Presidency Chart – Washington (1789-1797)

Significant members of Cabinet Judiciary Act of 1789

Economic Plan Whiskey Rebellion

Rise of Political Parties

Foreign Problems Treaties

Jay’s Treaty

Pinckney’s Treaty

Treaty of Greenville

Farewell Address
 Presidency Chart – Adams (1796 - 1801)

Foreign Problems
Problems with France

XYZ Affair

Quasi War with France (1798 – 1800)

Adams’ Actions

Resolution

Laws Passed Reaction of Democrat-Republicans: Virginia and

Kentucky Resolutions
Alien and Alien Enemies Act

Sedition Act

Naturalization Act

Election of 1800 “Midnight Judges”

 Presidency Chart – Thomas Jefferson (1801 - 1809)
Election or “Revolution” of 1800 Significant members of Cabinet

Twelfth Amendment

Continuation of/Contrast with Federalist Policy Domestic Events

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Chase impeachment trial (1804)

Supreme Court Cases of Marshall Court

Foreign Problems
Conflict with the Barbary Pirates (1801 – 05)

British Orders in Council (1806-07)

Chesapeake-Leopard incident (1807)

Embargo Act (1807)

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

 Presidency Chart – James Madison (1809 - 1817)

Politics during his presidency

Major Events
Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) (Berlin and Milan Decrees and Orders in Council)

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Tecumseh and Tippecanoe (1811)

War Hawks (1811 – 12) Clay and Calhoun

War of 1812

Treaty of Ghent (1814) status quo ante bellum

Effects of the War on the Nation

Hartford Convention (1814)

First Protective Tariff (1816)

The Second Bank of the United States (1816)

 Presidency Chart – James Monroe (1817 - 1825)

Major figures in his administration Era of Good Feelings

Major Supreme Court Cases Foreign Affairs

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817-18)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

The Convention of 1818

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

First Seminole War (1817-18)

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Adams-Onis (or Transcontinental) Treaty (1819)

Monroe Doctrine

Domestic Issues
Missouri Compromise (1820)

Social/Economic/Religious Changes
 Presidency Chart – John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

Election of 1824 Weaknesses of his Presidency

Internal Improvements Tariffs

Adams’ Support for the American System Support for tariffs

New York’s Erie Canal

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Extension of Cumberland Road into Ohio

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal

 Presidency Chart – Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)

Election of 1828 Major figures in his administration

How politics changed in this period Indian Affairs

Jacksonian Democracy
Indian Removal Act
Spoils System (rotation in office)
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Kitchen Cabinet
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Use of Veto
Black Hawk War
Whig Party
Seminole War

Nullification Crisis War on the Bank

Tariff of Abominations (1828 – before AJ’s presidency) Clay’s, Webster’s, and Biddle’s effort to recharter the
Bank
Calhoun’s Exposition and Protest of South Carolina (1828
– before AJ’s presidency) Veto of the Second Bank of the U.S. (1832)

South Carolina’s Nullification Ordinance

Removal of deposits and distribution to pet banks (1833)
Webster-Hayne Debate
Censure of Jackson
Compromise Tariffs of 1832 and 833
Distribution of the surplus (1836)
The Force Bill (1833)
Specie Circular (1836)

Other Issues Election of 1832

Maysville Road veto (1830)

Peggy Eaton Affair

Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co., (1837)

Impact of Jackson
Strengthening the presidency

Effect on the states

 Presidency Chart – Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

Election of 1836 Panic of 1837

Causes

Effects

Independent Treasury Act (1840)

Labor Politics Indian Affairs

Workingmen’s Parties Trail of Tears (1838)

Commonwealth v. Hunt Seminole War and Osceola

Foreign Affairs
The Texas Question: Should the US annex Texas?
 Presidency Chart – William Henry Harrison (1841) and John Tyler (1841-1845)

Election of 1840

Major Items during Tyler’s Presidency

First VP to succeed to the Presidency

Preemption Act (1841)

