. “Paddle” is the default coniguration for the PADDLE jack, and “Straight Key” is
the default for the KEY jack (on the rear panel); however, the following types of electronic keys can be used depending
on your coniguration:
● Usable Keys for the PADDLE and KEY Jacks

• Paddle
• Bug key
• Straight key
• External electronic keyer
• PC keyer output
Fig. 129 PADDLE Jack (on the Front Panel) Fig. 130 KEY Jack (on the Rear Panel)
EXT SP1 and EXT SP2 Jacks

With these jacks, the TS‑990S allows you to connect one or two external speakers. The external speakers can
separately emit the sound of a signal during the dual band reception.
If an external speaker is connected only to the EXT SP1 jack, the internal speaker mutes and the audio for both the main
band and the sub band sounds. In that situation, connecting an external speaker to the EXT SP2 jack makes audio for
the main band available from the EXT SP1 jack and audio for the sub band available from the EXT SP2 jack (with the
default settings: Normal). Also, connecting the external speaker only to the EXT SP2 jack enables audio for the main
band to sound from the internal speaker, and audio for the sub band to emit from the EXT SP2 jack (with the default
settings: Normal).
The audio output format to the external speakers can be conigured to normal, inverted, or mixed in menu 7‑15 “Speaker
Output Coniguration”.
Fig. 131 EXT SP1 and EXT SP2 Jacks
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08 TERMINAL
PHONES Jack
The TS‑990S can accept a set of stereo headphones. There is an internal headphone‑dedicated ampliier available to
provide stable output even with high‑impedance headphones.
Also, the main band/sub band output mixing ratio can be conigured in Menu 1‑07 “Headphones Mixing Balance”, and the
left/right output reversing can be conigured in Menu 1‑08 “Headphones Left/Right Reverse”. In Menu 1‑07, the audio output
mixing ratio can be conigured from 10 steps allowing you the comfortable and natural sound even for long‑term operation.
Fig. 132 PHONES Jack
KEYPAD Jack
A maximum of four functions can be assigned to the PF key located on the TS‑990S front panel. Connecting a keypad to
the KEYPAD jack on the rear panel allows you to assign a maximum of eight functions to the keys of the keypad.
For example, if the message memory function has been assigned to the PF key, a voice message, CW message, FSK message,
and PSK message can be transmitted with a single press, for instance during a contest when quick operation is efective.
To make your own keypad, refer to the following circuit diagram.
Fig. 133 KEYPAD Jack
Φ3.5 mm plug
EXTP2
EXTP1
GND
R1 R5
1.5kΩ PF1 1.5kΩ PF5
R2 R6
R3 R7
R4 R8
Fig. 134 Example of a KEYPAD Circuit
Note:
◆ The circuit diagram merely shows a principle scheme. Before using a self‑made keypad, make sure it does not cause any
malfunction due to RF wave or noise interference. Adding bypass capacitors, inductors, and/or ferrite cores to the keypad
circuit may lower the possibility of malfunction.
◆ Internally, the terminal voltage is pulled up to 3.3 V, and the voltage obtained by voltage‑division with the resistance
connected to the terminal is read by the CPU through an A/D converter to detect which key is pressed.
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TERMINAL 08
METER Jack
Connecting an analog meter to the METER jack enables it to indicate the signal level of the transmitting and receiving
signals using the main band and sub band. Output signal type can be conigured for the main band and the sub band
respectively. The same signal can also be sent from the ACC 2 connector.
The METER jack output rating is as described below.
Fig. 135 METER Jack
• Voltage: 0 to 5 V (no load)

• Impedance: 4.7 kΩ
Main Band Meter Sub Band Meter
(+) (-) (+) (-)
See a Note below
See a Note below
To Meter
Φ3.5 mm plug
Fig. 136 Example of a Meter Circuit
Note:
◆ To connect a commercially available meter to the METER jack, add resistors and/or variable resistors as needed.
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08 TERMINAL
ACC 2 Connector
The input and output of an external device can be connected to the ACC 2 connector.
The ACC 2 connector has a 13‑pin accessory terminal and its pin assignment is intended to match those of transceivers
that have a main band and a sub band, such as the TS‑2000S, TS‑950, and TS‑790. Pin 2 is reserved for RTTY keying.
● RTTY Keying Input

