Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 42 (2009) 24–32

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Chaos, Solitons and Fractals

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chaos

Cumulative growth with fibonacci approach, golden section and physics

F. Büyükkılıç *, D. Demirhan
_
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Bornova – Izmir, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this study, a physical quantity belonging to a physical system in its stages of orientation
Accepted 21 October 2008 towards growth has been formulated using Fibonacci recurrence approximation. Fibonacci
p-numbers emerging in this process have been expressed as a power law for the first time
as far as we are aware. The golden sections sp are related to the growth percent rates kp.
With this mechanism, the physical origins of the mathematical forms of eq(x) and lnq(x)
encountered in Tsallis thermostatistics have been clarified. It has been established that
Fibonacci p-numbers could be taken as elements of generalized random Cantor set. The
golden section random cantor set is used by M.S. El Naschie in his fundamental works in
high energy physics and is also considered in the present work. Moreover, we conclude
that the cumulative growth mechanism conveys the consequences of the discrete structure
of space and memory effect.
Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Nature has a preference to generalized golden section sp, where p = 1, 2, 3 . . . This is the case in growth phenomena as well
as in the opposite phenomena namely, disintegration and extension. Among these generalized sections, the most significant
one is called golden/divine section, which is the most irrational number s1 = 1.618. . . From the historical development point
of view, it seems that an optimum approach has been displayed in this evolution and consequently sound, economical, main-
tainable and esthetic structures arise. On the other hand, it is observed that human beings, as a part of nature, have been
using golden section in architecture and works of art in a harmonious manner [1–4].
Recent researches expose the fact that golden section is encountered in a broad spectrum starting from biology and
extending to particle physics [8–22] as shown by M.S. El Naschie, L. Marek-Crnjac and Ji-Huan He.
Therefore, it is anticipated that harmony mathematics which takes sp as a basis and which describes the realistic physical
systems elegantly, will constitute a common ground for the breakthrough that will take place starting from science and engi-
neering and then extending to biology, architecture, economics, behavioral sciences, art and philosophy. For this reason,
Fibonacci p-numbers and golden section gains importance in the literature [5–7].
In the standard approaches of growth phenomena, it is taken for granted that physical phenomena are progressing in a
Eucledian space in the absence of memory effect. In other words, evolution of the processes in a fractal space accompanying
memory effect has been omitted. Here, in our Fibonacci approach, the fractal structure of the space together with the mem-
ory effect, which is a special feature of cumulative growth, exhibits itself naturally in the description of evolution phenom-
ena [5–7]. With this point of departure, we think that one of the most suitable number systems for complex physical
mechanisms is Fibonacci, Lucas p-type numbers, namely, elements of harmony mathematics. As a result of this approach,
it is observed that distribution functions given by exponential mathematical forms should actually be replaced by power
law forms. The standard exponential distributions are in fact special cases of the power law distribution functions [23–27].

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Büyükkılıç).

0960-0779/$ - see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2008.10.023
 F. Büyükkılıç, D. Demirhan / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 42 (2009) 24–32 25

In this study, Fibonacci p-numbers are introduced through a mechanism in a physical process that encounters a cumu-
lative growth. Here in this content, we establish that sp is closely related to cumulative evolution of the processes and
the golden sections are associated with growth rate kp. Moreover, kpand p have a close relation with the fractal dimension
of the process.
In the first section of this study, the mathematical formulation of the growth mechanism of the model process is put for-
ward via Fibonacci recurrence approach. The physical origins of the mathematical forms such as eq(x), lnq(x) and entropy in-
dex q encountered in non-extensive statistical mechanics are explained. In section two, cumulative growth and simple
growth are compared. In section three, the relation between the well known Fibonacci numbers and the mathematical for-
mulation of the cumulative growth is established. In section four, the parallelism of the structures of cumulative growth and
Fibonacci p-numbers is displayed.In section five Binet relation is taken into consideration within this formalism. In section
six, growth percentage rates of cumulatively evolving complex physical systems are determined. Binet relation is expressed
in power law form. In section seven, division of a quantity by generalized golden sections and generalized random Cantor set
whose elements are constructed by the powers of cumulative generalized ratios, are investigated. It is emphasized that, the
set constructed by the powers of golden section is a special set. In section eight, the fractal dimensions of the generalized
growth sets are obtained. Finally, results and discussions are presented.