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Veto of Clay’s Bill for a Third Bank of the US

Resignation of entire cabinet (except for Webster)

Annexation of Texas 3 days before Tyler leaves office(1845)

 Presidency Chart – James K. Polk (11th) (1845-1849)

Election of 1844

Major Items during Polk’s Presidency

Oregon Boundary Dispute

Mexican War

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Mexican Cession)

Wilmot Proviso

Utah migration to Utah (1847)

Gold discovered in California (1848)

 Presidency Chart – Zachary Taylor (12th) (1849 - 1850) and Millard Fillmore (13th)
(1850 - 1853)

Election of 1848

Major Items during Taylor’s and Fillmore’s Presidencies

Gold Rush to California and California applies for statehood (1849)

Compromise of 1850

Commodore Perry’s mission to Japan

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

Calhoun, Clay and Webster die

 Presidency Chart – Franklin Pierce (14th) (1853 - 1857)

Election of 1852

Major Items during Pierce’s Presidency

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

Perry opens Japan to world trade (1853)

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Creation of Republican Party

Bleeding Kansas

Ostend Manifesto
 Presidency Chart – James Buchanan (15th) (1857 - 1861)

Election of 1856

Major Items during Buchanan’s Presidency

Dred Scott Decision (1857)

LeCompton Constitution

Panic of 1857

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

John Brown’s Raid

Secession of SC and Creation of the Confederacy

Crittenden Compromise
 Presidency Chart – Abraham Lincoln (16th) (1861 - 1865)

Election of 1860 Prominent Members of Lincoln’s Cabinet

Major Items during Lincoln’s Presidency

Fort Sumter (April, 1861)

Civil War (1861 – 1865)

Lincoln and the search for a general

Draft and Suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus

Political opposition to the war

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Homestead Act (1862)

Financing the war

Election of 1864

Lincoln’s 10% Reconstruction Plan

Assassination (April 14, 1865)

 Presidency Chart – Andrew Johnson (17th) (1865 - 1869)

Why he was put on the ticket in 1864 Opponents of Andrew Johnson

Thaddeus Stevens

Charles Sumner

Edwin Stanton

Major Items during Johnson’s Presidency

Presidential Reconstruction:

Johnson’s plan

Adoption of Black Codes

Formation of the KKK

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865, 1866)

13th Amendment (1865)

14th Amendment (1868)

Congressional Reconstruction: Reconstruction Acts (1867)

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Impeachment Trial (March-May, 1868)

Purchase of Alaska (1867)

Ex Parte Milligan (1866) - Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the
civil courts are inoperative or the region is under martial law.
 Presidency Chart – Ulysses S. Grant (18th) (1869 - 1877)

Elections of 1868 and 1872

Major Items during Grant’s Presidency

th
15 Amendment

Force Bills (1870-71)/ Ku Klux Klan Act

Civil Rights Act of 1875

First Transcontinental Railroad (May 10, 1869)

Panic of 1873 - Unrestrained speculation on the railroads let to disaster - inflation and strikes by railroad workers. 18,000
businesses failed and 3 million people were out of work. Federal troops were called in to end the strike.
Corruption:

Credit Mobilier Scandal - A construction company owned by the larger stockholders of the Union Pacific
Railroad. After Union Pacific received the government contract to build the transcontinental railroad, it "hired" Credit Mobilier
to do the actual construction, charging the federal government nearly twice the actual cost of the project. When the scheme was
discovered, the company tried to bribe Congress with gifts of stock to stop the investigation. This precipitated the biggest
bribery scandal in U.S. history, and led to greater public awareness of government corruption.

Whiskey Ring - During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their
offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Boss Tweed - Large political boss and head of Tammany Hall, he controlled New York and believed in "Honest
Graft".

Tammany Hall - Political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed

 Presidency Chart – Rutherford B. Hayes (19th) (1877-1881)

The Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877

Section 1.