In FSK mode, like conventional models, the TS‑990S allows a RTTY terminal device and a PC as well as an internal
demodulator to enter keying signals to the pin.
The logic is such that transmission starts with the displayed frequency by shorting the circuit to ground and frequency
that is shifted by 170 Hz by opening the circuit (FSK shift width: 170 Hz, FSK key polarity reverse: Of).
jm k
i l
f g
e h
a d
b c
Fig. 137 ACC 2 Connector
Table 13 ACC 2 Connector Pin Assignment
Pin Pin Function I/O

No. Name
Sub band audio output
• Connect this pin to the audio input of an external device (TNC, MCP, PC).
1 SANO • The audio output level is not associated with the AF knob (sound volume). O
• The audio output level can be changed in Menu 7‑11. With the audio output level set to
"0", the audio signal output is 0 Vp‑p. With the default value of "50", it is 0.5 Vp‑p, and
with the audio output level set to "100", it is 1 Vp‑p. (Output impedance: 10 kΩ)
RTTY (FSK) keying pin
2 RTTY I
• The keying polarity can be changed in Menu 2‑07.
Main band audio output
• Connect this pin to the audio input of an external device (TNC, MCP, PC).
3 MANO • The audio output level is not associated with the AF knob (sound volume). O
• The audio output level can be changed in Menu 7‑10. With the audio output level set to
"0", the audio signal output is 0 Vp‑p. With the default value "50", it is 0.5 Vp‑p, and with
the audio output level set to "100", it is 1 Vp‑p. (Output impedance: 10 kΩ)
4 GND Signal ground —
Main band squelch control output

• Connect this pin to the squelch input of a TNC/MCP/PC connection interface.
5 MSQ O
• While the squelch is open: Low impedance
• While the squelch is closed: High impedance
6 MMET Main band meter level signal output O

7 SSQ Sub band squelch control output —
8 GND Signal ground —
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TERMINAL 08
Pin Pin Function I/O

No. Name
Connect this pin to the PTT output of a TNC/MCP/PC connection interface.
• Connecting the PKS pin to GND starts transmission.
9 PKS I
• The input sound source for the transmission by the PKS pin can be selected in the
settings screen that appears with a long press of the [DATA/SEL] key.
Sub band meter level output
10 SMET • The meter type for output and the output level can be changed in Advanced Menus 1 O
and 3.
Data communication audio input
• Connect this pin to the audio output of a PC (or PC connection interface) or external
device.
• The audio output level is not associated with the [MIC] knob (Microphone Gain).
11 ANI I
• The audio input level can be changed in Menu 7‑06. With the audio output level set to
"0", almost no modulated audio is transmitted. With the default value of "50", entering
a 10‑mVrms signal transmits the typically modulated audio signal, and with the audio
output level set to "100", entering a 1‑mVrms signal transmits the typically modulated
audio signal. (Input impedance: 10 kΩ)
12 GND • Signal ground —
PTT input
• The function of this pin is the same as that of Pin 2 of the MIC connector and Pin 3 of
the REMOTE connector.
13 SS • This is the same behavior as when the [SEND] key is pressed. I
• Connecting the SS pin to GND starts transmission.
• The input sound source for the transmission by the SS pin can be selected in the
settings screen that appears with a long press of the [DATA/SEL] key.
OPTICAL IN and OPTICAL OUT Connectors

