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INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL

PERFORMANCE CODE for Buildings and Facilities
®
 2018 International Code Council Performance Code® for Buildings and Facilities

First Printing: August 2017

ISBN: 978-1-60983-753-2 (soft-cover edition)

COPYRIGHT  2017
by
INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL, INC.

Date of First Publication: August 31, 2017

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This 2018 International Code Council Performance Code® for Buildings and Facilities is a copy-
righted work owned by the International Code Council, Inc. Without advance written permission from the copyright owner, no
part of this book may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including, without limitation, elec-
tronic, optical or mechanical means (by way of example, and not limitation, photocopying or recording by or in an information
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Trademarks: “International Code Council,” the “International Code Council” logo, “ICC,” the “ICC” logo, “International Code
Council Performance Code,” “ICCPC” and other names and trademarks appearing in this book are trademarks of the Interna-
tional Code Council, Inc., and/or its licensors (as applicable), and may not be used without permission.

PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.

 PREFACE

Introduction
Internationally, the design and regulatory community has embraced the need for a code that
emphasizes performance requirements rather than prescriptive requirements. This need is not
unique to the international community. As such, the International Code Council Performance Code
for Buildings and Facilities (ICCPC), in this 2018 edition, is designed to meet this need through
model code regulations that safeguard the public health and safety in all communities, large and
small.
The International Code Council Performance Code for Buildings and Facilities clearly defines the
objectives for achieving the intended levels of occupant safety, property protection and community
welfare. The code provides a framework to achieve the defined objectives in terms of tolerable lev-
els of damage and magnitudes of design events, such as fire and natural hazards.

The concepts covered by this code are not intended to be any different in scope than those cov-
ered by the 2018 edition of the International Codes (I-Codes) published by the International Code
Council (ICC). However, this code is distinctly different from the other International Codes, which,
in many cases, direct the user to a single solution to address a safety concern for a building or facil-
ity. The ICCPC allows the user to achieve various solutions, systematically. It should be noted that
the family of International Codes, including the International Building Code, International Energy
Conservation Code, International Existing Building Code, International Fire Code, International
Fuel Gas Code, International Green Construction Code, International Mechanical Code, Interna-
tional Plumbing Code, International Private Sewage Disposal Code, International Property Mainte-
nance Code, International Residential Code, International Swimming Pool and Spa Code,
International Wildland-Urban Interface Code and International Zoning Code, is considered to pro-
vide an acceptable solution that will comply with the ICCPC. Conversely, this code provides a proce-
dure to address design and review issues associated with the alternative materials and methods
sections of the codes cited above.

It is strongly recommended that users of this code consult the User’s Guide located in the second
portion of this publication to gain additional insight into the provisions of this code.

The International Code Council Performance Code for Buildings and Facilities provisions provide
many benefits, including the model code development process, which offers an international forum
for design professionals, code officials and other interested parties to discuss performance code
requirements. This forum provides an excellent arena to debate proposed revisions. This model
code also encourages international consistency in the application of provisions.

The I-Codes, including this International Code Council Performance Code, are used in a variety of
ways in both the public and private sectors. Most industry professionals are familiar with the I-
Codes as the basis of laws and regulations in communities across the U.S. and in other countries.
However, the impact of the codes extends well beyond the regulatory arena, as they are used in a
variety of nonregulatory settings, including:

• Voluntary compliance programs such as those promoting sustainability, energy efficiency

and disaster resistance.
• The insurance industry, to estimate and manage risk, and as a tool in underwriting and rate
decisions.
• Certification and credentialing of individuals involved in the fields of building design, con-
struction and safety.
• Certification of building and construction-related products.
• U.S. federal agencies, to guide construction in an array of government-owned properties.
• Facilities management.
• “Best practices” benchmarks for designers and builders, including those who are engaged in
projects in jurisdictions that do not have a formal regulatory system or a governmental
enforcement mechanism.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES iii
 • College, university and professional school textbooks and curricula.
• Reference works related to building design and construction.
In addition to the codes themselves, the code development process brings together building pro-
fessionals on a regular basis. It provides an international forum for discussion and deliberation
about building design, construction methods, safety, performance requirements, technological
advances and innovative products.

Development
This 2018 edition presents the code as originally issued, with changes reflected in the 2003 through
2015 editions and further changes approved by the ICC Code Development Process through 2017. A
new edition such as this is promulgated every 3 years.
This code is intended to establish provisions consistent that adequately protect public health,
safety and welfare; that do not unnecessarily increase construction costs; that do not restrict the
use of new materials, products or methods of construction; and that do not give preferential treat-
ment to particular types or classes of materials, products or methods of construction.

Maintenance
The International Code Council Performance Code for Buildings and Facilities is kept up to date
through the review of proposed changes submitted by code enforcement officials, industry repre-
sentatives, design professionals and other interested parties. Proposed changes are carefully con-
sidered through an open code development process in which all interested and affected parties may
participate.
The ICC Code Development Process reflects principles of openness, transparency, balance, due
process and consensus, the principles embodied in OMB Circular A-119, which governs the federal
government’s use of private-sector standards. The ICC process is open to anyone; there is no cost to
participate, and people can participate without travel cost through the ICC’s cloud-based app, cdp-
Access. A broad cross section of interests are represented in the ICC Code Development Process.
The codes, which are updated regularly, include safeguards that allow for emergency action when
required for health and safety reasons.

In order to ensure that organizations with a direct and material interest in the codes have a voice
in the process, the ICC has developed partnerships with key industry segments that support the
ICC’s important public safety mission. Some code development committee members were nomi-
nated by the following industry partners and approved by the ICC Board:

• American Institute of Architects (AIA)

• International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC)
• National Association of Home Builders (NAHB)
• National Association of State Fire Marshals (NASFM)
The code development committees evaluate and make recommendations regarding proposed
changes to the codes. Their recommendations are then subject to public comment and council-wide
votes. The ICC’s governmental members—public safety officials who have no financial or business
interest in the outcome—cast the final votes on proposed changes.

The contents of this work are subject to change through the code development cycles and by any
governmental entity that enacts the code into law. For more information regarding the code devel-
opment process, contact the Codes and Standards Development Department of the International
Code Council.

While the I-Code development procedure is thorough and comprehensive, the ICC, its members
and those participating in the development of the codes disclaim any liability resulting from the
publication or use of the I-Codes, or from compliance or noncompliance with their provisions. The
ICC does not have the power or authority to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this
code.

iv 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Code Development Committee Responsibilities
(Letter Designations in Front of Section Numbers)
In each code development cycle, proposed changes to this code are considered at the Committee
Action Hearings by nine different code development committees. The committee responsible for
each section of this code is noted by the bracketed letter in front of that section. For example, pro-
posed changes to code sections that have [BS] in front of them (e.g., [BS] 501.1) are considered by
the IBC—Structural Code Development Committee during the Committee Action Hearings in the
2019 (Group B) code development cycle.
The letter classifications corresponding to the code development committee responsible for hear-
ing code change proposals for that section are as follows:
[A] = Administrative Code Development Committee;

[BE] = IBC—Means of Egress Code Development Committee;

[BF] = IBC—Fire Safety Code Development Committee;

[BG] = IBC—General Code Development Committee;

[BS] = IBC—Structural Code Development Committee;

[CE] = Commercial Energy Conservation Code Development Committee;

[F] = International Fire Code Development Committee;

[M] = International Mechanical Code Development Committee; and

[P] = International Plumbing Code Development Committee.

For the development of the 2021 edition of the I-Codes, there will be two groups of code develop-
ment committees and they will meet in separate years.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES v
 Group A Codes Group B Codes
(Heard in 2018, Code Change Proposals (Heard in 2019, Code Change Proposals
Deadline: January 8, 2018) Deadline: January 7, 2019)
International Building Code Administrative Provisions (Chapter 1 of all
– Egress (Chapters 10, 11, Appendix E) codes except IECC, IRC and IgCC, administra-
– Fire Safety (Chapters 7, 8, 9, 14, 26) tive updates to currently referenced stan-
– General (Chapters 2–6, 12, 27–33, dards, and designated definitions)
Appendices A, B, C, D, K, N)
International Fire Code International Building Code
– Structural (Chapters 15–25, Appendices F,
G, H, I, J, L, M)
International Fuel Gas Code International Existing Building Code
International Mechanical Code International Energy Conservation Code—
Commercial
International Plumbing Code International Energy Conservation Code—
Residential
– IECC—Residential
– IRC—Energy (Chapter 11)
International Property Maintenance Code International Green Construction Code
(Chapter 1)
International Private Sewage Disposal Code International Residential Code
– IRC—Building (Chapters 1–10,
Appendices E, F, H, J, K, L, M, O, Q, R, S, T)
International Residential Code
– IRC—Mechanical (Chapters 12–23)
– IRC—Plumbing (Chapters 25–33,
Appendices G, I, N, P)
International Swimming Pool and Spa Code
International Wildland-Urban Interface Code
International Zoning Code
Note: Proposed changes to the ICC Performance Code will be heard by the code development committee noted in brack-
ets [ ] in the text of the ICC Performance Code.

Code change proposals submitted for this code will be heard by the code development commit-
tees noted in brackets [ ] in the text of the code. Because different committees hold Committee
Action Hearings in different years, proposals for this code will be heard by committees in both the
2018 (Group A) and 2019 (Group B) code change cycles.

For example, Section [A] 102.1 is the responsibility of the Administrative Code Development
Committee. As noted in the preceding table, that committee will hold its Committee Action Hear-
ings in 2019 to consider code change proposals for the chapters for which it is responsible. There-
fore, any proposals received for Section [A] 102.1 will be assigned to the Administrative Code
Development Committee and will be considered in 2019, during the Group B code change cycle.

As another example, Section [BG] 802.1 is designated as the responsibility of the IBC—General
Development Committee, which is part of the Group A portion of the hearings. This committee will
hold its Committee Action Hearings in 2018 to consider code change proposals for the chapters for
which it is responsible. Therefore, any proposals received for Section [BG] 802.1 will be assigned to
the IBC—General Development Committee for consideration in 2018.

It is very important that anyone submitting code change proposals understands which code
development committee is responsible for the section of the code that is the subject of the code
change proposal. For further information on code development committee responsibilities, please
visit the ICC website at www.iccsafe.org/scoping.

vi 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Marginal Markings
Solid vertical lines in the margins within the body of the code indicate a technical change from the
requirements of the 2015 edition. Deletion indicators in the form of an arrow ( ¬) are provided in
the margin where an entire section, paragraph, exception or table has been deleted or an item in a
list of items or a table has been deleted.

Adoption
The International Code Council maintains a copyright in all of its codes and standards. Maintaining
copyright allows the ICC to fund its mission through sales of books, in both print and electronic for-
mats. The ICC welcomes adoption of its codes by jurisdictions that recognize and acknowledge the
ICC’s copyright in the code, and further acknowledge the substantial shared value of the public/pri-
vate partnership for code development between jurisdictions and the ICC.
The ICC also recognizes the need for jurisdictions to make laws available to the public. All
I-Codes and I-Standards, along with the laws of many jurisdictions, are available for free in a
nondownloadable form on the ICC’s website. Jurisdictions should contact the ICC at adop-
[email protected] to learn how to adopt and distribute laws based on the International Code
Council Performance Code in a manner that provides necessary access, while maintaining the
ICC’s copyright.
To facilitate adoption, the jurisdiction must establish the following performance groups
for new and/or existing use groups or specific buildings or facilities for the application of this
code (see Chapter 3).
ALLOCATION OF USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONS AND SPECIFIC
BUILDINGS OR FACILITIES TO PERFORMANCE GROUPS
PERFORMANCE GROUP USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION OR SPECIFIC BUILDINGS OR FACILITIES
I
II
III
IV

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES vii
viii 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 EFFECTIVE USE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL
PERFORMANCE CODE FOR
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES

The purpose of the International Code Council Performance Code for Buildings and Facilities
(ICCPC) is to promote innovative, flexible and responsive solutions that optimize the expenditure
and consumption of resources while preserving social and economic value. This approach is unique
to the structure of a performance-based code.
The methodology employed in performance-based codes focuses on outcomes. In other words, a
performance code approach would identify and quantify the level of damage that is acceptable
during and after a fire, earthquake or other event. Generally, but not in all cases, the current pre-
scriptive code focuses on solutions that achieve a certain outcome. The difficulty is that the out-
come is unclear. Therefore, when a design is proposed that is different from the prescriptive code, it
is often difficult to determine whether the approach will be equivalent. There may be other more
appropriate and innovative solutions available. A performance-based code creates a framework
that both clearly defines the intent of the code and provides a process to understand quantitatively
what the code is trying to achieve. Without this framework, the new techniques would be fairly dif-
ficult to accomplish and new methods of construction take longer to implement.

The code is organized into four major parts:

Part I—Administrative (Chapters 1–4)

Part II—Building Provisions (Chapters 5–15)

Part III—Fire Provisions (Chapters 16–22)

Part IV—Appendices (A–E)

Part I—Administrative. Part I of the document contains four chapters in which common
approaches were found for both building and fire. Chapter 1 contains administrative provisions such
as intent, scope and requirements related to qualifications, documentation, review, maintenance
and change of use or occupancy. Also, provisions for approving acceptable methods are provided.
Chapter 2 provides definitions specific to this document.
Chapter 3, Design Performance Levels, sets the framework for determining the appropriate per-
formance desired from a building or facility based on a particular event, such as an earthquake or a
fire. Specifically, the user of the code can more easily determine the expected performance level of
a building during an earthquake. In the prescriptive codes, the required performance is simply pre-
scribed with no method provided to determine or quantify the level of the building’s or facility’s
performance.

Chapter 4 deals with the topics of reliability and durability and how these issues interact with the
overall performance of a building or facility over its life. This issue has always been relevant to codes
and standards but becomes more obvious when a performance code requires a designer to regard
buildings as a system. Reliability includes redundancy, maintenance, durability, quality of installa-
tion, integrity of the design and, generally, the qualifications of those involved within this process.

Parts II and III—Building and Fire. Parts II and III provide topic-specific qualitative state-
ments of intent that relate to current prescriptive code requirements. As noted, Parts II and III are
building and fire components, respectively. The building and fire components were not fully inte-
grated because of concerns relating to how such a document might be used. For instance, a fire
department might want to utilize the document for existing buildings or facilities but would not be
able to adopt chapters dealing with issues such as structural stability or moisture. Therefore, the
code is designed so that a fire department could adopt Parts I and III only. When Part II is adopted,

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES ix
 the entire document should be adopted. Part III should always be included in the adoption of this
code.
Generally, such topic-specific qualitative statements are the basic elements missing from pre-
scriptive codes. The statements follow a particular hierarchy, described below.

Objective. The objectives define what is expected in terms of societal goals or what society
“demands” from buildings and facilities. Objectives are topic-specific and deal with particular
aspects of performance required in a building, such as safeguarding people during escape and res-
cue.

Functional Statement. The functional statement explains, in general terms, the function that a
building must provide to meet the objective or what “supply” must be provided to meet the
“demand.” For example, a building must be constructed to allow people adequate time to reach a
place of safety without exposure to untenable conditions.

Performance Requirement. Performance requirements are detailed statements that break

down the functional statements into measurable terms. This is where the link is made to the accept-
able methods.

Part IV—Appendices. Part IV contains the appendices to the code document. Each of the
appendices relates to specific provisions of this code and is discussed within the User’s Guide as
applicable.

x 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL
PERFORMANCE CODE FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES

Procedural Steps for New Buildings

The following process is an outline for a performance-based design for an entire project or in combi-
nation with a prescriptive approach. This procedure for performance-based design extends from
design preparation through issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy. The steps are as follows:
1. Preparation of a concept report in accordance with Section 103.3.4.2.1 by a qualified design
professional.
2. Design preparation by a design team headed by a qualified principal design professional.
3. Coordination and verification via the principal design professional as a design team leader,
with other design professionals, owners and contractors, when applicable.
4. Submit plans and supporting documents to the code official that shall identify which por-
tions of the design are performance based and which portions are based on the prescriptive
code. The submittal must include deed restrictions proposed to cover future maintenance
requirements and special conditions for the life of the building.
5. Plan review is to be conducted by the code official staff when qualified for performance-
based design.
5.1. When staff is deemed not qualified for a proposed project, acquire qualified con-
tract review services.
5.2. Peer review is an optional approach for obtaining an additional review that is sup-
plemental to the plan review.
6. The code official verifies that applicable prescriptive code provisions and performance-
based objectives are met. When special inspections are required, ensure that documenta-
tion is complete.
7. The code official approves plans and issues a permit.
8. The holder of the permit is responsible to construct in accordance with approved plans and
documents.
9. The code official ensures that qualified inspection services are provided and documented
where required in accordance with the performance-based code and other applicable codes,
and testing requirements are met as follows:
9.1. Phase inspections [reference International Building Code (IBC®) and other Interna-
tional Codes].
9.2. Special inspection (reference IBC).
9.3. Testing where required by design documents.
9.4. Documentation that all requirements are met.
10. Issue Certificate of Occupancy with applicable conditions, where required by the approved
design documents.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES xi
Procedural Steps for Existing Buildings
For significant remodeling, alterations and additions, the design professional shall:
1. Examine applicable design documents, deed restrictions and maintenance requirements to
determine building requirements where the original design is performance based in nature;
prepare a concept report in accordance with Section 103.3.4.2.1.
2. Any features based on a performance approach need to be clearly differentiated from fea-
tures of a building or facility designed using a prescriptive approach.
3. Verify compliance with the operations and maintenance manual.
4. Prepare a report specifying impact and requirements for the proposed design.
5. Prepare design documents based upon applicable performance, prescriptive or combination
of code provisions and specify which codes are applicable for each portion of the design,
including any steps to correct identified deficiencies.
6. Submit reports to the code official for review and acceptance, similar to procedural steps for
a new building.
For change of use with no proposed physical alteration, the design professional shall:
1. Document existing building features and systems that impact fire or emergency perfor-
mance.
2. Verify compliance with the operations and maintenance manual.
3. Prepare appropriate design fire scenarios pertinent to the building or facility and actual use,
considering existing mitigation strategies and protection features.
4. Evaluate performance against Section 304, Maximum Level of Damage to Be Tolerated.
5. Prepare a report detailing impact; design and test systems to the objectives in Part III of this
code.
6. Submit for review and approval in accordance with Chapter 1.

xii 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Flow Chart
The following chart is provided to give guidance as to how the International Code Council Perfor-
mance Code for Buildings and Facilities is intended to work. Essentially, this chart walks the user
through the steps of applying the code. These steps begin with understanding the administrative
process and the objectives of the ICCPC and eventually determining the acceptable methods used
to design, construct, test, inspect and maintain the building or facility.

International Code Council Performance Code

for Buildings and Facilities
General administrative
Administrative procedure particular to a
Provisions performance code
Chapters 1 and 2

Provides guidance on
Design design performance
Performance levels
Levels Chapter 3

Objectives
Code
Topic-specific intent
Functional Statement statements
Chapters 4 through 22

Performance Requirements

Section 103 Acceptable Methods

Not in Authoritative
Prescriptive Documents Other Design
Code Codes Documents
and Design Guides

Solution
Performance Measurable-example
Criteria design load, heat flux

Verification Testing, modeling, etc.

Documentation

Solution

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES xiii
xiv 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I—Administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 CHAPTER 7 PEDESTRIAN

CIRCULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
CHAPTER 1 SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION . . . . 1 Section
PART 1—SCOPE AND APPLICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 701 Means of Egress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Section 702 Accessibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 703 Transportation Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
PART 2—ADMINISTRATION
AND ENFORCEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 CHAPTER 8 SAFETY OF USERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Section Section
102 Administrative Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 801 Hazardous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
103 Acceptable Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 802 Hazards from Building Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
803 Prevention of Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 804 Construction and Demolition Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . 25
Section 805 Signs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
201 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 806 Emergency Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
202 Defined Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
CHAPTER 9 MOISTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN PERFORMANCE Section
LEVELS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
901 Surface Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Section
902 External Moisture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
301 Minimum Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
903 Internal Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
302 Use and Occupancy Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
303 Performance Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 CHAPTER 10 INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . 29
304 Maximum Level of Damage to Be Tolerated. . . . . . 13 Section
305 Magnitudes of Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1001 Climate and Building Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1002 Indoor Air Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
CHAPTER 4 RELIABILITY AND
1003 Airborne and Impact Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
DURABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1004 Artificial and Natural Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Section
401 Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
CHAPTER 11 MECHANICAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
402 Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Section
1101 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PART II—Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Equipment (HVAC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1102 Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
CHAPTER 5 STABILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1103 Piped Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Section
501 Structural Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
CHAPTER 12 PLUMBING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Section
CHAPTER 6 FIRE SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1201 Personal Hygiene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Section
1202 Laundering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
601 Sources of Fire Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1203 Domestic Water Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
602 Limiting Fire Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1204 Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES xv
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 13 FUEL GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 PART IV—Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Section
1301 Fuel Gas Piping and Vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 APPENDIX A RISK FACTORS OF
USE AND OCCUPANCY
CLASSIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
CHAPTER 14 ELECTRICITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Section
Section
A101 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
1401 Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
A102 Functional Statements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
CHAPTER 15 ENERGY EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . 39 A103 Use and Occupancy Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Section
APPENDIX B WORKSHEET FOR ASSIGNING
1501 Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
SPECIFIC STRUCTURES TO
PERFORMANCE GROUPS . . . . . . . . 63
PART III—Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
B101 Risk Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

CHAPTER 16 FIRE PREVENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

APPENDIX C INDIVIDUALLY SUBSTANTIATED
Section DESIGN METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1601 Fire Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Section
C101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
CHAPTER 17 FIRE IMPACT MANAGEMENT. . . . 43
Section APPENDIX D QUALIFICATION
1701 Fire Impact Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 CHARACTERISTICS FOR
DESIGN AND REVIEW
CHAPTER 18 MANAGEMENT OF PEOPLE . . . . . . 45 OF PERFORMANCE-
BASED DESIGNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Section
Section
1801 Management of People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
D101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
CHAPTER 19 MEANS OF EGRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
APPENDIX E USE OF COMPUTER MODELS . . . . 69
Section
Section
1901 Means of Egress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
E101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
CHAPTER 20 EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION, E102 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
ACCESS AND FACILITIES . . . . . . . . 49 E103 Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Section
2001 Emergency Notification, INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Access and Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
USER’S GUIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
CHAPTER 21 EMERGENCY
RESPONDER SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 USER’S GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . 79
Section
2101 Emergency Responder Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

CHAPTER 22 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS . . . . . . . 53

Section
2201 Hazardous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

xvi 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Part I—Administrative

CHAPTER 1

SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 1 establishes the limits of applicability of the code and describes how the code is to be applied and enforced.
Chapter 1 is in two parts: Part 1—Scope and Application (Section 101) and Part 2—Administration and Enforcement (Sections 102 and 103).
The scope statements encompass all portions of the code and provide an overall understanding of the limits and applications of the docu-
ment. The administrative section discusses how this code works in terms of the practical application of the code including stakeholder qualifi-
cations and responsibilities, document submittals, and review and construction verification techniques to demonstrate that performance code
objectives have been satisfied. Additionally, this section emphasizes the importance of the long-term maintenance needs of a performance-
based design and the management of changes to those designs, whether such changes are large or small.

PART 1—SCOPE AND APPLICATION structures. Accordingly, Part II of this code intends build-
ings and structures to provide for the following:
1. An environment free of unreasonable risk of death
SECTION 101 and injury from fires.
GENERAL
2. A structure that will withstand loads associated with
[A] 101.1 Title. These regulations shall be known as the Per- normal use and of the severity associated with the
formance Code of [NAME OF JURISDICTION], hereinafter location in which the structure is constructed.
referred to as “this code.”
3. Means of egress and access for normal and emer-
[A] 101.2 Purpose. To provide appropriate health, safety, gency circumstances.
welfare, and social and economic value, while promoting
innovative, flexible and responsive solutions that optimize 4. Limited spread of fire both within the building and
the expenditure and consumption of resources. to adjacent properties.
[A] 101.3 Scope. 5. Ventilation and sanitation facilities to maintain the
health of the occupants.
[A] 101.3.1 Building. Part II of this code provides require-
ments for buildings and structures and includes provisions 6. Natural light, heating, cooking and other amenities
for structural strength, stability, sanitation, means of necessary for the well being of the occupants.
access and egress, light and ventilation, safety to life and 7. Efficient use of energy.
protection of property from fire and, in general, to secure
8. Safety to fire fighters and emergency responders
life and property from other hazards affecting the built
during emergency operations.
environment. This code includes provisions for the use
and occupancy of buildings, structures, facilities and [A] 101.4.2 Fire. Part III of this code establishes require-
premises, their alteration, repair, maintenance, removal, ments necessary to provide a reasonable level of life safety
demolition, and the installation and maintenance of ameni- and property from the hazards of fire, explosion or danger-
ties including, but not limited to, such services as the elec- ous conditions in facilities, equipment and processes.
trical, gas, mechanical, plumbing, energy conservation and
building transportation systems.
PART 2—ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT
[A] 101.3.2 Fire. Part III of this code establishes require-
ments applicable to the use and occupancy of buildings,
structures and facilities; and to the prevention, control and
SECTION 102
mitigation of fire, life safety and property hazards arising
ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
from this use and from the storage, handling and use of
explosive, flammable and combustible materials, hazard- [A] 102.1 Objective. To achieve and maintain the level of
ous materials and dangerous operations and processes. safety intended by the code.
[A] 101.4 Intent. [A] 102.2 Functional statements.
[A] 101.4.1 Building. To provide an acceptable level of [A] 102.2.1 Qualifications. Registered design profession-
health, safety, and welfare and to limit damage to property als shall possess the knowledge, skills and abilities neces-
from events that are expected to impact buildings and sary to demonstrate compliance with this code.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 1
SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

[A] 102.2.2 Construction document preparation. Con- services required by this section are not provided, the
struction documents required by this code shall be pre- use of this code is prohibited.
pared in adequate detail and submitted for review and [A] 102.3.1.2 Registered design professional in
approval. responsible charge. Where the project requires the ser-
[A] 102.2.3 Review. Construction documents submitted in vices of multiple registered design professionals, a reg-
accordance with this code shall be reviewed for code com- istered design professional in responsible charge shall
pliance with the appropriate code provisions. be retained and furnished who shall have the contrac-
[A] 102.2.4 Construction. Construction shall comply tual responsibility and authority over all required regis-
with approved construction documents submitted in accor- tered design professional disciplines to prepare and
dance with this code, and shall be verified and approved to coordinate a complete and comprehensive set of con-
demonstrate compliance with this code. struction documents for the project.
[A] 102.3.1.3 Peer review. The owner or the owner’s
[A] 102.2.5 Facilities and premises. Facilities and prem-
authorized agent shall be responsible for retaining and
ises shall comply with approved design construction docu-
furnishing the services of a registered design profes-
ments submitted in accordance with this code, and shall be
sional or recognized expert, who will perform as a peer
verified and approved to demonstrate compliance with this
reviewer, where required and approved by the code
code.
official. See Section 102.3.6.3 of this code.
[A] 102.2.6 Equipment and processes. Equipment and
[A] 102.3.1.4 Costs. The costs of special services,
processes and their installation and operation shall comply
including contract review, where required by the code
with approved construction documents submitted in accor-
official, shall be borne by the owner or the owner’s
dance with this code, and shall be verified and approved to
authorized agent.
demonstrate compliance with this code.
[A] 102.3.1.5 Document retention. The owner or the
[A] 102.2.7 Materials and contents. Materials and con- owner’s authorized agent shall retain on the premises
tents shall comply with approved construction documents documents and reports required by this code and make
submitted in accordance with this code, and shall be veri- them available to the code official upon request.
fied and approved to demonstrate compliance with this
code. [A] 102.3.1.6 Maintenance. The owner or the owner’s
authorized agent is responsible to operate and maintain
[A] 102.2.8 Facility operating policies and procedures. a building, structure or facility designed and built under
Policies, operations, training and procedures shall comply this code in accordance with the bounding conditions
with approved documents submitted in accordance with and the operations and maintenance manual.
this code, and shall be verified and approved to demon-
strate compliance with this code. [A] 102.3.1.7 Changes. The owner or the owner’s
authorized agent shall be responsible to ensure that any
[A] 102.2.9 Supplemental enforcement. Administrative change to the facility, process or system does not
provisions of the International Code Council’s family of increase the hazard level beyond that originally de-
codes regarding plan review, permit issue, inspection and signed without approval and that changes shall be doc-
enforcement shall supplement these provisions. umented in accordance with this code.
[A] 102.2.10 Maintenance. Maintenance of the perfor- [A] 102.3.1.8 Special expert. Where the scope of work
mance-based design shall be ensured through the issuance is limited or focused in an area that does not require the
and renewal of certificates over the life of the building. services of a registered design professional or the spe-
[A] 102.2.11 Management of change. Written procedures cial knowledge and skills associated with the practice
managing change to original construction documents, sys- of architecture or engineering, a special expert may be
tem processes, technology, equipment and facilities shall employed by the owner or the owner’s authorized agent
be established and implemented. as the person in responsible charge of the limited or
focused activity. It is the intent of this code that the
[A] 102.2.12 Expected emergency response. Construc-
individual shall possess the qualification characteristics
tion documents shall clearly describe the level of response
required in Appendix D.
expected by emergency responders.
[A] 102.3.1.9 Occupant requirements. The owner or
[A] 102.3 Performance requirements. the owner’s authorized agent is responsible and ac-
[A] 102.3.1 Building owner’s, or the owner’s autho- countable to ensure that occupants and employees who
rized agent’s, responsibility. are required to take certain actions or perform certain
[A] 102.3.1.1 Registered design professional. The functions in accordance with a performance-based
owner or the owner’s authorized agent shall have the design possess the required knowledge and skills and
responsibility of retaining and furnishing the services are empowered to perform those actions.
of a registered design professional, who shall be in [A] 102.3.2 Registered design professional qualifica-
responsible charge of preparing and coordinating a tions. The registered design professional in responsible
complete and comprehensive set of construction docu- charge, architects, engineers and other registered design
ments and other services required to prepare reports and professionals in responsible charge of their discipline as a
other documents in accordance with this code. If the member of a design team shall be responsible and account-