Major Items during Hayes’ Presidency

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Bland-Allison Act

Split in the Republican Party

Stalwarts

Half-Breeds

Mugwumps

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

Emergence of the Knights of Labor (1878)

 Presidency Chart – James A. Garfield (20th) (1881)and Chester A. Arthur (21st)
(1881-1885)

The Election of 1880 and the issue of the tariff

Major Items during Garfield’s and Arthur’s Presidencies

The Assassination of Garfield

A Century of Dishonor published (1881)

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

 Presidency Chart – Grover Cleveland 22nd and 24th (1885 – 1889 and 1893 – 1897)
The Election of 1884

Major items during Cleveland’s first term

Haymarket Square Riot (1886) and the Knights of Labor

The American Federation of Labor founded (1886)

failure of tariff reform

Wabash Railroad v. Illinois (1886)

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

The Election of 1892

Major Items during Cleveland’s second term

Panic of 1893 and Depression

Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1893)

Coxey’s Army (1894)

Pullman Strike (1894)

In re Debs (1895)

U.S. v. E.C. Knight (1895)

In re Debs (1895)

Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise Speech (1895)

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896

 Presidency Chart – Benjamin Harrison (23rd) (1889-1893)

The Election of 1888

Major Items during Harrison’s Presidency

States admitted to the Union during his presidency

Closing of the frontier and the Turner thesis

Jane Addams founds Hull House (1889)

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)

Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)

McKinley Tariff Act (1890)

Populist Party formed

Homestead Strike (1892)

 Presidency Chart – William McKinley (25th) (1897 - 1901)

The Election of 1896

The Election of 1900

Major Items during McKinley’s Presidency

New Imperialism (Mahan, Lodge, Beveridge, Strong)

Spanish-American War (April – July, 1898)

Annexation of Hawaii (1898)

Teller Amendment (1898)

Platt Amendment (1901)

Filipino Insurrection (1899-1902)

Puerto Rico – Foraker Act (1900)

Insular cases (1901)

Open Door Notes

Boxer Rebellion

Gold Standard Act or Currency Act (1900)

Progressive Era

McKinley’s Assassination (Sept., 1901)

 Presidency Chart – Theodore Roosevelt (26th) (1901-1909)

Major Figures in Roosevelt’s Cabinet

The Election of 1904

Domestic Policy Foreign Policy

The Progressive Era: Political reforms “Big Stick” Diplomacy

The Square Deal Continuation of Filipino Insurrection

Northern Securities Case (1902) Panama Canal Zone

Hay – Buena Varilla Treaty (1903)

Antracite Coal Strike (1902)
Panamanian Revolution

Departments of Commerce and Labor Created Panama Canal Zone acquired (1904)

Industrial Workers of the World formed (1905) Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Conservation: Taking over Dominican customs duty

Newlands reclamation Act (1902)
Arbitration in Venzuela

National Monuments Act

Russo-Japanese War and the Portsmouth
Treaty, Nobel Peace Prize
Chief Forester – Gifford Pinchot

White House Conference on conservation

(1908) Agreements with Japan

Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907)

Interstate Commerce Commission strengthened
Elkins Act (1903)
Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)
Hepburn Act (1906)

Great White Fleet (1907-1909)

The Jungle published (1906)

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Lochner v. New York (1905)

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

 Presidency Chart – William Howard Taft (27th) (1909-1913)
First president of the “lower 48”
The Election of 1908

NM and AZ admitted

Major Events in Taft’s Presidency

Antitrust Cases – 90 suits

American Tobacco Co. (1911)

Standard Oil (1911)

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)

NAACP founded (1909)

Conservation
Continuation of TR’s policies

Bureau of Mines

Pinchot-Ballinger controversy

Speaker “Uncle Joe” Cannon controversy

Mann-Elkins Act (1910)