The TS‑990S can be connected to a commercially available audio device with optical digital I/O terminals via the
OPTICAL IN and OPTICAL OUT connectors.
Having no electrical contact between devices, these connectors serve to prevent problems such as a harmonics
crosstalk and electric hum superimposition. With direct digital signal input from and output to DSPs through the
connectors, a high‑quality TX/RX environment can be established.
Output format (coniguration for reversion of the left and right channels, mixing ratio) for the optical digital output
(received audio: conform to 48 kHz sampling frequency and 24 bits) can be conigured in Menu 7‑8 “Optical: Audio
Output Coniguration”. (The default is received audio for the left channel of the main band and the right channel of the
sub band.)
The optical digital input (transmitting audio: conforms to 44.1 kHz and 48 kHz sampling frequencies and 24 bits and 16
bits) converts stereo signals to monaural signals.
Fig. 138 OPTICAL IN and OPTICAL OUT Terminals
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08 TERMINAL
DISPLAY Connector
The DISPLAY connector can be connected to an external monitor and can transfer the contents that appear on the main
screen to the external monitor.
The DISPLAY connector is a DVI‑I connector, which allows the TS‑990S to transfer both digital and analog RGB signals.
With a D‑sub 15‑pin conversion connector, a monitor with an analog RGB signal input terminal can be connected.
Needless to say, a cable with a DVI analog connector can be used as well.
Fig. 139 DISPLAY Connector (on the Rear Panel) Fig. 140 DVI (Male) ‑ VGA (Female) Conversion
Connector (Commercially Available)
LAN Connector
Connects a PC through a LAN with a LAN connector so as to control the TS‑990S by using the ARCP‑990 from a PC, or
to operate with KNS (KENWOOD NETWORK COMMAND SYSTEM), or to use an NTP (Network Time Protocol) server
for automatic time correction.
The TS‑990S supports the 100BASE‑TX and 10BASE‑T LAN interfaces.
Fig. 141 LAN Connector
Fig. 142 Example of a LAN Connection
90
TERMINAL 08
USB Connector (USB-A)

The USB‑A (female) connector (on the front panel) can be connected to a commercially available USB lash drive or
USB keyboard.
Fig. 143 USB Connector (on the Front Panel)
● Example of using a USB lash drive

Through the connector, settings conigured and voice data created on the TS‑990S can be copied to a USB lash drive,
and irmware and iles can be loaded into the TS‑990S. In addition, screens captured on the main display and sub
display can be stored in a USB lash drive.
• When it is troublesome to execute “Safe Removal of USB Flash Drive” in the USB lash drive menu, assign “Safe Removal of USB
Flash Drive” to a PF key for easy removal of a USB lash drive from the USB connector. With this assignment, pressing the PF key
executes “Safe Removal of USB Flash Drive” and the USB lash drive can be safely and quickly removed.
● Example of using a USB keyboard

Connecting a USB keyboard to the USB connector makes operations on the TS‑990S easier. For example, the following
operations:
• Send voice messages recorded and stored as ixed phrases and/or CW messages with a press of a function key on the keyboard.
• Send registered ixed phrases from the FSK Encode/Decode screen or PSK Encode/Decode screen with a press of a function
key on the keyboard.
• Edit or register text strings to be entered.
• Scroll text strings on the FSK Encode/Decode screen or PSK Encode/Decode screen by pressing the [Page Up] key and
[Page Down] key on the keyboard.
• Save the contents of the main display and the sub display to a USB lash drive (PNG format) by pressing the [Print Screen] key
on the USB keyboard if a USB lash drive is plugged into the USB connector.
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08 TERMINAL
USB Connector (USB-B)

The USB‑B (female) connector (on the rear panel) can be connected to a PC. Through the connector, you can the
remotely control the TS‑990S using the ARCP‑990, play received audio on the PC, or update its irmware from the PC.
A USB cable conforming to USB2.0 (A connector to B connector type) must be used.
Fig. 144 USB Connector (on the Rear Panel)
The USB Connector (on the Rear Panel) and its Peripherals Block Diagram shows the signal paths to a DSP and
respective CPUs through a 3‑channel hub.
Audio Processing (DSP)
Functions,
PC Control,
USB Audio USB Audio,
User Drive
cortex-A8 USB USB-B Connector

