Assignment

on
Computer Applications in Business
Topic:
1) Database, Fundamental data concepts, Database HR Figure Database, Entity relationship,
Electric utility data base
2) Database development, Relational Structure
3) Internet, Intranet, Extranet, Data warehouse and data mining
4) What is e-commerce, E-commerce success factors, Web store requirement
5) E-marketing, Types of e-marketing

Submitted To : Mohammad Imran

Assistant Professor
BBA, FBA, USTC

Submitted By
Name : Rabiul Karim
ID : 1600
Semester : 5th Semester
Batch : 43rd Batch

Submission Date: 19/12/2020

Faculty of Business Administration

University of Science and Technology Chittagong
 Database, Fundamental data concepts, Database HR Figure
Database, Entity relationship, Electric utility data base

Database: A database is a data structure that stores organized information. Most databases contain
multiple tables, which may each include several different fields. For example, a company database may
include tables for products, employees, and financial records. Each of these tables would have different
fields that are relevant to the information stored in the table.

Database Components
The major components of the Database are:

1) Hardware
This consists of a set of physical electronic devices such as I/O devices, storage devices and many more. It
also provides an interface between computers and real-world systems.

2) Software
This is the set of programs that are used to control and manage the overall Database. It also includes the
DBMS software itself. The Operating System, the network software being used to share the data among the
users, the application programs used to access data in the DBMS.

3) Data
Database Management System collects stores, processes, and accesses data. The Database holds both the
actual or operational data and the metadata.

4) Procedure
These are the rules and instructions on how to use the Database in order to design and run the DBMS, to
guide the users that operate and manage it.

Types of Databases
There are a few types that are very important and popular.

 Relational Database
 Object-Oriented Database
 Distributed Database
 NoSQL Database
 Graph Database
 Cloud Database
 Centralization Database
 Operational Database
 Fundamental Concept of Database:

1) Character: The most basic logical data element is the character, which consists of a single alphabetic,
numeric, or other symbol. You might argue that the bit or byte is a more elementary data element, but
remember that those terms refer to the physical storage elements provided by the computer hardware. Using
that understanding, one way to think of a character is that it is a byte used to represent a particular character.
From a user’s point of view (i.e., from a logical as opposed to a physical or hardware view of data), a character
is the most basic element of data that can be observed and manipulated.

2) Field: The next higher level of data is the field, or data item. A field consists of a grouping of related
characters. For example, the grouping of alphabetic characters in a person’s name may form a name field (or
typically, last name, first name, and middle initial fields), and the grouping of numbers in a sales amount forms
a sales amount field.

3) Record ; All of the fields used to describe the attributes of an entity are grouped to form a record. Thus,
a record represents a collection of attributes that describe a single instance of an entity. An example is a
person’s payroll record, which consists of data.

4) File : A group of related records is a data file (sometimes referred to as a table or flat file). When it is
independent of any other files related to it, a single table may be referred to as a flat file. As a point of
accuracy, the term flat file may be defined either narrowly or more broadly. Strictly speaking, a flat file
database should consist of nothing but data and delimiters. More broadly, the term refers to any database
that exists in a single file in the form of rows and columns, with no relationships or links between records
and fields except the table structure. Regardless of the name used, any grouping of related records in tabular
(row-and-column form) is called a file.

Database HR Figure Database

Human Resource Database

Payroll File Benefits File

Employee Record 1 Employee Record 2 Employee Record 3 Employee Record 4

R R R R
Name SS No Salary Name SS No Salary Name SS No Salary Name SS No Salary
Field Field Field Field Field Field Field Field Field Field Field Field

Rabiul 1600 50,000 Bappy 1594 40000 Karim 1400 30000 Rahi 1300 20000
m
 Electricity Utility Database and Entity Relationship
Entity Relationship: An entity set is a group of similar entities and these entities can have attributes.
In terms of DBMS, an entity is a table or attribute of a table in database, so by showing relationship among
tables and their attributes, ER diagram shows the complete logical structure of a database. Lets have a look
at a simple ER diagram to understand this concept.