Dollar Diplomacy

Intervention in Latin America: Nicaragua, Mexico, and Cuba

Split with Teddy Roosevelt

 Presidency Chart – Woodrow Wilson (28th) (1913 - 1921)
The Election of 1912 The Election of 1916

Domestic Policy Foreign Policy

Underwood Tariff and income tax (1913) Mexican Revolution and US intervention (1914)

Federal Reserve Act (Glass-Owen Act) (1913)

Sixteenth Amendment

Seventeenth Amendment Interventions in Nicaragua, Dominican Republic

and Haiti,

Eighteenth Amendment
Purchase of Virgin Islands

Nineteenth Amendment

Road to World War I

Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)

Lusitania (1915)
Federal Trade Commission (1914)
US Reaction

Zimmermann Telegram
Child Labor Laws

Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) Fourteen Points

Schenck v. US (1919)
World War One

Abrams v. US (1919)
Domestic Polices to run the war
War Industries Board (Baruch)

Food Administration (Hoover)

Fuel Administration

RR Administration (McAdoo)
National War Labor Board

Espionage Act (1917)

Sedition Act (1918)

Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations

 Presidency Chart – Warren G. Harding (29th) (1921 - 1923)

The Election of 1920

Major Events in Harding’s Presidency

Pardon of Eugene V. Debs

Secretary of the Treasury – Andrew Mellon and tax cuts

Secretary of Commerce – Herbert Hoover and the “associative state”

Scandals: Teapot Dome

1920-21 economic recession and the recovery in 1922

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

Washington Naval Conference

Margaret Sanger founds the American Birth Control League

Sinclair Lewis writes Babbit

 Presidency Chart – Calvin Coolidge (30th) (1923 - 1929)

The death of Harding

The Election of 1924

Major Events in Coolidge’s Presidency

National Origin’s Immigration Act

The Dawes Plan

The Revenue Act of 1926

Relationship with business

The Kellogg-Briand Pact

Relations with Latin America

Vetoes of the McNary-Haugen Bill in 1927 and 1928

The American economy in this period and the plight of farmers

The emergence of the KKK

Literary and cultural trends

Poets
T.S. Elliot
Ezra Pound
e.e. cummings

Novelists
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Ernest Hemmingway
Sinclair Lewis
William Faulkner

H.L. Mencken

Harlem Renaissance
“The Crisis” by W.E.B. Du Bois
Langston Hughes
Zora Heale Hurston
Alain Locke “The New Negro”
Duke Ellington
Jelly Roll Morton

“The Jazz Singer”

The rise of a consumer society

 Presidency Chart – Herbert Hoover (31st) (1929-1933)

The Election of 1928

Major Events in Hoover’s Presidency

National Origins Immigration Act (1929)

Stock Market Crash and Depression

(Hoovervilles, Hoover blankets, Hoover flags)

Agricultural Marketing Act (1929)

Young Plan (reduced reparation payments from Germany) (1929)

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

London Naval Treaty (1930)

Japan invades Manchuria (1931)

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932)

Federal Home Loan Bank Act (1932)

Hoover Dam

Bonus Army (1932)

Hoover-Stimson Doctrine
 Presidency Chart – Franklin D. Roosevelt (32nd) (1933-1945)
The Election of 1932 The Election of 1940

The Election of 1936 The Election of 1944

Major Events in FDR’s Presidency – Domestic Events

1933

20th Amendment
First New Deal – First Hundred Days
Bank Holiday
21st Amendment
FDIC
CCC
AAA

NIRA
Glass Stegall Banking Act
WPA
SEC
TVA
CWA
Home Owners Loan Corporation

1934
“Share the Wealth” society founded by Huey Long
Indian Reorganization Act

1935
Schechter Poultry Corporation v. US declares NRA unconstitutional
Father Coughlin
Francis Townsend

Second New Deal - 1935

Wagner Act
Fair Labor Standards Act
Works Progress Administration
Social Security Act
Revenue Act

Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO)