AM3517 3ch USB Device
HUB
USB Serial
Converter
Control Processing
Fig. 145 USB Connector (on the Rear Panel) and its Peripherals Block Diagram
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09 MECHANICAL STRUCTURE
Internal Structure
This chapter describes the internal structure of the TS‑990S.
Inside the chassis, the TS‑990S has a 2‑layer structure consisting of an upper layer and a lower layer. In the upper layer,
the AC/DC power supply unit and DC/DC unit are placed on the left side, the inal unit is placed in the center, and the
printed circuit boards are placed in 3 layers on the right side. In the right side layers, the top layer accommodates the
antenna connector unit, the middle layer accommodates the antenna switching unit, and the lower layer accommodates
the antenna tuner unit. The front panel frame accommodates the display unit.
Fig. 146 Upper Layer Structure
Fig. 147 Lower Layer Structure
In the lower layer, most units are placed in a 2‑layer (upper layer/lower layer) structure. The TX/RX unit is placed on the
left upper‑side, and the RX unit, pre‑selector unit, and bandpass ilter unit are placed on the rear center‑side. The digital
unit (upper layer) and DSP unit (lower layer) are placed on the rear right‑side. The control unit (upper layer) and scope
unit (lower layer) are placed on the front right‑side. The sub band PLL unit (upper layer) and main band PLL unit (lower
layer) are placed on the front left‑side.
93
09 TECHANICAL STRUCTURE
The external dimensions are 165 mm high (+24 mm) x 460 mm wide (+58 mm) x 400 mm deep (‑5 mm) (6 1/2 in high
(+15/16 in) x 18 7/64 in wide (+2 9/32 in) x 15 3/4 in deep (‑13/64 in)).
The values in the parentheses indicate the measurements compared with the TS‑950. The panel size is wider than that
of the TS‑950; however, the depth is shorter by 5 mm (13/64 in).
For the high‑density mounting of a number of boards in the chassis, partitions are placed and the boards are secured in
the partitions. The partitioned structure serves to give shielding efectiveness by the walls of the partitions.
Fig. 5 Chassis (Upper Surface) Fig. 5 Chassis (Bottom Surface)
Cooling
The TS‑990S has a inal unit which is cooled by a crimped fan radiator.
Water‑cooling radiators, heat‑pipe radiators, and other various types of radiators were examined, and the radiator
on which the radiating ins are crimped was chosen because of its excellent balanced features concerning cooling
capability, weight, operating noise, and reliability. The water‑cooled structure is superior in cooling capability, but is not
suitable for a transceiver that may be subject to long‑term operation without maintenance.
Fig. 5 Radiator Fig. 5 Water‑Cooling Head Fig. 5 Heat Pipes
The TS‑990S has ive internal cooling fan motors. The fans are respectively placed for the power supply unit, inal unit,
and antenna tuner unit zones, and the TS‑990S air breaths from the sides and bottom to cool the inside with the air by
the fans. The cooling system is designed for simplicity.
The motor of the fan for the inal unit has a 3‑step operating mode to secure less noise by the operation of the inal unit.
Even if the temperature rises to an unexpected degree, a protection function activates and reduces the transmit power to
secure protection against malfunction.
94
MECHANICAL STRUCTURE 09
The ive cooling fan motors are made by Sanyo Denki Co., Ltd., whose products are trustworthy.
Fig. 6 Fan Placement and Ventilation Flow
As the number of cooling fans employed increases, the internal ventilation low becomes more complicated. At the
development stage, CAE analysis was carried out to optimize the ventilation low. The image “Fan Placement and
Ventilation Flow” shows a visualized air low in the chassis on its upper side.
Fig. 7 Air Flow Simulation
The lines indicate streams of air. The higher the density of the lines, the more the air lows. The image above shows that
the streams of air pass through the inal unit at the center and smoothly go outside.
95
Top Panel Vibration Analysis

The TS‑990S cabinet has been designed by taking into account, the sound quality of the internal speaker.
Through CAE analysis for the chassis‑enclosing cabinet, the screws are placed in a manner such that they will
minimize deterioration of the sound quality. In addition, with conjuncture on the locations of the nodes and anti‑nodes
of vibrations by frequency through vibration analysis of the cabinet, the screws are placed to suppress vibrations. The
screw placement serves to prevent the deterioration of sound quality due to the mechanical structure and achieve better
listening ability even during long operations.
Fig. 8 Simulation of Top Case Deformation Fig. 5 Screw Placement on the Top Case
The island‑like portions are anti‑nodes where the top case is expected to be deformed to the convex or concave shape
against the audio in a certain frequency. The other portions are nodes where no vibration occurs. Sound from the
speaker causes the top case to resonate and deform, and the sound from the speaker is mixed with noise emitted by the
cabinet due to the vibration, resulting in deterioration of the audible sound. To suppress the deformation, the locations of
the deformations (anti‑nodes) need to be secured with screws.
The screws, which are not symmetrically placed, represent the deliberate design of the transceiver with a built‑in
speaker, in which each screw is carefully located.
Lift‑up Mechanism of the Front Bases