2 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

able to possess the required knowledge and skills to per- [A] 102.3.3.7 Compliance with bounding conditions.
form design, analysis and verification in accordance with The registered design professional shall review the
the provisions of this code and applicable professional completed construction elements, equipment, furnish-
standards of practice. It is the intent of this code that these ings, processes and contents to verify compliance with
individuals possess the qualification characteristics as the bounding conditions and the critical design features
stated in Appendix D. Qualification statements shall be identified in the approved construction documents. The
submitted to the code official for the registered design code official may require that the registered design
professional in responsible charge, registered design pro- professional in responsible charge file a report to ver-
fessionals and special experts to demonstrate compliance ify compliance with the bounding conditions and the
with Appendix D. critical design features at the completion of the project
[A] 102.3.3 Registered design professionals’ and special as a condition of obtaining required certificates.
experts’ responsibilities. [A] 102.3.3.8 Special expert. The scope of work of a
[A] 102.3.3.1 Registered design professional in special expert shall be limited to the area of expertise as
responsible charge. Where multiple design disciplines demonstrated in the documentation submitted to the
are involved, the registered design professional in code official for review and approval. Where a special
responsible charge is responsible to ensure that design expert performs functions of a design, the special
elements are comprehensive and complete before sub- expert shall assume the responsibilities of that phase of
mittals are made to the code official. During the code the design.
review process all designated reports, drawings and [A] 102.3.4 Design documentation.
construction documents necessary to demonstrate com- [A] 102.3.4.1 General. The registered design profes-
pliance with the code shall be submitted by the regis- sional shall prepare appropriate documentation for the
tered design professional in responsible charge. The project that clearly provides the design approach and
responsibilities of the registered design professional in rationale for design submittal, construction and future
responsible charge include those of a registered design use of the building, facility or process.
professional.
[A] 102.3.4.1.1 Required documentation. The doc-
[A] 102.3.3.2 Responsibilities. Registered design pro- umentation for the project shall identify the goals
fessionals are responsible to apply the performance and objectives; the steps undertaken in the analytical
requirements and acceptable methods approach in Sec- analysis; the facility maintenance and testing
tion 103.3 for performance-based designs where using requirements; and limitations and restrictions on the
this code. This code requires design analysis and sup- use of the facility in order to stay within bounding
port documentation to demonstrate the design approach conditions. Where requirements for documentation
and to verify design objectives and compliance with are specified in applicable engineering or design
this code. guides, documentation shall be included in the con-
struction documents. Computer modeling documen-
[A] 102.3.3.3 Supporting documentation. Registered tation shall comply with Appendix E.
design professionals have the responsibility to provide
the appropriate design analysis, research, computations [A] 102.3.4.1.2 Extent of documentation. The
and documentation to demonstrate compliance with level of documentation provided shall be adequate
applicable performance requirements of this code and to convey the required information clearly to the
applicable prescriptive code provisions. involved parties and shall be commensurate with the
scope and complexity of the project.
[A] 102.3.3.4 Acceptable methods. Registered design
professionals shall use authoritative documents or [A] 102.3.4.1.3 Verification of compliance. Docu-
mentation shall be prepared that clearly verifies that
design guides to determine testing and verification
applicable performance and applicable prescriptive
methods for selecting building materials that are com-
code provisions have been met.
patible with the building systems approach selected.
[A] 102.3.4.1.4 Deed restriction. Design features
[A] 102.3.3.5 References. Registered design profes- with bounding conditions that require continued
sionals are responsible to document applicable design maintenance or supervision by the owner or the
guides or authoritative documents for a performance- owner’s authorized agent throughout the life of the
based design and demonstrate how these documents are building, facility or process as conditions of compli-
utilized to substantiate design solutions to show com- ance with the objectives of this code shall be
pliance with the provisions of this code. The use of recorded as a deed restriction until released by the
documents that are not accepted as authoritative docu- code official. Where required by the code official,
ments or design guides requires substantiation with the the deed restriction shall be modified to reflect spe-
code official to obtain acceptance. cific changes.
[A] 102.3.3.6 Documentation of bounding condi- [A] 102.3.4.1.5 Phased and partial occupancy.
tions. The registered design professional shall docu- The construction documents shall include an evalua-
ment all bounding conditions and establish thresholds tion of hazards and proposed resolution of associ-
that determine when changes must be approved by the ated risks during construction in advance of a
code official. request for phased or partial occupancy.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 3
SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

102.3.4.1.6 Emergency response capabilities. 4. Hazard scenarios.

Design documentation shall clearly describe the 5. Design fire loads and hazards.
level of response expected by emergency responders
under the direct control of the owner or the owner’s 6. Final design.
authorized agent. Emergency response capabilities, 7. Evaluation.
staffing levels, training requirements and equipment 8. Bounding conditions and critical design
availability shall be documented as a bounding con- assumptions.
dition.
9. Critical design features.
[A] 102.3.4.2 Reports and manuals. Where required
by the code official, design documentation shall include 10. System design and operational requirements.
a concept report, design report and operations and 11. Operational and maintenance requirements.
maintenance manual. 12. Commissioning testing requirements and
[A] 102.3.4.2.1 Concept report. The concept report acceptance criteria.
shall document the preliminary details of the project, 13. Frequency of certificate renewal.
identify the parties involved in the project, and
define the goals and objectives to be utilized in the 14. Supporting documents and references.
performance-based design analysis. The concept 15. Preliminary site and floor plans.
report shall be submitted to the code official as a [A] 102.3.4.2.3 Operations and maintenance
means of communicating the programming and manual. The operations and maintenance manual
early schematic phase of a proposed project and to shall identify system and component commissioning
obtain concurrence between the code official and the
requirements and the required interactions between
project design team on the goals and objectives to be
these systems. The manual shall identify for the
utilized in the analysis. The concept report shall
facility owner or the owner’s authorized agent and
address but not be limited to the following:
the facility operator those actions that need to be
1. General project information, including sche- performed on a regular basis to ensure that the com-
matic layout and site plan. ponents of the performance-based design are in
2. Definition of project scope. place and operating properly. Furthermore, the oper-
3. Description of building and occupant charac- ations and maintenance manual shall identify the
teristics. restrictions or limitations placed on the use and
operation of the facility in order to stay within the
4. Project goals and objectives.
bounding conditions of the performance-based
5. Selected event scenarios. design. The operations and maintenance manual
6. Methods of evaluation. shall be submitted at the time of the construction
7. Qualification statements for the registered documents submittal, unless the code official
design professional in responsible charge, approves another time based on the type of project
registered design professionals and special and data needed for a composite review. The opera-
experts. tions and maintenance manual shall address but not
be limited to the following:
8. Proposed performance and prescriptive code
usage. 1. Description of critical systems.
9. Conceptual site and building plan. 2. Description of required system interactions.
[A] 102.3.4.2.2 Design report. The design report 3. Occupant responsibilities.
shall document the steps taken in the design analy- 4. Occupant and staff training requirements.
sis, clearly identifying the criteria, parameters, 5. Periodic operational requirements.
inputs, assumptions, sensitivities and limitations
involved in the analysis. The design report shall 6. Periodic maintenance requirements.
clearly identify bounding conditions, assumptions 7. Periodic testing requirements.
and sensitivities that clarify the expected uses and 8. Limitations on facility operations (due to
limitations of the performance analysis. This report bounding conditions).
shall verify that the design approach is in compli-
ance with the applicable codes and acceptable meth- 9. Report format for recording maintenance and
ods and shall be submitted for concurrence by the operation data.
code official prior to the construction documents 10. System and component commissioning
being completed. The report shall document the requirements.
design features to be incorporated based on the anal-
[A] 102.3.5 Design submittal.
ysis. The design report shall address but not be lim-
ited to the following: [A] 102.3.5.1 General. Applicable construction docu-
1. Project scope. ments required in Sections 102.3.2, 102.3.3 and 102.3.4
for submittal in this code and other applicable codes
2. Goals and objectives. under the jurisdiction of the code official shall be sub-
3. Performance criteria. mitted to the code official for review. The documents

4 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

shall be submitted in accordance with the jurisdiction’s [A] 102.3.7 Permits and inspections.
procedures and in sufficient detail to obtain appropriate 102.3.7.1 Permits. Prior to the start of construction,
permits. appropriate permits shall be obtained in accordance
[A] 102.3.5.2 Coordination of construction docu- with the jurisdiction’s procedures and applicable codes.
ment. Design documents shall be coordinated by the
[A] 102.3.7.2 Inspection. Approved inspections shall
registered design professional in responsible charge
be obtained in accordance with the construction docu-
for consistency, compatibility and completeness prior
ments, jurisdiction’s procedures and applicable codes.
to submittal. Documentation shall be provided to the
code official to demonstrate compliance with the per- [A] 102.3.7.3 Verification reports. Inspection, testing
formance provisions, including acceptable methods. and related verification reports shall be filed with the
code official to verify compliance with approved con-
[A] 102.3.5.3 Performance-based design features. struction documents and applicable prescriptive code
The construction documents shall clearly indicate those provisions.
areas of the design that are performance-based and
shall be provided to the code official. [A] 102.3.7.4 Product installation. Compliance shall
be verified for materials, fabrication, manufacturer’s
[A] 102.3.5.4 Extent of documentation and refer- and engineer’s installation procedures by product label-
ences. The code official shall be provided with suffi- ing, certification, quality assurance processes and test-
cient documentation to support the validity, accuracy, ing, as applicable, to verify compliance.
relevance and precision of the proposed methods. Cop-
[A] 102.3.7.5 Compliance verification. At the com-
ies of referenced documentation shall be made avail-
pletion of construction, the code official shall verify
able to the code official.
that inspection and testing reports demonstrate compli-
[A] 102.3.5.5 Inspections, testing, operation and ance with the applicable codes and approved construc-
maintenance. The construction documents shall spec- tion documents.
ify when and where special inspection and testing are
required, the standards of acceptance for demonstrating [A] 102.3.7.6 Operational permits. Prior to initiating
compliance with the construction documents, and oper- facility uses and processes regulated under Part III of
ations and maintenance requirements for future use of this code, appropriate permits shall be obtained.
the building. [A] 102.3.8 Project documentation.
[A] 102.3.5.6 Management of change. The submittal [A] 102.3.8.1 Verification of compliance. Upon com-
shall include appropriate management of change proto- pletion of the project, documentation shall be prepared
col to address how changes in the construction docu- that verifies performance and prescriptive code provi-
ments will be managed for construction, operation and sions have been met. Where required by the code offi-
maintenance activities. cial in accordance with Section 102.3.3.6, the
[A] 102.3.6 Review and approval. registered design professional in responsible charge
[A] 102.3.6.1 Procedures. Document review and shall file a report that verifies bounding conditions are
approval shall be accomplished in accordance with the met.
code official’s procedures. [A] 102.3.8.2 Extent of documentation. Approved
[A] 102.3.6.2 Review. The code official shall be construction documents, the operations and mainte-
responsible to perform a knowledgeable review of the nance manual, inspection and testing records, and cer-
proposed design project to verify compliance with this tificates of occupancy with conditions shall be included
code, or the code official shall retain competent assis- in the project documentation of the code official’s
tance to perform the review in accordance with accept- records.
able standards of practice. [A] 102.3.8.3 Deed restrictions. Design features with
[A] 102.3.6.3 Contract and peer review. Review may bounding conditions determined by the registered
be accomplished by a contract reviewer where the design professional to require continued operation and
reviewer is assigned by the code official. In addition, maintenance by the owner or the owner’s authorized
the code official may require a peer review process to agent throughout the life of the building as conditions
review design criteria and supporting documents and of compliance with the objectives of this code shall be
construction documents. recorded as a deed restriction as required by the code
official until released by the code official.
[A] 102.3.6.4 Approval. After documents and other
supporting data are reviewed and approved by the code [A] 102.3.8.4 Technical opinion. The code official has
official to verify compliance with the applicable codes, the authority to require a technical opinion and report
from an individual or organization with special exper-
permits may be issued.
tise to identify and develop methods of protection from

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 5
SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

special hazards and to determine the acceptability of life of the building or facility at a frequency in accor-
technologies, processes, products, equipment, materials dance with the approved documents.
and uses applicable to the design, operation or use of a [A] 102.3.10.3 Compliance verification. Documents
building or facility. The intent of this code is that the verifying that the building, facilities, premises, pro-
technical opinion and report shall be prepared by a cesses and contents are in compliance with the
qualified individual. See Appendix D. approved construction documents and are maintained
[A] 102.3.9 Certificates. in a safe manner shall be filed with the code official at a
[A] 102.3.9.1 Certificate of occupancy. Prior to occu- frequency approved by the code official.
pancy of a building, a certificate of occupancy shall be [A] 102.3.11 Remodeling, addition or change/approval
obtained from the code official. of use.
[A] 102.3.9.1.1 Continued occupancy. A certificate [A] 102.3.11.1 Analysis of change. The registered
of occupancy is required for the continued occu- design professional shall evaluate the existing building,
pancy of a building. facilities, premises, processes, contents and the applica-
[A] 102.3.9.1.2 Temporary certificate of occu- ble documentation of the proposed change as it affects
pancy. The code official has the authority to issue a portions of the building, facility, premises, processes
temporary certificate of occupancy for a limited and contents that were previously designed for compli-
time with specified conditions, providing all life- ance under a performance-based code. Prior to any
safety items are accepted. change that was not documented in a previously
[A] 102.3.9.1.3 Conditional certificate of occu- approved design, the registered design professional in
pancy. The code official has the authority to issue a responsible charge shall examine the applicable design
certificate of occupancy with conditions valid for a documents, bounding conditions, operation and mainte-
specified time period that requires continued com- nance manuals, and deed restrictions.
pliance with bounding conditions and the operations [A] 102.3.11.2 Coordination of design. Where multi-
and maintenance manual. Failure to maintain com- ple design disciplines are involved, one registered
pliance with the conditions of the certificate of occu- design professional shall be responsible to ensure that
pancy is a violation of this code. design elements are comprehensive and complete
[A] 102.3.9.1.4 Revocation and renewal. Failure of before submittals are made to the code official. During
the building owner or the owner’s authorized agent the code review process, designated reports, drawings
to demonstrate to the code official that the building and construction documents necessary to demonstrate
is being operated and maintained in compliance with compliance with the code shall be submitted by the reg-
Sections 102.3.1.6 and 102.3.9.1 is cause to revoke istered design professional.
or not renew a certificate of occupancy. [A] 102.3.11.3 Change in activity or contents. Any
[A] 102.3.9.2 Certificate of compliance. Prior to use change in activity or contents that results in an increase
of a building, facility, process or premises subject to in hazard or risk that exceeds the bounding conditions
Part III of this code, a certificate of compliance shall be requires an evaluation and approval. The code official
obtained from the code official. shall have the authority to require a full evaluation of
[A] 102.3.9.2.1 Continued use. A certificate of the design.
compliance is required for the continued use or [A] 102.3.11.4 Additions, renovations and related
occupancy of a facility, process or equipment sub- construction changes. Construction activities in exist-
ject to Part III of this code throughout the life of the ing buildings, facilities, premises or processes shall be
facility. evaluated by a registered design professional and docu-
[A] 102.3.9.2.2 Renewal frequency. The certificate mented in a written report, which shall be submitted for
of compliance issued subject to Part III of this code review and approval in conjunction with the permit
shall be renewed at a frequency as determined in the request. The report shall identify whether the proposed
design and approved by the code official. construction exceeds the bounding conditions, which
will result in an increase in hazard or risk beyond that
[A] 102.3.9.2.3 Revocation and renewal. Failure of
expected in the approved original construction docu-
the owner or the owner’s authorized agent to
ment. Where bounding conditions are not exceeded, the
demonstrate compliance with this section is cause to
original construction document need not be revised.
revoke or not renew the certificate of compliance.
Where bounding conditions are exceeded, the original
[A] 102.3.10 Maintenance. construction document shall be revised so that compli-
[A] 102.3.10.1 Owner, or the owner’s authorized ance with this code is perpetuated.
agent’s, responsibility. The owner or the owner’s [A] 102.3.11.5 Designs exceeding bounding condi-
authorized agent is responsible for maintaining the tions. Where a proposed change exceeds the bounding
building or facility in accordance with the approved conditions and does not result in an increase to hazard
documents. or risk, as approved by the code official, any person
[A] 102.3.10.2 Continued compliance. Compliance authorized by the laws of the jurisdiction is allowed to
with the operations and maintenance manual and prepare construction documents and reports for submit-
bounding conditions shall be verified throughout the tal.

6 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

[A] 102.3.11.6 Change in design objectives and [A] 103.2 Functional statements.
bounding conditions. Where changes are proposed to [A] 103.2.1 Approved methodologies. Design approaches
the design objectives and bounding conditions of an shall utilize authoritative documents and design guides to
existing building, facility, process or contents, a written demonstrate that designs are based on applicable and valid
report by the registered design professional shall be technical and scientific methodologies.
prepared to specify the new design objectives and
demonstrate compliance with the current code. [A] 103.2.2 Construction documents. Construction doc-
uments shall indicate the method by which the design and
[A] 102.3.12 Administration and enforcement. construction are to be verified and applicable systems are
[A] 102.3.12.1 Supplemental administrative provi- to be measured.
sions. Administrative provisions of the International [A] 103.2.3 Testing and inspection. Testing and inspec-
Code Council’s family of codes shall supplement the tion of materials and systems shall be based on applicable
performance provisions for plan review, permit issu- authoritative documents and design guides.
ance, inspection, certificate of occupancy or compli-
ance, and enforcement. [A] 103.3 Performance requirements and acceptance
method approach.
[A] 102.3.13 Violations.
[A] 103.3.1 Construction documents. Registered design
[A] 102.3.13.1 Unlawful acts. It shall be unlawful for professionals shall utilize acceptable methods. Construc-
any person, firm or corporation to erect, construct, tion documents shall contain the design approach, analy-
alter, extend, repair, move, remove, demolish or occupy sis, research, computation and criteria for acceptance that
any building, structure or facility regulated by this specify the applicable design guides, and authoritative
code, or cause same to be done, in conflict with or in documents utilized to demonstrate that design objectives
violation of any of the provisions of this code. are met.
[A] 102.3.13.2 Notice of violation. The code official [A] 103.3.2 Construction documents. Construction doc-
shall serve a notice of violation or order on the person uments shall include design verification methods that are
responsible for the erection, construction, alteration, required to demonstrate compliance with design objectives
extension, repair, moving, removal, demolition or and applicable authoritative documents and design guides.
occupancy of a building or facility in violation of the [A] 103.3.3 Individually substantiated design methods.
provisions of this code or in violation of a detail state- Documents that do not meet the criteria for authoritative
ment or construction documents approved thereunder, documents or design guides shall comply with the individ-
or in violation of a permit or certificate issued under the ually substantiated design method criteria in Appendix C.
provisions of this code. Such order shall direct the dis-
continuance of the illegal action or condition and the [A] 103.3.4 Peer review. Designs that propose to use doc-
abatement of the violation. uments that do not meet the criteria for authoritative docu-
ments or design guides shall not be permitted unless
[A] 102.3.13.3 Violation. If the notice of violation is approval is given by the code official. The resulting per-
not complied with promptly, the code official has the formance-based design shall undergo an independent peer
authority to request the legal counsel of the jurisdiction review process.
to institute the appropriate proceeding at law or in
equity to restrain, correct or abate such violation, or to
require the removal or termination of the unlawful
occupancy of the building or structure in violation of
the provisions of this code or of the order or direction
made pursuant thereto.
[A] 102.3.13.4 Penalties. Any person who violates a
provision of this code or fails to comply with any of the
requirements thereof or who erects, constructs, alters or
repairs a building, structure or facility in violation of
the approved construction documents or directive of the
code official or of a permit or certificate issued under
the provisions of this code shall be subject to penalties
as prescribed by law.

SECTION 103
ACCEPTABLE METHODS
[A] 103.1 Objective. To require the use of recognized
authoritative documents or design guides for analysis, mea-
surement of performance and determination of criteria used
to evaluate compliance with the performance requirements of
this code. See Chapter 2 for definitions.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 7
8 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 2

DEFINITIONS

User note:
About this chapter: Codes, by their very nature, are technical documents. Every word, term and punctuation mark can add to or change the
meaning of a technical requirement. It is necessary to maintain a consensus on the specific meaning of each term contained in the code. Chap-
ter 2 performs this function by stating clearly what specific terms mean for the purpose of the code.

SECTION 201 [A] BOUNDING CONDITIONS. Conditions that, if

GENERAL exceeded, invalidate the performance-based design. These
[BG] 201.1 Scope. Unless otherwise expressly stated, the fol- could be maximum allowable conditions such as fuel load or
lowing words and terms shall, for the purposes of this code, type and arrangement of fuel load that must be maintained
have the meanings indicated in this chapter. throughout the life of a building to ensure that design parame-
ters are not exceeded.
[BG] 201.2 Interchangeability. Words used in the present
tense include the future; words in the masculine gender [A] CODE. The term used in this document to refer to the
include the feminine and neuter; the singular number includes International Code Council Performance Code for Buildings
the plural and the plural, the singular. and Facilities. Other codes in the International Code Coun-
cil’s family of codes and the National Electrical Code are
[BG] 201.3 Terms not defined in other codes. Where terms identified where used.
are not defined through the methods authorized by this sec-
tion, such terms shall have ordinarily accepted meanings such [A] COMMISSIONING. The process of verifying that a
as the context implies. system meets design, technical standards and code expecta-
tions via inspection, testing and operational functionality.
[A] CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS. Design drawings
SECTION 202 and written, graphic and pictorial documents prepared or
DEFINED TERMS assembled for describing the design, location and physical
[A] ACCEPTABLE METHODS. Design, analysis and test- characteristics of the elements of a project necessary for
ing methods that have been approved for use in developing obtaining a permit.
design solutions for compliance with the requirements of this [A] CONSULTANT. An individual who provides special-
code. See Section 103. ized services to an owner, designer, code official or contrac-
[BG] AMENITY. An attribute of, or system in, the building tor.
that provides services or functions related to the use of the [A] CONTRACT REVIEW. Plan review, as defined below,
building by the occupants or that contributes to the comfort of performed by a consultant who is retained by the code official
the occupants, and that is not necessary for the minimum pro- for that purpose. ¬
tection of the occupants. For example, an automatic sprinkler [A] DESIGN GUIDE. A document containing a body of
system is not a building amenity. knowledge or information used by practicing architects and
[A] ARCHITECT/ENGINEER. The individual architect or engineers that is not required to meet an open consensus
engineer who is registered or licensed to practice his or her requirement. It represents accepted architectural/engineering
respective design profession as defined by the statutory principles and practices, tests and test data, criteria, loads,
requirements of the professional registration laws of the state safety factors, reliability factors and similar technical data. ¬
or jurisdiction in which the project is to be constructed. See [BS] ESSENTIAL FACILITIES. Buildings and other struc-
Qualification Characteristics in Appendix D. tures that are intended to remain operational in the event of
[A] AUTHORITATIVE DOCUMENT. A document con- extreme environmental loading from flood, wind, snow or
taining a body of knowledge commonly used by practicing earthquake.
architects or engineers. It represents the state of the art, [A] FACILITY. (General Application) Includes all buildings
including accepted engineering practices, test methods, crite- or structures (permanent or temporary), including all fire- and
ria, loads, safety factors, reliability factors and similar techni- life-safety systems installed therein. A facility includes inte-
cal matters. The document portrays the standard of care rior and exterior storage areas, equipment and processes deal-
normally observed with a particular discipline. The content is ing with flammable and combustible substances and
promulgated through an open consensus process or a review hazardous materials, on site. The term includes tents, mem-
by professional peers conducted by recognized authoritative brane structures, mobile and manufactured structures, storage
professional societies, codes or standards organizations, or tanks, piers, wharves and all required access roads and areas.
governmental bodies.
FACILITY. (Only applicable to Section 702). The entire
building or any portion of a building, structure or area,

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 9
 DEFINITIONS

including the site on which such building, structure or area is [A] THIRD-PARTY REVIEW. A term associated with
located, wherein specific services are provided or activities quality assurance and independence from another party
are performed. whose work product is being reviewed. Third-party review
[A] PEER REVIEW. An independent and objective techni- does not apply to the peer review process.
cal review of the design of a building or structure to examine
the proposed conceptual and analytical concepts, objectives
and criteria of the design and construction. It shall be con-
ducted by an architect or engineer who has a level of experi-
ence in the design of projects similar to the one being
reviewed at least comparable to that of the architect or engi-
neer responsible for the project.
[A] PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN. An engineering
approach to design elements of a building based on agreed
upon performance goals and objectives, engineering analysis
and quantitative assessment of alternatives against the design
goals and objectives using accepted engineering tools, meth-
odologies and performance criteria.
[A] PLAN REVIEW. A review of the construction docu-
ments by the code official to verify conformance to applica-
ble performance and prescriptive code requirements.
[A] PRESCRIPTIVE CODES. The International Code
Council’s family of codes, which provide specific (design,
construction and maintenance) requirements for building,
energy conservation, fire prevention, mechanical, plumbing
and so forth.
¬
[A] QUALITY ASSURANCE. Inspection by code officials,
and special inspection and testing by qualified persons and
observation by architects/engineers, where applicable, of the
construction of a building or structure to verify general con-
formance with the construction documents, and applicable
performance and prescriptive code requirements.
[A] REGISTERED DESIGN PROFESSIONAL. An indi-
vidual who is registered or licensed to practice his or her
respective design profession as defined by the statutory
requirements of the professional registration laws of the state
or jurisdiction in which the project is to be constructed.
[A] REGISTERED DESIGN PROFESSIONAL IN
RESPONSIBLE CHARGE. A registered design profes-
sional engaged by the owner or the owner’s authorized agent
to review and coordinate certain aspects of the project, as
determined by the code official, for compatibility with the
design of the building or structure, including submittal docu-
ments prepared by others, deferred submittal documents and
phased submittal documents.
[BG] SAFE PLACE. An interior or exterior area wherein
protection from hazards is provided by construction or appro-
priate separation distance.
[BF] SAFETY SYSTEMS. Designed systems in the build-
ing provided to serve as the protection for the occupants and
the building and contents from hazards.
[BG] SERIOUS INJURY. An injury requiring hospitaliza-
tion or multiple visits to a healthcare provider to effect treat-
ment.
[A] SPECIAL EXPERT. An individual who has demon-
strated qualifications in a specific area, outside the practice of
architecture or engineering, by education, training and expe-
rience.

10 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 3

DESIGN PERFORMANCE LEVELS

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 3 is unique to this code. It is intended to provide a framework to establish minimum levels to which buildings or
facilities should perform when subjected to events such as fires and natural hazards. The minimums established by this chapter are based on
the types of risks associated with the use of the building or facility, the intended function of the building or facility and the importance of the
building or facility to a community. This information is then compared with the type and sizes of events that may affect the building or facility.
As noted in the Effective Use portion of this document, it is intended that this chapter provide a link between the policy makers and the design-
ers. In many respects, this chapter is the performance code equivalent of the height and area requirements, occupancy classifications and
related requirements.

