SISTEMAS DE COMUNICACIONES

SCT54-1
Signals and Systems
Fabio Suárez
[email protected]
ITM
2020-1
SISTEMAS DE COMUNICACIONES
SCT54-1

Instructores:
Fabio Suárez
Cristian Guarnizo
 Bibliografía
Repositorio: cvirtual.itm.edu.co

Texto guía: Sistemas de Comunicaciones Electrónicas

/Autor: Wayne Tomasi
Book: Sistemas electrónicos de comunicaciones /Roy
Blake
Text: Signals and Systems /Oppenheim and Willsky
Schaums_Signals_and_systems Hwey P. HSU
 Homework

• Doing the homework is essential for understanding the content.

• Equivalent to “practice” in sports or music
• Recuerde que las presentaciones son un apoyo, un resumen de lo que se está exponiendo.

• Homework Assignments
• Engineering Design Problems (Python / Matlab)

• Open Office Hours !

• Mondays and Tuesdays, afternoons
 Signals and Systems

Collaboration Policy
Participation / Discussion of concepts in
homework is encouraged
Sharing of homework or code is not permitted and
will be reported

Deadlines
Homework must be submitted by the
published due date
Late assignments will be multiplied by 0.5
 Signals and Systems

The concept and theory of signals and systems are needed in almost all electrical
engineering fields and in many other engineering and scientific disciplines as well
 Signals and Systems
A System (physical, mathematical, or computational) transforms an input
signal into an output signal

Systems are collections of software or hardware elements, components,

subsystems. A system can be viewed as mapping a set of input signals to a
set of output or response signals.
A system is an entity imposing constraints on a designated set of signals,
where the signals are not necessarily labeled as inputs or outputs. Any
specific set of signals that satisfies the constraints is termed a behavior of the
system.
Example: Cell Phone System

Analog / Digital

Focus on
Information

Analog Digital Analog

 Señales
Ejemplos (RF, Audio):

𝑉𝑐 𝑡 =𝑉𝑐 sin(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)
𝑉𝑐 𝑡 =𝑉𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝑉𝑐 𝑡 =10 sin(2𝜋 ∗ 500.000 ∗ 𝑡)

𝑉𝑚 𝑡 =𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑚 𝑡)
𝑉𝑚 𝑡 =𝐴 + 𝑉𝑚 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)
𝑉𝑚 𝑡 =2 + 1.0 sin(2𝜋 ∗ 2.000 ∗ 𝑡)
 Signals and Systems
Will generally be Real or Complex functions of some independent variables, almost always
time ( t ).
Signals can be:
• 1-dimensional or multi-dimensional
• continuous-time (CT) or discrete-time (DT)
• deterministic or stochastic (random, probabilistic)

Thus, a DT deterministic time-signal may be denoted by a function x[n] of

the integer time (or clock or counting) variable n.
 Signals and Systems
Mathematically, a signal is represented as a function of an independent variable t.
Usually, t represents time. Thus, a signal is denoted by x( t ).

CLASSIFICATION
Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals:
A signal x( t ) is a Continuous-time signal if t is a continuous variable.
If t is a discrete variable, that is, x(t) is defined at discrete times, then x(t) is a discrete-time
signal.
Since a discrete-time signal is defined at discrete times, a discrete-time signal is often
identified as a sequence of numbers, denoted by {xn} or x[n], where n = integer
Clasificación de
las Señales:
• Continua
• Discreta

• DT Example:
• daily closing stock market
 CT & DT Signals
A discrete-time signal x[n] may be obtained by sampling a continuous-time signal
x(t) such as
x(t0), x(t1), … …, x(tn), …
or in a shorter form as x[0], x[l], ... , x[n], . ..
or xo, x1, . .. , xn, . . .
where we understand that xn = x[n] = x(tn)
and xn's are called Samples and the time interval between them is called the sampling
interval.
When the sampling intervals are equal (Uniform Sampling), then xn = x[n] = x(nT),
where the constant T, is the sampling interval.
 A discrete-time signal x[n] can be defined in two ways:
1. Specify a rule for calculating the nth value of the sequence
1
𝑋𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 = ( )𝑛 ;𝑛 ≥ 0
2
0 ;n<0

1 1 1 𝑛
Or 𝑋𝑛 = {1, 2 , 4 , … , 2
,…}

n=0
2. List the values of the sequence
𝑋𝑛 = … , 0,0,1,2,2, 1, 0,1,0,2,0,0 , …
{𝑋𝑛} = {1,2,2,1, 0,1,0,2}

Convention: if no arrow is indicated, then the first term corresponds to n = 0 and all the values of the
sequence are zero for n < 0.
Discrete-time signal x[n] definition
 C. Real and Complex Signals
A signal x(t) is a real signal if its value is a real number,
And a signal x(t) is a complex signal if its value is a complex number. A general
complex signal x( t ) is a function of the form:

𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥1 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑥2 (𝑡)

where x1( t ) and x2( t ) are real signals and 𝑗 = −1

Note that t represents either a continuous or a discrete variable
 D. Deterministic and Random Signals:
Deterministic signals are those signals whose values are completely specified for any given time. Thus, a deterministic
signal can be modeled by a known function of time I .
Random signals are those signals that take random values at any given time and must be
characterized statistically. Random signals will not be discussed in this text.