Electricity Utility Database

Electric Utility Database

Billing Payment
Entities:
Processing
Customers, Meter, Bills, Payments,
Meter reading

Meter Relationship: Service

Bills sent to customers Start/Stop
Reading
Customers make payments
Customers use meters
 Database development, Relational Structure

Database Development:
Database development process is an important aspect of database engineering. As a database, system is an
essential component of the larger enterprise information system. The database development is a process of
designing, implementing, and maintaining a database system to meet the strategic or operational needs of
an organization or enterprise such as improved customer support and customer satisfaction, better
production management in an organization, better inventory management and more accurate sales
forecasting. Database development process is useful develop different types of relations between data in an
organization, which may be further easily accessed by the user or the administrator.

Goals of Database Development

Normally the goal of database development is to create a database which contains a high quality of data
and provides the important access to the organization. Beside this there are certain other goals of database
development. These are
(a)Develop a common vocabulary

(b)Define a meaning of data

(c)To ensure the quality of data

(d)To find an efficient implementation of data

Phases of Database Development

To produce an operational database we need to define external, internal and conceptual schema and supply
the data to the database. To create these schema, we have to follow some processes. The first two phases
are concerned with the information content of the database whereas the last two phases are concerned with
the efficient implementation. The phases are listed below.

(a) Conceptual data modelling

(b) Logical database design

(c) Distributed database design

(d) Physical database design

Database Structure :

The relationships among the many individual data elements stored in databases are based on one of several
logical data structures, or models. Database management system (DBMS) packages are designed to use a
specific data structure to provide end users with quick, easy access to information stored in databases.

Example of Three Fundamental Data Structure:

1) Hierarchical Structure: Early mainframe DBMS packages used the hierarchical structure, in which
the relationships between records form a hierarchy or treelike structure. In the traditional hierarchical
model, all records are dependent and arranged in multilevel structures, consisting of one root record and
any number of subordinate levels. Thus, all of the relationships among records are one-to-many because
each data element is related to only one element above it. The data element or record at the highest level of
the hierarchy (the department data element in this illustration) is called the root element. Any data element
can be accessed by moving progressively downward from a root and along the branches of the tree until the
desired record (e.g., the employee data element) is located.

Figure : 5.00

Network Structure: The network structure can represent more complex logical relationships and is still
used by some mainframe DBMS packages. It allows many-to-many relationships among records; that is,
the network model can access a data element by following one of several paths because any data element
or record can be related to any number of other data elements. For example, in Figure 5.1 , departmental
records can be related to more than one employee record, and employee records can be related to more than
one project record. Thus, you could locate all employee records for a particular department or all project
records related to a particular employee. It should be noted that neither the hierarchical nor the network
data structures are commonly found in the modern organization. The next data structure we discuss, the
relational data structure, is the most common of all and serves as the foundation for most modern databases
in organizations

Department A Department B

Employee 1 Employee 2 Employee 3

Project 1 Project 2

Figure : 5.1

Relational Structure: The relational model is the most widely used of the three database structures. It is
used by most microcomputer DBMS packages, as well as by most midrange and mainframe systems. In the
relational model, all data elements within the database are viewed as being stored in the form of simple
two-dimensional tables, sometimes referred to as relations. The tables in a relational database are flat files
that have rows and columns. Each row represents a single record in the file, and each column represents a
field. The major difference between a flat file and a database is that a flat file can only have data attributes
specified for one file. In contrast, a database can specify data attributes for multiple files simultaneously
and can relate the various data elements in one file to those in one or more other files
 Sheet with Data Sheet with Salary

Relation with Data and Salary Data

For creating this relationship between Data and Salary sheet we use Database management software called
Microsoft Access.
 Internet, Intranet, Extranet, Data warehouse and data mining

Internet: The explosive growth of the Internet is a revolutionary phenomenon in computing and
telecommunications. The Internet has become the largest and most important network of networks today
and has evolved into a global information superhighway. We can think of the Internet as a network made
up of millions of smaller private networks, each with the ability to operate independent of, or in harmony
with, all the other millions of networks connected to the Internet.