SECTION 301 [BG] 302.3 Guidance. The use and occupancy classifications
MINIMUM PERFORMANCE found in the International Building Code shall be permitted
[BG] 301.1 Purpose. This chapter provides the basis for to be used for guidance in determining the principal purposes
developing the acceptable level of design based on building or functions for buildings or facilities.
use, risk factors and magnitudes of event. Magnitudes are [BG] 302.4 Risk factors. In determining the hazard-related
defined in subsequent chapters of this code but interrelate risk(s) to users of buildings and facilities, the following risk
with this chapter in the development of design methods for factors shall be considered:
the mitigation of hazards. [BG] 302.4.1 Nature of the hazard. The nature of the
[BG] 301.2 Objective. To establish performance groups for hazard, whether it is likely to originate internal or external
buildings and facilities and to establish minimum acceptable to the building or facility, and how it may impact the occu-
losses based on those performance groups. pants, the building or facility, and the contents.
[BG] 301.3 Functional statements. [BG] 302.4.2 Number of occupants. The number of per-
[BG] 301.3.1 Performance level. The performance of a sons normally occupying, visiting, employed in or other-
building or facility is based on the ability of the building wise using the building, facility or portion of the building
or facility to tolerate specified magnitudes of event within or facility.
tolerable limits of damage. [BG] 302.4.3 Length of occupancy. The length of time
[BG] 301.3.2 Demonstration of performance. Perfor- the building or facility is normally occupied by people.
mance is acceptable where the design performance levels [BG] 302.4.4 Sleeping characteristics. Whether people
are demonstrated to be met or exceeded, to the satisfaction normally sleep in the building.
of the code official, in accordance with the assigned or [BG] 302.4.5 Familiarity. Whether the building or facil-
designated use groups, performance groups, magnitudes of ity occupants and other users are expected to be familiar
event and maximum tolerable damage limits; and the with the building or facility layout and means of egress.
objectives, functional statements and performance require-
ments of this code. [BG] 302.4.6 Vulnerability. Whether a significant percent-
age of the building or facility occupants are, or are expected
to be, members of vulnerable population groups such as
SECTION 302 infants, young children, elderly persons, persons with phys-
USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION ical disabilities, persons with mental disabilities, or persons
with other conditions or impairments that could affect their
[BG] 302.1 General. The objective of the assignment of use ability to make decisions, egress without the physical assis-
and occupancy classification is to identify the primary uses of tance of others or tolerate adverse conditions.
buildings and facilities, and portions of buildings and facili-
ties, and to identify risk factors associated with these uses, in [BG] 302.4.7 Relationships. Whether a significant per-
order to facilitate design and construction in accordance with centage of building or facility occupants and other users
other provisions of this code. have family or dependent relationships.
[BG] 302.2 Determination of use. In determining the pri-
mary use of a building or facility, or portion of a building or SECTION 303
facility, the following shall be considered: PERFORMANCE GROUPS
1. Principal purpose or function. The principal purpose [BG] 303.1 Performance group allocation. Use groups and
or function of the building or facility. hazard-related occupancies have been allocated to perfor-
2. Hazards. The hazard-related risk(s) to the users of the mance groups using the risk factors identified in Section
building or facility. 302.4. Specific buildings and facilities have been allocated to

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 11
DESIGN PERFORMANCE LEVELS

performance groups using the risk factors identified in Sec- [BG] 303.3 Magnitudes of event and level of damage. Per-
tion 302.4 combined with the relative importance of protect- formance groups identify the minimum required performance
ing the building or facility to the community. These of buildings or facilities through a relationship of the magni-
performance group allocations are shown in Table 303.1. tude of an event to the maximum level of damage to be toler-
[BG] 303.2 Unique performance group allocation. Where ated shown in Table 303.3. The use of Table 303.3 shall be an
necessary or desired, allocation of specific buildings or facili- iterative process. It shall be used to determine the acceptable
ties to performance groups differing from Table 303.1 is per- impact of certain events based on their magnitude, and then
mitted based on the needs specific to a community or owner or used iteratively to evaluate various designed mitigation fea-
if there are unusual circumstances associated with the building tures. Assignment of performance groups is accomplished
or facility. through consideration of building or facility uses, building or
facility risk factors, and the importance of a building or facil-
ity to a community.
[BG] TABLE 303.1
PERFORMANCE GROUP CLASSIFICATIONS FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
PERFORMANC
USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONS FOR SPECIFIC BUILDINGS OR FACILITIES
E GROUP
Buildings and facilities that represent a low hazard to human life in the event of failure, including, but not limited to:
1. Agricultural facilities.
I
2. Certain temporary facilities.
3. Minor storage facilities.
II All buildings and facilities except those listed in Performance Groups I, III and IV.
Buildings and facilities that represent a substantial hazard to human life in the event of failure, including, but not limited to:
1. Buildings and facilities where more than 300 people congregate in one area.
2. Buildings and facilities with elementary school, secondary school or day care facilities with a capacity greater than
250.
3. Buildings and facilities with a capacity greater than 500 for colleges or adult education facilities.
4. Health-care facilities with a capacity of 50 or more residents but not having surgery or emergency treatment facilities.
III
5. Jails and detention facilities.
6. Any other occupancy with an occupant load greater than 5,000.
7. Power-generating facilities, water treatment for potable water, wastewater treatment facilities and other public
utilities facilities not included in Performance Group IV.
8. Buildings and facilities not included in Performance Group IV containing sufficient quantities of highly toxic gas or
explosive materials capable of causing acutely hazardous conditions that do not extend beyond property boundaries.
Buildings and facilities designated as essential facilities, including, but not limited to:
1. Hospitals and other health-care facilities having surgery or emergency treatment facilities.
2. Fire, rescue and police stations and emergency vehicle garages.
3. Designated earthquake, hurricane or other emergency shelters.
4. Designated emergency preparedness, communication, and operation centers and other facilities required for
emergency response.
5. Power-generating stations and other utilities required as emergency backup facilities for Performance Group IV
buildings or facilities.
IV
6. Buildings and facilities containing highly toxic gas or explosive materials capable of causing acutely hazardous
conditions beyond the property boundaries.
7. Aviation control towers, air traffic control centers and emergency aircraft hangars.
8. Buildings and facilities having critical national defense functions.
9. Water treatment facilities required to maintain water pressure for fire suppression.
10. Ancillary structures (including, but not limited to, communication towers, fuel storage tanks or other structures
housing or supporting water or other fire suppression material or equipment) required for operation of Performance
Group IV structures during an emergency.

12 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 DESIGN PERFORMANCE LEVELS

[BG] TABLE 303.3

MAXIMUM LEVEL OF DAMAGE TO BE TOLERATED BASED ON PERFORMANCE GROUPS
AND DESIGN EVENT MAGNITUDES

INCREASING LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→
PERFORMANCE GROUPS

Performance Performance Performance Performance

Group I Group II Group III Group IV
INCREASING MAGNITUDE OF EVENT
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑

VERY LARGE
MAGNITUDE OF DESIGN EVENT

SEVERE SEVERE HIGH MODERATE

(Very Rare)

LARGE
SEVERE HIGH MODERATE MILD
(Rare)

MEDIUM
HIGH MODERATE MILD MILD
(Less Frequent)

SMALL
MODERATE MILD MILD MILD
(Frequent)

[BG] 303.4 Performance groups. There are four perfor- load, based on realistic event scenarios, the design shall pro-
mance groups (PG), identified as I, II, III and IV. vide high confidence that the corresponding maximum level
[BG] 303.4.1 Performance Group I. The minimum of damage to be tolerated for the appropriate performance
design performance level with which all buildings or facil- group will be met. This relationship is illustrated in Table
ities posing a low risk to human life, should the buildings 303.3.
or facilities fail, shall comply. [BG] 304.2 Level of impact. There are four design perfor-
[BG] 303.4.2 Performance Group II. The minimum mance levels defined in terms of tolerable limits of impact to
design performance level with which all buildings or facil- the building or facility, its contents and its occupants: mild,
ities subject to this code, except those classified as PG I, moderate, high and severe.
PG III or PG IV, shall comply. [BG] 304.2.1 Mild impact. The tolerable impacts of the
[BG] 303.4.3 Performance Group III. The minimum design loads are assumed as follows:
design performance level with which buildings or facilities 304.2.1.1 Structural damage. The building or facility
of an increased level of societal benefit or importance shall does not have structural damage and is safe to occupy.
comply. 304.2.1.2 Nonstructural systems. Nonstructural sys-
[BG] 303.4.4 Performance Group IV. The minimum tems needed for normal building or facility use and
design performance level with which buildings or facilities emergency operations are fully operational.
that present an unusually high risk or that are deemed [BG] 304.2.1.3 Occupant hazards. Injuries to building
essential facilities shall comply. or facility occupants from hazard-related applied loads
[BG] 303.5 Alternative performance group designations. are minimal in numbers and minor in nature. There is a
The performance group for specific buildings or facilities or very low likelihood of single or multiple life loss. The
classes of buildings or facilities is permitted to be redesig- nature of the applied load, such as fire hazards, may
nated with the approval of the code official. If a higher design result in higher levels of expected injuries and damage
performance level is desired, the design team, with the in localized areas, whereas the balance of the areas may
approval of the code official, shall be permitted to choose a sustain fewer injuries and less damage.
higher performance group. For existing buildings or facilities, [BG] 304.2.1.4 Overall extent of damage. Damage to
the code official is authorized to adjust tolerable limits of building or facility contents from hazard-related
impact to a building or facility and its contents. applied loads is minimal in extent and minor in cost.
[BG] 304.2.1.5 Hazardous materials. Minimal haz-
ardous materials are released to the environment.
SECTION 304
MAXIMUM LEVEL OF DAMAGE TO BE TOLERATED [BG] 304.2.2 Moderate impact. The tolerable impacts of
the design loads are assumed as follows:
[BG] 304.1 General. Design performance levels establish
how a building or facility is expected to perform, in terms of [BG] 304.2.2.1 Structural damage. There is moderate
tolerable limits, under varying load conditions. For each mag- structural damage, which is repairable; some delay in
nitude of event (small to very large), considered as a design reoccupancy can be expected.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 13
DESIGN PERFORMANCE LEVELS

[BG] 304.2.2.2 Nonstructural systems. Nonstructural [BG] 304.2.4.1 Structural damage. There is substan-
systems needed for normal building or facility use are tial structural damage, but all significant components
fully operational, although some cleanup and repair continue to carry gravity load demands. Repair may not
may be needed. Emergency systems remain fully oper- be technically possible. The building or facility is not
ational. safe for reoccupancy, as reoccupancy could cause col-
[BG] 304.2.2.3 Occupant hazards. Injuries to building lapse.
or facility occupants from hazard-related applied loads [BG] 304.2.4.2 Nonstructural systems. Nonstructural
may be locally significant, but generally moderate in systems for normal building or facility use may be
numbers and in nature. There is a low likelihood of sin- completely nonfunctional. Egress routes may be
gle life loss with a very low likelihood of multiple life impaired; emergency systems may be substantially
loss. The nature of the applied load, such as fire haz- damaged and nonfunctional.
ards, may result in higher levels of expected injuries [BG] 304.2.4.3 Occupant hazards. Injuries to building
and damage in localized areas, whereas the balance of or facility occupants from hazard-related applied loads
the areas may sustain fewer injuries and less damage. may be high in numbers and significant in nature. Sig-
[BG] 304.2.2.4 Overall extent of damage. Damage to nificant risk to life may exist. There is a high likelihood
building or facility contents from hazard-related of single life loss and a moderate likelihood of multiple
applied loads may be locally significant, but is gener- life loss. The nature of the applied load, such as fire
ally moderate in extent and cost. The nature of the hazards, may result in higher levels of expected injuries
applied load, such as fire hazards, may result in higher and damage in localized areas, whereas the balance of
levels of expected injuries and damage in localized the areas may sustain fewer injuries and less damage.
areas, whereas the balance of the areas may sustain
fewer injuries and less damage. [BG] 304.2.4.4 Overall extent of damage. Damage to
building or facility contents from hazard-related
[BG] 304.2.2.5 Hazardous materials. Some hazard-
applied loads may be total. The nature of the applied
ous materials are released to the environment, but the
load, such as fire hazards, may result in higher levels of
risk to the community is minimal. Emergency reloca-
expected injuries and damage in localized areas,
tion is not necessary.
whereas the balance of the areas may sustain fewer
[BG] 304.2.3 High impact. The tolerable impacts of the injuries and less damage.
design loads are assumed as follows:
[BG] 304.2.4.5 Hazardous materials. Significant haz-
[BG] 304.2.3.1 Structural damage. There is signifi-
ardous materials are released to the environment, with
cant damage to structural elements but there is not large
relocation needed beyond the immediate vicinity.
falling debris; repair is possible. Significant delays in
reoccupancy can be expected.
[BG] 304.2.3.2 Nonstructural systems. Nonstructural SECTION 305
systems needed for normal building or facility use are MAGNITUDES OF EVENT
significantly damaged and inoperable; egress routes
may be impaired by light debris; emergency systems [BG] 305.1 General. Magnitude of event encompasses all
may be significantly damaged, but remain operational. loads that can be reasonably expected to impact on a building
or facility, its users and its contents, during construction and
[BG] 304.2.3.3 Occupant hazards. Injuries to building throughout its intended life. This includes building and facil-
or facility occupants from hazard-related applied loads ity-related and occupancy-related loads, as well as loads
may be locally significant with a high risk to life, but resulting from natural and technological hazards.
are generally moderate in numbers and in nature. There
is a moderate likelihood of single life loss, with a low Determination of magnitude of event shall take into
probability of multiple life loss. The nature of the account the design performance levels established by this
applied load, such as fire hazards, may result in higher code, the risk factors identified in Section 302.4 and specific
levels of expected injuries and damage in localized performance criteria established by relevant authoritative
areas, whereas the balance of the areas may sustain documents.
fewer injuries and less damage. [BG] 305.1.1 Natural hazards. The types of loads affect-
[BG] 304.2.3.4 Overall extent of damage. Damage to ing main-force-resisting systems, components and con-
building or facility contents from hazard-related tents that may be reasonably expected to impact on the
applied loads may be locally total and generally signifi- building or facility, its users and its contents during its
cant. The nature of the applied load, such as fire haz- intended life are provided in Chapter 5 of this code.
ards, may result in higher levels of expected injuries [BG] 305.1.2 Technological hazards. The types of loads
and damage in localized areas, whereas the balance of due to technological hazards that may be reasonably
the areas may sustain fewer injuries and less damage. expected to impact on the building or facility, its users and
[BG] 304.2.3.5 Hazardous materials. Hazardous its contents during construction and throughout its
materials are released to the environment with localized intended life include, but are not limited to:
relocation needed for buildings and facilities in the [BG] 305.1.2.1 Fires (Chapters 6, 16 and 17).
immediate vicinity. [BG] 305.1.2.2 Explosions (Chapters 5, 22 and Section
[BG] 304.2.4 Severe impact. The tolerable impacts of the 801).
design loads are assumed as follows:

14 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 DESIGN PERFORMANCE LEVELS

[BG] 305.1.2.3 Toxic materials (Chapter 22 and Sec-

tion 801).
[BG] 305.1.2.4 Corrosive materials (Chapter 22 and
Section 801).
[BG] 305.1.2.5 Infectious materials or agents (Chapter
22 and Section 801).
[BG] 305.2 Definition of magnitude of event. Magnitude of
event can be defined, quantified and expressed either deter-
ministically or probabilistically in accordance with the best
current practice of the relevant profession as published in rec-
ognized authoritative documents. In some authoritative docu-
ments, magnitude of event may be expressed only for a single
performance group; for example, nominal live and dead loads
are defined only for Performance Group II. In other cases,
magnitude of event may be provided for all performance lev-
els such as seismic provisions. In all cases, it is the responsi-
bility of the design engineer to demonstrate that the design
performance levels are met for the loads anticipated.
[BG] 305.2.1 Classification of event magnitude. For the
purpose of this code, the magnitude of event shall be clas-
sified as: small, medium, large and very large. Where
authoritative documents do not present magnitude of event
in this format, it will be the responsibility of the designer
to relate the loads to this format and to demonstrate that
the minimum design performance levels will be met by the
proposed design.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 15
16 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 4

RELIABILITY AND DURABILITY

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 4 underscores the importance of the reliability of individual protection systems and strategies, as well as the reli-
ability of the interaction of these systems in achieving the design performance level for a particular building or facility addressed in Chapter 3.
Reliability is a function of many factors, including redundancy, maintenance, durability of materials, quality of installations and integrity of
design.

SECTION 401 SECTION 402

RELIABILITY DURABILITY
[BG] 401.1 Objective. To ensure reliability of the system [BG] 402.1 Objective. To assist in the selection of appropri-
necessary to meeting the performance objectives of building, ate materials and construction systems.
facility or processes in accordance with the design. [BG] 402.2 Functional statement. To ensure that a building
[BG] 401.2 Functional statements. will continue to satisfy the objectives of this code throughout
[BG] 401.2.1 Design, installation and maintenance. its life.
Design, install and maintain systems, system components [BG] 402.3 Performance requirements.
and equipment that provide a safety function in strict [BG] 402.3.1 Normal maintenance. From the time a cer-
accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions and with tificate of occupancy is issued, primary building elements
any applicable codes and standards. shall, with only normal maintenance, continue to satisfy
[BG] 401.2.2 Testing and inspection. Test and inspect the performance requirements of this code for the intended
systems, system components and equipment that provide a life of the building.
safety function in strict accordance with the manufactur- [BG] 402.3.2 Intended life of a building. Where the use-
ers’ instructions and with any applicable codes and stan- ful life of building or facility elements or systems is less
dards for both the methods employed and the frequency. than the intended life of the building, provisions shall be
[BG] 401.2.3 Active fire protection systems. Active fire made for timely replacement of those elements, so that the
protection systems such as fire alarm, suppression and objective of this code and the design are maintained.
smoke management systems shall undergo commissioning [BG] 402.3.3 Damage and deterioration. Where damage
testing when first placed into service or following any sub- or deterioration to building or facility elements or systems
stantial alteration. will impact the objectives of this code or the design, those
[BG] 401.2.4 Training. Provide appropriate training to elements or systems shall be repaired or replaced in order
any people who operate, test, maintain or interpret infor- to maintain the level of performance intended by this code.
mation from any safety systems. Where such work is done [BG] 402.3.4 Determination of durability and service
by contractors, ensure that they have the necessary train- life. In determining the useful service life of building ele-
ing and skills. ments, products or systems, an acceptable method for
[BG] 401.3 Performance requirements. determining durability and service life shall be used.
[BG] 401.3.1 Qualifications. Design, installation and
maintenance shall be performed only by qualified people
as approved. Certification or records of training shall be
provided.
[BG] 401.3.2 Documentation. Documentation shall be
maintained at the building that details the systems installed
and their required maintenance and testing methods and
frequency. Records of such maintenance and testing shall
be maintained that demonstrate compliance, the persons
conducting the work and their qualifications.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 17
18 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Part II—Building
CHAPTER 5

STABILITY

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 5 provides the requirements for the structural design of buildings and other structures. Section 501 specifies the
forces for which structures need to be designed and the required performance. This chapter requires a structure to be designed for the
expected forces it will be subjected to throughout its life. This is the same requirement found in Chapter 16 of the International Building Code.

SECTION 501 6. Flood loads (mean return period).

STRUCTURAL FORCES Small: 100 years
[BS] 501.1 Objective. To provide a desired level of structural Medium: 500 years
performance when structures are subjected to the loads that
Large: Determined on a site-specific basis
are expected during construction or alteration and throughout
their intended lives. Very Large: Determined on a site-specific basis
[BS] 501.2 Functional statements. 7. Wind loads (mean return period).
[BS] 501.2.1 Life safety and injury prevention. Struc- Small: 50 years
tures shall be designed and constructed to prevent injury to Medium: 75 years
occupants due to loading of a structural element or system Large: 100 years
consistent with the design performance level determined
in Chapter 3. Very Large: 125 years
[BS] 501.2.2 Property and amenity protection. Struc- 8. Windborne debris loads.
tures shall be designed and constructed to prevent loss of 9. Snow loads (mean return period).
property and amenity consistent with the design perfor- Small: 25 years
mance level determined in Chapter 3.
Medium: 30 years
[BS] 501.3 Performance requirements.
Large: 50 years
[BS] 501.3.1 Stability. Structures, or portions thereof, Very Large: 100 years
shall remain stable and not collapse during construction or
alteration and throughout their lives. 10. Rain loads. See Table 501.3.4.
[BS] 501.3.2 Disproportionate failure. Structures shall 11. Earthquake loads (mean return period).
be designed to sustain local damage, and the structural Small: 25 years
system as a whole shall remain stable and not be dam- Medium: 72 years
aged to an extent disproportionate to the original local
damage. Large: 475 years, but need not exceed two-thirds
of the intensity of very large loads
[BS] 501.3.3 Loss of amenity. Structures, or portions
thereof, shall have a low probability of causing damage or Very Large: 2,475 years. At sites where the
loss of amenity through excessive deformation, vibration 2,475-year, 5-percent damped spectral response
or degradation during construction or alteration and acceleration at a 0.3-second period exceeds 1.5 g
throughout their lives. and at a 1-second period exceeds 0.6 g, very
large ground shaking demands need not exceed a
[BS] 501.3.4 Expected loads. Structures, or portions 5-percent damped response spectrum that at each
thereof, shall be designed and constructed taking into period is 150 percent of the median spectral
account expected loads, and combination of loads, associ- response acceleration ordinate resulting from a
ated with the event(s) magnitude(s) that would affect their characteristic earthquake on any known active
performance, including, but not limited to: fault in the region.
1. Dead loads. 12. Ice loads, atmospheric icing (mean return period).
2. Live loads. Small: 25 years
3. Impact loads. Medium: 50 years
4. Explosion loads. Large: 100 years
5. Soil and hydrostatic pressure loads. Very Large: 200 years

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 19
STABILITY

13. Hail loads.

14. Thermal loads.
[BS] 501.3.5 Safety factors. The design of buildings and
structures shall consider appropriate factors of safety to
provide adequate performance from:
1. Effects of uncertainties resulting from construction
activities.
2. Variation in the properties of materials and the char-
acteristics of the site.
3. Accuracy limitations inherent in the methods used to
predict the stability of the building.
4. Self-straining forces arising from differential settle-
ments of foundations and from restrained dimen-
sional changes due to temperature, moisture,
shrinkage, creep and similar effects.
[BS] 501.3.6 Demolition and alteration. The demolition
or alteration of buildings and structures shall be carried out
in a way that avoids the likelihood of premature collapse.
[BS] 501.3.7 Site work. Site work, where necessary, shall
be carried out to provide stability for construction on the
site and avoid the likelihood of damage to adjacent prop-
erty.

[BS] TABLE 501.3.4

RAIN LOADS
MAGNITUDE OF EVENT DRAINAGE SYSTEM MRI (YEARS) STORM DURATION (MIN.)
Small Primary 25 60
Small Secondary 25 15
Medium Primary 50 60
Medium Secondary 50 15
Large Primary 100 60
Large Secondary 100 15
Very Large Primary 100 30
Very Large Secondary 100 10

20 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 6

FIRE SAFETY

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 6 has two purposes in dealing with fire safety:
1. To reduce the potential of permanently installed building equipment, appliances and services to cause a fire because of their installation.
2. If a fire does occur, this section contains provisions to contain or limit the spread of the fire in a manner allowing safe egress of the occu-
pants; appropriately limit the damage to the building in which the fire originated, to adjacent buildings, and to contents and amenities;
allow fire fighters to perform their duties on the fire scene; and provide detection systems that allow appropriate and timely response to a
fire.

SECTION 601 occurring in the fire loads that may be present in the facility
SOURCES OF FIRE IGNITION during construction or alteration and throughout the intended
[F] 601.1 Objective. To prevent unwanted ignition caused by life.
building equipment and systems. [F] 602.2 Functional statement. Buildings shall be designed
[F] 601.2 Functional statements. with safeguards against the spread of fire so that persons not
directly adjacent to or involved in the ignition of a fire shall
[F] 601.2.1 Fuel-burning appliances and services. Fuel-
burning appliances and services shall be installed in a not suffer serious injury or death from a fire and so that the
manner that reduces their potential as sources of fire igni- magnitude of the property losses are limited as follows:
tion. Performance Group I—High
[F] 601.2.2 Electrical equipment, appliances and ser- Performance Group II—Moderate
vices. Electrical equipment, appliances and services shall Performance Group III—Mild
be installed in a manner that reduces their potential as Performance Group IV—Mild
sources of fire ignition. [F] 602.2.1 Building and adjacent buildings. Buildings
[F] 601.3 Performance requirements. and facilities shall be designed and constructed so that the
building and adjacent buildings or facilities and their occu-
[F] 601.3.1 Uncontrolled combustion and explosion.
pants, contents and amenities are appropriately protected
Fuel-burning appliances and services shall be installed so
that the appliance or service will not cause uncontrolled from the impact of fire and smoke.
combustion or explosion. [F] 602.2.2 Needs of fire fighters. Buildings and facilities
[F] 601.3.2 Fuel-burning appliances and services as shall be designed and constructed so that fire fighters can
sources of ignition. Fuel-burning appliances and services appropriately perform rescue operations, protect property
shall be installed so that they will not become sources of and utilize fire-fighting equipment and controls.
ignition. [F] 602.3 Performance requirements. See Section 1701.3.
[F] 601.3.3 Sparks and arcing. Electrical equipment,
appliances and services shall be installed so that they will
not allow sparks or arcing to escape their enclosures.
[F] 601.3.4 Electrical equipment, appliances and ser-
vices. Electrical equipment, appliances and services shall
be installed so that they will not become sources of igni-
tion.
[F] 601.3.5 Flammable, combustible and explosive
atmospheres. Separate ignition sources from areas where
a flammable, combustible or explosive atmosphere may
exist.

SECTION 602
LIMITING FIRE IMPACT
[F] 602.1 Objective. To provide an acceptable level of fire
safety performance when facilities are subjected to fires

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 21
22 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 7

PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 7 provides performance requirements for three aspects of pedestrian circulation in a building:
1. Means of egress: Section 701 provides guidance by which egress systems for buildings and facilities are designed, evaluated and main-
tained. Section 701 and Chapter 19 contain the same provisions. It was determined that both Part II and Part III ultimately have the same
objectives with regard to egress.
2. Accessibility: Section 702 provides guidelines to ensure disabled persons have reasonable access to and use of buildings to an extent
consistent with that to which people without disabilities are able to access and use buildings. This is consistent with the intent of federal
statutes enacted to protect the rights of people with disabilities.
3. Transportation equipment: Section 703 provides general safety guidelines for installation of elevators, dumbwaiters and escalators
inside or outside buildings. These provisions include use during normal operations, use by fire fighters during emergency operations and
use by maintenance personnel during activities associated with adjusting, servicing and inspecting elevators.

SECTION 701 similar building transportation equipment inside or outside of

MEANS OF EGRESS buildings.
[BE] 701.1 Objective. To protect people during egress and [BG] 703.2 Functional statement. Building transportation
rescue operations. equipment installations for access into, within and outside of
[BE] 701.2 Functional statement. Enable occupants to exit buildings shall provide for the safe movement of all people
the building, facility and premises or reach a safe place as and the safety of maintenance and inspection personnel.
appropriate to the design performance level determined in [BG] 703.3 Performance requirements.
Chapter 3. 703.3.1 General. Building transportation equipment shall:
[BE] 701.3 Performance requirements. See Section 1901.3. 1. Move people safely when starting, stopping, accel-
erating, decelerating or changing direction of travel,
and hold the rated loads.
SECTION 702
ACCESSIBILITY 2. Be constructed to avoid the likelihood of people fall-
ing, tripping, becoming caught and coming in con-
[BE] 702.1 Objective. To provide people with disabilities rea- tact with sharp edges or projections under normal
sonable use of the built environment in a manner consistent and reasonably foreseeable conditions of use.
with that provided to people without disabilities in nonemer-
gency conditions. 3. Be guided and have sufficient running clearances.
[BE] 702.2 Functional statement. Buildings and their site- 4. Have controls to stop and prevent restarting in the
adjacent facilities shall allow all people, including but not event of activation of a safety device.
limited to people with disabilities, functional use of spaces 5. Be capable of being isolated for inspection, testing
based on a space’s intended purpose. and maintenance.
[BE] 702.3 Performance requirements. Safe and usable 6. Have adequate lighting and ventilation during nor-
routes shall be provided that allow people to: mal conditions or upon loss of normal power.
1. Approach, enter and leave buildings and sites to and [BG] 703.3.2 Elevators. Elevators shall be designed and
from adjacent transportation stops, walkways and park- constructed to provide:
ing areas. 1. A means of communication for trapped passengers
2. Move within and use building and site spaces based on in stalled elevators.
a facility’s intended purpose. 2. Emergency recall operation that discharges passen-
gers at the required designated or alternate landing
in the event of a fire emergency.
SECTION 703
3. Emergency in-car operation for fire-fighting and res-
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
cue operations.
[BG] 703.1 Objective. To ensure the safety of all people
4. An environment that ensures the safe operation of
using, maintaining and inspecting elevators, escalators and
the equipment for the anticipated use or application.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 23
24 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 8

SAFETY OF USERS

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 8 addresses protection of people from hazardous materials, hazards related to building materials such as glaz-
ing or materials that emit radiation, and construction and demolition hazards. The chapter specifically provides performance requirements for
signs and emergency notification.