For the lift‑up mechanism of the front bases, rotary levers are used to allow the extensions to be easily folded and
unfolded.
When the extensions are folded, they are invisible from the front without detracting from the esthetic design of the front
bases. When the body is lifted up with the extensions, the shapes of the front bases and extensions match in the form of
an arc with a look of a uniied and beautiful appearance.
Same Circle
Arc
Lift-up
Fig. 6 Extensions Folded Fig. 7 Extensions Unfolded
96
The lift‑up mechanism is designed so that the bottom surface of the front base is aligned with the bottom surface of the
extension when it is unfolded, to allow the body to receive its weight at almost a right angle to the direction of gravity.
Consequently, the front base can support the heavy weight of the TS‑990S with suicient margins and without stress to
the rotary arm.
r uct i t rc
c i r uct
i t rc
Fig. 8 Direction of the Weight Load when the TS‑990S is Lifted
Panel Design
From the TS‑870 and later HF models, we have been designing the front panels not as a design common to the series,
but as model‑speciic designs representing each model’s features. While we had been keeping the policy to make our
products identiiable as a KENWOOD product from any angle, we gave a digital look to the TS‑870, which was the
world’s irst amateur‑intended transceiver with IF DSP implementation, and gave an easy‑to‑operate look to the TS‑570
in compliance with its development concept. However, against our intention, there were market demands for a design
that looks like a conventional HF transceiver.
In that context, we started to examine the appearance of the new model from scratch, plotting its basic circuit and DSP
engineering, before the development of the TS‑990S even started. The examination was carried out from the viewpoint
of “how future KENWOOD HF transceivers shall be designed”, which is not intended only for a speciic transceiver.
Engineers and product designers performed a practical examination. We told the designers the usability from the
viewpoint of HF transceiver users so that they could understand ways of use of the HF transceiver, user preferences and
customs on HF transceiver use, and evaluations for our past transceivers on the market to let them examine not just the
design of the appearance. We repeated a process in which the designers drew sketches based on the usability and we
reviewed the sketches. Eventually, a design competition was held, and the design sketch shown below was selected as
the “Taste of our HF transceiver design”.
Fig. 9 Design Sketch
The “design sketch” is not the sketch of the appearance used for our practical design. The allocation of the parts is not
concerned with practical implementation. The design sketch was created based on the HF transceiver usability, major
functions the lagship model must have, and other ideas.
The TS‑590S was developed prior to the TS‑990S and was designed as the designers described in the TS‑590S in‑
depth manual. At that point in time, we could not disclose the “Taste of our HF transceiver design”. The TS‑590S was
developed based on the design sketch, as was the TS‑990S.
97
It goes without saying that opinions to the TS‑590S, which was launched in 2010, are applied to the details of the
TS‑990S design. The front panel of the TS‑990S is a sure expression of a KENWOOD HF transceiver with ainity to the
TS‑590S.
Fig. 10 TS‑990S/TS‑590S Front Panels
Operability
The keys and rotary knobs, which are directly linked to the operability, are designed and placed to be immediately
accessible.
The TS‑990S has 110 keys and 28 rotary knobs of various sizes, adjusted to internal and external shafts diameters.
Even for the many keys and rotary knobs, their parts, shape, placement, and space to adjacent parts were carefully
examined on 3D printouts before mock‑ups (dummy models with practical dimensions) were manufactured, to devise
their operability.
The rotary knobs on the right side of the front panel seem to be of the same size, but the size of the [NB1], [NR1],
[NOTCH] (M), and [NOTCH] (S) knobs, the size of the [HI/SHIFT] knob, and the size of the [AF] (M) and [AF] (S) knobs
are diferent. The lower the placement of the knob, the larger the rotary knob diameter. The [AF] knob has the largest
external diameter allowable to restrictions on the parts allocation.
By using 3D CAD systems, 3D printers, and other digital design tools together with conventional design skills, the
sophisticated key and rotary knob allocation is implemented.
When a user irst handles the TS‑990S, they may be overwhelmed by the many keys and knobs and wonder, “Can
I master this?” However, operating the TS‑990S for a certain time will moderate such impressions through practical
understanding of its design concepts, represented by the block allocation of the keys and knobs and their single‑function
assignments. Fewer functions assigned to keys and rotary knobs in a complex hierarchy or redundant coniguration
serve to implement direct accessibility.
Fig. 11 Key and Rotary Knob Allocation
98
A new mechanism for keys was employed ofering a rich texture appropriate to the lagship product, when a key is
pressed.
The new mechanism also eliminates the unevenness on key touches and provides a uniform and excellent texture on a
press of a key from any angle.
Additionally, for the key indicators, a new structure is used to provide them with high illumination intensity and less
unevenness.
Fig. 12 Key Structure Fig. 13 Ten‑key Illumination
Dual TFT Display and Touch Panel