Internet Service Provider: One of the unique aspects of the Internet is that nobody really owns it.
Anyone who can access the Internet can use it and the services it offers. Because the Internet cannot be
accessed directly by individuals, we need to use the services of a company that specializes in providing
easy access. An ISP, or Internet service provider, is a company that provides access to the Internet to
individuals and organizations. For a monthly fee

Internet Applications:

1) E-Mail
2) Instant Messaging
3) Browsing

Uses of Internet:

 E-Mail: Use e-mail and instant messaging to exchange electronic messages with colleagues, friends,
and other Internet users.
 Discuss: Participate in discussion forums of special-interest newsgroups, or hold real time text
conversations in Web site chat rooms.
 Publish: Post your opinion, subject matter, or creative work to a Web site or Weblog for others to read.
 Buy and Sell: Buy and sell practically anything via e-commerce retailers, wholesalers, service providers,
and online auctions
 Download: Transfer data files, software, reports, articles, pictures, music, videos, and other types of
files to your computer system
 Connect: Find out what friends, acquaintances, and business associates are up to.
 Other Uses: Make long-distance phone calls, hold desktop videoconferences, listen to radio programs,
watch television, play video games, explore virtual worlds, etc.
How companies are deriving business value from their e-business and e-commerce
applications.

Generate Reduce
New Cost of
Revenue Doing
Source Business

Develop New
Develop
Web-Based
New Markets Products

Increase
Attract
Customer
New
Loyalty and
Customers
Retention

Most companies are building e-business and e-commerce Web sites to achieve six major business values:

• Generate new revenue from online sales.

• Reduce transaction costs through online sales and customer support.
• Attract new customers via Web marketing and advertising and online sales.
• Increase the loyalty of existing customers via improved Web customer service and support.
• Develop new Web-based markets and distribution channels for existing products.
• Develop new information-based products accessible on the Web.

Intranet : An intranet is a network inside an organization that uses Internet technologies (such as Web browsers
and servers, TCP/IP network protocols, HTML hypermedia document publishing and databases, and so on) to
provide an Internet-like environment within the enterprise for information sharing, communications,
collaboration, and the support of business processes. An intranet is protected by security measures such as
passwords, encryption, and firewalls, and thus can be accessed by authorized users through the Internet.

The Business Value of Intranets:

Organizations of all kinds are implementing a broad range of intranet uses. One way that companies organize
intranet applications is to group them conceptually into a few categories of user services that reflect the basic
services that intranets offer to their users. These services are provided by the intranet’s portal, browser, and
server software, as well as by other system and application software and groupware that are part of a
company’s intranet software environment.
Communications and Collaboration: Intranets can significantly improve communications and
collaboration within an enterprise. For example, you can use your intranet browser and your PC or NC
workstation to send and receive e-mail, voice mail, pages, and faxes to communicate with others within your
organization, as well as externally through the Internet and extranets. You can also use intranet groupware
features to improve team and project collaboration with services such as discussion groups, chat rooms, and
audio and videoconferencing.

Web Publishing: The advantage of developing and publishing hyperlinked multimedia documents to
hypermedia databases accessible on World Wide Web servers has moved to corporate intranets. The comparative
ease, attractiveness, and lower cost of publishing and accessing multimedia business information internally via
intranet Web sites have been the primary reasons for the explosive growth in the use of intranets in business. For
example, information products as varied as company newsletters, technical drawings, and product catalogs can
be published in a variety of ways, including hypermedia Web pages, e-mail, and net broadcasting, and as part of
in-house business applications. Intranet software browsers, servers, and search engines can help you easily
navigate and locate the business information you need.