SECTION 801 SECTION 803

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PREVENTION OF FALLS
[F] 801.1 Objective. To protect people and property from the [BG] 803.1 Objective. To prevent people from unintention-
consequences of unauthorized discharge, fires or explosions ally falling from one level to another.
involving hazardous materials. [BG] 803.2 Functional statement. Buildings and their facili-
[F] 801.2 Functional statements. ties shall be constructed to reduce the likelihood of uninten-
[F] 801.2.1 Prevention. Provide adequate safeguards to tional falls.
minimize the risk of unwanted releases, fires or explosions [BG] 803.3 Performance requirements.
involving hazardous materials as appropriate to the design [BG] 803.3.1 Required barriers. A barrier shall be pro-
performance level determined in Chapter 3. vided where people could fall 30 inches (762 mm) or more
[F] 801.2.2 Mitigation. Provide adequate safeguards to from an opening in the external envelope or floor of a
minimize the consequences of an unsafe condition involv- building or its facilities.
ing hazardous materials during normal operations and in [BG] 803.3.2 Roofs. Roofs with permanent access shall
the event of an abnormal condition in accordance with the have barriers provided.
design performance level determined in Chapter 3.
[BG] 803.3.3 Barrier construction. Barriers shall be con-
[F] 801.3 Performance requirements. See Section 2201.3. structed and installed appropriate to the hazard.
[BG] 803.3.4 Openings in barriers. Where barriers have
SECTION 802 openings, the openings shall be of an appropriate size and
HAZARDS FROM BUILDING MATERIALS configuration to keep people from falling through based
on the anticipated age of the occupants.
[BG] 802.1 Objective. To safeguard people from injury
caused by exposure to hazards from building materials.
[BG] 802.2 Functional statement. Building materials that SECTION 804
are potentially hazardous shall be used in ways to avoid CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION HAZARDS
undue risk to people. [BG] 804.1 Objective. To safeguard people from injury or
[BG] 802.3 Performance requirements. illness and to protect property from damage during the con-
[BG] 802.3.1 Construction materials. The quantities of struction or demolition processes.
gas, liquid, radiation or solid particles emitted by materials [BG] 804.2 Functional statement. Provisions are required
used in the construction of buildings shall not give rise to during construction and demolition work to:
harmful concentrations at the surface of the material where 1. Protect authorized personnel from injury resulting from
the material is exposed or in the atmosphere of any space. falling objects, fire, blasts, tripping or falling, or any
[BG] 802.3.2 Glazing. Glass or other brittle materials other risk posed by the construction or demolition oper-
with which people are likely to come into contact shall ation.
comply with one or more of the following: 2. Prevent the entry of unauthorized personnel on the con-
1. If broken upon impact, break in a way that is struction or demolition site.
unlikely to cause injury. 3. Protect property off site from damage resulting from
2. Resist a reasonably foreseeable impact without falling objects, fire, blasts or any other risk posed by
breaking. the construction or demolition operations.
3. Be reasonably protected from impact.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 25
SAFETY OF USERS

[BG] 804.3 Performance requirements. [F] 805.3.5 Accessible building feature signage. Signs
[BG] 804.3.1 Operations and procedures. Sequencing of shall identify accessible facilities and be located suffi-
tasks, procedural methods and equipment shall be such ciently to mark accessible routes.
that:
1. Personnel are protected from injury and illness SECTION 806
attributable to hazards present because of the given EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION
operation.
[F] 806.1 Objective. To provide notification of the need to
2. Adjacent property, property on site and equipment take some manual action to preserve the safety of occupants
are protected from damage from execution of the or to limit property damage.
given tasks.
[F] 806.2 Functional statements.
3. Safety procedures limit the accumulation of com-
bustible materials on site and provide safeguards for [F] 806.2.1 Occupant notification. Where required, ade-
equipment and operations that represent ignition quate means of occupant notification shall be provided to
sources. warn of the presence of a fire or other emergency in suffi-
cient time to enable occupants to take the contemplated
[BG] 804.3.2 Protection from natural hazards. The action without being exposed to unreasonable risk of
structure under construction shall be protected from dam- injury or death.
age due to wind, rain or other natural hazards likely to
occur during construction. [F] 806.2.2 Emergency responder notification. Where
systems are designed to notify emergency responders,
[BG] 804.3.3 Protection of personnel. Provisions for per- such systems shall indicate the type of emergency and the
sonnel movement, transport and support shall be such that: location of the building. Where buildings are large enough
1. Personnel are protected from injury due to falling. to expect difficulty in prompt location of the fire or other
2. Personnel are protected from injury due to falling public emergency, identification of the fire zone of origin
objects. shall be provided at the building.
3. Personnel are protected from injury that could be [F] 806.3 Performance requirements.
caused by the particular operations being conducted. [F] 806.3.1 Type of notification. Notification of occu-
4. Exposure to materials that are known to be health pants shall be by means appropriate to the needs of the
hazards is eliminated. occupants, the use of the building and the emergency
egress strategy employed.
[BG] 804.3.4 Unauthorized entry. The job site shall be
protected from the intrusion of unauthorized personnel. [F] 806.3.2 Sleeping occupants. Where required by the
anticipated use of the building, notification systems shall
be capable of alerting sleeping occupants in reasonable
SECTION 805 time to enable them to reach a safe place before the occur-
SIGNS rence of untenable conditions at any point along the pri-
[F] 805.1 Objective. To identify essential features of the mary egress path.
building to its users.
[F] 805.2 Functional statement. Signs shall identify escape
and rescue routes, hazards, accessible elements where not all
elements are accessible and other essential features of a
building.
[F] 805.3 Performance requirements.
[F] 805.3.1 Visibility. Signs shall be clearly visible and
readily recognizable under the conditions expected for
their purpose.
[F] 805.3.2 Identification of exits and safe places. Signs
shall identify exits and safe places, and be located suffi-
ciently to mark escape/rescue routes and guide people to
exits and safe places.
[F] 805.3.3 Power failure. Signs that identify exits, safe
places and escape/rescue routes shall remain visible in the
event of a power failure.
[F] 805.3.4 Hazard identification. Signs indicating haz-
ards shall be provided in sufficient locations to notify peo-
ple before they encounter the hazard.

26 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 9

MOISTURE

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 9 is intended to prevent moisture from adversely affecting occupant health and safety and the structural and
functional performance of a building. This chapter deals with both the liquid and vapor forms of water.

SECTION 901 [BS] 902.3.2 Building elements in contact with the

SURFACE WATER ground. Walls, floors and structural elements in contact
[BS] 901.1 Objective. To safeguard people from injury and with the ground shall not absorb or transmit moisture in
protect the building or other property from damage caused by quantities that could cause damage to building elements.
surface water and to protect outfalls of drainage systems that [BS] 902.3.3 Concealed spaces and cavities. Concealed
may become contaminated from on-site hazardous material spaces and cavities in buildings shall be constructed in a
storage. way that prevents external moisture from causing degrada-
[BS] 901.2 Functional statements. tion of building elements.
[BS] 901.2.1 Surface water hazards. Buildings and sites [BS] 902.3.4 Moisture during construction. Excess
shall be constructed in a way that protects people and moisture present at the completion of construction shall be
other property from the adverse effects of surface water. capable of being dissipated without permanent damage to
[BS] 901.2.2 Hazardous materials contamination. building elements.
Building or building sites used for the storage or use of
hazardous materials shall include provisions to ensure that
hazardous materials are not accidentally transported across SECTION 903
property lines into drainage outfalls. INTERNAL MOISTURE
[BS] 901.3 Performance requirements. [BS] 903.1 Objective. To safeguard people against illness or
[BS] 901.3.1 Removal of surface water. Surface water injury that could result from accumulation of internal mois-
shall be removed in a manner that avoids damage or nui- ture, and to protect an occupancy from damage caused by free
sance to the building or other property. water from another occupancy in the same building.
[BS] 901.3.2 Contaminated water. Surface water or [BS] 903.2 Functional statement. Buildings shall be con-
water used for fire fighting and other uses shall be routed structed to avoid the likelihood of:
so as not to transport hazardous material across property 1. Fungal growths or the accumulation of contaminants on
lines or into drainage outfalls. linings and other building elements.
[BS] 901.3.3 Surface water runoff. Surface water drain- 2. Free water overflow penetrating to an adjoining occu-
age systems shall convey surface water runoff to an appro- pancy.
priate outfall.
3. Damage to building elements being caused by the use
[BS] 901.3.4 Blockage. Drainage systems shall be con-
structed so as to avoid the likelihood of blockage. of water.
[BS] 901.3.5 Access for cleaning. Drainage systems shall [BS] 903.3 Performance requirements.
be constructed so as to have reasonable access for clean- [BS] 903.3.1 Excess moisture removal and protection.
ing. An adequate means shall be provided to remove excess
moisture from the structure or protect it from the effects of
excess moisture and condensation in all habitable spaces,
SECTION 902 bathrooms, laundries and other locations where moisture
EXTERNAL MOISTURE is potentially generated.
[BS] 902.1 Objective. To safeguard people from injury and [BS] 903.3.2 Overflow. Accidental overflow from sani-
property from damage that could result from external mois- tary fixtures or laundering facilities shall be constrained
ture entering the building. from penetrating another occupancy in the same building.
[BS] 902.2 Functional statement. Buildings shall be con- [BS] 903.3.3 Floor surfaces. Floor surfaces of any space
structed to provide adequate resistance to penetration by, and containing sanitary fixtures or laundering facilities shall be
the accumulation of, moisture from the outside. impervious to water and easily cleaned.
[BS] 902.3 Performance requirements. [BS] 903.3.4 Wall surfaces. Wall surfaces adjacent to
[BS] 902.3.1 Water penetration. Roofs and exterior sanitary fixtures or laundering facilities shall be impervi-
walls shall prevent the penetration of water that could ous to water and easily cleaned.
cause damage to building elements.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 27
MOISTURE

[BS] 903.3.5 Surfaces and building elements. Surfaces

of building elements likely to be splashed or to become
contaminated in the course of the intended use of the
building shall be impervious to water and easily cleaned.
[BS] 903.3.6 Water splash. Water splash shall be pre-
vented from penetrating behind linings or into concealed
spaces.

28 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 10

INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 10 describes the performance provisions of a building’s environment. It is divided into four areas:
1. Section 1001 addresses the space and climate appropriate for the needs of the occupants, the activities and the furnishings.
2. Section 1002 addresses the need to provide adequate clean air within a building or facility. This includes controlling the moisture content,
odors, poisonous fumes, etc. This section is aimed at such problems as “sick building syndrome.”
3. Section 1003 requires that tenant, common and habitable spaces be insulated against sound transmission.
4. Section 1004 establishes the criteria for light for everyday use in habitable spaces and means of egress.

SECTION 1001 lowing products from the spaces in which they are gener-
CLIMATE AND BUILDING FUNCTIONALITY ated:
[BG] 1001.1 Objective. To safeguard people from illness 1. Cooking fumes and odors.
caused by air temperature and to safeguard people from 2. Excessive water vapor from laundering, utensil
injury or loss of amenity caused by inadequate activity space. washing, bathing and showering.
[BG] 1001.2 Functional statements. Buildings shall be con- 3. Odors from sanitary and waste storage spaces.
structed to provide:
4. Gaseous byproducts and excessive moisture from
1. Adequately controlled interior temperatures. commercial or industrial processes.
2. Adequate activity space for the intended use. 5. Poisonous fumes and gases.
[BG] 1001.3 Performance requirements. 6. Airborne particles.
[BG] 1001.3.1 Temperature. Habitable spaces, bath- 7. Products of combustion.
rooms and recreation rooms shall be designed to maintain
8. Off-gases from building materials, fixtures and con-
the internal temperature at a level sufficient for the occu-
tents.
pants while the space is adequately ventilated.
[BG] 1002.3.3 Building materials. Building materials
[BG] 1001.3.2 Space. Habitable spaces shall have suffi- that release quantities of contaminants that cannot be
cient space for activity, furniture and sanitary needs of the maintained at safe levels shall not be used.
occupants.
[BG] 1002.3.4 Contaminated air. Contaminated air shall
be disposed of in a way that avoids creating a nuisance or
hazard to people and other property.
SECTION 1002
INDOOR AIR QUALITY [BG] 1002.3.5 Sufficient supply air. The quantity of air
supplied for ventilation shall account for the demands of
[BG] 1002.1 Objective. To maintain the habitable spaces of any fixed combustion appliances.
buildings and facilities with an environment that is conducive
to the comfort, health and safety of the occupants.
[BG] 1002.2 Functional statement. Habitable spaces within SECTION 1003
buildings shall be provided with air that contains sufficient AIRBORNE AND IMPACT SOUND
oxygen and limits the levels of moisture and contaminants to [BG] 1003.1 Objective. To safeguard people from loss of
levels that are consistent with good health, safety and com- amenity as a result of excessive noise being transmitted
fort. between adjacent tenants or occupancies.
[BG] 1002.3 Performance requirements. [BG] 1003.2 Functional statement. Building elements that
[BG] 1002.3.1 Ventilation. Habitable spaces within are common between tenants or occupancies shall be con-
buildings shall have a means of ventilation that maintains structed to prevent excessive noise transmission from other
air quality at all times that the spaces are occupied and tenants or occupancies or common spaces to habitable spaces.
with the maximum number of occupants anticipated. [BG] 1003.3 Performance requirements.
[BG] 1002.3.2 Collection and removal. Buildings shall [BG] 1003.3.1 Tenant separations. The airborne trans-
have a means of collecting or otherwise removing the fol- mission of sound through tenant separation walls and

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 29
INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT

floors shall be reduced to a level that minimizes its effect

on adjacent occupants.
[BG] 1003.3.2 Floors. The structure-borne transmission
of sound through floors shall be reduced to a level that
minimizes its effect on adjacent occupants.

SECTION 1004
ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL LIGHT
[BG] 1004.1 Objective. To safeguard people from injury or
loss of amenity due to lack of adequate lighting.
[BG] 1004.2 Functional statements.
[BG] 1004.2.1 Lighting for safe movement. Habitable
spaces and means of egress within buildings shall be pro-
vided with adequate artificial lighting to enable safe move-
ment.
[BG] 1004.2.2 General lighting. Adequate natural or arti-
ficial light shall be provided in all habitable spaces.
[BG] 1004.3 Performance requirements.
[BG] 1004.3.1 Illumination. Adequate illumination shall
be provided appropriate to the use and occupancy of the
habitable spaces and means of egress served.
[BG] 1004.3.2 Natural light. Natural light shall provide a
luminance appropriate to the use and occupancy of the
habitable spaces served.

30 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 11

MECHANICAL

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 11 describes the performance provisions for building mechanical systems. It addresses the installation and
functions of HVAC, refrigeration and piped services. The provisions of this chapter focus on the performance of the equipment versus issues
related to indoor air quality. Chapter 10 provides more guidance on indoor air quality and climate.

SECTION 1101 [M] 1102.3.3 Temperature controls. Refrigeration

HEATING, VENTILATION AND equipment shall include devices to monitor and control
AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT (HVAC) temperature.
[M] 1101.1 Objective. To provide the safe installation of the [M] 1102.3.4 Toxic and flammable refrigerants. Refrig-
equipment to condition the air for the health and comfort of eration equipment shall have appropriate safeguards where
the occupants. utilizing toxic or flammable refrigeration agents.
[M] 1101.2 Functional statement. The installation of equip-
ment shall safeguard maintenance personnel and building
occupants from injury and deliver air at the appropriate tem- SECTION 1103
perature for health and comfort. PIPED SERVICES
[M] 1101.3 Performance requirements. [M] 1103.1 Objective. To safeguard people from injury or
illness caused by extreme temperatures or hazardous sub-
[M] 1101.3.1 Protection from equipment. People and stances associated with building services.
building elements shall be protected from contact with hot
and live electrical parts. [M] 1103.2 Functional statement. In buildings with poten-
tially hazardous services containing hot, cold, flammable,
[M] 1101.3.2 Service and replacement ability. The corrosive or toxic liquids or gases, the installations shall be
HVAC system shall allow safe isolation and access for constructed to provide adequate safety for people.
service and replacement of equipment.
[M] 1103.3 Performance requirements.
[M] 1101.3.3 Temperature controls. The HVAC system
shall include devices to monitor and control the tempera- [M] 1103.3.1 Construction. Piping systems shall be con-
ture. structed to avoid the likelihood of:
[M] 1101.3.4 Securing of equipment. HVAC equipment 1. Significant leakage or damage during normal or rea-
and appliances shall be secured in place. sonably foreseeable abnormal conditions.
2. Detrimental contamination of the contents by other
substances.
SECTION 1102 3. Adverse interaction between services or between
REFRIGERATION piping and electrical systems.
[M] 1102.1 Objective. To provide the safe installation and 4. People having contact with pipes that could cause
operation of refrigeration equipment. them harm.
[M] 1102.2 Functional statement. The installation of equip- [M] 1103.3.2 Corrosion. Pipes shall be protected against
ment shall safeguard maintenance personnel and building corrosion in the environment of their use.
occupants from injury.
[M] 1103.3.3 Identification. Piping systems shall be iden-
[M] 1102.3 Performance requirements. tified with markings if the contents are not readily appar-
[M] 1102.3.1 Protection from equipment. People and ent from the location or associated equipment.
building elements shall be protected from contact with hot [M] 1103.3.4 Enclosed spaces. Enclosed spaces shall be
or live electrical parts. constructed to avoid the likelihood of accumulating vented
[M] 1102.3.2 Service and replacement ability. Refriger- or leaking flammable gas.
ation equipment shall allow safe isolation and access for [M] 1103.3.5 Isolation. A piped system shall have isola-
service and replacement of equipment. tion devices that permit the complete system or compo-
nents of the system to be isolated from the supply system
for maintenance, testing, fault detection and repair.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 31
32 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 12

PLUMBING

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 12 contains performance provisions regarding facilities for personal hygiene, laundering, domestic water sup-
plies and wastewater. Accessibility must be addressed for these provisions based on the application of Section 702. The provisions for per-
sonal hygiene require that proper sanitary fixtures, and such things as adequate toilet facilities, be provided for the occupants of a building to
maintain health and to prevent the spread of disease.

SECTION 1201 [P] 1203.3 Performance requirements.

PERSONAL HYGIENE [P] 1203.3.1 Potable water. Water supplies intended for
[P] 1201.1 Objective. To provide facilities with appropriate human consumption, oral hygiene, food preparation and
space, fixtures and equipment for personal hygiene. the washing of cooking equipment shall be potable.
[P] 1201.2 Functional statement. To provide adequate [P] 1203.3.2 Nonpotable water. Water supplies and out-
plumbing fixtures that reasonably protect people from illness lets providing nonpotable water shall be clearly identified.
and provide reasonable access to such fixtures conducive to [P] 1203.3.3 Hot water. Plumbing fixtures and appliances
health, safety and comfort of the occupants. used for personal hygiene, laundering and the washing of
[P] 1201.3 Performance requirements. cooking equipment shall be provided with hot water.
[P] 1201.3.1 Number of plumbing fixtures. Plumbing [P] 1203.3.4 Scalding. Where hot water is provided for
fixtures shall be provided in sufficient numbers appropri- personal hygiene, it shall be delivered at a temperature to
ate for the intended use. avoid scalding.
[P] 1201.3.2 Privacy. Plumbing fixtures shall be located [P] 1203.3.5 Water supply contamination. Water sup-
to provide appropriate privacy. plies shall be installed to avoid potable water contamina-
[P] 1201.3.3 Cleanliness. Plumbing fixtures shall be con- tion.
structed to avoid food contamination and accumulation of [P] 1203.3.6 Flow rate and pressure. Water supplies shall
dirt or bacteria, and permit effective cleaning. be provided to plumbing fixtures, appliances and equipment
[P] 1201.3.4 Wastewater removal. Plumbing fixtures at a flow rate and pressure adequate for their operation.
shall be installed to discharge to drainage systems without [P] 1203.3.7 Leak prevention. Water piping shall be
contaminating food. installed in a leak-free manner.
[P] 1201.3.5 Location of plumbing fixtures. Facilities [P] 1203.3.8 Access. Water systems shall be installed to
for personal hygiene shall be provided in convenient loca- allow adequate access for maintenance.
tions and spaces of appropriate size to permit the use of [P] 1203.3.9 Water piping isolation and protection
the fixtures. from contamination. Water piping shall be installed with
provisions for adequate isolation of the system and
branches and to provide protection from contamination.
SECTION 1202
LAUNDERING [P] 1203.3.10 Hot water vessels. Vessels used for produc-
ing hot water shall be provided with safety devices to
[P] 1202.1 Objective. To provide adequate facilities for laun- relieve excessive pressure and limit temperatures.
dry.
[P] 1202.2 Functional statement. Laundry facilities shall be
provided for use by occupants of dwelling units. SECTION 1204
WASTEWATER
[P] 1202.3 Performance requirement. Space shall be ade-
quate in size for the required fixtures and equipment. [P] 1204.1 Objective. To provide safe drainage and disposal
systems for wastewater from plumbing fixtures, appliances
and equipment.
SECTION 1203 [P] 1204.2 Functional statement. The drainage system shall
DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLIES conduct wastewater to an appropriate disposal point, protect
[P] 1203.1 Objective. To provide sanitary distribution of people from contamination and unpleasant odor, and avoid
water for drinking, food preparation and hygiene. blockages.
[P] 1203.2 Functional statement. Sanitary water shall be [P] 1204.3 Performance requirements.
delivered to fixtures, appliances and equipment at tempera- [P] 1204.3.1 Prevention of blockage and leakage. The
tures appropriate for the intended use. drainage system shall conduct waste water from all plumb-

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 33
PLUMBING

ing fixtures, appliances and equipment, avoiding the likeli-

hood of blockage and leakage.
[P] 1204.3.2 Sewer gases. The drainage system shall be
designed and installed to prevent sewer gases from enter-
ing the building.
[P] 1204.3.3 Accessibility. The drainage system shall be
accessible for maintenance and clearing of blockages.
[P] 1204.3.4 Sewer connection. The drainage system
shall be connected to the sewer in a manner acceptable to
the operator of the sewer system.
[P] 1204.3.5 On-site sewage disposal. On-site sewage
disposal systems shall be designed and installed in an
approved manner.

34 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 13

FUEL GAS

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 13 provides requirements to ensure that use of fuel gas does not create a hazard to occupants. This primarily
means that the fuel gas shall not produce unsafe levels of combustible byproducts or become a source of ignition of an unwanted fire.

SECTION 1301
FUEL GAS PIPING AND VENTS
[FG] 1301.1 Objective. To ensure that fuel gas is distributed
and utilized in a safe manner.
[FG] 1301.2 Functional statement. In buildings where fuel
gas is used as an energy source, the vented and unvented gas
piping systems shall be safe and adequate for their intended
use.
[FG] 1301.3 Performance requirements.
[FG] 1301.3.1 General. Gas piping systems shall be free
of leaks and operated at a safe pressure appropriate to the
appliances served by the system.
[FG] 1301.3.2 Isolation. Gas piping systems shall have
isolation devices that permit isolation of appliances, or
isolation of the gas piping systems from the supply, for
maintenance, testing, leak detection or repair.
[FG] 1301.3.3 Conveyance of products of combustion.
Vented gas appliances shall convey products of combus-
tion directly to the exterior without affecting the operation
of other gas vents.
[FG] 1301.3.4 Safety controls. Vented gas appliances
shall be provided with safety controls that prevent their
operation in the event of failure of forced ventilation sys-
tems or natural draft systems.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 35
36 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 14

ELECTRICITY

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 14 provides for the installation of electrical services and equipment in a manner that minimizes the risk of shock
or electrocution to people and minimizes the possibility that such systems or equipment will start a fire.

SECTION 1401
ELECTRICITY
[BG] 1401.1 Objective. To provide safe installation of elec-
trical power and lighting for building systems and safe use by
building occupants.
[BG] 1401.2 Functional statement. The electrical installa-
tions shall have safeguards against personal injury and the
outbreak of fire.
[BG] 1401.3 Performance requirements.
[BG] 1401.3.1 Protection from live parts. People and
building elements shall be protected against contact with
live parts.
[BG] 1401.3.2 Isolation. The electrical installation shall
allow safe isolation of devices, equipment and appliances.
[BG] 1401.3.3 Protection from excessive current. Peo-
ple shall be protected from the effects of current exceeding
the rating of the installation.
[BG] 1401.3.4 Electromechanical stress. The installation
shall protect all components and equipment from electro-
mechanical stress caused by current exceeding its rating.
[BG] 1401.3.5 Thermal damage. Building elements shall
be protected from thermal damage due to heat transfer or
electric arc from electrical power installations.
[BG] 1401.3.6 Installation environment. The installation
shall operate safely in the intended environment.
[BG] 1401.3.7 Flammable and explosive atmosphere.
The installation shall prevent ignition of the atmosphere
containing flammable or explosive elements.
[BG] 1401.3.8 Essential services and equipment. Essen-
tial services and equipment shall have a power supply pro-
tected in a manner to ensure continued operation for an
appropriate time after a power failure.
[BG] 1401.3.9 Power supplier. The building electrical
installation shall protect the safety features of the power
supplier.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 37
38 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 15

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 15 provides the requirements for building systems and portions of a building that impact energy use in new con-
struction, and promotes the cost-effective use of energy.

SECTION 1501
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
[CE] 1501.1 Objective. To facilitate efficient use of energy.
[CE] 1501.2 Functional statement. Buildings shall have
provisions ensuring efficient use of nonrenewable energy.
[CE] 1501.3 Performance requirements.
[CE] 1501.3.1 Energy performance indices. To provide
for the efficient use of depletable energy sources, the
building envelope shall be designed and constructed
within stated parameters. These parameters are called the
energy performance indices. These indices are the amount
of energy from a depletable energy source passing through
a specified building envelope area during a specified dif-
ference in internal and external temperature. These indices
are based on the region of the country as well as the use of
the building. Equivalent energy performance utilizing
alternative energy conservation techniques is permitted. In
some cases, for certain types of buildings, the local juris-
diction has the authority to choose not to specify energy
performance indices.
[CE] 1501.3.2 Temperature control. For buildings
requiring a controlled temperature, the building design and
construction shall take into account various factors. Nor-
mally, only insulation, types of windows and related build-
ing elements are considered when addressing energy
conservation. However, to provide for the efficient use of
energy, there are several other items that need to be taken
into consideration, such as thermal resistance, solar radia-
tion, air tightness and heat gain or loss from building ser-
vices.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 39
40 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Part III—Fire
CHAPTER 16

FIRE PREVENTION

User note:
About this chapter: There are two ways to deal with fire: it can either be prevented or managed. Chapter 16 provides requirements for fire
prevention, considered one of the more popular roles that fire codes have traditionally filled. The expectation is to limit unwanted ignition to an
acceptable level. It is unreasonable to believe that all unwanted ignition can be eliminated.
This chapter is strongly linked to Chapter 18, Management of People, as many fires can be prevented by adequate training and safety proce-
dures. Public education has a significant impact on individual awareness of fire issues and the likelihood of people exhibiting fire-safe
behavior.

SECTION 1601
FIRE PREVENTION
[F] 1601.1 Objective. To limit or control the likelihood that a
fire will start because of the design, operation or maintenance
of a facility or its systems so as to minimize impacts on peo-
ple, property, processes and the environment.
[F] 1601.2 Functional statement. Facility services, systems
and activities that represent a potential source of ignition or
can contribute fuel to an incipient fire shall be designed, oper-
ated, managed and maintained to reduce the likelihood of a
fire starting.
[F] 1601.3 Performance requirements.
[F] 1601.3.1 Ignition sources. Electrical, mechanical and
chemical systems or processes and facility services capable
of supplying sufficient heat under normal operating condi-
tions or anticipated failure modes to ignite combustible
system components, facility elements or nearby materials
shall be designed, operated, managed and maintained to
prevent the occurrence of fire.
[F] 1601.3.2 Fuel sources. The quantities, configurations,
characteristics or locations of combustible materials,
including components or facility systems, facility ele-
ments, facility contents and accumulations of readily ignit-
able waste or debris shall be managed or maintained to
prevent ignition by facility service equipment and other
ignition sources associated with processes normally pres-
ent or expected to be present within the facility.
[F] 1601.3.3 Ignition and fuel source interactions.
Design, operate, and maintain facility services and facility
system installation locations to prevent the occurrence or
to control the extent of atmospheres likely to pose an igni-
tion hazard.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 41
42 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 17

FIRE IMPACT MANAGEMENT

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 17 provides objectives, functional statements and performance requirements for managing the impact of a fire
event in a building or facility. This chapter assumes that a fire can occur in the facility despite any “prevent fire” measures that are being taken.
The objective is to limit the impact of a fire to an acceptable level on the occupants, the general public and the facility, including its contents,
use and processes. Other inherent objectives in this chapter are to provide some level of protection for the facility’s mission and revenue
stream and the community tax base.

SECTION 1701 [F] 1701.2.7 Structural integrity. Facilities shall be

FIRE IMPACT MANAGEMENT arranged, constructed and maintained so as to limit the
[F] 1701.1 Objective. To provide an acceptable level of fire impact of a fire on the structural integrity of the facility.
safety performance when facilities are subjected to fires [F] 1701.2.8 Capability of building or facility users.
occurring in the fire loads present in the facility during con- Facilities open to persons of varying physical and mental
struction or alteration and throughout the intended life. capabilities shall provide reasonably equivalent levels of
[F] 1701.2 Functional statements. Facilities shall be fire safety protection for those persons to the levels it pro-
designed with safeguards against the spread of fire so that vides for persons without disabilities.
persons not directly adjacent to or involved in the ignition of [F] 1701.3 Performance requirements. Facilities or por-
a fire shall not suffer serious injury or death from a fire, and tions thereof shall be designed, constructed and operated to
so that the magnitude of the property loss is limited as fol- normally prevent any fire from growing to a stage that would
lows: cause life loss or serious injury, taking into account all antici-
Performance Group I—High pated and permitted fire loads that would affect their perfor-
mance. Facilities shall be designed to sustain local fire
Performance Group II—Moderate damage, and the facility as a whole will remain intact and not
Performance Group III—Mild be damaged to an extent disproportionate to the original local
Performance Group IV—Mild damage.
[F] 1701.2.1 Fire potential. Facilities and contents shall [F] 1701.3.1 Interior surface finishes. Interior surface
be maintained in a manner that limits the potential for fire. finishes on walls, floors, ceilings and suspended building
[F] 1701.2.2 Fire impact. Facilities shall be designed, elements shall resist the spread of fire and limit the gener-
constructed and maintained to limit the fire impact to peo- ation of unacceptable levels of toxic gases, smoke and heat
ple and property. appropriate to the design performance level and associated
hazards, risks and fire safety systems or features installed.
[F] 1701.2.3 Time for evacuation. Facilities shall be
designed, constructed, maintained and operated with [F] 1701.3.2 Building materials, processes and con-
appropriate safeguards in place to limit the spread of fire tents. Limit quantities, configurations and combustibility
and products of combustion so that occupants have suffi- of building materials, processes and contents so that fire
cient time to escape the fire. growth and size can be controlled.
[F] 1701.2.4 Limitation on fire spread. Facilities shall be [F] 1701.3.3 Emergency responders. Where necessary,
designed, constructed, maintained and operated in such a provide appropriate measures to limit fire and smoke
manner that the spread of fire through a building is spread and damage to acceptable levels so that fire fighters
restricted, and that fire does not spread to adjacent proper- are not unduly hindered in suppression or rescue opera-
ties. tions.
[F] 1701.2.5 Wildland fires. In wildland interface areas, [F] 1701.3.4 Detection and notification. Where human
facilities and vegetation shall be designed, constructed, intervention or system or equipment response is necessary
arranged and maintained in such a manner to limit the to limit the fire impact, provide appropriate means for
impact to the building and the facilities during a wildland detection and notification of fire.
fire event. [F] 1701.3.5 Activation of detection systems. Fire detec-
[F] 1701.2.6 Emergency responder needs. Facilities tion systems, where provided, shall activate at a fire size
shall be arranged, constructed, maintained and operated appropriate to the fire and life safety strategies selected.
with appropriate safeguards in place to allow fire-fighting [F] 1701.3.6 Activation of suppression systems. Auto-
personnel to perform rescue operations and to protect matic fire suppression systems, where provided as a means
property. of controlling fire growth or to suppress the fire, shall

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 43
FIRE IMPACT MANAGEMENT

deliver sufficient suppression agent to control or suppress [F] 1701.3.15.3 Engineering analyses of potential
the fire as appropriate. fire scenarios. Quantification of the magnitudes of
[F] 1701.3.7 Control of smoke. Smoke control systems, design fire events shall be based on engineering analy-
where provided, shall limit the unacceptable spread of ses of potential fire scenarios that can be expected to
smoke to nonfire areas as appropriate. impact a building through its intended life. For each
design fire scenario considered, the analyses shall
[F] 1701.3.8 Concealed spaces. Construction in con- include the ignitability of the first item, the peak heat
cealed spaces shall inhibit the unseen spread of fire and release rate of the item first ignited, the rate of heat
unacceptable movement of hot gases and smoke, appropri- release and expected fire growth, and the overall fuel
ate to associated hazards, risks and fire safety systems or load, geometry, and ventilation of the space and adjoin-
features installed. ing spaces.
[F] 1701.3.9 Vertical openings. Vertical openings shall [F] 1701.3.15.3.1 Relationship of design fire to
be constructed, arranged, limited or protected to limit fire tolerable damage. When determining (assigning)
and smoke spread as appropriate to the fire and life-safety the magnitude of a design fire event, the physical
strategies selected. properties of the fire and its effluents shall only be
[F] 1701.3.10 Wall, floor, roof and ceiling assemblies. considered in terms of how they impact the levels of
Wall, floor, roof and ceiling assemblies forming compart- tolerable damage. The magnitude of the fire event is
ments including their associated openings shall limit the not required to be characterized solely on the basis
spread of fire appropriate to the associated hazards, risks of the physical size of the fire in terms of its heat
and fire-safety systems or features installed. release and smoke production rates.
[F] 1701.3.11 Structural members and assemblies. [F] 1701.3.15.3.2 Design parameters. Multiple
Structural members and assemblies shall have a fire resis- design fire scenarios, ranging from small to very
tance appropriate to their function, the fire load, the pre- large design fire events, shall be considered to
dicted fire intensity and duration, the fire hazard, the ensure that associated levels of tolerable damage are
height and use of the building, the proximity to other prop- not exceeded as appropriate to the performance
erties or structures, and any fire protection features. group.
[F] 1701.3.12 Exterior wall and roof assemblies’ [F] 1701.3.15.3.3 Factors in determining design
restriction of fire spread. Construction of exterior wall fire scenarios. The development of design fire sce-
and roof assemblies shall restrict the spread of fire to or narios shall consider the use of the room of fire ori-
from adjacent buildings and from exterior fire sources, gin and adjoining spaces, in terms of impact on
appropriate to the associated hazards, risks and fire safety occupant, property and community welfare.
systems or features installed. [F] 1701.3.15.3.4 Justification. Justification of the
[F] 1701.3.13 Exterior wall and roof assemblies’ contri- magnitudes of design fire events and design fire sce-
bution to fire growth. Construction of exterior wall and narios shall be part of the analysis prepared by the
roof assemblies shall resist the spread of fire by limiting registered design professional and shall take into
their contribution to fire growth and development, appro- consideration the reasonableness, frequency and
priate to the associated hazards, risks and fire safety sys- severity of the design fire event and design fire sce-
tems or features installed. narios.
[F] 1701.3.14 Air handling and mechanical ventilation [F] 1701.3.15.3.5 Safety factors. Design fires and
systems. Air handling and mechanical ventilation systems, fire scenarios shall be chosen to provide appropriate
where provided, shall be designed to avoid or limit the factors of safety to provide adequate performance by
unacceptable spread of fire and smoke to nonfire areas as accounting for the following factors:
appropriate.
1. Effects of uncertainties arising from construc-
[F] 1701.3.15 Magnitude of fire event. Design fire events tion activities.
shall realistically reflect the ignition, growth and spread
2. Variations in the properties of materials and
potential of fires and fire effluents that could occur in the
the characteristics of the site.
fire load that may be present in the facility by its design
and operational controls. 3. Accuracy limitations inherent in the methods
used to predict the fire safety of the building.
[F] 1701.3.15.1 Design fire events. Magnitudes of
design fire events shall be described in terms of the 4. Variations in the conditions of facilities, sys-
potential spread of fire and fire effluents given the pro- tems, contents and occupants.
posed design, arrangement, construction, furnishing
and use of a building.
[F] 1701.3.15.2 Range of fire sizes. Magnitudes of
design fire events shall be defined as small, medium,
large and very large, based on the quantification of the
design fire event as a function of the building use and
associated performance group.