The dual TFT display, the irst of its kind employed for an amateur radio transceiver, consists of two sizes of TFT LCDs
with an LED backlight, taking account of situations, imaging quality, and life‑span. The dual TFT display is long‑life and
free from optical irregularities, and provides beautiful imaging.
There are two TFT LCD displays and indicators that are respectively brightness‑adjustable to the TS‑990S operating
environment.
Fig. 14 TFT LCD
The dual display employs a touch panel. This is a design element that gives the TS‑990S a sense of fun, such as by
touching a point of the Bandscope screen and allowing the frequency at that point to be set.
99
Main Control Knob Mechanism

The main control knob is made of aluminum and is NC‑machined.
Its shape was designed by taking into account the rotation balance and eccentricity suppression. The design results
in a superb operational feeling of a weighted, smooth, and accurate touch. The surface of the Tuning knob (main) is
machined by a specially‑designed tool bit and is inished so that it has a radially lucent spin‑cut pattern.
The torque adjustment ring, which is placed on the Tuning knob (main) shaft, is aluminum die‑cast. The operational
feeling and texture of the ring knob has no compromise.
Main Knob
Ring Knob
Fig. 15 Appearance of the Main Tuning Knob
The rotation mechanism of the torque adjustment ring knob employs a coated metal plate in its slider block, which
secures better clicks, smoother rotation, and longer durability.
Furthermore, its friction material is carefully chosen for better torque adjustment. An aluminum sheet is used for the
surface of the arm on the Tuning knob (main) side and artiicial leather is used for the friction material on the opposite
side, to reduce rotation noise and secure smooth rotation.
Fig. 16 Inside the Torque Adjustment Ring
100
10 SP-990
This is the premium external speaker for communications enabling the system enhancement coupled with the TS‑990S.
Appearance and Features

The front panel is aluminum die‑casting and the speaker net is a punched metal sheet intended for better sound transit
to secure good sound quality by its fundamental structure. The SP‑990 has a simple design but high ainity to the TS‑
990S.
Fig. 17 Appearance of the SP‑990
Fig. 18 Resonance Analysis Results (Relative Comparison)
The images above show a relative comparison of analysis for maximum cabinet resonance caused by the output of a
signal.
Left: The top is secured with two screws and the sides are secured with three screws.
Right: The top is secured with two screws along with one additional screw and the sides are secured with three screws
along with one additional screw.
The left image shows a high resonance with large amplitude due to a number of sectional oscillations. The right image
shows less resonance with smaller amplitude as a whole.
The screws are allocated according to such resonance analysis results. With the achievement of clear tones without
incidental noise, or sound quality without peculiar characteristics, this enables customers to create lexible and accurate
sound.
Speaker
The SP‑990 is a 10 cm full range speaker.
Due to its lat frequency characteristics in the audio band, the speaker is chosen to allow preferred sounds to be
available through the TS‑990S equalizer.
101
10 SP-990
Built‑in Low‑cut/High‑cut Filters