Business Operations and Management: Intranets have moved beyond merely making hypermedia
information available on Web servers or pushing it to users via net broadcasting. Intranets are also being used as
the platform for developing and deploying critical business applications to support business operations and
managerial decision making across the inter-networked enterprise. For example, many companies are developing
custom applications like order processing, inventory control, sales management, and enterprise information
portals that can be implemented on intranets, extranets, and the Internet. Many of these applications are designed
to interface with and access existing company databases and legacy systems. The software for such business
uses is then installed on intranet Web servers. Employees within the company or external business partners can
access and run such applications using Web browsers from anywhere on the network whenever needed.

Intranet Portal Management: Organizations must employ IT and IS professionals to manage the
functions of the intranet along with maintaining the various hardware and software components necessary
for successful operations.
Extranet: Extranets are network links that use Internet technologies to interconnect the intranet of a
business with the intranets of its customers, suppliers, or other business partners. Companies can establish
direct private network links among themselves or create private, secure Internet links called virtual private
networks (VPNs). (We’ll look more closely at VPNs later in this chapter.) Or a company can use the
unsecured Internet as the extranet link between its intranet and consumers and others but rely on the
encryption of sensitive data and its own firewall systems to provide adequate security. Thus, extranets
enable customers, suppliers, consultants, subcontractors, business prospects, and others to access selected
intranet Web sites and other company databases

Data warehouse: A data warehouse stores data that have been extracted from the various operational,
external, and other databases of an organization. It is a central source of the data that have been cleaned,
transformed, and cataloged so that they can be used by managers and other business professionals for data
mining, online analytical processing, and other forms of business analysis, market research, and decision
support. (We’ll talk in-depth about all of these activities in Chapter 10.) Data warehouses may be subdivided
into data marts, which hold subsets of data from the warehouse that focus on specific aspects of a company,
such as a department or a business process

Data Mining: Data mining is a major use of data warehouse databases and the static data they contain. In
data mining, the data in a data warehouse are analyzed to reveal hidden patterns and trends in historical
business activity. This analysis can be used to help managers make decisions about strategic changes in
business operations to gain competitive advantages in the marketplace.Data mining can discover new
correlations, patterns, and trends in vast amounts of business data (frequently several terabytes of data)
stored in data warehouses.

Uses of Data Mining :

Many companies use data mining to:

• Perform market-basket analysis to identify new product bundles.

• Find root causes of quality or manufacturing problems.

• Prevent customer attrition and acquire new customers.

• Cross-sell to existing customers.

• Profile customers with more accuracy.

 What is e-commerce, E-commerce success factors, Web store requirement

E-Commerce:

Ecommerce, or electronic commerce, refers to transactions conducted via the internet. Every time
individuals and companies are buying or selling products and services online they’re engaging in
ecommerce. The term ecommerce also encompasses other activities including online auctions, internet
banking, payment gateways, and online ticketing.

Four Main Segments of E-Commerce:

 Business to business
 Business to consumer
 Consumer to consumer
 Consumer to business

Key Points:

 E-commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet.
 E-commerce can be a substitute for brick-and-mortar stores, though some businesses choose to
maintain both.
 Almost anything can be purchased through e-commerce today.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Electronic Commerce

Advantages:

 Convenience. E-commerce can occur 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

 Increased selection. Many stores offer a wider array of products online than they carry in their
brick-and-mortar counterparts. And many stores that solely exist online may offer consumers
exclusive inventory that is unavailable elsewhere.

