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11-Double Integrals - Part 1

The document discusses double integrals and Green's Theorem in a plane. It contains the following key points in 3 sentences: Double integrals are used to find the volume of solids and represent integration over regions of more general shape than just rectangles. They can be evaluated as iterated integrals by first integrating with respect to one variable while treating the other as a constant, then integrating the result with respect to the other variable. Double integrals can also be used to find the area of a plane region by integrating the function f(x,y)=1 over the region.

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Mohd Afiq Amin
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53 views21 pages

11-Double Integrals - Part 1

The document discusses double integrals and Green's Theorem in a plane. It contains the following key points in 3 sentences: Double integrals are used to find the volume of solids and represent integration over regions of more general shape than just rectangles. They can be evaluated as iterated integrals by first integrating with respect to one variable while treating the other as a constant, then integrating the result with respect to the other variable. Double integrals can also be used to find the area of a plane region by integrating the function f(x,y)=1 over the region.

Uploaded by

Mohd Afiq Amin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Double Integrals and

Green’s Theorem In a Plane


INAWATI OTHMAN
Contents

• Area of Region
• Volume of a Solid
• Centroid and Moment of Inertia
• Green’s Theorem
Introduction
For single integrals, the region over which we integrate is always an
interval.

But for double integrals, we want to be able to integrate a function f


not just over rectangles but also over regions D of more general shape,
such as the one illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1
Introduction
We use double integrals to represent the volume of a solid region and
use properties of double integrals

Double integral also known as an iterated integral

∫∫D 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫∫D 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑


Introduction
We suppose that D is a bounded region, which means that D can be enclosed
in a rectangular region R as in Figure 2.

Figure 2

Then we define a new function F with domain R by

f(x, y) if (x, y) is in D
F(x, y) =
0 if (x, y) is in R but not in D
Introduction
If F is integrable over R, then we define the double integral of f over D
by

Definition 2 makes sense because R is a rectangle and so ∫∫R F(x, y) dA


has been previously defined.
Introduction
The procedure that we have used is reasonable because the values of F
(x, y) are 0 when (x, y) lies outside D and so they contribute nothing to
the integral.

This means that it doesn’t matter what rectangle R we use as long as it


contains D.

In the case where f(x, y) ≥ 0, we can still interpret ∫∫D f(x, y) dA as the
volume of the solid that lies above D and under the surface z = f(x, y)
(the graph of f).
Introduction
You can see that this is reasonable by comparing the graphs of f and F
in Figures 3 and 4 and remembering that ∫∫R F(x, y) dA is the volume
under the graph of F.

Figure 3 Figure 4
Introduction
Figure 4 also shows that F is likely to have discontinuities at the
boundary points of D.

Nonetheless, if f is continuous on D and the boundary curve of D is


“well behaved”, then it can be shown that ∫∫R F(x, y) dA exists and
therefore ∫∫D f(x, y) dA exists.

In particular, this is the case for type I and type II regions.


Introduction
A plane region D is said to be of type I if it lies between the graphs of
two continuous functions of x, that is,
D = {(x, y) | a ≤ x ≤ b, g1(x) ≤ y ≤ g2(x)}

where g1 and g2 are continuous on [a, b]. Some examples of type I


regions are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5
Introduction
Thus we have the following formula that enables us to evaluate the double
integral as an iterated integral.

The integral on the right side of is an iterated integral, except that in the
inner integral we regard x as being constant not only in f(x, y) but also in the
limits of integration, g1(x) and g2(x).
Introduction
We also consider plane regions of type II, which can be expressed as

D = {(x, y) | c ≤ y ≤ d, h1(y) ≤ x ≤ h2(y)}

where h1 and h2 are continuous. Two such regions are illustrated in


Figure 7.

Figure 7
Introduction
Using the same methods that were used in establishing , we can
show that
Introduction
Area of a Region
Definition
The area, A of a region D on a plane (xy-plane) is given by

A = ∫ ∫𝐷𝐷 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ ∫𝐷𝐷 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑


Remark:
To compute the area of a region D, we integrate the function f(x,y) = 1
on the region, D
The area of a region D is computed as the volume of a 3-dimensional
region with base D and height equal to 1
Area of a Region
Figure illustrates a solid cylinder with
base is D and height is 1 has volume
A(D)  1 = A(D), but we know that we
can also write its volume as

∫∫D 1 dA or ∫∫D dA or ∫∫D dxdy

Cylinder with base D and height 1


Area of a Region
How to find the bounds or limit
Find the limit of a region bounded by curves x = 𝑦𝑦 2 and y = 𝑥𝑥 2
Area of a Region
Example 1
Find the area of a region bounded by curves x = 𝑦𝑦 2 and y = 𝑥𝑥 2
Area of a Region
Example 2
4𝑥𝑥
To find the area bounded by 𝑦𝑦 =
5
the x-axis and the ordinate at x = 5.

x =5 y = 4 x / 5 5 4x/5
A≅∑ ∑ ∫ ∫ dydx
δ y.δ x so A =
=x 0=y 0 =x 0=
y 0
5
= ∫ ( 4 x / 5)dx
x =0
5
 2x  2
= 
 5  x =0
= 10 units 2
Area of a Region
Example 3
x2
To find the area enclosed by the curves y2 = 9x and y =
9
Area of a Region
Example 4
Find the area of a region bounded by curves x = 𝑦𝑦 2 and 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 2

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