Court Packing Plan (1937)
Roosevelt Recession (1937-8)

1936
United States v. Butler declares AAA unconstitutional

John Steinback’s Grapes of Wrath (1939)

Congress of Racial Equality (!942)

Office of Price Administration (1943)
Detroit race riots (1943)
GI Bill (1944)

Major Events in FDR’s Presidency – Foreign Policy

Recognition of the Soviet Union (1933)

“Good Neighbor Policy”

For the rest of this chart, use the WWII Chart
Road to WWII (refer to the

Japan and Germany withdraw from League of Nations

Nye Committee
First Neutrality Act of 1935
London Conference on disarmament
Second Neutrality Act of 1936
Third Neutrality Act of 1937
Cash ‘n Carry
Quarantine Speech
Peacetime draft
Smith Act
Destroyers for bases
Lend-Lease
Atlantic Charter
Four Freedoms
Pearl Harbor

WWII

Internment Camps
Midway
Invasion of Sicily
Casablanca Conference
Teheran Conference
D-Day
Yalta Conference
Battle of the Bulge
Death of FDR

V-E Day (actually in Truman’s Presidency)

Iwo Jima
Okinawa
Potsdam Conference
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Surrender of Japan
United Nations – Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944)
 Presidency Chart – Harry S. Truman (33rd) (1945-1953)
Foreign Policy Domestic Policy
End of WW II GI Bill of Rights (1944 – under FDR, but effects
UN Charter felt after war)

Potsdam Atomic Energy Act (1946)

Atomic Bomb: pros and cons Employment Act (1946)

RR and coal strikes

Crises in Iran, Turkey and Greece (1945-6)
President’s Committee on Civil Rights (1946)
Truman Doctrine (1947) (Kennan cable)
Taft Hartley Act (1947)
Marshall Plan (1947-1948)

National Security Act – CIA (1947) Jackie Robinson (1947)

Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift (1948) Election of 1948

Candidates
Recognition of Israel (1948)
Truman’s strategy: “Do Nothing” Congress
OAS – (1948)
Victory
Nuremberg trials (1948)
Truman Desegregates armed forces (1948)
NATO (1949)
Alger Hiss Case (1948)
Communist victory in China (1949)

Point Four Plan (begins in 1950) Fair Deal:

Russia’s 1st A-bomb(1949) Programs proposed?

US has H-Bomb; then USSR (1950) Programs passed?

NSC 68 Successes and failures:

Korean War begins (1950)

McCarren Internal Security Act
MacArthur fired by Truman

McCarthyism

National Security Council Memo 68

22nd Amendment (1951)

 Presidency Chart – Dwight D. Eisenhower (34th) (1953-1961)
Elections 1952 and 1956 Important members of his cabinet

Foreign Policy Domestic Policy

Armistice in Korea (1953) Rosenbergs executed (1953)

Shah of Iran returns to power (1954) Termination policy (1953)

Khrushchev in power (1954) Army-McCarthy hearings (1954)

SEATO (1954) Brown v. BOE (1954)

Fall of Dien Bien Phu (1954) Montgomery bus boycott (1955)

Brinkmanship over Taiwan (1954) AFL and CIO merge (1955)

Geneva Conference (1955) Howl by Ginsberg published (19956)

Warsaw Pact (1955) Interstate Highway Act (1956)

Suez Crisis (1956) Civil Rights Act (1957)

Hungarian Revolution (1956) Little Rock desegregation (1957)

Suez Crisis (1956-7) On The Road by Kerouac published (1957)

Eisenhower Doctrine (1957) National Defense Education Act (1958)

Sputnik (1957) NASA (1958)

Cuban Revolution (1959) Labor Reform Act (1959)

U-2 incident (1960) Alaska and Hawaii admitted (1959)

Greensboro sit-in (1960)

Civil Rights Act (1960)

Farewell Address (1961)