Disadvantages:

 Limited customer service: If you are shopping online for a computer, you cannot simply ask an
employee to demonstrate a particular model's features in person. And although some websites let
you chat online with a staff member, this is not a typical practice.
 Lack of instant gratification : When you buy an item online, you must wait for it to be shipped to
your home or office. However, retailers like Amazon make the waiting game a little bit less painful
by offering same-day delivery as a premium option for select products.
 Inability to touch products: Online images do not necessarily convey the whole story about an
item, and so e-commerce purchases can be unsatisfying when the products received do not match
consumer expectations. Case in point: an item of clothing may be made from shoddier fabric than
its online image indicates.
E-commerce success factors:

Selection and Value: Obviously, a business must offer Web shoppers a good selection of attractive
products and services at competitive prices, or the shoppers will quickly click away from a Web store.
However, a company’s prices do not have to be the lowest on the Web if it builds a reputation for high
quality, guaranteed satisfaction, and top customer support while shopping and after the sale. For example,
top-rated e-trailer REI.comhelps you select quality outdoor gear for hiking and other activities with a “How
to Choose” section and gives a money-back guarantee on your purchases.

Performance and Service: People do not want to be kept waiting when browsing, selecting, or paying
in a Web store. A site must be efficiently designed for ease of access, shopping, and buying, with sufficient
server power and network capacity to support Web site traffic. Web shopping and customer service must
also be friendly and helpful, as well as quick and easy. In addition, products offered should be available in
inventory for prompt shipment to the customer.

Look and Feel: B2C sites can offer customers an attractive Web storefront, shopping areas, and
multimedia product catalogs. These could range from an exciting shopping experience with audio, video,
and moving graphics to a more simple and comfortable look and feel. Thus, most retail e-commerce sites
let customers browse product sections, select products, drop them into a virtual shopping cart, and go to a
virtual checkout station when they are ready to pay for their order.

Advertising and Incentives: Some Web stores may advertise in traditional media, but most advertise on
the Web with targeted and personalized banner ads and other Web page and e-mail promotions. Most B2C
sites also offer shoppers incentives to buy and return. Typically, these incentives mean coupons, discounts,
special offers, and vouchers for other Web services, sometimes with other e-tailers at cross-linked Web
sites. Many Web stores also increase their market reach by being part of Web banner advertising exchange
programs with thousands of other Web retailers.

Personal Attention: Personalizing your shopping experience encourages you to buy and make return
visits. Thus, e-commerce software can automatically record details of your visits and build user profiles of
you and other Web shoppers. Many sites also encourage you to register with them and fill out a personal
interest profile. Then, whenever you return, you are welcomed by name or with a personal Web page,
greeted with special offers, and guided to those parts of the site in which you are most interested. This one-
to-one marketing and relationship building power is one of the major advantages of personalized Web
retailing.

Community Relationships: Giving online customers with special interests a feeling of belonging to a
unique group of like-minded individuals helps build customer loyalty and value. Thus, Web site relationship
and affinity marketing programs build and promote virtual communities of customers, suppliers, company
representatives, and others via a variety of Web-based collaboration tools. Examples include discussion
forums or newsgroups, chat rooms, message board systems, and cross-links to related Web site
communities.
Great Customer Communications: As more consumers shift their habits from the traditional brick-
and-mortar approach to an online shopping experience, one thing becomes even more important than ever:
the need for constant and informative communication channels with the customer. Despite the conveniences
associated with online shopping, consumers still have questions that need to be answered by a human being

Web store Requirement:

Most business-to-consumer e-commerce ventures take the form of retail business sites on the World Wide
Web. Whether a huge retail Web portal like Amazon.comor a small specialty Web retailer, the primary focus
of such e-tailers is to develop, operate, and manage their Web sites so they become high-priority destinations
for consumers who will repeatedly choose to go there to buy products and services. Thus, these Web sites
must be able to demonstrate the key factors for e-commerce success that we have just covered.

Developing Web Store :

Before you can launch your own retail store on the Internet, you must build an e-commerce Web site. Many
companies use simple Web site design software tools and predesigned templates provided by their Web site
hosting service to construct their Web retail store that includes:

1. Find perfect ecommerce website builder.

2. Choose the best plan
3. Get a domain name for store
4. Pick ecommerce template.
5. Customize ecommerce template.
6. Add products.
7. Set up payment methods.
8. Sort out shipping settings.