2. Mathematical formulation of the cumulative growth

In our recent study on the subject, the effect of the cumulative extension was taken under consideration [27]. With the
purpose of integration of the subject, in this work, cumulative growth is investigated in the framework of Fibonacci recur-
rence approximation.
Generalized golden section sp,p = 0, 12, 3, . . . , 1 is encountered in architecture, fine arts, economics, biology, physics etc.
and also it gains importance as much as the numbers e and p. In this study, the structure of the golden section sp is put for-
ward by a different method where the growth perspective is taken into consideration. Fibonacci p-numbers are expressed in
power law forms as well as exponential forms when the component of the time evolution is taken into account. The com-
ponent of the time evolution is maintained by the number of the stages by which the concomitant evolutionary physical sys-
tems evolve.
In this approach, the quantity reached at the r.step is constructed by adding to the amount at the (r  1). step the quantity
which is obtained by the multiplication of the growth rate and the amount at this (r  1).step.
For the sake of clarification let us take an example, where a currency of a quantity a which is profitted cumulatively with
percentage interest kp will reach to amounts A0, A1, A2, . . . , An during periods 0, Dt, 2Dt ,. . . , nDt (monthly or yearly) and let
these values be expressed as
0 A0 ;
Dt A1 ¼ ð1 þ kp DtÞa;
2Dt A2 ¼ ð1 þ kp DtÞ2 a; ð1Þ
.. ..
. .
nDt An ¼ ð1 þ kp DtÞn a;
where
DA
kp ¼ ; 0 6 kp 6 1; ð2Þ
ADt
is the increase rate or percentage per unit amount per unit time.
One could see that, since after a certain time t, growth time interval becomes
t
Dt ¼ ð3Þ
n
then
 n
t
An ðtÞ ¼ 1 þ kp a: ð4Þ
n
If n keeps on increasing and eventually becomes large enough, using the definition of number e, one could write down

AðtÞ ¼ ekp t a: ð5Þ

The exponential result attained here could also be obtained from the corresponding differential equation. Leaving aside the
indices for the time being
dA ¼ kp A dt ð6Þ
is acquired since increase dA is proportional to A and dt. Solution of Eq. (6) is well known:
26 F. Büyükkılıç, D. Demirhan / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 42 (2009) 24–32

AðtÞ ¼ ekp t eln C ; ð7Þ

where C is an arbitrary integration constant. Taking into account the initial condition, namely A = a at t = 0, the expression
obtained for the solution of A(t), i.e. Eq. (7) will be identical to Eq. (5). Here, one could state that the exponential growth
expressed by Eq. (5) exhibits the asymptotical behaviour at the further stages when n becomes very large. On the other hand,
the interval 1 6 n 6 1 one encounters in Eq. (4), which indicates deviations from the asymptotical behaviour, could be
squeezed to a narrow band by an inspiration from number eq which was introduced by Tsallis in non-extensive thermosta-
tistics. For this purpose, taking
1
n¼ ð8Þ
q1
leads to n ? 1 for q ? 1 and n = 1 for q = 2. Thus, the interval for the number of stages, namely 1 6 n 6 1 could be expressed
as 1 6 q 6 2. In this case, Eq. (4) is alternatively represented by [23]
1
A 1 ðtÞ ¼ a½1 þ ðq  1Þkp tq1 ; 1 6 q 6 2; ð9Þ
q1

or
A 1 ðtÞ ¼ aeq ðkp tÞ: ð10Þ
q1

If q ? 1 then Eq. (10) is identical to Eq. (5), i.e.

