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Probability (2 Pages)

This document defines key probability concepts such as the ratio of favorable cases to total possible cases, mutually exclusive events, independent events, addition and multiplication of probabilities, and conditional probability. Probability is a measure between 0 and 1 that describes the likelihood of an event occurring. The probability of an event is the number of favorable cases divided by the total number of possible cases. Mutually exclusive events cannot both occur simultaneously, while independent events do not influence each other. The probability of multiple events is calculated differently depending on whether the events are mutually exclusive or independent. Conditional probability refers to the likelihood of one event occurring given that another event has already occurred.

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Parth Sood
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32 views

Probability (2 Pages)

This document defines key probability concepts such as the ratio of favorable cases to total possible cases, mutually exclusive events, independent events, addition and multiplication of probabilities, and conditional probability. Probability is a measure between 0 and 1 that describes the likelihood of an event occurring. The probability of an event is the number of favorable cases divided by the total number of possible cases. Mutually exclusive events cannot both occur simultaneously, while independent events do not influence each other. The probability of multiple events is calculated differently depending on whether the events are mutually exclusive or independent. Conditional probability refers to the likelihood of one event occurring given that another event has already occurred.

Uploaded by

Parth Sood
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Takes you to places where you belong.

PROBABILITY
Definition:
Probability is the ratio of the number of favourable cases to the total of
equally likely cases.
Thus, if a uniform coin is tossed, the probability (or chance) of getting a head
is ½ as there are two equally likely events viz., getting a head or tail.

If the probability of an event happening is p, the probability of the event not


happening is 1-p.

Probability always lies between 0 and 1, i.e. 0 ≤ p ≤ 1.

The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called sample space(s).


The event specified is a subject of the sample space and is denoted by (E).
Probability of an event is

n(E)
P(E) = *
n(S)

Mutually exclusive Events:


Two events are mutually exclusive if the occurrence of the one excluded the
simultaneous occurrence of the other. For example, if a coin is thrown, getting a
head and getting a tail are mutually exclusive.

Independent Events:
Two events are independent if the occurrence or non-occurrence of the one
does not affect the other.

Example:
If two dice are thrown simultaneously, the number that one die shows and
the number that the other die shows are independent events.

Addition of probabilities:
In two events A and B are mutually exclusive, then the probability of A or B
happening is equal to the sum of the probability of A occurring and the probability of
B occurring i.e., P(A or B) =P(A) + P(B). This holds good for three or more mutually
exclusive events.
If two events are not mutually exclusive, the probability of occurrence of A or
B is P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B).

Multiplication of Probabilities:
If two events are independent the probability that both will occur is the
product of their individual probabilities i.e.,

P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B)


This can be extended to three or more independent events A, B, C …… etc.

 ENTRANCEGURU.COM Private Limited


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Takes you to places where you belong.

Conditional Probability:
If the occurrence of an event is related to the occurrence of another event,
the occurrence of both events simultaneously is called a dependent compound event.

The notation P(A ∩ B) or simply P(AB) is used to denote the probability of the
joint occurrence of the events A and B. If the events are independent P(AB) = P(A) x
P(B)
When events A and B are not independent.

P(B) P(A)
P(AB) = P(A) = P(B)
A B
The probability of occurrence of the event B when it is known that event A
has already occurred is called conditional Probability of B and is given by
(B) n(A ∩ B)
P = .
(A) n(A)

 ENTRANCEGURU.COM Private Limited


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