J.M.J. Marist Brothers Name: Edczar Jay L. Sta.Maria Strand & Section: STEM 11-St.

Dominic Savio
NDMU-IBED SHS Subject: Basic Calculus Date of Submission: 01-22-21
Koronadal City Teacher: Ms. Racel N. Pilloses, LPT Score: _______/50
Ms. Mavie Joy A. Jallorina, LPT
Mr. Welard Jay C. Vicera

Week 7 – Lesson 5: DIFFERENTIATION

Learning Competencies:
• illustrate the tangent line to the graph of a function at a given point (STEM_BC11D-IIIe-1);
• applies the definition of the derivative of a function at a given number (STEM_BC11D-IIIe-2) ;
• relate the derivative of a function to the slope of the tangent line (STEM_BC11D-IIIe-3);
• determine the relationship between differentiability and continuity of a function (STEM_BC11D -IIIf-1);
and
• apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of an algebraic, exponential, and trigonometric
functions (STEM_BC11D -IIIf-3).

References:
• Dela Cruz, P. S., Maderal, L. D. & Valdez, M. T. C. (2018). Basic calculus: for senior high school.
Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
• Egarguin, N. J., Fontanil, L. L., & Lawas, V. M. (2017). Basic calculus: for senior high school. Quezon
City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
• Pelias, J. G. (2016). Basic calculus. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.

Lesson Notes:
Please read pages 88-127 on your Basic Calculus book.

DIFFERENTIATION

Tangent Line at a Given Point and Its Slope

The line tangent to the graph of 𝑓 at a point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) is seen as the line touching the graph of 𝑓 at the
point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) that most closely approaches the curve of 𝑓. Recall that to determine the slope m of any line that
passes through two known points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), we have the formula
∆𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚= =
∆𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Definition of Slope of the Tangent Line to 𝒇 at (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 )

The slope 𝑚 𝑇 of the line tangent to a given function 𝑓 at the point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) is given by
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑚 𝑇 = lim
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0

Page 1 of 8
J.M.J. Marist Brothers Name: Edczar Jay L. Sta.Maria Strand & Section: STEM 11-St. Dominic Savio
NDMU-IBED SHS Subject: Basic Calculus Date of Submission: 01-22-21
Koronadal City Teacher: Ms. Racel N. Pilloses, LPT Score: _______/50
Ms. Mavie Joy A. Jallorina, LPT
Mr. Welard Jay C. Vicera

Example 1
Find the slope of the line tangent to 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 at the point (−3,2).
Solution:
Here, (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) = (−3,2). Thus, 𝑥0 = −3 and 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 𝑓(−3) = 2. Then,

𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑚 𝑇 = lim Using definition of slope of tangent line and by substitution
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥−𝑥0

(5−2𝑥−𝑥 2 )−2
= lim
𝑥→−3 𝑥−(−3)

(3−2𝑥−𝑥 2 )
= lim
𝑥→−3 𝑥+3
(3+𝑥)(1−𝑥)
= lim Using algebraic manipulation to simplify the resulting expression
𝑥→−3 𝑥+3

= lim (1 − 𝑥)
𝑥→−3

=4 Evaluation of limit

Hence, the slope of the line tangent to 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 at the point (−3,2) is 4.

Example 2
𝑥
Find the slope of the line tangent to 𝑓(𝑥) = at the point (6,3).
𝑥−4

Solution:
Following the solution in the previous example, we have (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) = (6,3). Thus, 𝑥0 = 6 and
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑚 𝑇 = lim Using definition of slope of tangent line and by substitution
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥−𝑥0
𝑥
(𝑥−4)−3
= lim
𝑥→6 𝑥−6
−2𝑥+12
( )
𝑥−4
= lim Using algebraic manipulation to simplify the resulting expression
𝑥→6 𝑥−6
−2(𝑥−6)
= lim
𝑥→6 (𝑥−4)(𝑥−6)
−2
= lim
𝑥→6 𝑥−4

=4 Evaluation of limit

The Slope of the Tangent Line and Derivative of a Function

Let 𝑓 be a function defined at every number 𝑥0 contained in some open interval (𝑎, 𝑏). The derivative of
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑓 at 𝑥0 , denoted by 𝑓′(𝑥0 ), is said to be the value of the limit of as 𝑥 approaches 𝑥0 . That is,
𝑥−𝑥0

𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) = lim
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0
Where 𝑓′(𝑥0 ) is read as “𝑓 prime of 𝑥0 .”
Suppose we consider the difference between a fixed number 𝑥0 from any number x and let this be ∆𝑥.
Thus, ∆𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥0 , and from this we obtain𝑥 = 𝑥0 + ∆𝑥. Substituting this into the above formula involving 𝑓′(𝑥0 )
and considering that 𝑥 → 𝑥0 indicates that the difference between 𝑥 and 𝑥0 becomes closer to 0, we have the
following:

Page 2 of 8
J.M.J. Marist Brothers Name: Edczar Jay L. Sta.Maria Strand & Section: STEM 11-St. Dominic Savio
NDMU-IBED SHS Subject: Basic Calculus Date of Submission: 01-22-21
Koronadal City Teacher: Ms. Racel N. Pilloses, LPT Score: _______/50
Ms. Mavie Joy A. Jallorina, LPT
Mr. Welard Jay C. Vicera

𝑓(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )

𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

Definition of the Derivative of a Function

The derivative 𝑓′(𝑥) of a function f at a number x in its domain is the expression obtained in the
following limit:
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
The definition is sometimes called the limit definition of the derivative of a function.