AðtÞ ¼ e1 ðktÞa: ð11Þ
Therefore, it is commentary to say that Eq. (11) being expressed in exponential form is the solution for the stages in which
time grows up to infinity where as Eq. (9), which is expressed as a power of increasing step number, is the solution for the
stages far from the asymptotical behaviour.
Inadequacy of number e in the description of transfer mechanism of the cumulative growth, which is met in the orien-
tation towards the states of growth, is also met in the logarithmic function. The expression A 1 ðtÞ recovered in Eq. (9) is re-
q1
lated to the definition of the logarithm in the solution of the relevant differential equation. In the solution of this differential
equation
x1=n  1
ln x ¼ lim ð12Þ
n!1 1=n
could be taken for A together with the integration constant. This leads to the equation

A1=n  1 C 1=n  1
¼ kt þ : ð13Þ
1=n 1=n
The solution of this equation is obtained as
 n
kp t
An ¼ 1 þ a; ð14Þ
n
where the usual initial condition has been taken into account. Thus, definition of the logarithm lnq(x) appears naturally in the
description of a cumulatively growing physical system [23–30].
Hence, in view of Eq. (8), let us rewrite Eq. (12) as
xq1  1
lnq x ¼ :
q1
This form of lnq(x) is used in the generalized entropy definition by Tsallis who is the founder of the non-extensive thermosta-
tistics. One can realize that this situation originates from the nature of cumulative growth via Fibonacci approach. According
to the model taken under consideration, it is obvious that growth, in one respect, carry out a memory effect.
If the memory effect is not taken into account in a cumulative manner, then taking Dt = 1 one gets
An ¼ nkp a:
Thus, we emphasize that cumulative growth produces an avalanche effect and this in turn leads to an extraordinary growth
of the physical systems under consideration.
The power law form of the expression in Eq. (4), which gives the number of steps in the process, originates from the nat-
ure of the cumulative growth mechanism. On the other hand, Eq. (4) carries the genetic effects of the past with its recurrence
property as well as covering long range memory effect in itself by extending to a wide time interval. We name this common
effect as cumulative effect.
If cumulative effect is not taken into account then it is evident that
A0 ¼ a; A1 ¼ a þ kp a; A2 ¼ a þ 2kp a; . . . ; An1 ¼ a þ nkp a: ð15Þ
 F. Büyükkılıç, D. Demirhan / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 42 (2009) 24–32 27

It has been mentioned above that in cumulative growth, cumulative effects lead to an excessive increase of the physical
systems under investigation. It is seen that, in order to keep these systems under control, the existence of some factors which
slow down or resist to cumulative growth, becomes significant. Since the maintenance of the physical systems is an essential
goal, introduction of damping parameters to the cumulative effect is a principal necessity.

3. Comparison of cumulative and simple growth

In order to put forward the effect of cumulative growth, it is appropriate to compare the sum of the set elements of two
physical systems one of which encounters cumulative growth and the other simple growth.
For the purpose of demonstrating explicitly the contribution of cumulative effect, the sum of the amounts reached at
stages 0, Dt, 2Dt, . . . , nDt would be more meaningful. Thus, let us write down this sum as
X
n
T¼ ð1 þ kp DtÞr a: ð16Þ
r¼0

Since the sequence in Eq. (16) is a geometrical sum, one could write

1  ð1 þ kp DtÞnþ1
T¼ a; ð17Þ
kp Dt
where (1 + kpDt) is a common multiple.
In the case (1 + kpDt)n+1  1, i.e. kpDt ? 1
a
T¼ ; ð18Þ
k p Dt
in other words T ? a, i.e. remains relatively identical. However in the simple growth case, the total amount is found as
Xn  n 
T¼ ða þ rkp aÞ ¼ ðn þ 1Þa 1 þ kp : ð19Þ
r¼0
2

A comparison of Eqs. (17) and (19) clearly exhibits the cumulative effect.