Trends
Affluent Society

Rise of Suburbia

Baby Boom
 Presidency Chart – John F. Kennedy (35th) (1961-1963)
Election of 1960

Foreign Policy Domestic Policy

Cuba
“New Frontier”
Bay of Pigs (1961)
Space Program

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Proposals of a tax cut and for civil rights

Alliance for Progress How Bobby Kennedy used the Justice Dept. to
help with civil rights
Peace Corps
Steel Price Rollback
Vietnam (See Vietnam Chart)
Baker v. Carr (1962)
Escalation

23rd Amendment
Assassination of Diem
Silent Spring Rachel Carson

Berlin Crisis (1961) Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Test Ban Treaty (1963) March on Washington

The Feminine Mystique Betty Friedan

Assassination (Nov. 22, 1963)

Warren Commission
 Presidency Chart – Lyndon B. Johnson (36th) (1963-1969)
Election of 1964
Domestic Policy Foreign Policy
Tax cut Vietnam

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)

24th Amendment Operation Rolling Thunder

War on Poverty Tet Offensive

Economic Opportunity Act (1964) discontent at home – credibility gap

VISTA
Pueblo Incident (1968)
Office of Economic Opportunity

Great Society 6 Day War (1967)

Medicare

Medicaid

Elementary and Secondary Education

Act

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Housing and Urban Development Act

(HUD)

Immigration Act of 1965

Ralph Nader Unsafe at Any Speed

National Traffic and Motor Vehicle

Safety Act

Watts, Detroit race riots (long hot summers)

Miranda v. Arizona

25th Amendment

National Organization of Women created

Thurgood Marshall appointed

 Presidency Chart – Richard M. Nixon (37th) (69 – 1974)
Election of 1968 Election of 1972

Domestic Policy
Apollo 11
Foreign Policy
Vietnam (see Vietnam Chart) Appoints Warren Burger Chief Justice

Vietnamization
Roe v. Wade
My Lai
U.S. v. N.Y. Times (Pentagon Papers)
Invasion of Cambodia

Kent State U.S. v. Richard Nixon

Peace protests at home Woodstock

Repeal of Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Clean Air Act and EPA established (1970)

Christmas Bombings (Dec., 1972) 26th Amendment (1971)

Cease fire agreement (Jan., 1973) War on Inflation (1971) wage and price controls

Nixon Doctrine War Powers Act (1973)

Wounded Knee, SD (1973)

Yom Kippur War (Oct, 1973)
Resignation of Agnew and replacement with Ford
Energy Crisis (1973)

Kissinger’s “Shuttle Diplomacy” Watergate

Coverup
Détente
Saturday Night Massacre

Establishing relations with Communist China Oval Office taping

Supreme Court orders Nixon to turn over

tapes

Resignation
 Presidency Chart – Gerald Ford (38th) (74 – 1977)
Election of 1976 Domestic Policy
Pardon of Richard Nixon

Foreign Policy OPEC Crisis

Mayaguez Incident
 Presidency Chart – Jimmy Carter (39th) (77 – 1981)
Election of 1976 Domestic Policy

Stagflation

Foreign Policy
Camp David Accords
Three Mile Island

Iran Hostage Crisis

Pardon of Draft Evaders

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

SALT II

Panama Canal Treaty

Carter Doctrine
 Presidency Chart – Ronald Reagan (40th) (81 – 1989)
Election of 1980 Election of 1984

Domestic Policy
Foreign Policy “Reaganomics”
Reagan Doctrine

“New Federalism”
Nicaragua

Economic Recovery Tax Act (ERTA) of 1981

Beriut

Missing Children Act & Victim & Witness Act

Honduras

Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act 1985

Invasion of Grenada

Immigration Reform & Control Act 1986

Bombing of Libya

Iran Contra Scandal

Summits with Mikhail Gorbachev

Tower Report

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty -

INF (1987) Sandra Day O’Conner

Air Traffic Controllers Strike

Iran-Iraq War

Star Wars