We also call 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) as the derivative of 𝑓 with respect to the variable x. Other notations of the derivative
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
for 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) are 𝑦 ′ , , [𝑓(𝑥)], 𝐷𝑥 𝑓(𝑥), and 𝐷𝑓(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 3
Find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 1 with respect to x using the limit definition.
Solution:
Applying the definition of the derivative for 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 1, we have
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
[5(𝑥+∆𝑥)−1]−(5𝑥−1)
= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
5𝑥+5∆𝑥−1−5𝑥+1
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
5∆𝑥
= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

= lim 5
∆𝑥→0

=5
Thus, the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 1 is 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 5.
Example 4
Find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 with respect to x using the limit definition.
Solution:
Applying the same procedure of the previous example, the derivative for (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 , is as
follows:
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
[(𝑥+∆𝑥)2 +3(𝑥+∆𝑥)]−(𝑥 2 +3𝑥)
= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

𝑥 2 +2𝑥∆𝑥+(∆𝑥)2 +3𝑥+3∆𝑥−𝑥 2 −3𝑥

= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

2𝑥∆𝑥+(∆𝑥)2 +3∆𝑥
= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
∆𝑥(2𝑥+∆𝑥+3)
= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

= lim (2𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 3)
∆𝑥→0

= 2𝑥 + 3

Page 3 of 8
J.M.J. Marist Brothers Name: Edczar Jay L. Sta.Maria Strand & Section: STEM 11-St. Dominic Savio
NDMU-IBED SHS Subject: Basic Calculus Date of Submission: 01-22-21
Koronadal City Teacher: Ms. Racel N. Pilloses, LPT Score: _______/50
Ms. Mavie Joy A. Jallorina, LPT
Mr. Welard Jay C. Vicera

Thus, the derivative of of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 is 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3.

BASIC DIFFERENTIATION RULES

Page 4 of 8
J.M.J. Marist Brothers Name: Edczar Jay L. Sta.Maria Strand & Section: STEM 11-St. Dominic Savio
NDMU-IBED SHS Subject: Basic Calculus Date of Submission: 01-22-21
Koronadal City Teacher: Ms. Racel N. Pilloses, LPT Score: _______/50
Ms. Mavie Joy A. Jallorina, LPT
Mr. Welard Jay C. Vicera

Week 7 – Lesson 5: DIFFERENTIATION

(Instructions: Answer the following exercises. ONLY EXERCISES SHEETS WILL BE RETURNED to the
teacher. Keep the lesson contents for study purposes.)

EXERCISE A
Find the slope of the line tangent to the given curve at the indicated point using the definition of slope of
tangent line. (10 points)

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 10 at (−3, 1)
Solution:

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 7 at (5, 3)
Solution:

Page 5 of 8
J.M.J. Marist Brothers Name: Edczar Jay L. Sta.Maria Strand & Section: STEM 11-St. Dominic Savio
NDMU-IBED SHS Subject: Basic Calculus Date of Submission: 01-22-21
Koronadal City Teacher: Ms. Racel N. Pilloses, LPT Score: _______/50
Ms. Mavie Joy A. Jallorina, LPT
Mr. Welard Jay C. Vicera

EXERCISE B
Find the derivative of the following functions using the limit definition. (10 points)

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5

Solution:

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4

Solution:

Page 6 of 8
J.M.J. Marist Brothers Name: Edczar Jay L. Sta.Maria Strand & Section: STEM 11-St. Dominic Savio
NDMU-IBED SHS Subject: Basic Calculus Date of Submission: 01-22-21
Koronadal City Teacher: Ms. Racel N. Pilloses, LPT Score: _______/50
Ms. Mavie Joy A. Jallorina, LPT
Mr. Welard Jay C. Vicera

EXERCISE C
Find the derivative of the following functions. Show the complete solutions. (30 points)

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 15

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 17

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 7

Page 7 of 8
J.M.J. Marist Brothers Name: Edczar Jay L. Sta.Maria Strand & Section: STEM 11-St. Dominic Savio
NDMU-IBED SHS Subject: Basic Calculus Date of Submission: 01-22-21
Koronadal City Teacher: Ms. Racel N. Pilloses, LPT Score: _______/50
Ms. Mavie Joy A. Jallorina, LPT
Mr. Welard Jay C. Vicera

4. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 2)

5. 𝑓(𝑥) = (12𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 )(𝑥 2 + 10𝑥)

𝑥2
6. 𝑓(𝑥) =
12𝑥−3

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