44 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 18

MANAGEMENT OF PEOPLE

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 18 addresses tasks people might execute in a performance design. Many times, hazardous materials facilities
depend on building occupants and users to perform certain tasks to avoid and mitigate emergencies. These activities are considered integral
to the success of such facilities. Other examples include restrictions on the types of appliances allowed in the lunchroom or the number of
staff available for certain types of events, such as sporting events. This chapter outlines not only the more traditional prevention and protec-
tion skills that existing prescriptive codes require, but also requires that where the actions or practices of people become a component of a
design, such actions and practices must be maintained.

SECTION 1801 [F] 1801.3.6 Hazardous materials emergency training.

MANAGEMENT OF PEOPLE Develop procedures so that all persons involved in the
[F] 1801.1 Objective. To promote safe practices and actions handling and use of hazardous materials will take the
of people, and to ensure that the actions and practices of peo- appropriate actions in the event of an emergency.
ple who are components of a design are maintained. [F] 1801.3.7 Management of procedures and training.
[F] 1801.2 Functional statements. Provide the administrative controls to ensure that the iden-
tified hazards are controlled, procedures are followed and
[F] 1801.2.1 Training and education for prevention of training occurs.
fires and other emergencies. Through training and edu-
cation, ensure that people possess the necessary skills and [F] 1801.3.8 Validation of policies, procedures and
implement the appropriate actions to prevent fires or other training. Provide the administrative controls to evaluate
emergencies as appropriate to the design performance and validate all policies, procedures and training for occu-
level determined in Chapter 3. pants and staff.
[F] 1801.2.2 Training and education for mitigation of [F] 1801.3.9 Management of change. Whenever new
fires and other emergencies. Through training and edu- occupants, staff, equipment, materials or processes are
cation, ensure that people possess the necessary skills and introduced, the administrative controls shall provide for
implement the appropriate actions during a fire or other appropriate education and training.
emergency as appropriate to the design performance level [F] 1801.3.10 Documentation of reliance on occupants
determined in Chapter 3. and staff. Ensure that all aspects of a performance-based
[F] 1801.3 Performance requirements. design that rely on a response or action from either occu-
pants or staff are clearly identified and documented and
[F] 1801.3.1 Identification of hazards. Provide appropri- that the necessary training and administrative controls are
ate information so that occupants and staff can assist in in place and maintained so that the response or action is
identifying hazards. appropriate.
[F] 1801.3.2 Procedure development and training for
fire or other emergency. Develop procedures and con-
duct training so that occupants and staff can take appropri-
ate actions to prevent fires or other emergencies.
[F] 1801.3.3 Actions during fires or other emergencies.
Provide adequate information so that occupants and staff
know the appropriate actions in the event of a fire or other
emergency.
[F] 1801.3.4 Procedure development and training for
mitigation. Develop procedures and conduct training so
that occupants and staff can take the appropriate actions in
the event of a fire or other emergency.
[F] 1801.3.5 Proper handling and use of hazardous
materials. Provide adequate information so that all per-
sons involved in the handling and use of hazardous materi-
als know the appropriate actions and safeguards for such
materials.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 45
46 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 19

MEANS OF EGRESS

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 19 provides guidance by which egress systems for buildings and facilities are designed, evaluated and main-
tained. This chapter and Section 701 contain the same provisions. It was determined that both Part II and Part III ultimately have the same
objectives with regard to egress. It was decided to duplicate the objectives and functional statements in both Parts II and III and to reference
the reader from Section 701.3 to Chapter 19 for the performance requirements, primarily because Part III is always intended to be adopted.
Because the provisions in Chapter 19 also relate to existing situations, it is more appropriate for those provisions to be found in this chapter.

SECTION 1901 tions in capacity that would hinder the ability of the occu-
MEANS OF EGRESS pants to egress safely.
[BE] 1901.1 Objective. To protect people during egress and [BE] 1901.3.8 Interference with identification of exits.
rescue operations. Means of egress shall be readily identifiable. Buildings
[BE] 1901.2 Functional statement. Enable occupants to exit shall be operated and maintained in a manner that does not
the building, facility and premises or reach a safe place as interfere with the identification of exits.
appropriate to the design performance level determined in [BE] 1901.3.9 Ease of use. Means of egress shall be main-
Chapter 3. tained and operated in such a manner to ensure that all
[BE] 1901.3 Performance requirements. egress facilities are readily openable and available without
special knowledge or effort consistent with the use or
[BE] 1901.3.1 General. The construction, arrangement occupancy characteristics.
and number of means of egress, exits and safe places for
buildings shall be appropriate to the travel distance, num- [BE] 1901.3.10 Maintenance of illumination. Means of
ber of occupants, occupant characteristics, building height, egress shall be maintained and operated in such a manner
and safety systems and features. to ensure that adequate lighting to facilitate safe egress is
available.
[BE] 1901.3.2 Identification, illumination and safety of
means of egress. Means of egress shall be clearly identi-
fied, provided with adequate illumination and be easy and
safe to use.
[BE] 1901.3.3 Unobstructed path. Means of egress shall
provide an unobstructed path of travel from each safe
place to not less than one exit.
[BE] 1901.3.4 Protection from untenable conditions.
Each safe place shall provide adequate protection from
untenable conditions, an appropriate communication sys-
tem and adequate space for the intended occupants.
[BE] 1901.3.5 Human biomechanics and expectation of
consistency. Means of egress shall enable reasonable use
by the occupants in the building with due regard to human
biomechanics and expectation of consistency.
[BE] 1901.3.6 Maintenance of means-of-egress systems.
Suitable means of egress shall be provided in satisfactory
arrangement throughout all buildings, facilities and prem-
ises, regardless of when they were constructed, based on
the number and character of occupants, length of travel,
provision of existing alternative paths, timeline of emer-
gency detection and response, risk level, time to exit and
safety systems provided.
[BE] 1901.3.7 Maintenance of clear path. Means of
egress shall be maintained without obstructions or reduc-

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 47
48 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 20

EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION, ACCESS AND FACILITIES

User note:
About this chapter: Inevitably, various emergencies, including medical emergencies, occur at buildings and facilities. Chapter 20 deals with
notifying appropriate individuals that an emergency exists and providing suitable access and facilities for emergency operations and respond-
ers. This chapter is intended to address the need for some manual action to preserve the safety of people, and limit damage to a building or
structure and its contents.

SECTION 2001 [F] 2001.3.3 Surfaces for fire department apparatus.

EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION, Fire department access shall be on surfaces permitting
ACCESS AND FACILITIES year-round, all-weather travel at a grade appropriate for
[F] 2001.1 Objectives. the fire apparatus.
[F] 2001.1.1 Notification, access and facilities for emer- [F] 2001.3.4 Hose length limitations. Access to struc-
gency responders. To provide and maintain means of tures shall afford the fire department the ability to deploy
notification, access and facilities for emergency operations and operate hose lines without the need to extend the stan-
and responders. dard hose line utilized by the fire department having juris-
diction.
[F] 2001.1.2 Notification for life safety and property
protection. To provide notification of the need to take [F] 2001.3.5 Control valve locations. Within structures,
some manual action to preserve the safety of occupants or means for the deployment and operation of hose lines by
to limit property damage. emergency responders shall be provided such that control
valves for lines shall be no further from potential fire
[F] 2001.2 Functional statements. As appropriate to the sources than the length of hose packs employed by a sin-
design performance level in Chapter 3, the following shall be gle engine company of the fire department having jurisdic-
addressed: tion.
1. Provide and maintain appropriate access for emergency [F] 2001.3.6 Water supply. Water supply for fire depart-
vehicles. ment operations shall be from a reliable, readily accessible
2. Provide and maintain appropriate access for emergency source acceptable to the fire department and capable of
responders. supporting fire-fighting operations.
3. Provide and maintain necessary staging, command and [F] 2001.3.7 Horizontal or vertical conveyance. Means
control areas, support facilities and equipment for of horizontal or vertical conveyance shall be provided
emergency operations. where necessary to support fire-fighting and emergency
4. Provide sufficient, reliable water for fire-fighting oper- support functions.
ations. [F] 2001.3.8 Staging areas. Where interior operations
5. Provide and maintain appropriate means of promptly may be necessary, areas to stage equipment and from
notifying emergency responders. which to safely conduct and to control suppression opera-
6. Where required, provide and maintain adequate means tions shall be provided.
of occupant notification to warn of the presence of a [F] 2001.3.9 Interaction of access and means of egress.
fire or other emergency in sufficient time to enable Exterior and interior egress and emergency access shall be
occupants to take the contemplated action without arranged and maintained so that building occupants and
being exposed to unreasonable risk of injury or death. emergency responders are unimpeded as each accom-
[F] 2001.3 Performance requirements. plishes its objectives of egress of occupants and access by
emergency responders.
[F] 2001.3.1 Vertical and horizontal clearance for fire
department apparatus. Vertical and horizontal clearance [F] 2001.3.10 Interior and exterior staging. Where nec-
shall permit the unimpeded access of fire department essary to ensure timely and effective emergency opera-
apparatus inclusive of the capability for one apparatus to tions, interior or exterior areas shall be provided for the
pass another apparatus set up and in operation. staging of equipment and apparatus.
[F] 2001.3.2 Protrusions and appurtenances from [F] 2001.3.11 On-site equipment. Where necessary to
structures. Protrusions and appurtenances from structures ensure timely and effective emergency operations, fire-
shall not impede access, including vertical access, to the fighting equipment or other equipment to support such
height of fire department aerial apparatus. operations shall be provided and maintained readily avail-
able for use by emergency responders.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 49
EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION, ACCESS AND FACILITIES

[F] 2001.3.12 Notification requirements. Where systems

are designed to notify the emergency-response agency of
the need to respond to an emergency, such system shall
indicate the type of emergency and the location of the
building, premises or facility. Where such buildings,
premises or facilities are large enough that difficulty is
expected in promptly locating the emergency, identifica-
tion of the area or zone of the emergency shall be provided
at the building, premises or facilities.
[F] 2001.3.13 Notification of occupants. Notification of
occupants shall be by means appropriate to the needs of
the occupants, the use of the building and the emergency
egress strategy employed.

50 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 21

EMERGENCY RESPONDER SAFETY

User note:
About this chapter: Chapter 21 addresses the major issues impacting emergency responder safety. The prescriptive codes have always
made provisions to lessen the dangers to emergency responders, fire fighters in particular; however, this code takes the next step and places
these concerns into a separate chapter. This does not mean that provisions found elsewhere in this document do not also pertain to fire fighter
safety, but only that issues specific thereto are addressed in this chapter. Such provisions can also be found in the chapters on egress,
access and hazardous materials.

SECTION 2101
EMERGENCY RESPONDER SAFETY
[F] 2101.1 Objective. To protect emergency responders from
unreasonable risks during emergencies.
[F] 2101.2 Functional statements. As appropriate to the
design performance level determined in Chapter 3, the fol-
lowing shall be provided:
1. Information to responders regarding hazards present at
the building or premises.
2. Protection against unanticipated structural collapse.
3. Appropriate fire service communications capability.
[F] 2101.3 Performance requirements.
[F] 2101.3.1 Identification of hazards. Where hazards
are present in the building, facility or premises that could
endanger emergency responders beyond what would nor-
mally be anticipated, means shall be provided to alert the
responders to the hazards.
[F] 2101.3.2 Signage. Signage shall be provided as
needed to identify special hazards to the emergency
responders (and to the degree applicable, the nature of the
hazard).
[F] 2101.3.3 Collapse. Buildings and structures shall be
designed, constructed, loaded and maintained so that the
potential for structural collapse is predictable based on the
construction method, building condition and fire size,
location and duration.
[F] 2101.3.4 Communication systems. Communication
systems for use by the emergency responders must be pro-
vided where the size, construction or complexity of the
building cause the emergency responders’ communication
methods to be ineffective or unreliable.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 51
52 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 CHAPTER 22

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

User note:

About this chapter: This chapter and Chapter 50 of the International Fire Code have similar aims: to protect occupants of the building, peo-
ple in the surrounding area, emergency response personnel and property from acute consequences associated with unintended or unautho-
rized releases of hazardous materials. Like the prescriptive International Fire Code and International Building Code, this code encourages
the use of both accident prevention and control measures to reduce risk.

SECTION 2201 from a fire or explosion involving explosive hazardous

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS materials whereby such fire or explosion could endanger
[F] 2201.1 Objective. To protect people and property from or lead to the endangerment of people or property.
the consequences of unauthorized discharge, fires or explo- [F] 2201.3.8 Detection of gas or vapor release. Where a
sions involving hazardous materials. release of hazardous materials gas or vapor would cause
[F] 2201.2 Functional statements. immediate harm to persons or property and where such
materials would not be detectable at the danger threshold
[F] 2201.2.1 Prevention. Provide adequate safeguards to by sight or smell, an adequate means of detecting, diluting
minimize the risk of unwanted releases, fires or explosions or otherwise mitigating the dangerous effects of a release
involving hazardous materials as appropriate to the design shall be provided.
performance level determined in Chapter 3.
[F] 2201.3.9 Reliable power source. Where a power sup-
[F] 2201.2.2 Mitigation. Provide adequate safeguards to ply is relied on to prevent or control an emergency condi-
minimize the consequences of an unsafe condition involv- tion that could endanger people or property, the power
ing hazardous materials during normal operations and in supply shall be from a reliable source.
the event of an abnormal condition in accordance with the
design performance level determined in Chapter 3. [F] 2201.3.10 Ventilation. Where ventilation is necessary
to limit the risk of creating an emergency condition result-
[F] 2201.3 Performance requirements. ing from normal or abnormal operations, an adequate
[F] 2201.3.1 Properties of hazardous materials. The means of ventilation shall be provided.
properties of hazardous materials on site shall be known [F] 2201.3.11 Process hazard analyses. Process hazard
and shall be available to employees, neighbors and code analyses shall be conducted as necessary to reasonably
enforcement officials. ensure protection of people and property from dangerous
[F] 2201.3.2 Reliability of equipment and operations. conditions involving hazardous materials.
Equipment and operations involving hazardous materials [F] 2201.3.12 Written procedures and enforcement for
shall be designed, installed and maintained to ensure that prestartup safety review. Written documentation of pre-
they reliably operate as intended. startup safety review procedures shall be developed and
[F] 2201.3.3 Prevention of unintentional reaction or enforced to ensure that operations are initiated in a safe
release. Adequate safeguards shall be provided to mini- manner. The process of developing and updating such pro-
mize the risk of an unintentional reaction or release that cedures shall involve participation of affected employees.
could endanger people or property. [F] 2201.3.13 Written procedures and enforcement for
[F] 2201.3.4 Spill mitigation. Spill containment systems operation and emergency shutdown. Written documen-
or means to render a spill harmless to people or property tation of operating procedures and procedures for emer-
shall be provided where a spill is determined to be a plau- gency shutdown shall be developed and enforced to ensure
sible event and where such an event would endanger peo- that operations are conducted in a safe manner. The pro-
ple or property not in the immediate area of the spill. cess of developing and updating such procedures shall
[F] 2201.3.5 Ignition hazards. Adequate safeguards shall involve participation of affected employees.
be provided to minimize the risk of exposing combustible [F] 2201.3.14 Written procedures and enforcement for
hazardous materials to unintended sources of ignition. management of change. A written plan for management
[F] 2201.3.6 Protection of hazardous materials. Ade- of change shall be developed and enforced. The process of
quate safeguards shall be provided to minimize the risk of developing and updating the plan shall involve participa-
exposing hazardous materials to a fire or physical damage tion of affected employees.
whereby such exposure could endanger or lead to the [F] 2201.3.15 Written procedures for action in the
endangerment of people or property. event of emergency. A written emergency response plan
[F] 2201.3.7 Exposure hazards. Adequate safeguards shall be developed to ensure that proper actions are taken
shall be provided to minimize the risk of and limit damage in the event of an emergency, and the plan shall be fol-

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 53
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

lowed if an emergency condition occurs. The process of [F] 2201.3.19.6 Factors in determining design events
developing and updating the plan shall involve participa- scenarios. The use of the room or area of event and
tion of affected employees. adjoining spaces, in terms of occupant risk, property
[F] 2201.3.16 Written procedures for investigation and protection and community welfare (importance) fac-
documentation of accidents. Written procedures for tors, shall be considered in the development of design
investigation and documentation of accidents shall be scenarios.
developed, and accidents shall be investigated and docu- [F] 2201.3.19.7 Justification. Justification of the mag-
mented in accordance with these procedures. nitudes of design events shall be part of the analysis
[F] 2201.3.17 Consequence analysis. Where an acciden- prepared by the registered design professional.
tal release of hazardous materials could endanger people
or property off site, an analysis of the expected conse-
quences of a plausible release shall be performed and uti-
lized in the analysis and selection of active and passive
hazard mitigation controls.
[F] 2201.3.18 Safety audits. Safety audits shall be con-
ducted on a periodic basis to verify compliance with the
requirements of this chapter.
[F] 2201.3.19 Levels of impact. Levels of impact related
to injuries to persons, damage to processes, structure, con-
tents and to the environment shall comply with the
requirements of Section 304 for design performance lev-
els.
[F] 2201.3.19.1 General. Magnitudes of design events
shall reflect the ignition, spill or release, growth and
spread potential of hazardous materials that can be rea-
sonably expected to impact buildings and facilities as
designed or constructed.
[F] 2201.3.19.2 Design hazardous materials release
or reaction events. Magnitudes of design events are
described in terms of the potential effects given the pro-
posed design, arrangement, construction, furnishing
and use of a building or facility.
[F] 2201.3.19.3 Range of event sizes. Magnitudes of
design events shall be defined as small, medium, large
and very large, where the quantification of the design
event is a function of building or facility use and asso-
ciated performance group.
[F] 2201.3.19.4 Engineering analysis of potential
event scenarios. Quantification of the magnitudes of
design events shall be based on engineering analyses of
potential scenarios that can be expected to impact a
building or facility through its intended life. For each
design scenario considered, the analyses shall include
the ignitability, reactivity, spill or release potential, the
peak release rate, the rate of continued release and
expected incident growth, the overall quantity, the tox-
icity, chemical state and other specific hazards of the
material and its impacts on people and property. The
physical characteristics and ventilation of the space or
area and adjoining spaces or areas shall be considered.
[F] 2201.3.19.5 Design parameters. Multiple scenar-
ios, ranging from small to very large design events,
must be considered to ensure that associated levels of
tolerable damage are not exceeded as appropriate to the
performance group.

54 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Part IV—Appendices
APPENDIX A

RISK FACTORS OF USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONS

User note:
About this appendix: Appendix A classifies buildings, structures and portions thereof by their primary use in order to facilitate design and
construction in accordance with other provisions of this code. When determining the design performance level, the building or structure needs
to be assigned to a performance group. This appendix provides guidance as to the use group or occupancy classification of the building to
determine the performance group when applying Table 303.1.

SECTION A101 2.5. Whether the building occupants and other

OBJECTIVE users are expected to be familiar with the
building layout and means of egress.
[BG] A101.1 Objective. To identify the primary uses of
buildings, structures and portions of buildings and structures; 2.6. Whether a significant percentage of the
to identify risk factors associated with these uses; and to building occupants are, or are expected to
facilitate design and construction in accordance with other be, members of vulnerable population
provisions of this code. These preliminary assumptions must groups such as infants, young children,
be documented and verified as valid in any particular case. elderly persons, persons with physical dis-
abilities, persons with mental disabilities or
persons with other conditions or impair-
SECTION A102 ments that could affect their ability to make
FUNCTIONAL STATEMENTS decisions, egress without the physical assis-
tance of others or tolerate adverse condi-
[BG] A102.1 Functional statements. In determining the pri- tions.
mary use and occupancy classification of a building, structure 2.7. Whether a significant percentage of building
or portion of a building or structure, the following shall be occupants and other users have familiar or
considered. dependent relationships.
[BG] A102.1.1 Functions. The principal purpose or func-
tion of the building or structure.
SECTION A103
[BG] A102.1.2 Risks. The hazard-related risk(s) to the USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION
users. [BG] A103.1 General. Buildings shall be classified in accor-
1. In determining the principal purpose or function of dance with the International Building Code and as modified
the building or structure, the use and occupancy by applying the risk considerations in Section A102.1.2.
classifications found in the International Building [BG] A103.1.1 Assembly. A building, structure or portion
Code shall be used. of a building or structure in which persons gather for pur-
2. In determining the hazard-related risk(s) to users of poses such as civic, social or religious functions, recre-
buildings and structures, the following shall be con- ation, food and drink consumption, or awaiting
sidered: transportation. Unless otherwise modified under a specific
sub-use classification, occupants, visitors and employees
2.1. The nature of the hazard, whether it is likely shall be assumed to be awake, alert, predominantly able to
to originate internal or external to the struc- exit without the assistance of others, and unfamiliar with
ture, and how it may impact the occupants, the building or structure. Vulnerable populations of many
the structure and the contents. types may be expected to be present; however, the build-
ings are normally occupied for only short periods of time.
2.2. The number of persons normally occupying,
It shall be assumed that:
visiting, employed in or otherwise using the
building, structure or portion of the building 1. Risks of injury and health assumed by occupants
or structure. and visitors during their use of the building or struc-
ture are predominantly involuntary.
2.3. The length of time the building is normally
2. Public expectations regarding the protection
occupied by people.
afforded those occupying, visiting or working in an
2.4. Whether people normally sleep in the build- assembly building, structure or portion thereof are
ing. high.

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 55
APPENDIX A

[BG] A103.1.1.1 A-1. Assembly uses, usually with [BG] A103.1.4 Factory-industrial. A building, structure
fixed seating, intended for the production and viewing or portion of a building or structure that involves assem-
of the performing arts or motion pictures. bling, disassembling, fabricating, finishing, manufactur-
[BG] A103.1.1.2 A-2. Assembly uses intended for food ing, packaging, repair or processing operations that are not
and drink consumption. It may be assumed that some classified as hazardous. Unless otherwise modified under
portion of the population within this use group will be a specific sub-use classification, occupants, visitors and
consuming alcohol, that loud and distracting sounds employees shall be assumed to be awake, alert, predomi-
will be present, and that flashing lights may be present nantly able to exit without the assistance of others, and
under normal conditions. familiar with the building or structure. It shall be assumed
that:
[BG] A103.1.1.3 A-3. Assembly uses intended for wor-
ship, recreation or amusement, and other assembly uses 1. Risks of injury and health assumed by occupants,
not classified elsewhere in Use Group A. visitors and employees during their use of the build-
ing or structure are predominantly voluntary.
[BG] A103.1.1.4 A-4. Assembly uses intended for
viewing of indoor sporting events and activities with 2. Public expectations regarding the protection
spectator seating. It may be assumed that some portion afforded those occupying, visiting or working in a
of the population within this use group will be consum- factory-industrial building, structure or portion
ing alcohol, that loud and distracting sounds will be thereof are neither unusually high nor unusually
present and that flashing lights may be present under low.
normal conditions. [BG] A103.1.4.1 F-1, Moderate hazard. Factory-
[BG] A103.1.1.5 A-5. Assembly uses intended for par- industrial uses that are not classified as F-2, low hazard.
ticipation in or viewing of outdoor activities. It may be [BG] A103.1.4.2 F-2, Low hazard. Factory-industrial
assumed that some portion of the population within this uses that involve the fabrication or manufacturing of
use group will be consuming alcohol, that loud and dis- noncombustible materials, which during finishing,
tracting sounds will be present and that flashing lights packing or processing, do not involve a significant fire
may be present under normal conditions. hazard.
[BG] A103.1.2 Business. A building, structure or portion [BG] A103.1.5 Hazardous. A building, structure or por-
of a building or structure for office, professional or service- tion of a building or structure that involves the manufac-
type transactions, including storage of records and turing, processing, generation or storage of corrosive,
accounts. It shall be assumed that: highly toxic, highly combustible, flammable or explosive
1. Occupants, visitors and employees are awake, alert, materials that constitute a high fire or explosion hazard,
predominantly able to exit without the assistance of including loose combustible fibers, dust and unstable
others and familiar with the building or structure. materials. Unless otherwise modified under a specific sub-
use classification, occupants, visitors and employees shall
2. Risks of injury and health assumed by occupants,
be assumed to be awake, alert, predominantly able to exit
visitors and employees during their use of the build-
without the assistance of others and familiar with the
ing or structure are predominantly involuntary.
building or structure. It shall be assumed that:
3. Public expectations regarding the protection
1. Risks of injury and health assumed by occupants,
afforded those occupying, visiting or working in a
visitors and employees during their use of the build-
business building, structure or portion thereof are
ing or structure are predominantly voluntary.
neither unusually high nor unusually low.
[BG] A103.1.3 Educational. A building, structure or por- 2. The occupants, visitors and employees have little
tion of a building or structure in which six or more per- control over hazards imposed on them during their
sons, generally under the age of 18, gather for formal use of the building or structure.
educational purposes. It shall be assumed that: 3. Public expectations regarding the protection
1. Occupants, visitors and employees are awake, alert afforded those occupying, visiting or working in a
and familiar with the building or structure. hazardous building, structure or portion thereof are
high.
2. Persons under the age of 10 will require assistance
in exiting, and that persons 10 years of age and older [BG] A103.1.5.1 H-1, Detonation hazard. A building
will predominantly be able to exit without assis- or structure that contains materials that present a deto-
tance. nation hazard.
3. Risks of injury and health assumed by occupants, [BG] A103.1.5.2 H-2, Deflagration hazard. A build-
visitors and employees during their use of the build- ing or structure that contains materials that present a
ing or structure are predominantly involuntary. deflagration hazard or a hazard of accelerated burning.
4. Public expectations regarding the protection [BG] A103.1.5.3 H-3, Combustion or physical haz-
afforded those occupying, visiting or working in an ard. A building or structure that contains significant
educational building, structure or portion thereof are quantities of materials that readily support combustion
high. or that present a significant physical hazard.