4. Fibonacci numbers with cumulative growth

Under ideal conditions, increase in the population of rabbits in a site is given by Fibonacci numbers F0, F1, F2, . . . , Fn. More-
over, there is a recurrence relation
F nþ2 ¼ F nþ1 þ F n
for these numbers. Another property of the Fibonacci numbers is that they possess golden section characteristics, namely
pffiffiffi
F nþ1 1þ 5
¼s¼ ¼ 1:618 . . .
Fn 2
It is obvious that, if above equation is taken into consideration for the golden section s then

s2 ¼ s þ 1 ð20Þ
could be written down. The inverse of s
pffiffiffi
1 1 þ 5
/¼ ¼ ¼ 0:618 . . . ð21Þ
s 2
has also the same significance as s.
Since the Fibonacci numbers are essentially obtained from a cumulative growth, if Dt = 1 is taken, then Fn = An, i.e.
F n ¼ ð1 þ kÞn a: ð22Þ
In this case, one could write
F nþ1
¼ s ¼ 1 þ k: ð23Þ
Fn
When this expression is substituted in Eq. (20), one obtains
pffiffiffi
1 þ 5
k1 ¼ ¼ 0:618 ð24aÞ
2
and
28 F. Büyükkılıç, D. Demirhan / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 42 (2009) 24–32

k2 ¼ 1:618: ð24bÞ
Since we are interested in growth but not extension, Eq. (24a) is the root we have been looking for. If the process is visualized
from the cumulative growth point of view, then Fibonacci numbers could be obtained with the help of Eq. (22), where in each
stage of the growth k1 = 0.618. . .

5. The cumulative growth and Fibonacci p-numbers

Generalized golden section sp appears in the investigations of Fibonacci p-numbers. The generalization of the golden sec-
tion is carried out by dividing a segment AB with a point C using the ratio
 p
CB AB
¼ ; ð25Þ
AC CB
where p = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 1. In the language of algebra, generalized golden section problem is reduced to equation [5,8–15]

spþ1
p ¼ spp þ 1: ð26Þ

In accordance with the investigation, we have carried out in Section 2, the Fibonacci p-numbers which satisfy above equa-
tion, grow up by obeying the following expression:
F p ðnÞ ¼ ð1 þ kp Þn a: ð27Þ
If p = 1 is written in Eq. (27) then this equation transforms to Eq. (22), where k = k1. In a similar manner, one can show that
expressing the Fibonacci p-numbers by Eq. (27) does not violate the recurrence relations relevant to them. Using a property
of Fibonacci p-numbers one could write
1
sp ¼ 1 þ kp ; /p ¼ ; ð28Þ
1 þ kp
where kp is the relative increase ratio of the cumulative p-growth. In accordance with the method, we have been pursuing
F p ðn þ 2Þ ¼ F p ðn þ 1Þ þ kp F p ðn þ 1Þ ð29Þ
could be written down. Then using Eq. (28), one gets

F p ðn þ 2Þ ¼ ð1 þ kp Þnþ1 a þ ðsp  1Þð1 þ kp Þnþ1 a: ð30Þ

In a similar manner, one obtains from Eq. (27)
1 1
sp  1 ¼ kp ¼ ¼ ¼ /pp : ð31Þ
spp ð1 þ kp Þp
Substitution of Eq. (31) into Eq. (30) gives us

F p ðn þ 2Þ ¼ ð1 þ kpÞnþ1 a þ ð1 þ kpÞnþ1p a; ðn > p þ 1Þ:

On the other hand, taking into account Eq. (27) leads to
F p ðn þ 2Þ ¼ F p ðn þ 1Þ þ F p ðn þ 1  pÞ: ð32Þ
It is evident that, for p = 1, Eq. (32) gives the recurrence relations of Fibonacci p = 1-numbers.
In this manner, it is established that Fibonacci p-numbers well describe a cumulative growth with a growth ratio kp.