E-commerce Website Requirements:

1. Minimalism

The first thing you need to keep in mind is that your audience doesn’t always want an abundance of choice.
What they’re interested in is getting the product that they want, which is why they need a simple interface,
intuitive categories and the necessary information. We’re talking about price, shipment options and a brief
list of product features.

2. Chat bot

Chat bot providing assistance on a page are yet another welcome change. Namely, chat bot provide your
audience with an immediate response, which is a huge plus for your customer experience. As far as the
concerns of people that do not want to chat with bots go, most of the time your audience can’t even tell
whether there’s a human being or a machine on the other end. Although, it’s beneficial to have human
support agents on stand-by for those who need more personalized assistance.
3. Protect Your Platform

Since you are asking people to give you their personal information, it is only right that you go beyond to
protect their data and your business. This is why, in order to be taken seriously in the e-commerce world of
2020, you need to make an extra effort to protect your platform. A single leak is sometimes enough to ruin
your reputation for good – especially when there are so many competitors out there that your audience
doesn’t even have to take the unnecessary risk

4. Mobile-First

Seeing as how the majority of traffic online takes place via mobile devices, it is only natural that you need
to consider going mobile-first with your design. Today, people no longer expect their mobile browsing
experience to be any slower than its desktop-based counterpart does. This way, you put the emphasis on
responsiveness, which should drastically improve your user experience.

5. Focus on User Experience

While user experience may sound like something subjective, the truth is that it consists of a plethora of
objective, statistically proven factors. Keep in mind that key factors here are the intuitiveness of your design
and the responsiveness of your website. Therefore, your homepage needs to be clean and simple while your
categories need to be well organized. Aside from this, visuals that aid in the user experience, rather than
distract from or get in the way of it, also play a key role in the overall effectiveness.

6. SEO Optimization

The internet is a big place, making it easy to exist without ever being noticed online. Perhaps the most
important thing to improve about a website in such a competitive field is its ease of discovery. The most
efficient way of doing so is making an investment into the SEO optimization of your page

7. Focus on Return Customers

Return customers are incredibly profitable because they’re already familiar with your business and are more
likely to stay loyal. However, every returning customer was once a first-time shopper. This is why you need
to optimize your platform so that it turns one-time shoppers into lifetime buyers. While a post-sale follow-
up may not be directly integrated into your website design, you can gather customer information and reach
out to them to further personalize the shopping experience.

8. Increased Traffic

Apart from all of the above, you need to keep in mind that an increase in website traffic needs to be a factor
that you prepare your business and website for. Every year, the number of people online rises; the same
goes for e-commerce. By utilizing technology that enables your website to handle lots of customers at once,
you can prepare yourself for the change. Regularly updating your website, updating the plugins and
removing those that you no longer use are just some of the ways to achieve this. Finding a reliable host, or
using a secure hosted e-commerce platform, also helps to maintain a constant up-time.

9. Multilanguage Support

More and more of the e-commerce business is occurring internationally. For instance, while the majority
of the internet is in English, it is understood that China is currently the world’s biggest e-commerce market.
In fact, Alibaba is the world’s largest e-commerce site when taking into account GMV, or gross
merchandise value. Since many overseas markets are rapidly growing, you should provide multi-language
support on your website to avoid alienating any international customers.

10. Guest Checkout

Many people become frustrated at any delay when they decide to make a purchase. Because of this,
customers highly value it when you allow them to pay without having to register for an account on your
online store. Simply offer them a guest checkout option to give you their payment information, their email
(for confirmation and digital receipt) and the address of delivery. The checkout page especially is incredibly
important for optimizing conversions and reducing cart abandonment, so focus on any potential snags in
the process on your site.

11. Numerous Payment Methods

Your customers probably have different payment methods, ranging from their credit card all the way to
platforms like PayPal and Payoneer. Therefore, the more payment options there are on your website, the
better; your audience won’t have to go out of their way to buy from you. Instead, they are more likely to
find someone else who supports their preferred method of payment. Needless to say, this is something that
you can’t allow to happen – optimizing customer convenience is vital to reducing cart abandonment.