56 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 APPENDIX A

[BG] A103.1.5.4 H-4, Health hazard. A building or 2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by
structure that contains significant quantities of materi- occupants and visitors during their use of the
als that are health hazards. building or structure are nominally high.
[BG] A103.1.5.5 H-5, Production material hazard. A 3. Public expectations regarding the protection
semiconductor fabrication facility or comparable afforded those occupying, visiting or working in
research and development area in which hazardous pro- an I-2 institutional building, structure or portion
duction materials (HPM) are used and the aggregate thereof are very high.
quantity poses a significant hazard. [BG] A103.1.6.3 I-3. A building or structure that is
[BG] A103.1.6 Institutional. A building, structure or por- inhabited by more than five persons who are under
tion of a building or structure in which persons having some restraint security.
physical or mental limitations because of health or age are [BG] A103.1.6.3.1 I-3.1. A building in that free
harbored for medical treatment or other care or treatment, movement is allowed from sleeping areas and other
or in which people are detained for penal or correctional areas where access or occupancy is permitted to the
purposes, or in which the liberty of the occupants is exterior via a means of egress without restraint. It
restricted. Unless otherwise modified under a specific sub- shall be assumed that:
use classification, occupants and visitors shall not be 1. The occupants are mostly incapable of
assumed to be awake, alert, able to exit without the assis- responding to an emergency situation without
tance of others, or be familiar with the building or struc- physical assistance from staff.
ture. Employees shall be assumed to be awake, alert,
predominantly able to exit without the assistance of others, 2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by
and familiar with the building or structure. It shall be occupants and visitors during their use of the
assumed that: building or structure are nominally low.
1. Risks of injury and health assumed by occupants 3. Public expectations regarding the protection
and visitors during their use of the building or struc- afforded those occupying, visiting or working
ture are predominantly involuntary. in an I-3.1 institutional building, structure or
portion thereof are neither unusually high nor
2. Risks of injury and health assumed by employees unusually low.
during their use of the building or structure are pre-
[BG] A103.1.6.3.2 I-3.2. A building in which free
dominantly voluntary.
movement is allowed from sleeping areas and any
3. Public expectations regarding the protection other occupied smoke compartment to one or more
afforded those occupying, visiting or working in an other smoke compartments. Egress to the exterior is
institutional building, structure or portion thereof are impeded by locked exits. It shall be assumed that:
moderate to high. 1. The occupants are incapable of responding to
[BG] A103.1.6.1 I-1. A building, structure or portion an emergency situation without physical assis-
of a building or structure housing more than 16 persons tance from staff (for example, door release).
on a 24-hour basis who, because of age, mental disabil- 2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by
ity or other reasons, live in a supervised residential occupants and visitors during their use of the
environment where personal care services are provided. building or structure are nominally moderate.
It shall be assumed that:
3. Public expectations regarding the protection
1. The occupants are mostly capable of responding afforded those occupying, visiting or working
to an emergency situation without physical assis- in an I-3.2 institutional building, structure or
tance from staff. portion thereof are neither unusually high nor
2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by unusually low.
occupants and visitors during their use of the [BG] A103.1.6.3.3 I-3.3. A building in which free
building or structure are nominally moderate. movement is allowed within individual smoke com-
3. Public expectations regarding the protection partments, and where egress is impeded by remote-
afforded those occupying, visiting or working in controlled release of means of egress from one
an I-1 institutional building, structure or portion smoke compartment to another smoke compartment.
thereof are high. It shall be assumed that:
[BG] A103.1.6.2 I-2. A building, structure or portion 1. The occupants are incapable of responding to
of a building or structure used for medical, surgical, an emergency situation without physical assis-
psychiatric, nursing or custodial care on a 24-hour basis tance from staff (for example, door release).
for more than five persons who are not capable of self- 2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by
preservation. It shall be assumed that: occupants and visitors during their use of the
1. The occupants are incapable of responding to an building or structure are nominally moderate.
emergency situation without physical assistance 3. Public expectations regarding the protection
from staff. afforded those occupying, visiting or working

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 57
APPENDIX A

in an I-3.3 institutional building, structure or in an I-4.1 institutional building, structure or

portion thereof are neither unusually high nor portion thereof are high.
unusually low. [BG] A103.1.6.4.2 I-4.2, Child-care facilities. A
[BG] A103.1.6.3.4 I-3.4. A building in which free facility that provides accommodation for more than
movement is restricted from an occupied space. five children, 21/2 years of age or less. It shall be
Remote-controlled release is provided to permit assumed that:
movement from sleeping rooms, activity spaces and
1. The occupants are incapable of responding to
other occupied areas within the smoke compartment
an emergency situation without physical assis-
to other smoke compartments. It shall be assumed
tance from staff.
that:
1. The occupants are incapable of responding to 2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by
an emergency situation without physical assis- occupants and visitors during their use of the
tance from staff (for example, door release). building or structure are nominally high.
2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by 3. Public expectations regarding the protection
occupants and visitors during their use of the afforded those occupying, visiting or working
building or structure are nominally high. in an I-4.2 institutional building, structure or
portion thereof are very high.
3. Public expectations regarding the protection
afforded those occupying, visiting or working [BG] A103.1.7 Mercantile. A building, structure or por-
in an I-3.4 institutional building, structure or tion of a building or structure for the display and sale of
portion thereof are neither unusually high nor merchandise that involves stocks of goods, wares or mer-
unusually low. chandise incidental to such purposes and available to the
public. It shall be assumed that:
[BG] A103.1.6.3.5 I-3.5. Buildings in which free
movement is restricted from an occupied space. 1. Occupants, visitors and employees are awake, alert,
Staff-controlled release is provided to permit move- predominantly able to exit without the assistance of
ment from sleeping rooms, activity spaces and other others and familiar with the building or structure.
occupied areas within the smoke compartment to 2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by occu-
other smoke compartments. It shall be assumed that: pants, visitors and employees during their use of the
1. The occupants are incapable of responding to building or structure are predominantly involuntary
an emergency situation without physical assis- and low.
tance from staff (for example, door release). 3. Public expectations regarding the protection
2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by afforded those occupying, visiting or working in a
occupants and visitors during their use of the mercantile building, structure or portion thereof are
building or structure are nominally high. neither unusually high nor unusually low.
3. Public expectations regarding the protection [BG] A103.1.8 Residential. A building, structure or por-
afforded those occupying, visiting or working tion of a building or structure for sleeping accommoda-
in an I-3.5 institutional building, structure or tions where not classified as institutional.
portion thereof are neither unusually high nor
[BG] A103.1.8.1 R-1, Transient. A residential occu-
unusually low.
pancy where occupants are primarily transient in nature
[BG] A103.1.6.4 I-4. A building or structure occupied (staying less than 30 days).
by persons of any age who receive custodial care for
less than 24 hours by individuals other than parents or [BG] A103.1.8.1.1 R-1.1, Hotel/motel. It shall be
guardians, relatives by blood, marriage or adoption, and assumed that:
in a place other than the home of the person receiving 1. Occupants and visitors are not awake, alert,
care. able to exit without the assistance of others or
[BG] A103.1.6.4.1 I-4.1, Adult-care facilities. A familiar with the building or structure.
facility that provides accommodation for more than 2. Employees are awake, alert, predominantly
five unrelated adults and provides supervision and able to exit without the assistance of others
personal care services. It shall be assumed that: and familiar with the building or structure.
1. The occupants are mostly capable of respond- 3. Risks of injury and health assumed by occu-
ing to an emergency situation without physical pants and visitors during their use of the build-
assistance from staff. ing or structure are predominantly
2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by involuntary.
occupants and visitors during their use of the 4. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by
building or structure are nominally moderate. employees during their use of the building or
3. Public expectations regarding the protection structure are predominantly voluntary and
afforded those occupying, visiting or working low.

58 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 APPENDIX A

5. Public expectations regarding the protection the R-3 residential building, structure or portion
afforded those occupying, visiting or working thereof are neither unusually high nor unusually
in the R-1.1 residential building, structure or low.
portion thereof are high. [BG] A103.1.8.4 R-4, Residential care. A residential
[BG] A103.1.8.1.2 R-1.2, Boarding houses. It shall occupancy that includes buildings arranged for occu-
be assumed that: pancy as residential care/assisted living facilities
1. Occupants and visitors are not awake, alert, including not more than 16 occupants excluding staff.
able to exit without the assistance of others or It shall be assumed that:
familiar with the building or structure. 1. Occupants and visitors are not awake, alert, able
2. Employees are awake, alert, predominantly to exit without the assistance of others or familiar
able to exit without the assistance of others with the building or structure.
and familiar with the building or structure. 2. Employees are awake, alert, predominantly able
3. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by to exit without the assistance of others and famil-
occupants and visitors during their use of the iar with the building or structure.
building or structure are predominantly invol- 3. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by
untary. occupants and visitors during their use of the
4. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by building or structure are predominantly involun-
employees during their use of the building or tary.
structure are predominantly voluntary and 4. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by
moderate. employees during their use of the building or
5. Public expectations regarding the protection structure are predominantly voluntary and mod-
afforded those occupying, visiting or working erate.
in the R-1.2 residential building, structure or 5. Public expectations regarding the protection
portion thereof are moderate. afforded those occupying, visiting or working in
[BG] A103.1.8.2 R-2, Multitenant residential. A resi- the R-4 residential building, structure or portion
dential occupancy where the occupants are primarily thereof are high.
permanent in nature and that contains more than two [BG] A103.1.9 Special use. A building or structure that
dwelling units. It shall be assumed that: may not be fully described or considered under the other
1. Occupants and visitors are not awake, alert or use group classifications or for which unique or special
able to exit without the assistance of others. consideration shall be given.
2. Occupants and visitors are familiar with the [BG] A103.1.9.1 SP-1, Covered mall building. A
building or structure. building or structure not exceeding three floor levels in
height, enclosing a number of occupancies and tenan-
3. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by
cies use groups, wherein two or more tenants have a
occupants and visitors during their use of the
main entrance into one or more roofed or covered com-
building or structure are predominantly volun-
mon pedestrian areas shared by the tenants. It shall be
tary.
assumed that:
4. Public expectations regarding the protection
1. Occupants, visitors and employees are awake,
afforded those occupying, visiting or working in
alert, predominantly able to exit without the
the R-2 residential building, structure or portion
assistance of others and familiar with the building
thereof are neither unusually high nor unusually
low. or structure.
[BG] A103.1.8.3 R-3, One- and two-family residen- 2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by
tial. A residential occupancy where the occupants are occupants, visitors and employees during their
primarily permanent in nature, not classified as R-1 or use of the building or structure are predominantly
R-2, and that does not contain more than two dwelling involuntary.
units. It shall be assumed that: 3. Public expectations regarding the protection
1. Occupants and visitors are not awake, alert or afforded those occupying, visiting or working in
able to exit without the assistance of others. such a building, structure or portion thereof are
neither unusually high nor unusually low.
2. Occupants and visitors are familiar with the
building or structure. [BG] A103.1.9.2 SP-2, High-rise building. A building
or structure having occupied floors located more than
3. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by 75 feet (22 860 mm) above the lowest level of fire
occupants and visitors during their use of the department vehicle access that contain any use group
building or structure are predominantly volun- classification or combination of use group classifica-
tary. tions. The assumed risk levels, hazard levels and occu-
4. Public expectations regarding the protection pant characteristics shall be appropriate to the uses
afforded those occupying, visiting or working in present within the building, and the structural, fire pro-

2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 59
APPENDIX A

tection and means-of-egress features shall be designed 2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by
to accommodate the highest risk level present in the occupants, visitors and employees during their
building. It shall be assumed that public expectations use of the building or structure are predominantly
regarding the protection afforded those occupying, vis- involuntary and low.
iting or working in such a building, structure or portion 3. Public expectations regarding the protection
thereof are high. afforded those occupying, visiting or working in
[BG] A103.1.9.3 SP-3, Atrium. An opening through such a building, structure or portion thereof are
two or more floor levels of a building defined by other neither unusually high nor unusually low.
use groups, other than for enclosed stairways, elevators, [BG] A103.1.9.7 SP-7, Enclosed parking garage. A
hoistways, escalators, plumbing, electrical, air-condi- structure used exclusively for the parking or storage of
tioning or other equipment, that is closed at the top and private motor vehicles that does not meet the require-
not defined as a mall. Risk and hazard levels shall cor- ments of SP-5 or SP-6. It shall be assumed that:
respond to the use group of the building within which
1. Occupants, visitors and employees are awake,
the atrium is located.
alert, predominantly able to exit without the
[BG] A103.1.9.4 SP-4, Underground building. Build- assistance of others and unfamiliar with the
ing spaces having a floor level used for human occu- building or structure.
pancy more than 30 feet (9140 meters) or more than 2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by
one story below the level of exit discharge. Risk and occupants, visitors and employees during their
hazard levels shall correspond to the use group of the use of the building or structure are predominantly
building. involuntary and low.
[BG] A103.1.9.5 SP-5, Mechanical-access open 3. Public expectations regarding the protection
parking garage. A structure that is used exclusively afforded those occupying, visiting or working in
for the parking or storage of private motor vehicles, such a building, structure or portion thereof are
where for natural ventilation purposes, the exterior of neither unusually high nor unusually low.
the structure has uniformly distributed openings of not
[BG] A103.1.9.8 SP-8, Motor vehicle service station.
less than 20 percent of the total perimeter wall area of
A facility containing storage tanks, pumps and atten-
each tier on two or more sides; that employs parking
dant facilities for the purpose of fueling gasoline- and
machines, lifts, elevators or other mechanical devices
diesel-powered motor vehicles; and a building, struc-
for vehicles moving from and to street level; and in
ture or portion of a building or structure that is used for
which public occupancy is prohibited above street
changing tires, oil, filters or other minor repair of motor
level. It shall be assumed that:
vehicles, and for motor vehicle safety and emissions
1. Occupants, visitors and employees are awake, inspections. It shall be assumed that:
alert, predominantly able to exit without the 1. Occupants, visitors and employees are awake,
assistance of others and unfamiliar with the alert, predominantly able to exit without the
building or structure. assistance of others and familiar with the building
2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by or structure.
occupants, visitors and employees during their 2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by
use of the building or structure are predominantly occupants, visitors and employees during their
involuntary and low. use of the building or structure are predominantly
3. Public expectations regarding the protection involuntary and low.
afforded those occupying, visiting or working in 3. Public expectations regarding the protection
such a building, structure or portion thereof are afforded those occupying, visiting or working in
neither unusually high nor unusually low. such a building, structure or portion thereof are
neither unusually high nor unusually low.
[BG] A103.1.9.6 SP-6, Ramp-access open parking
garage. A structure that is used exclusively for the [BG] A103.1.9.9 SP-9, Motor vehicle repair garage.
parking or storage of private motor vehicles, where for A building, structure or portion of a building or struc-
natural ventilation purposes, the exterior of the struc- ture that is used for painting, body and fender work,
ture has uniformly distributed openings of not less than engine overhauling or other major repair of motor vehi-
20 percent of the total perimeter wall area of each tier cles. It shall be assumed that:
on two or more sides; that employs a series of intercon- 1. Occupants, visitors and employees are awake,
necting ramps between tiers permitting the movement alert, predominantly able to exit without the
of vehicles under their own power from and to street assistance of others and familiar with the building
level. It shall be assumed that: or structure.
1. Occupants, visitors and employees are awake, 2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by
alert, predominantly able to exit without the occupants, visitors and employees during their
assistance of others and unfamiliar with the use of the building or structure are predominantly
building or structure. involuntary and low.

60 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 APPENDIX A

3. Public expectations regarding the protection such a building, structure or portion thereof are
afforded those occupying, visiting or working in high.
such a building, structure or portion thereof are
[BG] A103.1.9.13 SP-13, Aircraft-related structure.
neither unusually high nor unusually low.
A building, structure or portion of a building or struc-
[BG] A103.1.9.10 SP-10, Motion picture projection ture used for air traffic control, aircraft storage and
room. A room in which ribbon-type cellulose, acetate maintenance, or helicopter landing and fueling. It shall
or other safety film is utilized in conjunction with elec- be assumed that:
tric arc, xenon or other light-source projection equip-
ment that, when operated, may result in the production 1. Occupants, visitors and employees are awake,
of hazardous gases, dust or radiation. It shall be alert, predominantly able to exit without the
assumed that: assistance of others and familiar with the building
or structure.
1. Visitors and employees are awake, alert and pre-
dominantly able to exit without the assistance of 2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by
others. occupants, visitors and employees during their
use of the building or structure are predominantly
2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by involuntary and low.
occupants, visitors and employees during their
use of the building or structure are predominantly 3. Public expectations regarding the protection
involuntary and low. afforded those occupying, visiting or working in
such a building, structure or portion thereof are
3. Public expectations regarding the protection
neither unusually high nor unusually low.
afforded those occupying, visiting or working in
such a building, structure or portion thereof are [BG] A103.1.10 Storage. A building, structure or portion
neither unusually high nor unusually low. of a building or structure for storage that is not classified
[BG] A103.1.9.11 SP-11, Stages and platforms. as hazardous. Unless otherwise modified under a specific
Spaces within buildings and structures, often raised sub-use classification, occupants, visitors and employees
above floor level, used for entertainment, presentations shall be assumed to be awake, alert, predominantly able to
and similar purposes. It shall be assumed that: exit without the assistance of others and familiar with the
building or structure. It shall be assumed that:
1. Users are awake, alert and predominantly able to
exit without the assistance of others. 1. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by occu-
pants, visitors and employees during their use of the
2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by building or structure are predominantly voluntary.
occupants, visitors and employees during their
use of the building or structure are predominantly 2. Public expectations regarding the protection
involuntary and low. afforded those occupying, visiting or working in
such a building, structure or portion thereof are nei-
3. Public expectations regarding the protection
ther unusually high nor unusually low.
afforded those occupying, visiting or working in
such a building, structure or portion thereof are [BG] A103.1.10.1 ST-1, Moderate hazard. A build-
neither unusually high nor unusually low. ing or structure occupied for storage uses, which may
[BG] A103.1.9.12 SP-12, Special amusement build- contain materials that present moderate fire, explosion,
ing. A temporary, permanent or mobile building or corrosive, toxic or health hazards.
structure that is occupied for amusement, entertainment [BG] A103.1.10.2 ST-2, Low hazard. A building or
or educational purposes and that contains a device or structure occupied for storage uses that does not con-
system that conveys passengers or provides a walkway tain materials that present significant fire, explosion,
along, around or over a course, in any direction, so corrosive, toxic or health hazards.
arranged that means of egress are not readily apparent
because of visual or audible distractions, or are inten- [BG] A103.1.11 Utility and miscellaneous. A building,
tionally confounded, or are not readily available structure or portion of a building or structure that is acces-
because of the nature of the attraction or the mode of sory to one- and two-family residential buildings, is used
conveyance through the building or structure. It shall be to house livestock and livestock feed or is not covered by
assumed that: other provisions of this section. It shall be assumed that:
1. Occupants, visitors and employees are awake, 1. Occupants, visitors and employees are awake, alert,
alert, predominantly able to exit without the predominantly able to exit without the assistance of
assistance of others and unfamiliar with the others and familiar with the building or structure.
building or structure. 2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by occu-
2. Risk of injury and risk to health assumed by pants, visitors and employees during their use of the
occupants, visitors and employees during their building or structure are predominantly voluntary.
use of the building or structure are predominantly 3. Public expectations regarding the protection
involuntary and high. afforded those occupying, visiting or working in
3. Public expectations regarding the protection such a building, structure or portion thereof are nei-
afforded those occupying, visiting or working in ther unusually high nor unusually low.

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62 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 APPENDIX B

WORKSHEET FOR ASSIGNING SPECIFIC

STRUCTURES TO PERFORMANCE GROUPS

User note:
About this appendix: Appendix B allows the adjustment of performance groups based on occupants or the unique features of a building.
Table B101.1 can be used for two purposes. If a facility is being evaluated, and there is no clear means of determining a performance group
because the facility is not similar to occupancies described in Table 303.1, Table B101.1 can be used as a subjective means of evaluating the
associated risks. From that evaluation, a performance group can be developed.
A second use of Table B101.1 would be to evaluate the impact of unusual features in a building or facility for which the performance group is
identified in Table 303.1.

SECTION B101
RISK FACTOR
[BG] B101.1 General. This table shall be used as a guide for
determining the appropriate performance group allocation for
specific structures that have unique characteristics.

[BG] TABLE B101.1

WORKSHEET FOR ASSIGNING SPECIFIC STRUCTURES TO PERFORMANCE GROUPS
RELATIVE LEVEL OF RISK
RISK FACTORS FOR SPECIFIC STRUCTURE
Occupant Load. Maximum number of persons permitted to be in the structure or a portion of the structure.
Duration. Maximum length of time that the structure is significantly occupied.
Sleeping. Do people normally sleep in the building?
Occupant Familiarity. Are occupants expected to be familiar with the building layout and means of egress?
Occupant Vulnerability. What percentage of occupants, employees or visitors is considered to comprise
members of a vulnerable population?
Dependent Relationships. Is there a significant percentage of occupants or visitors who are expected to have
relationships that may delay egress from the building?
HAZARD FACTORS
Nature of the Hazard. What is the nature of the hazard, and what are its impacts on the occupants, the
structure and the contents?
Internal or External Hazard. Is the hazard likely to originate internally or externally or both?
LEVEL OF IMPORTANCE
Population. Are large numbers of people expected to be present?
Essential Facilities. Is the structure required for emergency response or post-disaster emergency treatment,
utilities, communications or housing?
Damage Potential. Is significant risk of widespread and/or long-term injuries, deaths or damage possible
from the failure of the structure?
Community Importance. Is the structure or its use largely responsible for economic stability or other
important functions of the community?
SPECIFIC ADJUSTMENTS
Are the design performance levels adequate and appropriate for the specific structure?
OVERALL RISK, HAZARD, IMPORTANCE FACTORS & PERFORMANCE GROUP ASSIGNMENT

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64 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 APPENDIX C

INDIVIDUALLY SUBSTANTIATED DESIGN METHOD

User note:
About this appendix: When the design analysis and methodology are not based on authoritative documents or design guides, the method of
validation in Appendix C may be used in lieu of code provisions. This code requires a peer review in Section 103.3.4 for any methods falling into
this category.

SECTION C101
GENERAL
[A] C101.1 Scope. This appendix is intended to assist in the
application of Section 103 where a particular method is not
considered a design guide or authoritative document as
defined in Chapter 2.
[A] C101.2 Criteria. Individually substantiated design meth-
ods shall comply with one or more of the following:
1. A process to evaluate design options against the perfor-
mance objectives and functional statements shall be
provided.
2. A comparison, signed and sealed by the registered
design professional in responsible charge, between the
prescriptive requirements and this design method shall
be provided.
3. Peer review shall be provided.
4. Reports prepared by the evaluation services shall be
documented.
5. This method shall not negatively impact the remainder
of the building that complies with the prescriptive
codes.
6. The data substantiating the building performance as a
whole shall accompany the design solution.
7. This method shall address the actual use of the build-
ing, including but not limited to the number of people,
fuel load, awareness and mobility of the people.
8. The methodology for validation of this method for the
project shall be acceptable to the registered design pro-
fessional in responsible charge and the code official.
9. This method shall be substantiated by a system-based
approach using not less than two acceptable scenarios
to demonstrate compliance with design objectives and
code provisions.

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66 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 APPENDIX D

QUALIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS FOR

DESIGN AND REVIEW OF PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGNS

User note:
About this appendix: Appendix D is provided as a resource to anyone undertaking a performance-based design or review to assess the
qualifications of those performing the task. The goal of this appendix is for the tasked design professionals, special experts and competent
reviewers to meet technical qualifications in education and experience associated with performance-based design. These qualification char-
acteristics define the level of knowledge or expertise necessary to create or review a performance-based design.

SECTION D101 5. High skill level in engineering disciplines needed in

GENERAL performance-based designs for structural, mechanical
[A] D101.1 Scope. In order for anyone to assess and verify and fire-protection systems.
that all of the members of a design team have the knowledge [A] D101.4 Special expert characteristics. Special experts
and characteristics needed to execute or review a perfor- are those individuals who possess the following qualifica-
mance-based design, the following lists are provided. This tions:
technique is designed specifically for performance-based 1. Individual has credentials of education and experience
projects and does not apply to prescriptive-based designs. It is in an area of practice that is needed to evaluate risks
important to understand that utilizing this technique relies and safe operations associated with design, operations
heavily on the personal ethics of each individual, and a more and special hazards.
formal declaration of education, training and experience may
be requested by the code official. These characteristics 2. Licensing or registration where required by a state or
explain the level of expertise necessary to form a complete jurisdiction for the function to be performed.
design team, but they are not a requirement for every member [A] D101.5 Competent reviewer’s characteristics. The
of the team. principal reviewer or code official is responsible to acquire
[A] D101.2 Registered design professional in responsible competent reviewers with these characteristics and to utilize
charge characteristics. Registered design professionals in registered individuals where required by a state or jurisdic-
responsible charge shall possess the following qualifications: tion. These characteristics are applicable to the code official’s
staff and/or contract reviewers. See Sections 102.3.6.2 and
1. Registered architect or engineer by the state or jurisdiction. 102.3.6.3.
2. Knowledge of all facets of the project and the underly- 1. Knowledge of underlying principles and concepts of
ing principles of the performance-based code and con- performance-based code provisions.
cepts.
2. Education in performance-based engineering princi-
3. Ability to perform in the role of point of contact and to ples.
coordinate activities between the design team members,
owner and code official. 3. Competence in risk- and hazard-assessment tools as a
design method.
4. Ability to ensure that all elements of submittal to the
code official are compatible, coordinated, logical, com- 4. Ability to verify construction documents, meet analysis
plete and comprehensive in documentation. and documentation requirements, and to demonstrate
that objectives are met.
[A] D101.3 Registered design professional characteristics.
Registered design professionals shall possess the following 5. High skill level in engineering disciplines needed in
qualifications: performance-based designs for structural, mechanical
and fire protection systems.
1. Knowledge of underlying principles of performance-
based code and concepts.
2. Education, training and experience in performance-
based engineering design.
3. Skill in risk- and hazard-assessment tools as a design
method.
4. Ability to utilize performance-based code objectives
and to demonstrate compliance through documentation
of decision making and solutions.

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68 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 APPENDIX E

USE OF COMPUTER MODELS

User note:
About this appendix: Appendix E gives guidance regarding qualifications and information that should be provided when undertaking com-
puter modeling. More specifically, the appendix requests that computer program data be submitted as part of the documentation. Also, limita-
tions and applicability of the model must be included as part of the documentation. Finally, the scenarios used to run the particular model must
be justified.

SECTION E101
GENERAL
[A] E101.1 Scope. This appendix provides guidance on the
appropriate use of computer models.

SECTION E102
REQUIREMENTS
[A] E102.1 Use and documentation. The following are
issues that shall be addressed where computer models are
used in the design of a building or facility.
1. Computer modeling work is required to be conducted
under the guidance of the registered design profes-
sional. Although states or jurisdictions may not require
licensing or certification for a computer model operator
in areas such as fire, structural, mechanical and energy,
knowledge and experience is needed in the application
of the program limits and the performance-based
design objectives for compliance with performance-
based code objectives.
2. Computer program data shall be submitted as part of
documentation and shall include but not be limited to
program name, brief description, type of analysis and
application program input and output units and descrip-
tion, and how it is to be used to support design. State-
ments of exact mathematical model(s) and
accompanying submodel(s), if any, uncertainty,
assumptions, limitations, scope of applicability and a
few reproducible simple benchmark cases shall be
included.
3. Background data must be submitted to substantiate why
particular scenarios are rejected or accepted.

SECTION E103
RESPONSIBILITY
[A] E103.1 Registered design professional. The computer
modeling approach is merely a tool for high-speed calcula-
tions that provides mathematics calculations, graphical and
related results. It is the registered design professional’s
responsibility to incorporate the above data and background
information required as documentation for his or her design
document submittal. See Section 102 for more information on
documentation.