6. The generalized Binet relation

In Section 5, we have shown that it is possible to present Fibonacci p-numbers in power forms. Now, using the property of
Fibonacci p-numbers which is given by Eq. (27), let us demonstrate that generalized Binet relation is valid and identical to Eq.
(32) obtained in Section 5.
Generalized Binet relation is
 nþpþ1
1
F p ðn þ p þ 1Þ ¼ spnþpþ1   ; ð33Þ
sp
where sp is given by Eq. (28). Bearing in mind Eq. (31), we could rewrite Eq. (33) as

F p ðn þ p þ 1Þ ¼ snp spþ1
p  ð1  sp Þn ð1  sp Þpþ1 : ð34Þ

On the other hand, from Eq. (26) spþ1

p ¼ spp þ 1 as well as (1  sp)p+1 = (1  sp)p + 1 could be written down. In this case Eq. (33)
becomes
 F. Büyükkılıç, D. Demirhan / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 42 (2009) 24–32 29

 
F p ðn þ p þ 1Þ ¼ sn ðsp þ 1Þ  ð1  sp Þn ð1  sp Þp þ 1 :
Alternatively,
F p ðn þ p þ 1Þ ¼ snþp
p  ð1  sp Þnþp þ snp  ð1  sp Þn ð35Þ

is obtained. Thus, taking into account Eq. (31) one ends up with
 nþ1  n
1 1
F p ðn þ p þ 1Þ ¼ snþp
p   þ snp   : ð36Þ
sp sp
Then, in view of Eq. (33), one obtains
F p ðn þ p þ 1Þ ¼ F p ðn þ pÞ þ F p ðnÞ: ð37aÞ
If n ? n  p  1 is taken in this equation then one gets
F p ðnÞ ¼ F p ðn  1Þ þ F p ðn  p  1Þ: ð37bÞ
This is nothing but the recurrence relation for Fibonacci p-numbers. After writing down n ? n + 2 in Eq. (37b) one obtains Eq.
(32). Therefore, we come to the conclusion that; the mathematical form of the physical growth model we have established
for Fibonacci p-numbers in Section 5 is also valid for Binet relation.

7. Determination of growth percents in cumulative growth

Generalized golden sections sp are obtained from the solutions of Eq. (26) [5,8–15]. Growth ratios kp, however, are found
by substituting these roots in Eq. (28). The result are compiled and given in the following list:
p ¼ 0; s0 ¼ 2:000; k0 ¼ 1:000;
p ¼ 1; s1 ¼ 1:618; k1 ¼ 0:618;
p ¼ 2; s2 ¼ 1:465; k2 ¼ 0:465;
p ¼ 3; s3 ¼ 1:380; k3 ¼ 0:380; ð38Þ
p ¼ 4; s4 ¼ 1:321; k4 ¼ 0:321;
.. .. ..
. . .
p ! 1; s1 ! 1 k1 ! 0:
What is observed from the above list is that, when p increases kp decreases and stays in the interval 0 6 kp 6 1. The inves-
tigation we have carried out here puts forward the fact that; Fibonacci p-numbers could be obtained in power law forms
with the help of a cumulative growth mechanism. Moreover, we come to the conclusion that, by making use of the Binet
formula, Fibonacci p-numbers could be written in the following form:
 n
1
F p ðnÞ ¼ ð1 þ kp Þn a   a: ð39Þ
1 þ kp
As emphasized in Section 5, Eq. (32) becomes identical to Eq. (27) whenever n increases, since the second term in Eq. (33)
tends to zero for increasing n. A power law form expression for the Fibonacci-p numbers is given in Eq. (39). As a special case,
if p = 1 is chosen, and the second term is neglected then
F 1 ðnÞ ¼ ð1 þ k1 Þn a ¼ ð1 þ /1 Þn a ð40Þ
is obtained. Here, after visualizing Eq. (31), one could state that growth rate is given by
pffiffiffi
1 1 þ 5
k1 ¼ s1  1 ¼ /1 ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:618 . . . ð41Þ
s1 2
F1(n), however, is the widely known Fibonacci p = 1-numbers. Now, let us accomplish the result: to be precise, cumulative
growth and Fibonacci p-numbers exhibit a parallel construction with each other; in other words, they are isomorphic.
As an example for the clarification of the above statement, one could say that Fibonacci p-numbers and insurance policy
of the profits with compound interest rate are both cumulative growth mechanisms with a growth percentage kp.