12. Recommended Items

Recommending the right item at the right time might make a difference between making a sale and failing
to do so entirely. One of the best ways to improve your recommendation algorithm is to closely study the
art of cross-selling, which is the practice of selling additional, often complementary, items alongside the
initial product a customer may have been looking to purchase. The recommended items feature is a subtle
and seamless way to do so.
 E-marketing, Types of E-marketing

E-marketing:
E-marketing is the mix of modern communication technology and traditional principles that marketers
usually apply. When we talk about modern communication technology, this is electronic media, more
known as the internet (in the realm of e-marketing, the terms of online marketing and internet marketing
are usually interchangeable).E-marketing focuses on marketing of company online. It may use direct or
indirect marketing features on the internet to connect company to new customers, retain present customers,
and build a brand identity.

Characteristics of Electronic Marketing

There are many characteristics that distinguish e-marketing, the most important of which are:

Addressability: the ability to apply transmission is the contribution of the Internet by providing assistance
to agencies in order to determine their customers even before the implementation of the purchase. The role
of digital technology is to provide multiple options for website users to determine their requirements.

Interactivity: Interactivity is the ability of customers to express their desires directly to enterprises, through
their response and interaction with the marketing communications issued by these institutions.

Memory: It is the ability of electronic marketing to access databases that contain information about
customers and their purchase dates.

Memory storage helps agencies that use electronic marketing to obtain customer information in a timely
manner in order to provide marketing offers to them.

Control: This provides customers with the ability to control all the information provided through them; it
provides customers only the information they want, and without forcing them to provide any confidential
information.

Accessibility: This provides more detailed information to customers about the institutions' products and
prices, while activating the ability to compare a group of products. Therefore, commercial institutions seek
to develop their products based on the wishes of existing customers, and in an effort to reach new customers.

Costs and benefits of e-marketing

E-marketing can offer more competitive prices than traditional marketing because e-marketing reduces
costs by not having to maintain physical store space and by strategically placing distribution centers
throughout the country. Second, because the Internet is available 24/7, e-marketing enables shoppers to
search for product/service information and buy goods at their convenience, not just when the store is open.
Third, research indicates that the cost of Internet-based promotion is one-fourth of traditional promotion,
because it does not incur the costs of paper, printing, handling, and mailing. Fourth, e-marketing enables
buyers to custom-build products such as shoes, clothes, computers, and automobiles on the Web, options
often not available in stores.

Types of e-marketing:

When we talk about digital and email marketing, then there are different type and methods of e-marketing
which are as follows;

Email Marketing
Email marketing is considered very efficient and effective because you already have a database of your
targeting customer. Now, sending emails about your product or service to your exact targeted market is not
only cheap but also very effective.

Social Media Marketing

Social media is a great source of directly communicating with your customers to increase your product
awareness. Any or all of the social media channels such as LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Google,
and YouTube could do it. Some of the important advantages of social media are as follows;

 Increase product awareness and reputation means more sales.

 Directly communicating with your customers can increase brand loyalty.
 You can increase the number of visits to your website and rank it up in the search engine.
 Targeting the exact audience will help you to know more about your customers’ needs.

Video Marketing
It is said that a picture is worth a thousand words, and a video is worth thousands of pictures. You can catch
the attention and emotions of your target market by showing them a video clip about your product or
service. Video marketing is very effective if it conveys the right message to the right audience.

Article Marketing
Engaging quality content by providing valuable information to your targeted market, what people are
looking for over the internet to solve a certain problem? It is a consistent and ongoing process of delivering
quality content to your readers. It is not always about selling; you’re educating your audience and helping
them by adding some value in their lives.

Affiliate Marketing
Affiliate marketing is the process of promoting some products of certain brands and earning your
commission out of every sale. It works for everyone; win, win situation.