a Tee I Laboratory 12 Op-Amps I + Follower + Inverting Amplifier . Voltage Summer * Current-to-voltage Conversion * Non-inverting Amplifier ‘Text Material . Diefenderfer & Holton 3rd edition: Sections 9-1 to 9-7 Equipment Needed * Oscilloscope + Function Generator * Resistor Substitution Box Components Needed * (1) 741 Operational Amplifier * (1) 100 kQ Resistor . Assorted other resistors depending on student design Some Background While discrete transistors can be used to construct a variety of instrumentation circuits, nothing beats the operational amplifier when it comes to simplicity of use in voltage and current amplification and other mathematical functions. Although the operational amplifier, or op-amp, is virtually a black box to most users, the black box can. be used as long as its function is understood and limitations are realized. Here we move into the world of integrated circuits and the world of straightforward, modem, instrumentation circuits. ‘There are six parts to this laboratory as follows: Part A: Follower Part B: Inverting Amplifier Non-inverting Amplifier Part D: Difference Amplifier Voltage Summer Current-to-voltage Conversion‘Remember the four rules for an ideal op-amp outlined on page 185 of the text: 1, The circuitry of an operational amplifier with a closed, negative feedback loop will adjust its output in any way it can, in order to make the inverting input (IN) and non-inverting (IN,) input terminals of the device equal in voltage. 2. The inputs draw no current (the input impedance is infinite). 3. The gain, or voltage amplification, is infinite, ‘The output impedance is zero. Part A: Follower ‘We have already explored the transistor follower. Here we use an op-amp in its most simple configuration, as a follower. A follower is not very complicated in its function. It merely serves to buffer a high impedance (can not source much current) circuit or transducer to one of lower impedance. The voltage “into” the follower is identical to the voltage “out” of the follower. It’s the current gain that’s important. I. __ Figure 12-1 shows a 741 op-amp connected as a follower. Construct the circuit noting pin-outs shown in Figure 12-2. CAUTION: The circuits we have used in earlier labs are more forgiving if you |power them improperly. IC's are not as forgiving. Always double check all connections, icularly the power connections, before turning on the power. Always power the circuit before powering the input source. If an IC gets hot, chances are something is wrong with the power connections. V out Vin av Figure 12-1 Op-Amp Voltage Follower©) 5 4V power offset Null ze output Doom |O 2 4 Vinv 5 -V power Offset Null_—V non-inv Figure 12-2 Pin-outs for 741 op-amp, note numbering scheme (counter-clockewise starting bottom left) ‘which is general fr virtually eLIC's Drive the follower with a 100 mV sine wave of 10 kHz. Is Vouridentical? Is there a phase shift, that is does Vout= Vin OF Vout=~ Vin? ‘Vary the input frequency. At what upper frequency does the output drop from being equal to the input? Is there a lower limit? finax fini = Vary the input amplitude. What happens when Vins large? Does the signal get clipped? ‘Question One: Ts the maximum voltage out of the op-amp the same as the ‘power supply voltage? Explain. TL The input impedance of the op-amp follower is very large. Convince yourself of this by charging a 1 [JF capacitor to 5 volts and measuring the voltage across the capacitor with a DMM voltmeter. What happens and why? Recharge the capacitor and connect it between Vin of the follower and ground and measure the voltage at Vout using the same DMM. Now what happens?Question Two: ‘Explain what is happening in the two readings above. PartB: —__Inverting Amplifier IL ___ The op-amp is a marvelous voltage amplifier which does not share the design problems associated with the transistor amplifier of Lab 11. Figure 12-3 shows an inverting amplifier (Vin and Voyt are of different polarities for DC signals , or 180° out of phase for AC signals). Construct the circuit and verify that sree Ni R Gain = Vow. = Ve “ by holding Vin constant, varying Ry from 100k to 100 in decade increments, measuring Vou and computing the measured gain. Compare this to the theoretical gain given above. Vin Figure 12-3 Inverting Voliage Amplifier 95Ri Vout Vou! Vin -Ro/R Question Three: How well is the voltage gain predicted by the G = -Ro /Ri? TL Set Ry = 10k@Qand Ro =100k0, verify that the cireuit works, and measure the voltage between points A and B using the oscilloscope. Is it what you expected? Explain. TIL Change Ry and Ry to produce an inverting amplifier with gain = 104. (Why is leaving Ro = 10002 and setting Rj = 1002 bad idea?) Drive the circuit with a 0.5 mV sine wave of frequency I KHz. What can you say about using op-amps for very high gain amplifiers? 96eee Question Four. Is it possible to produce a circuit with gain -0.1? If so, design one below, if not explain why not. PartC: Non-inverting Amplifier ‘The inverting amplifier suffers from having an input impedance equal to the input resistor Ry. The non-inverting amplifier does not have this problem. It is shown in Figure 12-4 below. Note that the inverting and non-inverting input terminals are reversed from the schematic diagrams of the op-amp above. Vout Vin B 12-4 Nom-inverting amplifier ‘The gain of the non-inverting amplifier is given by zy in = Vow R Gain = Vee = 14% jain v. a a Repeat the steps you performed in Part B and verify that the gain is given by the equation above.-Po/Ry Vout! Vin i 1H(Ro/Ry? How well is the voltage gain predicted by the G Difference Amplifier Part D: drop across a resistor. The The circuits above modify voltages with respect to ground. Often, one wants to read the difference in two voltages, such as the voltage difference amplifier can do this. Figure 12-5 Generic Ditference Amplifier 98A generic difference amplifier is shown in Figure 12-5. The gain is given by vee, ¥.-¥, R when Ry = Ro and R3 = Rp. Choose values for the resistors to yield the gain = Vout (V2 -Vi) = 10. You probably want to use DC voltages for V2 and Vi . Wipers of potentiometers between 12V and ground work well for this. Construct and verify. Sketch your circuit below and any pertinent data,PartE: Voltage Summer Operational Amplifiers had their start in performing mathematical functions (operations). Below is an adder, or summer circuit. Vouris given by Vout=-( Vi/ Ri + V2/ Ro + V3/Rs)Re Construct the circuit choosing values of Rt, Re , R3 and Rr and Vi, V2 and V3.as you wish to verify its operation. You might want to get creative and use multiple function generators... Ri FE v3 V out “ev Figuie 12.6 Adder Creit Sketch your circuit and note relevant data readings.a Part F: Current-to-voltage Conversion ‘Sometimes one needs to convert a current to a voltage. One way to do this is to allow the current to move through a resistor and thus V = IR. However a resistor can interfere with the circuit in question. An op-amp can be used to convert a current to a voltage as shown in Figure 12-7. ‘current in => Vow “12 Figure 12-7 Current-to-voltage converter ‘Vout is given by Vout = lin RF. Construct a current-to-voltage converter stating with Rp=1kQ. Construct a simple current source using a DC power supply and variable resistor (potentiometer). Place a DMM ammeter in the circuit to measure the current into the non-inverting input of the op-amp. Vary the current and verify that Vout=lin Rr. Vary Rr and do the same, Record data below. Question Six: ‘The voltage adder and inverting amplifier are strikingly lar to the current-to-voltage converter. Show that the adder and inverting amplifier ‘can be analyzed as current-to-voltage converters, that is that Vout = lin RF. 101