E. Even and Odd Signals:

A signal x ( t ) or x[n] is referred to as an even signal if
x(-t)=x(t)
x[-n]=x[n]

A signal x ( t ) or x[n] is referred to as an odd signal if

x(-t)=-x(t)
x[-n]=-x[n]
Any signal x(t) or x[n] can be expressed as a sum of two signals, one of which is even and one of which is odd.
That is,
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑥𝑜 𝑡
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑥𝑒 [𝑛] + 𝑥𝑜 [𝑛]

where xe(t) = 1/2 { x ( t ) + x ( - t ) ] ;even part of x ( t )

xe[n] = 1/2 { x [ n ] + x [ - n ] ) ;even part of x [ n ]
xo(t) = 1/2{ x ( t ) - x ( - t ) ) ;odd part of x(t )
xo [n] = 1/2{ x [ n ]- x [ - n ] ) ;odd part of x [ n ]

Note that the product of two even signals or of two odd signals is an even signal and
that the product of an even signal and an odd signal is an odd signal (Prob. 1.7).
F. Periodic and
Nonperiodic Signals:
• A continuous-time signal x ( t ) is said to be
periodic with period T if there is a positive nonzero
value of T for which
• x(t + T ) = x ( t ) all t (1.7)

• From Eq. (1.7) it follows that

x(t + mT ) = x ( t )
• for all t and any integer m. The fundamental
period T, of x ( t ) is the smallest positive value of T
for which Eq. (1.7) holds.
• Note that this definition does not work for a
constant signal or DC signal
 Periodic discrete-time signals
A sequence (discrete-time signal) x[n] is periodic with period N if there is a positive integer N for which
x[n + N] =x[n] ;all n (1.9)
An example of such a sequence is given in Fig. 1-3(b).
From Eq. (1.9) and Fig. 1-3(b) it follows that
x[n + mN] =x[n] ;all n

For all n and any integer m. The fundamental period No of x[n] is the smallest positive
integer N for which Eq. (1.9) holds. Any sequence which is not periodic is called a
nonperiodic (or aperiodic) sequence.
Note that a sequence obtained by uniform sampling of a periodic continuous-time
signal may not be periodic (Probs. 1.12 and 1.13).
Note also that the sum of two continuous-time periodic signals may not be periodic but that the sum of two periodic
sequences is always periodic (Probs. 1.14 and 1 .l5).
 G. Energy and Power Signals:
Consider v(t) to be the voltage across a resistor R producing a current i(t)). The instantaneous power p( t) per ohm is
defined as
𝑝(t) = v(t)i(t)/R

Total energy E and average power P on a per-ohm basis are:

∞
𝑬 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝒊𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 ;Joules
+𝑻/𝟐
𝑷 = lim 𝟏/𝑻 ‫׬‬−𝑻/𝟐 𝒊𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 ; watts
𝑻→∞
For an arbitrary continuous-time signal x(t), the normalized energy content E of x(t) is defined as
∞ 2
E=‫׬‬
−∞
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
The normalized average power P of x(t) is defined as

1 𝑇/2
𝑃 = lim න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ 𝑇 −𝑇/2
 G. Energy and Power Signals:
Similarly, for a discrete-time signal x[n], the normalized energy content E of x[n] is defined as
∞ 2
E=‫׬‬
𝒏=−∞
𝑥[𝑛] 𝑑𝑡

The normalized average power P of x[n] is defined as

1 𝑁
𝑃 = lim ‫׬‬ 𝑥[𝑛] 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑁→∞ 2𝑁+1 𝑛=−𝑁
 1.3 BASIC CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS
A. The Unit Step Function:
The unit step function u(t), also known as the Heaciside unit function, is defined as

which is shown in Fig. 1-4(a). Note that it is discontinuous at t = 0 and that the value at
t = 0 is undefined. Similarly, the shifted unit step function u(t - to) is defined as
D. Sinusoidal Signals:
A continuous-time sinusoidal signal can be expressed as

where A is the amplitude (real), w, is the radian frequency in radians per second, and 8 is
the phase angle in radians. The sinusoidal signal x(t) is shown in Fig. 1-9, and it is periodic
with fundamental period