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Devlin - The Joy of Sets

This document provides an overview of set theory including naive set theory, axiomatic set theory using Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms, ordinal and cardinal numbers, independence proofs in set theory, and non-well-founded set theory. It covers topics such as constructible sets, the continuum hypothesis, and independence results. The document is intended as a textbook on pure set theory.

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Raúl Ibáñez Couoh
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1K views205 pages

Devlin - The Joy of Sets

This document provides an overview of set theory including naive set theory, axiomatic set theory using Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms, ordinal and cardinal numbers, independence proofs in set theory, and non-well-founded set theory. It covers topics such as constructible sets, the continuum hypothesis, and independence results. The document is intended as a textbook on pure set theory.

Uploaded by

Raúl Ibáñez Couoh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contents

Preface V

1 Naive Set Theory 1


1.1 What is a Set? 1
1.2 Operations on Sets 4
1.3 Notation for Sets 6
1.4 Sets of Sets 7
1.5 Relations .... 10
1.6 Functions .... 12
1.7 Well-Orderings and Ordinals 16
1.8 Problems ........... 25

2 The Zermelo-Fraenkel Axioms 29


2.1 The Language of Set Theory 30
2.2 The Cumulative Hierarchy of Sets 35
2.3 The Zermelo-Fraenkel Axioms .. 40
2.4 Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.5 Set Theory as an Axiomatic Theory 50
2.6 The Recursion Principle 51
2.7 The Axiom of Choice . 56
2.8 Problems ........ 63

3 Ordinal and Cardinal N umbers 66


3.1 Ordinal Numbers . . . . . 66
3.2 Addition of Ordinals ... 68
3.3 Multiplication of Ordinals 69
3.4 Sequences of Ordinals .. 71
3.5 Ordinal Exponentiation 74
3.6 Cardinality, Cardinal Numbers 75
3.7 Arithmetic of Cardinal Numbers 82
3.8 Regular and Singular Cardinals 88
3.9 Cardinal Exponentiation . . . . . 91

ix
X CONTENTS

3.10 Inaccessible Cardinals 95


3.11 Problems . . . . . . . 98

4 Topics in Pure Set Theory 101


4.1 The Borel Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.2 Closed Unbounded Sets . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.3 Stationary Sets and Regressive Functions 106
4.4 Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.5 Extensions of Lebesgue Measure 113
4.6 A Result About the GCH . . 116

5 The Axiom of Constructibility 120


5.1 Constructible Sets . . . . . . 120
5.2 The Constructible Hierarchy . 123
5.3 The Axiom of Constructibility 124
5.4 The Consistency of V= L . . . 127
5.5 Use of the Axiom of Constructibility 128

6 Independence Proofs in Set Theory 130


6.1 Sorne Undecidable Statements . . . . 130
6.2 The Idea of a Boolean-Valued Universe. 130
6.3 The Boolean-Valued Universe . . . . . . 133
6.4 V 8 and V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.5 Boolean-Valued Sets and Independence Proofs 137
6.6 The Nonprovability of the CH . . . . . . . . . . 139

7 Non-Well-Founded Set Theory 143


7.1 Set-Membership Diagrams .. 145
7.2 The Anti-Foundation Axiom .. 151
7.3 The Solution Lemma . . . . . . 156
7.4 Inductive Definitions Under AFA 159
7.5 Graphs and Systems . . . . . 163
7.6 Proof of the Solution Lemma 168
7. 7 Co-Inductive Definitions 169
7.8 A Model of zF- +AFA 173

Bibliography 185

G lossary of Symbols 185

Index 189

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