8. Division of a quantity into golden sections

In the former section, we have shown that; Fibonacci p-numbers could be obtained by a cumulative growth mechanism
and the value at a stage n is given by Eq. (27). Then sum of the Fibonacci p-numbers at the (n  1).step becomes

Lp ¼ a þ ð1 þ kp Þa þ ð1 þ kp Þ2 a þ    þ ð1 þ kp Þn1 a: ð42Þ
30 F. Büyükkılıç, D. Demirhan / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 42 (2009) 24–32

Dividing Eq. (42) by (1 + kp)n and then rearranging the terms, one obtains

T ¼ að1 þ /1p þ /2p þ . . . þ /pn1 Þ: ð43Þ

This expression enables us to divide a quantity T by the generalized golden sections.

Eq. (43) allows the divisibility of the quantity T into subsegments:

l0 ¼ a; l1 ¼ a/p ; l2 ¼ a/2p ; . . . ; ln1 ¼ a/n1

p : ð44Þ

The set constituted by the elements of Eq. (44) could be named as a generalized random Cantor set. As a special case, after
writing down p = 1; a = 1 one ends up with

l0 ¼ 1; l1 ¼ /1 ; l2 ¼ /21 ; . . . ; ln1 ¼ /1n1 ; ð45Þ

where /1 = 0.618. . . is the well-known golden section. The elements of Eq. (45) constitute the widely known Cantor set. Thus,
it is proved that complex physical structures can be constructed by combinations of random Cantor set elements [31–36].

9. The fractal dimension analysis of the set

Fractal dimension is useful in the determination of the similarities or differences of two experimentally measurable pro-
cesses. It gives the opportunity of measuring the occupation density of the metric space where the process evolves. Thus,
fractal dimension is a realistic instrument in the comparison of the processes.
On this occasion, calculation of the fractal dimension of the elements of the generalized set constructed from the amounts
attained at different stages of the cumulative growth of a quantity a, will be appropriate. Let us calculate the fractal dimen-
sion of this set, in other words, the set whose elements are the Fibonacci p-numbers

fa; ð1 þ kp Þa; ð1 þ kp Þ2 a; ð1 þ kp Þn1 ag: ð46Þ

A measure Md, where d is the dimension of the measure and D is Hausdorff–Besicovitch (H–B) dimension is expressed by
X X
0; d > D;
Md ¼ hðdÞ ¼ dd ¼ NðdÞdd ¼ ddD ! ð47Þ
d!0 1; d < D:
Thus for the problem under consideration, one could write
X
Md ¼ ð1 þ kp Þn a ¼ ddp ¼ ddD
p ; ð48Þ