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70 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 INDEX

A 102.3.10.3, 102.3.11.1, 102.3.11.2,

102.3.11.4, 102.3.11.5, 102.3.13.4,
ACCEPTABLE METHODS . . . . . . . . . 103, Appendix C
103.2.2, 103.3.2, 202, D101.5
ACCESSIBILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
DESIGN GUIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.3.4, 102.3.3.5,
ADDITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.11
102.3.4.1.1, 103.1, 103.2.1,
ADMINISTRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.12 103.2.3, 103.3.1, 103.3.2,
AIRBORNE AND IMPACT SOUND . . . . . . . . . . . 1003 103.3.3, 103.3.4, 202
ALTERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501.3.6 DESIGN PERFORMANCE LEVELS . . . . . . .Chapter 3,
AMENITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 501.2.1, 501.2.2, 701.2,
APPROVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102.3.6.4 801.2.1, 801.2.2, 1701.3.1,
ARCHITECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 1801.2.1, 1801.2.2, 1901.2,
ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL LIGHT . . . . . . . . . . 1004 2001.2, 2101.2, 2201.2.1,
AUTHORITATIVE DOCUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . 103, 202 2201.2.2, Table B101.1
DESIGN PROFESSIONAL . . . . . . . 102.2.1, 102.3.1.1,
102.3.1.2, 102.3.1.3, 102.3.1.8, 102.3.2, 102.3.3,
B 102.3.4.1, 102.3.4.2.1, 102.3.5.1, 102.3.8.3,
BOUNDING CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.1.6, 102.3.11.1, 102.3.11.2, 102.3.11.4, 102.3.11.6,
102.3.3.6, 102.3.3.7, 102.3.4.1.4, 103.3.1, 202, 1701.3.15.3.4, 2201.3.19.7, C101.2,
102.3.8.1, 102.3.8.3, 102.3.9.1.3, D101.2, D101.3, E102.1
102.3.10.2, 102.3.11.1, 102.3.11.3, DISPROPORTIONATE FAILURE . . . . . . . . . . . 501.3.2
102.3.11.4, 102.3.11.5, DOCUMENT RETENTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.1.5
102.3.11.6, 202
DOCUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.3.2, 102.3.3.3,
BUILDING FUNCTIONALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001
102.3.3.6, 102.3.3.8,
102.3.5.2, 102.5.4, D101.2,
C D101.3, D101.4, E102.1,
102.3.4, 102.3.8, 102.3.11.1,
CERTIFICATES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102.2.10, 102.3.3.7
401.3.2, 1801.3.10, 2201.3.12,
CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102.3.1.7, 102.3.3.6, 2201.3.13, 2201.3.16, E102.1
102.3.4.1.4, 102.3.11 DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1203
CLIMATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001 DURABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
CODE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402.3.3
COMMISSIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202, 401.2.3
Deterioration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402.3.4
COMPUTER MODELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix E
Intended life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402.3.2
CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION . . . . . . . . . . 804
Normal maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402.3.1
CONSULTANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Service life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402.3.4
CONTRACT REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.1.4,102.3.6.3,
202, D101.5
COSTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . .102.3.1.4, 304.2.1.4, 304.2.2.4 E
ELECTRICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1401
D ELEVATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703.3.2
DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 2 EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806
DEMOLITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101.3, 102.3.13.2, Emergency responder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806.2.2,
501.3.6, 804.1, 804.2 Chapter 20, 2001.3.12
DESIGN DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.2.2, 102.2, Occupant. . . . . . 806.2.1, 806.3.1, 806.3.2, 2001.3.13
102.2.11, 102.2.12, 102.3.1.1, Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806.3.1
102.3.1.2, 102.3.3.1, 102.3.3.7, EMERGENCY RESPONDER ACCESS . . . Chapter 20
102.3.4.1.1, 102.3.4.1.5, 102.3.4.2.2, Fire apparatus clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001.3.1
102.3.4.2.3, 102.3.5.1, 102.3.5.2, 102.3.5.3, Fire apparatus surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001.3.3
102.3.5.5, 102.3.5.6, 102.3.6.3, 102.3.7.2, Protrusions and appurtenances . . . . . . . . . . 2001.3.2
102.3.7.3, 102.3.7.5,102.3.8.2,

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INDEX

EMERGENCY RESPONDER Roof assemblies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701.3.10,

FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chapter 20 1701.3.12, 1701.3.13
Access interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001.3.9 Structural integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701.2.7
Control valve locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001.3.5 Vertical openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701.3.9
Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001.3.11 Wall assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701.3.10,
Horizontal or vertical conveyance . . . . . . . . 2001.3.7 1701.3.12, 1701.3.13
Hose length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001.3.4 FIRE PREVENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 16
Staging areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001.3.8, 2001.3.10 Fuel sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1601.3.2, 1601.3.3
Water supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001.3.6 Ignition sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601, 1601.3.1,
EMERGENCY RESPONDERS 1601.3.3, 2201.3.5
Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chapter 20 FIRE SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 6, 1701.1,
Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1701.2.6, Chapter 20 1701.2.8, 1701.3.15.3.5
Fire-fighter safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602.2.2 Fire safety systems . . . . . . . . . . . 1701.3.1, 1701.3.8,
Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chapter 20 1701.3.12, 1701.3.13,
Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1701.2.6, Chapter 21 A103.1.5, A103.1.5.4,
ENERGY EFFICIENCY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chapter 15 A103.1.10.1, A103.1.10.2, D101.4
ENFORCEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.3.12 FUEL GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 13
ENGINEER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.2, 202, D101.2
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . .….202, 303.4.4, G
Table 303.1, Table B101.1
GLAZING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802.3.2
EXPECTED LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501.3.4
EXTERNAL MOISTURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902
H
F HAZARDOUS BUILDING MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . 802
Construction materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802.3.1
FACILITY . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.1.6, 102.3.1.7, 102.3.4.1,
Glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802.3.2
102.3.4.1.1, 102.3.4.1.4, 102.3.4.2.3, 102.3.7.6,
102.3.8.4, 102.3.9.2, 102.3.9.2.1, 102.3.10.1, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS . . . . . . . . 801, Chapter 22
102.3.10.2, 102.3.11.1, 102.3.11.6, 102.3.13.1, Consequence analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2201.3.17
102.3.13.2, 102.3.13.4, 202, 301.3.1, 302.2, 302.2.1, Exposure hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . 2201.3.6, 2201.3.7
302.2.2, 302.4.1, 302.4.2, 302.4.5, 302.4.7, 303.1, Gas detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2201.3.8
303.2, 303.3, 303.5, 304.1, 304.2, 304.2.1.1, Hazardous materials properties . . . . . . . . . . 2201.3.1
304.2.1.3, 304.2.1.4, 304.2.2.2, 304.2.2.3, 304.2.2.4,
304.2.3.2, 304.2.3.3, 304.2.3.4, 304.2.4.1, 304.2.4.2, Ignition hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2201.3.5
304.2.4.3, 304.2.4.4, 305.1, 305.1.1, 305.1.2, 401.1, Level of impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2201.3.19
402.3.2, 402.3.3, 602.1, 701.2, 1601.3.1, 1601.3.2, Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801.2.2
1601.3.3, 1701.1, 1701.2.7, 1701.2.8, 1701.3, Power source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2201.3.9
1701.3.15, 1901.2, 2001.3.12, 2101.3.1, 2201.3.19.2, Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801.2.1, 2201.3.3
2201.3.19.3, 2201.3.19.4, E102.1
Process hazard analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2201.3.11
Accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202, 702
Reliabilitiy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2201.3.2
General application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Safety audits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2201.3.18
FIRE IMPACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .602, Chapter 17
Spill mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2201.3.4
FIRE IMPACT MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602,
Vapor detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2201.3.8
Chapter 17, 1701.2.2
Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2201.3.10
Capabilities of occupants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701.2.8
Written procedures. . . . . . . . . . 2201.3.12, 2201.3.13,
Concealed spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701.3.8
2201.3.14, 2201.3.15, 2201.3.16
Control of smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701.3.7
HAZARDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.3.2, 101.3.1, 101.3.2,
Detection and notification . . . . . . . . . . 806, 1701.3.5
102.3.4.1.5, 102.3.4.2.2,
Emergency responders . . . . . . . . 1701.2.6, 1701.3.3
102.3.8.4, 301.1, 302.2.2,
Evacuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701.2.3 304.2.1.3, 304.2.2.3,
Fire potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701.2.1 304.2.3.3, 304.2.4.3,
HVAC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701.3.14 305.1, 305.1.1, 305.1.2
Interior surface finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701.3.1 Building materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Magnitude of fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701.3.15 Construction and demolition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804

72 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
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Emergency responder safety . . . . 2101.3.1, 2101.3.2 MANAGEMENT OF PEOPLE . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 18

Signs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .805.4 Mitigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1801.2.2
Surface water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901.2.1 Prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1801.2.1
Management of people . . . . . . . . . 1801.3.1, 1801.3.7 MEANS OF EGRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701, Chapter 19
HEATING, VENTILATION AND Consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1901.3.5
AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) . . . . . 1101, 1701.3.14 Ease of use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1901.3.9
Human biomechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1901.3.5
I Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1901.3.2, 805
INDIVIDUALLY SUBSTANTIATED Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1901.3.2
METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.3.3, Appendix C Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1901.3.6, 1901.3.7,
INDOOR AIR QUALITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002 1901.3.8, 1901.3.9, 1901.3.10
INSPECTIONS. . . . . . . . . . 102.2.9, 102.3.5.5, 102.3.7, Unobstructed path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1901.3.3
102.3.8.2, 102.3.12.1, Untenable conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1901.3.4
103.2.3, 401.2.2, 703.3.1 MECHANICAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 11
INTENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101.2 MINIMUM PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 10 MOISTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 9
INTERNAL MOISTURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
O
L OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION. . . . 302, Appendix A
LAUNDERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1202 OPERATIONS AND
LEVEL OF DAMAGE . . . . . . . 303.3, Table 303.3, 304 MAINTENANCE MANUAL . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.1.6,
LEVEL OF IMPACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304.2, 2201.3.19 102.3.4.2, 102.3.4.2.3,
High . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.2.3 102.3.8.2, 102.3.9.1.3,
102.3.10.2, 102.3.11.1
Mild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.2.1
Moderate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.2.2
Severe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.2.4 P
PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 7
M PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
PERFORMANCE GROUP. . . . . . . 301.2, 301.3.2, 303
MAGNITUDES OF EVENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.1
Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305.2.1
Specific buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.2
Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305.2
Worksheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix B
Natural hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305.1.1
PERMITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.2.9, 102.3.5.1,
Technological hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305.1.2
102.3.6.4, 102.3.7, 102.3.11.3,
MAGNITUDE OF FIRE EVENT . . . . . . . . . . . 1701.3.15
102.3.12.1, 102.3.13.2, 102.3.13.4
Design fire event. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1701.3.15.1 PERSONAL HYGIENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1201
Fire scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1701.3.15.3 PIPED SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103
Fire sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . .1701.3.15.2, 1701.3.15.3.2 PLAN REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.3.12.1, 202
Justification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701.3.15.3.4 PLUMBING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 12
Safety factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701.3.15.3.5 PRESCRIPTIVE CODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202, C101.2
MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . 101.3.1, 102.2.10, 102.3.1.6, PREVENTION OF FALLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
102.3.4.1.1, 102.3.4.1.4, Barrier openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803.3.4
102.3.4.2, 102.3.4.2.2, 102.3.4.2.3,
102.3.5.5, 102.3.5.6, 102.3.8.2, 102.3.8.3, Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803.3.1, 803.3.3
102.3.9.1.3, 102.3.10, 102.3.11.1, Roofs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803.3.2
401.2.1, 401.3.1, 401.3.2, 402.3.1, PRINCIPAL DESIGN
703.2, 703.3.1, 1103.3.5, 1203.3.8, PROFESSIONAL . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.3.1.2, 103.3.2,
1204.3.3, 1301.3.2, 1601.1, 102.3.3.1, 102.3.3.7, 102.3.4.2.1,
1901.3.6, 1901.3.7, 1901.3.10 102.3.5.2, 102.3.8.1, 102.3.11.1,
MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . .103.2.11, 202, C101.2, D101.2
103.3.5.6, 1801.3.9, 2201.3.14 PURPOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.2, 301.1, 305.2.1

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Q Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.6.1
QUALIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.2.1, 102.3.2, Third-party review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
102.3.1.8, 102.3.4.2.1, 401.3.1, RISK FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301.1, 302.1,
401.3.2, Appendix D 302.4, 303.1, 303.3, 305.1,
Design professional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D101.3 Appendix A, Appendix B
Principal design professional . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D101.2 Familiarity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.4.5
Reviewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D101.5 Length of occupancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.4.3
Special experts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D101.4 Nature of hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.4.1
QUALITY ASSURANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.7.4, 202 Number of occupants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.4.2
Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.4.7
Sleeping characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.4.4
R
Use and occupancy classifications . . . . . Appendix A
REFRIGERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1102 Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.4.6
RELIABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Active fire protection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 401.2.3
S
Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401.3.2
Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401.2.2 SAFE PLACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202, 701.2, 805.3.2,
Manufacturers’ instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401.2.1 805.3.3, 806.3.2, 1901.2,
1901.3.1, 1901.3.3, 1901.3.4
Qualifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401.3.1
SAFETY FACTORS . . . . . . . . . 501.3.5, 1701.3.15.3.5
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401.2.2
SAFETY OF USERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 8
Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401.2.4
SAFETY SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202, 401.2.4,
REMODELING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.11
1701.3.1, 1701.3.8,
RENOVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.11.4 1701.3.10, 1701.3.12,
REPORTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.1.1, 102.3.1.5, 1701.3.13, 1901.3.1,
102.3.3.1, 102.3.3.7, 102.3.4.2, 1901.3.6
102.3.7.3, 102.3.7.5, 102.3.8.1, SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.3, 102.3.1.8,
102.3.8.4, 102.3.11.2, 102.3.11.4, 102.3.3.8, 102.3.4.1.2, 201,
103.3.11.5, 103.3.11.6, C101.2 C101.1, D101.1, E101.1
Concept report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.4.2.1 SERIOUS INJURY . . . . . . . 202, 602.2, 1701.2, 1701.3
Design report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.4.2.2 SIGNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
RESPONSIBILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.3.2 Accessibile building features . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805.3.5
Building owner’s responsibility. . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.1, Emergency responder safety . . . . . . . . . . . . 2101.3.2
102.3.10.1 Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805.3.2
Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.11.2 Hazard identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805.3.4
Computer models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E103 Power failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805.3.3
Design professional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.3, E103.1 Safe place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805.3.2
Event magnitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305.2, 305.2.1 Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805.3.1
Principal design professional . . . . . . . . 103.3.1.2, 202 SITE WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501.3.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.3.3.5 SOURCES OF IGNITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601, 804.3.1,
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.3.6.2 1601.2, 1601.3.1, 1601.3.3,
Reviewer characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D101.5 2201.3.5, 2201.3.19.1
Special expert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.3 SPECIAL EXPERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.1.8, 102.3.2,
Violation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.1.3.2 102.3.3, 102.3.4.2.1,
REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.2.2, 102.2.3, 102.3.8.4, 102.3.3.8,
102.3.3.1, 102.3.3.7, 102.3.3.8, 202, D101.4
102.3.4.2.3, 102.3.5.1, 102.3.6, STABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 5
102.3.11.2, 102.3.11.4, STRUCTURAL FORCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
103.3.4, 202 SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION . . . . . . . 102.3.3.2,
Contract review . . . . . . . . . 102.3.1.4, 102.3.6.3, 202 102.3.3.3
Peer review . . . . . 102.3.1.3, 102.3.6.3, 103.3.4, 202 SURFACE WATER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901
Plan review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.2.9, 102.3.12, 202

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 INDEX

T
THIRD-PARTY REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

U
USE AND OCCUPANCY
CLASSIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302, Appendix A

V
VIOLATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.9.1.3, 102.3.13

W
WASTEWATER. . . . . . . . .Table 303.1, 1201.3.4, 1204

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2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL
PERFORMANCE CODE®
FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES

USER’S GUIDE
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 USER’S GUIDE
TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Part I—Administrative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Section
101 Intent and Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
102 Administrative Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
103 Acceptable Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Section
202 Defined Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN PERFORMANCE LEVELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Section
301 Minimum Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
302 Use and Occupancy Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
303 Performance Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
304 Maximum Level of Damage to Be Tolerated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
305 Magnitudes of Event. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

CHAPTER 4 RELIABILITY AND DURABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Section
401 Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
402 Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Part II—Building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

CHAPTER 5 STABILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Section
501 Structural Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

CHAPTER 6 FIRE SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Section
601 Sources of Fire Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
602 Limiting Fire Impact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

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USER’S GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 7 PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Section
701 Means of Egress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
702 Accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
703 Transportation Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

CHAPTER 8 SAFETY OF USERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Section
801 Hazardous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
802 Hazards from Building Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
803 Prevention of Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
804 Construction and Demolition Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
805 Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
806 Emergency Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

CHAPTER 9 MOISTURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Section
901 Surface Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
902 External Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
903 Internal Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

CHAPTER 10 INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

CHAPTER 11 MECHANICAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

CHAPTER 12 PLUMBING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

CHAPTER 13 FUEL GAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Section
1301 Fuel Gas Piping and Vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

CHAPTER 14 ELECTRICITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Section
1401 Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

CHAPTER 15 ENERGY EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Section
1501 Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Part III — Fire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

CHAPTER 16 FIRE PREVENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

CHAPTER 17 FIRE IMPACT MANAGEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Section
1701 Fire Impact Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

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CHAPTER 18 MANAGEMENT OF PEOPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

CHAPTER 19 MEANS OF EGRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

CHAPTER 20 EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION, ACCESS AND FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

CHAPTER 21 EMERGENCY RESPONDER SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

CHAPTER 22 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Section
2201 Hazardous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Part IV—Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

APPENDIX A RISK FACTORS OF USE

AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

APPENDIX B WORKSHEET FOR ASSIGNING SPECIFIC

STRUCTURES TO PERFORMANCE GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

APPENDIX C INDIVIDUALLY SUBSTANTIATED DESIGN METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

APPENDIX D QUALIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS FOR DESIGN

AND REVIEW OF PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

APPENDIX E USE OF COMPUTER MODELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

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 FOREWORD

Introduction
This User’s Guide is provided as background to discuss the rationale and basis for the code provisions. This User’s Guide is not
considered part of the International Code Council Performance Code® for Buildings and Facilities (ICCPC®) but is provided for
support with regard to interpretation and background information.
This User’s Guide provides an overview of the structure and content of the ICCPC. Additionally, it provides insight about how
a performance-based code works, and it explains the particular provisions found within the code. The 2001 edition of the ICCPC
was drafted jointly by two committees composed of representatives from the code enforcement community (building and fire),
academia, research firms, design firms and professional organizations. The drafting process consisted of the release of three
reports that were open to comments from any interested parties. Following these, another draft was released, officially titled
“Final Draft to the International Code Council Performance Code for Buildings and Facilities,” which was then subjected to the
ICC code change process in 2001, resulting in the 2001 edition. There have been six editions subsequent to the 2001 edition: the
2003 edition, the 2006 edition, the 2009 edition, the 2012 edition, the 2015 edition and the most current 2018 edition.
The ICCPC is not intended to be any different in scope than the current International Codes® (I-Codes®). It is, in part, a for-
malization of the alternate materials and methods section of the current I-Codes®. Currently, alternate designs occur with mini-
mal guidance for all parties involved. The current alternate materials and methods approach in the prescriptive codes requires
equivalency but does not describe how equivalency should be demonstrated, nor does it provide an administrative process to fol-
low. A performance-based code provides structure to the alternate materials and methods approach. As part of that structure, the
code and User’s Guide provide code officials, designers and owners many approaches and resources that can be helpful in man-
aging projects and administering approvals of performance-based designs.
This process goes beyond the formalization of the alternate methods and materials section, as it structures the prescriptive
code in a more appropriate manner that focuses the code user on the intent of the code instead of on prescriptive solutions. For
example, a subject not explicitly covered by the prescriptive codes is public welfare related to continuity of mission or the over-
all economic good (welfare) of a community. Examples might include a hospital, school, emergency services center, factory
employing a vast majority of the residents of the community or a large mall that represents a significant tax base to the commu-
nity. For one reason or another, these buildings are necessary for the well-being and viability of a community and thus need to be
kept operating or have their “down time” minimized so that they can continue to serve the community even after suffering a
major event such as an earthquake, fire or hurricane.
This User’s Guide is to be used in conjunction with the ICCPC and not as a substitute for the code. The User’s Guide is advi-
sory background information only. The code official alone possesses the authority and responsibility for interpreting the code.

Background
The methodology employed in performance-based codes focuses on outcomes. In other words, a performance code approach
would identify and quantify the level of damage that is acceptable during and after a fire, earthquake or other event. Generally,
but not in all cases, the current prescriptive code focuses on solutions that achieve a certain outcome. The difficulty is that the
outcome is unclear. Therefore, when a design is proposed that is different from the prescriptive code, it is often difficult to deter-
mine whether the approach will be equivalent. There may be other more appropriate and innovative solutions available. A per-
formance-based code creates a framework that both clearly defines the intent of the code and provides a process to understand
quantitatively what the code is trying to achieve. Without this framework, new construction techniques and innovations would
be fairly difficult to accomplish and new methods of construction take longer to implement.
This code also addresses issues that are not specifically related to a natural or technological hazard event. For instance, pro-
viding equal access for those with disabilities is not related to an event but instead is a societal expectation of equality. Another
example is energy efficiency, which is currently an important expectation of society but cannot be linked to a particular hazard
event.
As noted, the prescriptive code is a solution that we have been applying over the years to achieve a certain outcome, and it
will continue to be used as the primary viable solution. In fact, most designs under a performance-based code system will be
conducted using prescriptive codes. More specifically, a performance code will not replace prescriptive codes. Developing a per-
formance-based code creates a framework in which numerous design solutions are available, including the current prescriptive
codes.
The development of performance criteria and acceptance methods is outside the scope of the ICCPC and will require indus-
try, professional societies, research and evaluation services to take a role in the development and application of these criteria and
methods. Such criteria and methods are not intended to be found or to be directly referenced in the performance code. The code
simply provides criteria to help determine which methods are acceptable within Section 103, “Acceptable Methods.”

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FOREWORD

Structure of the code provisions

The International Code Council Performance Code for Buildings and Facilities is the result of a joint effort of two committees;
ICC Performance Building Committee and ICC Performance Fire Committee. Originally, these two committees had their own
draft codes, but in November 1999, they decided to create a single performance code that contained several parts. These parts
reflect the unique aspects of each of the drafting committees. The intention was that this code be adopted in its entirety, which is
strongly recommended. Alternatively, Parts I and III could be adopted, which would accommodate fire departments that may be
interested in the code as it relates to existing buildings or similar applications. A fire department would not usually have the
authority to adopt provisions related to subjects such as structural stability or plumbing. Ultimately, the adoption decision is in
the hands of policy makers. The four parts of the document are as follows:
Part I—Administrative (Chapters 1–4)
Part II—Building Provisions (Chapters 5–15)
Part III—Fire Provisions (Chapters (16–22)
Part IV—Appendices (A–E)

Part I—Administrative
Part I of the document contains four chapters in which common approaches were found for both building and fire. Chapter 1
contains administrative provisions such as intent, scope and requirements related to qualifications, documentation, review, main-
tenance and change of use or occupancy. Also, provisions for approving acceptable methods are provided. Chapter 2 provides
definitions specific to this document.
Chapter 3, “Design Performance Levels,” sets the framework for determining the appropriate performance desired from a
building or facility based on a particular event such as an earthquake or a fire. Specifically, the user of the code can more easily
determine the expected performance level of a building during an earthquake. In the prescriptive codes, the required perfor-
mance is simply prescribed with no method provided to determine or quantify the level of the building’s or facility’s perfor-
mance. In other words, all of the different requirements such as heights and areas, sprinklers and structural requirements are
attempting to address the hazards to which buildings are subject and the losses that society is able to tolerate. Because these
issues are dealt with implicitly, it is difficult to measure the level of safety provided. Therefore, when applying the alternate
materials and methods approach for the prescriptive code, it is unclear what is meant by “equivalent,” and often the designer
must try to make the determination. The problem with the designer determining the intended performance level is that such deci-
sions may not be technical in nature. They are value judgments, which should ultimately be made by policy makers. This chapter
can serve as the link between the policy makers and the designers by specifically providing measurable guidance as to desired
performance. See the User’s Guide for Chapter 3 for a more detailed discussion. It should be noted that the structural provisions
within the IBC are somewhat performance-oriented in that buildings are ranked in importance tables for occupancies. See Table
1604.5, Risk Category of Buildings and Other Structures, of the International Building Code. The structural requirements are
then based on those occupancy categories.
Chapter 4 deals with the topics of reliability and durability and how these issues interact with the overall performance of a
building or facility over its life. This issue has always been relevant to codes and standards but becomes more obvious when a
performance code requires a designer to regard buildings as a system. Also, there is often a concern that when performance
designs are implemented, necessary redundancies may be removed. As an example, greater dependence may be placed on the
use of a single, active fire protection system rather than relying on a combination of passive compartmentation and active fire
protection systems. Reliability includes redundancy, maintenance, durability, quality of installation, integrity of the design and,
generally, the qualifications of those involved within this process. More discussion is found within the User’s Guide for Chapter 4.

Parts II and III—Building and Fire

Parts II and III provide topic-specific qualitative statements of intent that relate to current prescriptive code requirements. As
noted, Parts II and III are building and fire components, respectively. The building and fire components were not fully integrated
because of concerns relating to how such a document might be used. For instance, a fire department might want to utilize the
document for existing buildings or facilities but would not be able to adopt chapters dealing with issues such as structural stabil-
ity or moisture. Therefore, the code is designed so that a fire department could adopt Parts I and III only. When Part II is
adopted, the entire document should be adopted. Part III should always be included in the adoption of this code.
Generally, the topic-specific qualitative statements are the basic elements missing from the prescriptive codes. The state-
ments follow a particular hierarchy, described as follows.
Objective. The objectives define what is expected in terms of societal goals or what society “demands” from buildings and
facilities. Objectives are topic-specific and deal with particular aspects of performance required in a building, such as safeguard-
ing people during escape and rescue.

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 FOREWORD

Functional Statement. The functional statement explains, in general terms, the function that a building must provide to meet
the objective or what “supply” must be provided to meet the “demand.” For example, a building must be constructed to allow
people adequate time to reach a place of safety without exposure to untenable conditions.
Performance Requirement. Performance requirements are detailed statements that break down the functional statements into
measurable terms. This is where the link is made to the acceptable methods.
Societal goals are difficult to determine but need to be reflected within the code, since they are the purpose for having regula-
tions for buildings and facilities. Society expects a certain performance from buildings and facilities and demands that the local
codes and their enforcement provide that protection. As noted earlier, such goals need to match the expectations of the policy
makers. These goals will vary among communities because of specific needs and concerns such as the preservation of an historic
part of a community or a business that employs a majority of the town’s work force. Policy makers have relied upon the model
codes to reflect these goals, but the model codes today generally focus on the protection of life and property versus looking at a
community overall and its unique features. So the desired goals are not always achieved by the simple adoption of model codes.
Thus, variations in a community’s social objectives are reflected by local amendments. In the performance-based code, objec-
tives, functional statements and performance requirements are generalized by using terms such as “reasonable,” “adequate” or
“acceptable.” In the current prescriptive code there is only one value that is deemed “reasonable”; thus, communities must
amend the code to reflect their local needs. Justifying amendments is often difficult in a prescriptive code environment since we
are looking at a single solution versus understanding outcomes tolerated by society in events such as earthquakes. The perfor-
mance codes are an attempt to create an environment where “reasonable” is qualified by the level of damage that is tolerable to a
community based on the type of events expected and the use and importance of the building impacted. It is hoped that this code
will create a framework that policy makers can use to reflect what society expects more clearly and in a more consistent way
from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.

Part IV—Appendices
Part IV contains the appendices to the code document. Each of the appendices relates to specific provisions of this code and are
discussed within the User’s Guide as applicable.

Equivalency versus performance-based codes

The new International Code Council Performance Code for Buildings and Facilities is intended to provide a more comprehen-
sive structure than the previously published model codes regarding alternative materials, design and construction methods, and
testing. Typically, these alternatives were used for specific building or facility applications, such as exiting requirements or
innovative techniques for seismic design. Unfortunately, the building official, fire official or appeals board finds themselves in
the position of determining acceptance criteria with only general guidelines, such as the following published in the 2012 editions
of the International Building Code and International Fire Code.

2018 International Building Code

[A] 104.10 Modifications. Where there are practical difficulties involved in carrying out the provisions of this code, the
building official shall have the authority to grant modifications for individual cases, upon application of the owner or the
owner’s authorized agent, provided that the building official shall first find that special individual reason makes the strict let-
ter of this code impractical and the modification is in compliance with the intent and purpose of this code and that such mod-
ification does not lessen health, accessibility, life and fire safety, or structural requirements. The details of action granting
modifications shall be recorded and entered in the files of the department of building safety.
[A] 104.10.1 Flood hazard areas. The building official shall not grant modifications to any provision required in flood
hazard areas as established by Section 1612.3 unless a determination has been made that:
1. A showing of good and sufficient cause that the unique characteristics of the size, configuration or topography of the
site render the elevation standards of Section 1612 inappropriate.
2. A determination that failure to grant the variance would result in exceptional hardship by rendering the lot undevel-
opable.
3. A determination that the granting of a variance will not result in increased flood heights, additional threats to public
safety, extraordinary public expense, cause fraud on or victimization of the public, or conflict with existing laws or
ordinances.
4. A determination that the variance is the minimum necessary to afford relief, considering the flood hazard.
5. Submission to the applicant of written notice specifying the difference between the design flood elevation and the
elevation to which the building is to be built, stating that the cost of flood insurance will be commensurate with the
increased risk resulting from the reduced floor elevation, and stating that construction below the design flood eleva-
tion increases risks to life and property.

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FOREWORD

[A] 104.11 Alternative materials, design and methods of construction and equipment. The provisions of this code are not
intended to prevent the installation of any material or to prohibit any design or method of construction not specifically pre-
scribed by this code, provided that any such alternative has been approved. An alternative material, design or method of con-
struction shall be approved where the building official finds that the proposed design is satisfactory and complies with the
intent of the provisions of this code, and that the material, method or work offered is, for the purpose intended, at least the
equivalent of that prescribed in this code in quality, strength, effectiveness, fire resistance, durability and safety. Where the
alternative material, design or method of construction is not approved, the building official shall respond in writing, stating
the reasons why the alternative was not approved.
[A] 104.11.1 Research reports. Supporting data, where necessary to assist in the approval of materials or assemblies not
specifically provided for in this code, shall consist of valid research reports from approved sources.
[A] 104.11.2 Tests. Whenever there is insufficient evidence of compliance with the provisions of this code, or evidence
that a material or method does not conform to the requirements of this code, or in order to substantiate claims for alterna-
tive materials or methods, the building official shall have the authority to require tests as evidence of compliance to be
made at no expense to the jurisdiction. Test methods shall be as specified in this code or by other recognized test stan-
dards. In the absence of recognized and accepted test methods, the building official shall approve the testing procedures.
Tests shall be performed by an approved agency. Reports of such tests shall be retained by the building official for the
period required for retention of public records.