The built‑in low‑cut and high‑cut ilters, which were well reputed on the SP‑950, are designed with optimized values for
the full‑range speaker. The high‑pass and low‑pass ilters are adjustable in three steps for the best iltering by mode,
such as SSB or CW operation. The adjustable ilters serve to be applied to various operations.
The charts below show the frequency characteristics. High cut‑of frequencies can be decreased in the sequence
of HIGH 1, HIGH 2, and HIGH 1 + HIGH 2 (HIGH 1 + HIGH 2 means that both the [HIGH 1] and [HIGH 2] keys are
pressed and held). Low cut‑of frequencies can be increased in the sequence of LOW 1, LOW 2, and LOW 1 + LOW 2
(LOW 1 + LOW 2 means that both the [LOW 1] and [LOW 2] keys are pressed and held).
Fig. 19 Filter Switch (on the Front Panel)
Fig. 20 Characteristics of the High‑Cut Filters and Low‑Cut Filters
Speaker Input Select Switch

The speaker has two speaker input terminals: A and B. If two transceivers are connected to the speaker, the sound
source can be toggled on the front panel. This also applies to connecting a set of headphones. The speaker also has a
line out terminal for iltered audio signal output and a mute function to temporarily stop audio output.
Fig. 21 Input Select Switch (A/B) (on the Front Panel)
102
TS-990S In-depth Manual
August 01, 2014
CA-327W-E108
JVC KENWOOD Corporation
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IN-DEPTH MANUAL

Features of the TS‑990S

ANT 1 ANT 2 ANT 3 ANT 4 RX (OUT) RX (IN)

Each Relay is in the

ANT 1 ANT 2 ANT 3 ANT 4 RX (OUT) RX (IN)

RX Antenna Function (RX IN and RX OUT Connectors On/Of)

Connecting an External Receiver

Fig. 3 Example of Operation using the RX Antenna Function (Main Band)

Fig. 4 Example of a Splitter Circuit

Main Band Receiver

Table 1 Bandpass Filter Division in the Main Band Receiver

Band Filter Bandwidth

RF BPF 1 st Mixer 2.7kHz

Pre Selector Pre Amp Post Amp

Sub Band Receiver

Table 2 Applicable Conditions for Down‑Conversion

1.8 MHz (1.705 to 2.1 MHz)

ATT ATT LPF LPF PRE OFF

From Sub PRE AMP

Fig. 9 Photograph of the Rooing Filter in the Sub Band Receiver

Fig. 10 Pre‑Selector Unitary Resonance Circuit

Table 3 Available Band and Step Frequency Speciications

Band Range Step Frequency 3 dB Passband

Fig. 11 Frequency Response

Fig. 12 Double Balanced Grounded Switch Type Mixer

What is a Rooing Filter?

Main Band Rooing Filters

Fig. 13 Photograph of Rooing Filter in the Main Band Receiver

Fig. 14 Frequency response of Fig. 15 Frequency response of

Additional Rooing Filter

Fig. 16 Additional Rooing Filter Mounting Slot

Table 4 Electrical Speciications

Center Frequency 8.248 MHz

14.45 6.2 11.4

No part can be mounted on the reverse.

Fig. 17 Dimensions (Reference, Unit: mm, top view)

Adjacent Interference Characteristics

Fig. 18 IP3 Characteristics Comparison

Analog AGC Circuits

Fig. 19 AGC Circuit with a Dual‑Gate MOSFET

Dual Gate MOSFET

Fig. 20 AGC Response Characteristics to a Control Voltage

Optimized Gain Distribution

Delection of the S Meter Needle

Table 5 S Meter Levels (Reference)

Fig. 21 S Meter Readout (Analog) Fig. 22 S Meter Readout (Digital)

Features of the NB1 and NB2

Buffer NB AMP2 NB AMP3 NB AMP4 Buffer

Fig. 23 Noise Blanker Circuit (NB1) Block Diagram

● How to Use the NBs and NRs

Medium Wave Band Sensitivity Risers

Table 6 Medium Wave Band ATTs

Main Band Sub Band

Fig. 26 Medium Wave Bandpass Filter Characteristics

FET Final Ampliier Circuit

Fig. 28 Transmit IMD Characteristics Fig. 29 Transmit Spurious Response

High‑speed Relay‑controlled Antenna Tuner

Fig. 30 Automatic Antenna Tuner Circuit

Linear Ampliier Control