where
dp ¼ knp a: ð49Þ

In this equation by writing a = 1, one obtains

ln dp
n¼ : ð50Þ
kp
Taking the logarithm of both sides of Eq. (48) reads
n lnð1 þ kp Þ ¼ ðd  DÞ ln dp : ð51Þ
Substituting Eq. (50) in Eq. (51) gives us the H–B dimension, namely
lnð1 þ kp Þ
DH—B ¼ d  : ð52Þ
ln kp
Eq. (52) shows that the H–B dimension depends only on growth percentage. Let us find out the fractal dimension for dif-
ferent Fibonacci numbers by making use of Eq. (52):
for p ¼ 0; s0 ¼ 2:000; k0 ¼ 1:000; DH—B ðk0 Þ ¼ 1;
for p ¼ 1; s1 ¼ 1:618; k1 ¼ 0:618; DH—B ðk1 Þ ¼ 2:000;
for p ¼ 2; s2 ¼ 1:465; k2 ¼ 0:465; DH—B ðk2 Þ ¼ 1:500;
for p ¼ 3; s3 ¼ 1:380; k3 ¼ 0:380; DH—B ðk3 Þ ¼ 43 ¼ 1:333; ð53Þ
for p ¼ 4; s4 ¼ 1:324; k4 ¼ 0:321; DH—B ðk4 Þ ¼ 54 ¼ 1:250
.. .. .. ..
. . . .
for p ¼ 1; s1 ¼ 1:000; k1 ¼ 0:000; DH—B ðk1 Þ ¼ 1:000:
As a straightforward application, let us present DH–B dimension of the widely known Triadic-Koch curve. According to our
approach, Triadic-Koch curve is a cumulative growth with ktk ¼ 1=3 in accordance with Eq. (28). Thus, Eq. (52) now reads
 F. Büyükkılıç, D. Demirhan / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 42 (2009) 24–32 31

DH—B ¼ ln 4= ln 3, which is a well known result in the literature. This conclusion is a concrete confirmation of our approach to
cumulative growth.
Consequently, it is seen that, when kp increases DH–B increases. On the other hand, from Eq. (52) using Eqs. (26) and (31),
DH–B dimension which depends only on index p could be calculated for the fractal dimension of Fibonacci p-numbers:
ln sp pþ1
DH—B ¼ d  ¼ : ð54Þ
p lnð1=sp Þ p
As stated above, DH–B depends solely on p and when p increases DH–B decreases and tends to the final value of one. Moreover,
solutions obtained from Eq. (54) are in agreement with the results in Eq. (53). From the Fibonacci p-numbers point of view, it
is observed from Eq. (53) that, DH–B values belonging to Triadic-Koch curve fall in between the values p = 3 and p = 4.

10. Conclusion and discussion

Mathematical formulations in the description of physical processes of independent trials encountered in Markovian ap-
proaches in the Eucledean space are generally inadequate. In this content, there is a need for harmony mathematics in order
to describe the phenomena which possess long range memory effect and evolve in a fractal space, i.e. non- Eucledean space.
At this point of our investigations on the subject we involve with Fibonacci recurrence relation and Fibonacci p-numbers.
In this study, fractal structure of the space, in other words, discrete evolution of the process and long range memory ef-
fects are introduced to the solution of the problem by Fibonacci recurrence approach. In the present work, Fibonacci p-num-
bers are expressed in power law forms and in terms of growth percentages and we think that such an approach does not
exist in the present literature as far as to our knowledge. The set of the assembly, belonging to the cumulative growth is build
up by segments obtained in the process. Moreover, in this study it is shown that by reversing the growth, generalized ran-
dom Cantor set could be obtained. A physical mechanism is also put forward concerning the existence of the golden ratio
which is frequently used by M.S. El Naschie in his works on high energy physics. In the course of the investigations, general-
ized golden ratios are related to growth rates and generalized fractal dimensions for generalized random Cantor set are also
calculated.
It is emphasized that, as a result of cumulative effect, laws expressed in exponential forms should actually be in power
forms. By a simple transfer mechanism, the physical origin of power law forms of distributions that exist in non-extensive
thermostatistics is clarified. In this content, it is shown that the entropy index q of the non-extensive thermostatistics is the
number of the stages of the evolving physical systems during their orientation towards equilibrium.
Finally, we could say that the golden section which is met in a wide region of interest starting from high energy physics,
biology and extending to arts and other branches of science is put forward by a simple mechanism and this ratio is related to
the growth rate of the process under investigation.

Acknowledgement

The authors are indebted to Prof. M.S. El Naschie for his valuable comments on the manuscript and encouragement of our
study on the subject. We also thank to the anonymous referees for their comments which brought the manuscript to the
attention of Chief Editor Prof. M.S. El Naschie.

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