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    POGIL Acids and Bases Form

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    Muyao Chen
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    POGIL Acids and Bases Form

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    Muyao Chen
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    122 views5 pages

    POGIL Acids and Bases Form

    Uploaded by

    Muyao Chen
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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 5

    Acids and Bases

    How do acids and bases behave in water?

    Why?
    Acids and bases play an important role in our lives. Numerous biological processes, industrial applications,
    and even environmental problems are a function of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of aqueous solu-
    tions. It is therefore important to understand what makes a substance behave as an acid or a base when
    dissolved in water. In this activity, we will explore the physical and chemical properties of acids and bases.

    Model 1 – Arrhenius Acids and Bases


    Turns Acid
    Common Name for Chemical Conducts
    Found in… Tastes… Litmus or
    Aqueous Solution Formula Electricity?
    Paper… Base
    Acetic acid HC2H3O2(aq) Vinegar Sour Red Yes Acid
    Benzoic acid HC7H5O2(aq) Food preservative Sour Red Yes Acid
    Phosphoric acid H3PO4(aq) Soda pop Sour Red Yes Acid
    Hydrochloric acid HCl( aq) Stomach acid Sour Red Yes Acid
    Citric acid H3C6H5O7(aq) Citrus fruits Sour Red Yes Acid
    Ascorbic acid H2C6H6O6(aq) Vitamin C Sour Red Yes Acid
    Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2(aq) Milk of magnesia Bitter Blue Yes Base
    Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3(aq) Antacids Bitter Blue Yes Base
    Barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2(aq) Lubricants POISON Blue Yes Base
    Sodium hydroxide NaOH(aq) Drain cleaner POISON Blue Yes Base
      1. Refer to Model 1.
    a. What is the common chemical name for Vitamin C?
    ascorbic acid

    b. Is Vitamin C classified as an acid or a base?
    acid

      2. Examine the properties of the Arrhenius acids in Model 1. List three properties that all Arrhenius
    acids have in common.
    sour, red, conduct electricity

      3. Examine the chemical formulas for the Arrhenius acids in Model 1. What feature do all the
    Arrhenius acid chemical formulas have in common?

      4. Examine the properties of the Arrhenius bases in Model 1. List two properties that all Arrhenius
    bases have in common.

    Acids and Bases 1


    5. Examine the chemical formulas for the Arrhenius bases in Model 1. What anion do all the
    Arrhenius base chemical formulas have in common?

    6. A student dissolved a small amount of baking soda in water and tested it with litmus paper. The
    litmus paper turned blue. Is baking soda likely an acid or a base?

    Read This!
    In 1903 Svante Arrhenius won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for defining acids and bases in terms of
    the ions produced. An Arrhenius acid is any substance that produces hydrogen ions [or hydronium ions
    (H3O+) a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule] when dissolved in water. An Arrhenius base is any
    substance that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. While the Arrhenius definitions of acids
    and bases is useful, it is limited. Johannes Brønsted and Thomas Lowry developed more general defini-
    tions for acids and bases using H+ ion (proton) transfer as the focus.

    Model 2 – Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases


    Reaction 1 HCl(g) + H2O(l) →
    ← H3O+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
    (acid) (base)
    Reaction 2 NH3(aq) + HF(aq) →
    ← NH4+(aq) + F–(aq)
    (base) (acid)
    Reaction 3 NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) →
    ← NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
    (acid) (base)
    Reaction 4 F–(aq) + H2PO4–(aq) →
    ← HPO42–(aq) + HF(aq)
    (base) (acid)
    7. Identify the Brønsted-Lowry acids in Model 2.
    a. Atoms of which element are present in all of the Brønsted-Lowry acids in Model 2?

    b. How can you tell from Reaction 1 that HCl loses an H+ ion rather than a hydrogen atom
    when the reaction occurs? Hint: Look at the products.

    8. For each acid–base reaction in Model 2, describe the role of the Brønsted-Lowry acid in the H+
    ion (proton) transfer that occurs.

    9. For each acid–base reaction in Model 2, describe the role of the Brønsted-Lowry base in the pro-
    ton (H+ ion) transfer that occurs.

    2 POGIL™ Activities for High School Chemistry


    10. As you saw in Model 1, all Arrhenius bases in Model 1 have an OH– ion in their chemical
    formulas. Write a balanced chemical reaction for the reaction of HCl(aq) with OH–(aq) to
    illustrate that the hydroxide ion is also a Brønsted-Lowry base.

    11. If you reverse Reaction 1 in Model 2, the following reaction is obtained.


    H O+(aq) + Cl–(aq)  ← → HCl(aq) + H O(l)
    3 2

    a. For the reaction above, which reactant is acting like a Brønsted-Lowry acid? How can you tell?

    b. For the reaction above, which reactant is acting like a Brønsted-Lowry base? How can you tell?

    12. Write the reverse reactions for Reactions 2 and 3 in Model 2. Label the Brønsted-Lowry acid and
    base reactants for each reaction.
    Reaction 2

    Reaction 3

    Model 3 – Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs

    Base Conjugate Acid


    – –
    – +

    HCO31–(aq) + H2O(l) CO32–(aq) + H3O1+(aq)


    13. All acid–base reactions have two conjugate acid–base pairs. One conjugate acid–base pair in the
    reaction in Model 3 is H3O+/H2O. List the other acid–base pair in the reaction.

    14. Why is HCO3– considered the “acid” part of the pair in the reaction in Model 3?

    15. Why is CO32– considered the “base” part of the pair in the reaction in Model 3?

    16. The “Read This!” box before Model 2 calls the transfer of a H+ ion a “proton transfer.”
    Explain why “H+ ion” and “proton” are synonymous.

    Acids and Bases 3


    17. Examine the charges on the species in the Model 3 reaction. Why does the charge on the carbon-
    containing ion change from –1 to –2?

    18. Using the list of substances below, select pairs that are conjugate acids and bases. Enter the pairs
    in the tables below. The first acid–base pair has been entered for you. Note that you may use a
    substance more than once or not at all.
    H3PO4 H3O+ NO2– C2H3O2– H2CO3
    H2O NH2– CO2 CO32– NH3
    HC2H3O2 PO43– HPO42– OH– H2PO4–

    Acid Conjugate Base Acid Conjugate Base


    1 H3PO4 H2PO4– 5 
    2 6
    3 7
    4

    19. Write the formula for the conjugate base of each of the following acids. Hint: Be sure to consider
    charges.
    a. HSO3– b. HF c. HS–

    20. Write the formula for the conjugate acid of each of the following bases. Hint: Be sure to consider
    charges.
    a. SO32– b. F– c. HS–

    21. For the following reactions, label the acid and base in the reactants, and the conjugate acid and
    conjugate base in the products.
    HCO3–(aq) + NH3(aq)  ← → NH4+(aq) + CO32–(aq)

    → Cl–(aq) + H2CO3(aq)
    HCO3–(aq) + HCl(aq) ←

    22. Is the role of a conjugate acid in the reverse direction the same as the role of an acid in the for-
    ward direction? Explain.

    4 POGIL™ Activities for High School Chemistry


    Extension Questions
    23. Some of the substances used in this activity can behave as both an acid and a base. These
    substances are said to be amphiprotic or amphoteric. Provide two examples of amphoteric
    substances found in this activity.

    24. Water is an amphoteric substance. In any sample of water some of the molecules perform acid–
    base reactions with each other. This is called the autoionization of water. Write a chemical reac-
    tion showing the acid–base reaction of two water molecules.

    Acids and Bases 5

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