2018 International Fire Code

[A] 104.8 Modifications. Whenever there are practical difficulties involved in carrying out the provisions of this code, the
fire code official shall have the authority to grant modifications for individual cases, provided the fire code official shall first
find that special individual reason makes the strict letter of this code impractical and the modification is in compliance with
the intent and purpose of this code and that such modification does not lessen health, life and fire safety requirements. The
details of action granting modifications shall be recorded and entered in the files of the department of fire prevention.
[A] 104.9 Alternative materials and methods. The provisions of this code are not intended to prevent the installation of any
material or to prohibit any method of construction not specifically prescribed by this code, provided that any such alternative
has been approved. The fire code official is authorized to approve an alternative material or method of construction where the
fire code official finds that the proposed design is satisfactory and complies with the intent of the provisions of this code, and
that the material, method or work offered is, for the purpose intended, at least the equivalent of that prescribed in this code in
quality, strength, effectiveness, fire resistance, durability and safety. Where the alternative material, design or method of con-
struction is not approved, the fire code official shall respond in writing, stating the reasons the alternative was not approved.
[A] 104.9.1 Research reports. Supporting data, when necessary to assist in the approval of materials or assemblies not
specifically provided for in this code, shall consist of valid research reports from approved sources.
[A] 104.9.2 Tests. Whenever there is insufficient evidence of compliance with the provisions of this code, or evidence that
a material or method does not conform to the requirements of this code, or in order to substantiate claims for alternative
materials or methods, the fire code official shall have the authority to require tests as evidence of compliance to be made at
no expense to the jurisdiction. Test methods shall be as specified in this code or by other recognized test standards. In the
absence of recognized and accepted test methods, the fire code official shall approve the testing procedures. Tests shall be
performed by an approved agency. Reports of such tests shall be retained by the fire code official for the period required
for retention of public records.
Performance-based designs have been occurring under the preceding sections for years, despite the lack of guidance to
designers or code enforcers. These sections do not address specific subject areas or state specifically what is intended. By con-
trast, a performance-based code will clearly state the intent for each specific area the code intends to cover, such as means of
egress and indoor air quality, essentially expanding on the current alternative methods and materials section. Thus, decision
making in terms of methodologies beyond the prescriptive code will become clearer. The intent statements are satisfied through
the use of acceptable methods, which include the prescriptive code. The methodologies put forth in this code will provide a
structure in which the designer and the code official are provided with the flexibility to determine a specific design performance
level desired by the owner based on an evaluation of the level of risk and reliability of the solutions used, while still achieving
the intent of the code. Design professionals have requested this flexibility for several years, and with the performance provi-
sions, the designer now has the choice of using prescriptive, performance, or a combination of these provisions.
It is anticipated that prescriptive code provisions of the International Building Code, International Residential Code, Interna-
tional Mechanical Code, International Plumbing Code, International Fire Code and related codes will likely be used for most
projects, and performance-based designs or a combination of prescriptive and performance-based designs will only be used for
unique circumstances requiring design innovation. A benefit of the ICCPC, though most designs will be accomplished with pre-
scriptive codes, is an improved understanding of the intent of the prescriptive requirements. Ultimately, the improved under-
standing will benefit the quality of the prescriptive documents by providing additional solutions generated by using a

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performance code structure. Such a document can also provide a sounding board for the inclusion of requirements into the
I-Codes during the code change process.

“Architecture” of the codes

There are often questions related to how the document will work with prescriptive codes in the adoption process. It is intended
that this performance code is to stand alone from the prescriptive codes but utilize the prescriptive codes as an acceptable
method. Essentially, if a jurisdiction were to adopt the ICCPC, it would still be using the prescriptive codes, such as the building,
residential, fire, mechanical and plumbing codes, as acceptable methods. Also, it will always be possible that a jurisdiction could
adopt the prescriptive codes without adopting the ICCPC. The ICCPC is intended as a framework document that creates a
method more closely reflecting society’s expectations of building and facility performance. This document has the necessary
components to reflect society's expectations through better communication of intent and through placing buildings and facilities
into more conservative performance groups.
Past experience with prescriptive codes, specifically with regard to seismic design, has demonstrated that public expectation
of regulations is often higher than what the regulations and technical communities provide. The Northridge, California, earth-
quake on January 17, 1994, was an example of this disconnect. The engineers were satisfied that most buildings met the objec-
tive of life safety, whereas the public expected buildings to be much more usable after the event. Additionally, it is recognized
that it will be some time before an overall performance-based system is adopted by most jurisdictions. It is hoped that this code
can serve as an important tool in creating a comprehensive performance regulatory system.

Existing buildings and facilities

A performance-based regulatory system can be used as a tool in understanding at what level an existing building may perform in
an event such as a fire or earthquake. There are some prescriptive tools available in current codes, such as the work area method
and scoring method found in the International Existing Building Code. These methods have become fairly developed and pro-
vide a fair amount of flexibility but still do not indicate the actual performance of the building or portion thereof. Additionally,
fire codes in the United States have limited requirements related specifically to existing buildings and facilities, but in cases
where it can be shown that a distinct hazard exists, the requirements for new buildings and facilities would apply. The burden of
showing that a distinct hazard exists rests with the jurisdiction. A performance code can be used to help pinpoint at what level an
existing building or facility may perform in events such as a fire or an earthquake, for example. This could apply to a single
building, a certain occupancy classification or to an entire community through an adopted ordinance. The ICCPC provides a tool
to the jurisdiction to help assess the level of performance of existing buildings or perhaps a building type.
Additionally, a performance code provides options to designers and owners when they address a hazard in an existing build-
ing. For example, instead of simply stating that the travel distance must be decreased, the objectives of the code are discussed,
which allows designers to determine other ways to achieve the objectives. A systems approach in many cases gives everyone
involved a better, more realistic understanding of the actual hazards and the most effective means of addressing such hazards.

Summary
The approach provided in the performance-based document is in part a global expansion and a major improvement on the cur-
rent equivalency approach. Also, the comprehensive structure that includes strengthened administrative provisions, design-per-
formance level decision-making tools and topic-specific intent statements focuses codes on desired outcomes instead of on a
single solution.
The prescriptive code is a very important element of a successful performance-based code system and will continue to play an
important role in the future. Specifically, a performance code structure will create an environment that encourages innovative
approaches, which may become solutions within the prescriptive code.
Currently, the design performance level concept provided in Chapter 3 of the code document specifically focuses on events
such as fires, earthquakes and winds, and does not address everyday use issues such as interior environment, prevention of falls
and various other topics that could be dealt with on varying design-performance levels. If Chapter 3 is not referenced within a
specific chapter in Parts II and III, then there is assumed to be only one design performance level.
Some additional issues that need further study are durability and reliability and how these affect building performance.

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FOREWORD

Additional resources
There are additional resources available that may assist in the understanding of this code and the alternative/performance design
process. These resources include the following:
• Building Fire Performance Analysis (Wiley, 2004)
• Code Official’s Guide to Performance-Based Design Review (SFPE and ICC, 2004)
• Egress Design Solutions (Wiley, 2007)
• International Fire Engineering Guidelines (Australian Building Code Board, 2005)
• Performance-Based Building Design Concepts, A Companion Document to the International Code Council Performance
Code for Buildings and Facilities (ICC, 2004)
• SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection Analysis and Design of Buildings (NFPA and SFPE, 2007)

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Part I—Administrative

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS

SECTION 101

INTENT AND PURPOSE

SCOPE

The scope statements encompass all portions of the code and are similar to the corresponding administrative provisions of the
prescriptive codes. They provide an overall understanding of the limits and applications of the document. For example, the scope
statement for Part II—Building notes that “this code provides requirements for structural strength, stability, sanitation, means of
access and egress, light and ventilation, safety to life and protection of property from fire and, in general, to secure life and prop-
erty from other hazards affecting the built environment.”
There is a similar scope statement provided for Part III—Fire.
The purpose of the performance code is to promote innovative, flexible and responsive solutions that optimize the expendi-
ture and consumption of resources while preserving social and economic value. This approach is unique to the structure of a per-
formance-based code.
The intent statements have been expanded beyond the traditional intent of the prescriptive ICC family of codes to address
varying levels of performance. In addition to these intent statements, specific goals in the form of objectives are found within
each individual chapter to further delineate for all stakeholders the more detailed intended performance for the various goals
mentioned in the intent statement such as egress and energy efficiency.
As noted, separate scope statements have been developed for Parts II and III of this code, whereas the code has a common
administrative chapter in Part I. Part II—Building includes comprehensive performance provisions addressing all classes of haz-
ards that may occur to or within a building and addressing the necessary functions to be provided by the built environment.
These may include fire, structural stability, moisture, energy, plumbing and many other issues. The provisions of Part III—Fire
apply to a specific subset of those hazards, specifically those involving safety from fire and hazardous materials and how the
building can be used in a relatively safe manner.
Part III of this code goes beyond buildings, since it also deals with facilities, including contents, uses and processes. It is
intended that Part III of this code be suitable for use as a stand-alone design tool for a performance-based design of facilities both
within and independent of buildings. This is very similar to the prescriptive fire code, where the focus is on a particular process
within a building instead of on the building itself. Further, the scope of Part III of this code can include, at the option of the
adopting entity, some, none or all existing structures within the jurisdiction. Part III of the code can be used as a tool in the mea-
surement of current fire risk within all or part of a jurisdiction, as well as a comprehensive methodology to apply retrospective
fire safety measures where appropriate.

SECTION 102

ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS

The administrative section discusses how the performance code works in terms of the practical application of the code including
stakeholder qualifications and responsibilities, document submittals, and review and construction verification techniques to
demonstrate that the performance code objectives have been satisfied. Additionally, this section emphasizes the importance of
the long-term maintenance needs of a performance-based design and the management of changes to those designs whether such
changes are large or small.

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GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS

The overall regulatory process regarding the administration of the code enforcement program (as outlined in Chapter 1 of the
prescriptive ICC family of codes), appointment of the code official and staff, permit requirements and exceptions, fees, inspec-
tion types and requirements, and appeals is not included in the performance code administrative provisions for the following rea-
sons:
• Requirements of the ICC family of codes are to be utilized as specifically referenced in the performance code provisions.
• A major emphasis of this code is the unique administrative approach necessary for a successful performance-based design.
• Performance-based design methods are, in most cases, only expected to be applied to portions of a building, structure or
facility, or to some process or contents within a building; therefore, supplemental requirements to the prescriptive codes
will be necessary.
The section also addresses various responsibilities shared by the partners in a performance-based design, ranging from the
building or facility owner, to the registered design professionals, to the code official. The term “code official” is used multilater-
ally to incorporate building, fire, mechanical, plumbing and any other officials as may be designated by the adopting jurisdic-
tion.
The model codes have traditionally incorporated alternate materials, alternate designs and alternate methods of construction.
This code provides a framework and opportunity to utilize new materials and methods when design equivalence to the prescrip-
tive code or achievement of objectives is demonstrated and accepted by the code official. This code provides a more disciplined,
comprehensive approach with the intent of the code and the objective of each chapter clearly identified and administrative
requirements clearly stated. The expectation is that design professionals should use this code as a tool to improve substantially
the quality of written submittals. Further, the comprehensive structure of a performance code diverts the focus away from a sin-
gle solution and instead emphasizes code intent and objectives, allowing for design solutions appropriate to a particular situation
as opposed to designing to the minimum. The end product of a performance-based code will lead to consistent, thorough, inno-
vative designs and techniques undertaken and reviewed in a structured manner. Additionally, this code intends to improve writ-
ten submittals by design professionals by requiring documentation of project objectives, design compliance with code
objectives, design basis using authoritative documents, and analysis.
Other resources include the following:
• Code Official’s Guide to Performance-Based Design Review (SFPE and ICC, 2004)
• Performance-Based Building Design Concepts, A Companion Document to the International Code Council Performance
Code for Buildings and Facilities (ICC 2004)
• SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection Analysis and Design of Buildings (NFPA and SFPE,
2007)

102.1 Objective

The goal of the administrative chapter is to achieve and maintain safety through clarification of the responsibilities of the owner,
registered design professional and code official; to provide requirements for preparation and submittal of performance-based
design documents; and to provide for methods of verification and documentation as a systems approach to comply with the per-
formance code objectives over the life of the design. This includes accountability of all stakeholders with respect to design,
implementation of the design, maintenance and management of future changes to the use, facility or building.

102.2 Functional statements

The functional statements set forth the steps necessary for a successful performance-based design process. These steps range
from the required technical competence of the design professionals, the documentation essential for a competent review and
approval, the implementation of the approved performance-based design and verification of compliance, the long-term mainte-
nance of the original design and the careful management of any changes.
Reference is made as well to the administrative provisions of the International Code Council's family of codes in regard to the
dynamics of the agency’s plan review, permit issuance, inspection procedures and enforcement policies. Any additional admin-
istrative procedures should be considered for inclusion in the adopting ordinance or regulations of the jurisdiction.

102.3 Performance requirements

This section is divided into code subsections by particular subject matter. The purpose is to focus on responsibility and methods
of accountability regarding major activities. The methodology of managing performance-based design submittals, review, con-
struction, inspection and testing relates to other code’s practices but is expanded within this code based on several successful
building department programs currently in place. Good documentation and the use of a quality assurance program for large or
unique construction projects are highly recommended tools for managing performance-based design projects.
Emphasis is placed on building and facility maintenance to retain compliance with the performance-based design. Future
remodeling, additions and changes of use are perpetual factors for existing buildings and require solid documentation to aid the

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design professional’s evaluation of a building and any associated use changes in the future. The administrative objectives are
considered requirements related to responsibility, process and methods of verification. It is critical that all the elements work
together to meet code objectives. A higher level of responsibility, accountability and documentation is required for performance-
based designs to achieve safe buildings.

102.3.1 Building owner’s responsibility

Prior to preliminary design development, it is necessary that the owner, through the principal design professional, secure a qual-
ified design team of experts with experience in performance-based design techniques. A building or facility owner’s costs may
be substantially increased as a result of using a performance-based design, but the potential for creative design and a unique and
functional building or facility may be obtained to meet the owner’s objectives.
It is strongly recommended that all pertinent issues be discussed candidly among all stakeholders during the preliminary
design phase to achieve “buy-in” by all parties and that a review of the higher-level objectives found in this code be undertaken.
Stakeholders include the owner, operators, principal and other design professionals, code officials, contractors, representatives
of the lenders, insurance and other firms who can have an impact on the design and use of the building. See the User’s Guide for
Section 102.3.1.1 for a discussion of the considerations for the selection of this code.
A building or facility owner has a major responsibility when he or she chooses a performance-based design approach. This
responsibility must be explored in depth from the conceptual and preliminary design forward, specifically examining how the
owner or operator will operate and maintain the building in accordance with the approved design. The owner or a suitable repre-
sentative should be actively involved in the design process, including meeting with the code official, to ascertain immediate and
long-term responsibilities. If owners choose not to accept this responsibility, they will probably opt to direct their design profes-
sionals to utilize current prescriptive codes and standards.

102.3.1.1 Design professional

Traditionally, for prescriptive code projects, a project owner hires the design professionals, establishes the project vision, out-
lines the functional project criteria and provides instructions to the design team. On projects where more than one design profes-
sional is hired individually without having responsibility to one single design professional (architect or engineer) in charge, code
officials have encountered cases where design documents were not coordinated and other cases where the multiple design pro-
fessionals worked toward different objectives. This process resulted in design documents that required substantial revisions
before plans could be approved to comply with the minimum standard of prescriptive codes. This lead to systems that were not
compatible, and construction, operational and maintenance problems resulted.
In a performance-based design code, the practice above is not acceptable and steps must be taken on the front end of a project
to ensure that all design work is coordinated and meets the code and design objectives. This can be overcome by the owner
acquiring design services through one party, with one design professional having contractual responsibility and authority to
acquire services from other design professionals, to provide direction and coordination, and to verify that all design profession-
als are working as a team in the design process.
The owner’s action to hire a principal design professional as a single party who will direct and coordinate all design activities
is the most critical prerequisite when selecting the performance code. If an owner does not wish to hire and empower a single
principal design professional, it is strongly recommended that the owner not use this code for the project. The first step in this
critical process is to get the owner’s and design team’s joint buy-in on several objectives of this code (for example, establishing
bounding conditions, developing an operations and maintenance manual, acknowledging the building owner’s responsibility of
code provisions and convincing the code official that use of the performance code will result in compliance with the objectives
of the code).
After the principal design professional, other design professionals and the owner have thoroughly discussed the owner’s
vision, objectives, and conceptual design concepts that require use of this code versus a prescriptive code, it is necessary that the
principal design professional assess the design team to determine if additional skilled design professionals are needed to begin
evaluating the performance code and its application. After the design team has scoped the project design requirements and
assessed the programming and schematic phase of the proposed project, a thorough discussion is needed among the owner, the
principal design professional and the design professional of each design discipline to obtain buy-in and understanding of their
respective responsibilities. It is recommended that the team review the proposed project at this time with the code official to ver-
ify that the developed proposal will work within the code objectives and to assess its application to the project. Also, the code
official’s feedback and peer review feedback, where applicable, are necessary relative to the code official’s acceptance of the
conceptual proposal to date and the use of this code. The code official should be involved with a project's design team from the
conceptual stage through completion of construction to assure input and buy-in of the design approach among both the members
of the design team and the code official. The intent of the concept report and design reports listed in Section 103.3.4.2 of the
code is to ensure formally that communication and buy-in are maintained throughout the design phase of the project. Further, it
is recommended that the owner also include the contractors, lenders and operating staff to obtain buy-in of a performance-based
design project.

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102.3.1.2 Principal design professional

The building, facility or project owner retains the services of a registered design professional; establishes the project visions,
goals and functional needs; and places primary responsibility for the overall design with a registered design professional in
responsible charge. One of the key elements highlighted within the performance requirements is the need for overall coordina-
tion of documents by the registered design professional in responsible charge as designated by the owner. The success of a per-
formance-based design lies in the development of a performance solution to reach the desired objectives. Since there is often
more than one design professional as a member of the design team, the owner should empower a single registered design profes-
sional in responsible charge with the authority to coordinate the design professionals in order to achieve a coordinated and com-
plete performance-based design.

102.3.1.3 Peer review

To assist in the quality assurance process, the code official can require an independent design professional or recognized special
expert to perform a peer review of one or more components of the performance-based design. If the code official does require
such a review, the owner is obligated to furnish it at his or her expense. The peer reviewer plays an important prescreen role for
the jurisdiction and serves as a critical review on assumptions, design approaches, hazard scenarios and other technical aspects
of the design prior to local agency submittal. Peer review is most effective at the beginning of the development of designs, pref-
erably long before proposed construction documents are submitted to the code official.

102.3.1.4 Costs

As stated in Sections 102.3.1.1 and 102.3.1.3 of the code, the owner is responsible to acquire and fund all the design and support
services including peer reviews, special experts and field observation by the principal and other design professionals. Section
102.3.1.4 covers any other additional responsibilities, such as contract review as required by the code official.

102.3.1.5 Document retention

Once a performance-based design has been approved and implemented, the owner is obligated to retain all documentation
required on the premises and available for review by the code official. Post-implementation inspections might raise any number
of questions concerning the assumptions, bounding conditions or other aspects of the original design. Part of the design docu-
mentation, more specifically the operations and maintenance manual, becomes the inspection handbook for that building or
facility or part thereof. Changes to the original design, when proposed or noted on verification tours, must be evaluated in con-
junction with this chapter and the original design documents to determine the proper course of action. Electronic storage and
management tools such as BuildingSMART will be beneficial for such document retention and updating in the future.

102.3.1.6 Maintenance

Maintenance of the performance-based design is perhaps the most challenging aspect of performance codes. Quite often the per-
formance solution will deviate substantially from traditional building and fire codes. Although the fire department or code agen-
cies may inspect such buildings or facilities for compliance, this section provides a better understanding for building and facility
owners as to limitations and features in terms of the risk and hazards that may result based on their action or inaction. Some
events at an arena, for example, may require more security personnel or crowd managers given the associated occupancy charac-
teristics or the technical or behavioral hazards; for example, an event with a large number of small children.

102.3.1.7 Changes

A second aspect of maintaining a design revolves around changes that normally occur within buildings and facilities. Section
102.3.1.7 clearly prescribes that the owner shall ensure that all changes, including processes and systems, do not increase the
hazard level beyond the level established in the original design. A second but equally important concept is a requirement that all
changes impacting the performance-based design be documented and made available for review by the code official.

102.3.1.8 Special expert

This code allows for the use of special experts (characterized in Appendix D) when the scope of work is limited to that which
does not result in the practice of architecture or engineering. There is a significant amount of potential performance-based design
work, such as in the fields of hazardous materials, contents and process safety management, and fire protection design, that is
exempt in many jurisdictions from practice laws. These special experts may well be the most effective resource in these special-
ized areas. To impart some minimum discipline in the use of these experts, it is the stated intent of the code that such individuals
or firms meet the qualifications listed in Appendix D.

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102.3.1.9 Occupant requirements

Where the life of a performance-based design relies to any degree on human decisions or actions, the owner of a building or
facility has a continuing obligation to provide all occupants and employees who may have a role in the performance-based
design, however limited, with the requisite training to develop the skills to undertake those roles and empowerment to apply
such training. For example, a performance-based design that relies on a staff-coordinated assisted evacuation requires develop-
ment of a plan and attendant drilling. The owner is obligated to be sure that such training is kept current and that all new, tempo-
rary or replacement employees are promptly provided with the information and training needed to effect the response. The
notion of empowerment speaks to situations wherein the staff that is expected to perform an action in an emergency is unable to
do so by rules or by being placed in a position, physically or otherwise, effectively disabling their response. If such a situation
has a reasonable likelihood of developing, the design team should de-emphasize the human response factor in favor of other
strategies.

102.3.2 Registered design professional qualifications

The qualifications of registered design professionals—their knowledge of design, analysis, research, computation, documenta-
tion and professional standards in their respective areas of expertise—are prerequisites to a successful application of perfor-
mance-based design provisions. Qualifications are regulated by professional registration laws within the state or jurisdiction in
which the project is to be constructed. Appendix D of the code lists specific qualifications for design professionals involved in a
performance-based design. These characteristics detail the level of expertise necessary in a complete design team, but are not
requirements of each individual team member. In fact, many designs under Part III of this code may well be outside the scope of
practice laws and may be performed by a special expert. The special expert, too, must possess the qualifications listed in Appen-
dix D.
In addition to the registration requirements that may exist within the jurisdiction, the code official may require a formal dec-
laration of education, training and experience of all design team members to ensure that sufficient expertise has been retained in
all technical subject areas of the performance-based design. The performance-based solution is a systems approach, and all com-
ponents must be addressed with a proper level of sophistication that can span many design disciplines.
Registered design professionals and other members of the design team (such as architect/engineer staff; interior, theater and
kitchen designers; fire modelers; and computer support staff) have a responsibility to gain technical skills and performance-
based design skills through professional and/or university programs before embarking on a design project using performance-
based design techniques. The intent is that the design team must consist of sufficiently qualified individuals to carry out the
responsibilities necessary to design the proposed project.
The minimum qualifications and skills of the design professional will vary significantly based on the type of project and the
degree of analysis that the project requires. It is safe to say that, as a general rule, a performance-based design will require more
analysis than the same design undertaken using a prescriptive code. The main difference is that the decision-making process
involves multiple objectives to demonstrate compliance with performance provisions and acceptable methods. It follows, then,
that increased project documentation of these many decisions and corresponding solutions will be necessary. Therefore, the
qualification and skill levels for design professionals may vary as a function of the size and complexity of the project design. It
is incumbent upon the design professional to become competent in any areas of practice where new skills are required before
undertaking a project based on performance design techniques.
The increased qualifications and required skills are particularly important for fire protection engineers, who will most likely
need fire-modeling skills to analyze a sufficient range of scenarios. Design-team leadership skills also need increased attention
and enhancement, since the techniques and processes discussed in the acceptable methods of each applicable objective must be
met and documented. This will require extensive coordination skills in the leader to enable team members to produce a system
design with compatible components. Further, many projects will be only partly based on performance design; many of the
design features will remain prescriptive and must interface with the performance-design components.
Large, complex projects using performance approaches would most likely require highly qualified and skilled engineers in
the structural, electrical, fire and mechanical disciplines that are necessary to undertake a major, complex building design.

102.3.3 Registered design professionals’ and special experts’ responsibilities

Performance-based provisions allow design professionals more freedom to develop innovative solutions and design techniques
based on a desired performance as opposed to the traditional prescriptive code provisions that provide nominal bounds on the
design. This freedom also establishes a concurrent responsibility for the professionals to utilize the design analysis process that
is most appropriate to meet the code’s objectives and as required for documentation by the authoritative documents or design
guides. The design professional must possess in-depth knowledge or obtain skilled team members to deal with issues such as
risks, load factors and occupant life-safety impacts. Each of these issues is addressed in the performance objective statements.
In cases where more than one design professional or discipline is involved in a performance-based design, the owner must
designate the registered design professional in responsible charge to ensure the performance design is comprehensive, coordi-

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nated and complete prior to submission for review. The registered design professionals of each discipline must work as a unit to
provide a systems approach, and a single registered design professional in responsible charge is required to ensure that the coor-
dination of every aspect of the design package is achieved. This section intends that all documents, reports, drawings, calcula-
tions and any other relevant materials be submitted through the principal design professional. The goal is to eliminate or at least
minimize cases where independent submittals may lack coordination with the overall design and unduly delay or complicate the
review process.
The registered design professional in responsible charge is responsible for acquiring the services of design professionals
whose qualification characteristics meet a particular level such as those provided in Appendix D. Additionally, design profes-
sionals who are in responsible charge of each design discipline shall comply with Appendix D. Performance-based design is
intended to be a systems approach, and the registered design professional in responsible charge and the registered design profes-
sionals of record for each discipline are accountable and must verify that all components of the design work together to meet the
code and design objectives and that verification methods are prescribed in the design to show that the constructed building or
structure meets these objectives.
The role of the registered design professional in responsible charge includes the following:
• Coordinate the design professionals of each discipline to ensure that the design methodologies and assumptions are
compatible for a systems-approach and that the performance code provisions and any applicable prescriptive code
provisions are fully met.
• During the design phase, function as a point of contact for all participants, which includes the design professionals of each
discipline and allied consultants, owners, contractors, peer reviewers and code officials, as applicable.
• Ensure that design documents are coordinated and comprehensively complete with appropriate delineation between plans
and related documents, and that the submittal contains the necessary support documentation to establish that the design
complies with all applicable code provisions.
• Function as a point of contact with the code official to ensure the complete design documents and applications are filed
with the government entity for review, approval and permitting. Ensure timely response to questions, revisions and
requests for additional information on any element of the submittal.
• Function as a point of contact for the design team following permit issuance or design approval and respond to changes,
clarifications or additional information that may be required during the implementation or verification processes.
All design professionals involved in a performance-based design, including the registered design professional in responsible
charge, must apply the appropriate performance requirements and select suitable and compatible acceptable methods when using
this code. The proper application entails adequate design analysis and support documentation to validate the design approach
and to verify that design objectives have been met. This includes research, assumptions, computations and supporting documen-
tation in the form of authoritative documents or design guides that, among other things, determine testing and verification meth-
ods. Two critical aspects of the submittal are that the registered design professional references specific documents or design
guides, and that the registered design professional clearly demonstrates how the documents and design guides apply to the par-
ticular design solutions. Assumptions should not be made that nationally recognized standards demonstrate compliance with
performance code provisions. Some standards may apply, but others may not. Additionally, test applications traditionally used
by a standard may have to link more appropriately with performance code objectives.
Construction management may be critical for an owner in order to ensure code compliance, but such services are generally
the option of the owner. Given the complexities and uniqueness of a performance-based design, this code explicitly requires that
the registered design professionals review the completed construction elements and systems to verify compliance with bounding
conditions and the approved design range of acceptability. The code official is further empowered to require the registered
design professional in responsible charge to file a verification report attesting that the design bounding conditions and critical
elements designated as part of the approved design have been implemented properly as a condition of issuance of any required
certificates.
The design professionals have an ancillary responsibility to the owner in addressing the overall cost effectiveness of the
design throughout the life of the building or facility. All too often, money saved in the initial design and implementation costs
results in a building or facility that is extremely limited in function, if specifically designed for one purpose. For example, a
warehouse or process area designed for the storage, handling or use of a particular commodity may or may not be suited to addi-
tional quantities or different classes of commodities, unduly limiting the owner’s options. Similarly, an assembly space that is
severely limited regarding interior finishes or fuel loads may not adequately accommodate seasonal decorations or events. A
realistic analysis of long-term use and maintenance needs must occur to produce an effective performance-based design that will
accommodate the owner or tenant’s future needs.

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102.3.4 Design documentation

Design professionals are responsible to prepare and submit a complete and integrated set of construction documents to the code
official, including the following types of information:
• Plans and specifications.
• Calculations to demonstrate that the design analysis meets the standard requirements for professional practices and
acceptable methods.
• Computer modeling and analysis with program name and description, program objectives, input and output units,
characteristics and related information for plan review verification of compliance with the performance provisions, design
objectives and professional standard of practice.
• Assumptions, limitations and factors of safety used in the analysis and design.
• Identity of applicable design components that comply with performance code provisions and the design data to
demonstrate compliance, including interface with the prescriptive code provisions on a system basis.
• Identity of design performance levels and objectives determined in Chapter 3.
• Identity of performance criteria utilized.
• Description of scenarios with applicable data used to demonstrate various design approaches and conditions that meet
performance provisions.
• Description of the methods used to demonstrate that a standard of care was taken when using a building systems-design
approach.
• Scope of inspection and testing requirements to demonstrate compliance with design and code provisions.
• Scope of quality assurance techniques proposed to demonstrate that construction systems comply with the construction
documents.
• Commission requirements for final inspection, testing and functional operations to demonstrate compliance with approved
design.
• Identity of maintenance requirements and their frequency that an owner must undertake in the future use of the building
(for example, inspections, testing, service or maintenance activities).
Proper documentation is essential in performance-based design to clearly identify the objectives of the analysis, the approach
or methods taken, the use of automated design and other tools used in the final design, and the substantiation that the design
meets the project objectives.
Documentation to support the design should include the following information when applicable and must be maintained for
the life of the building:
• Geotechnical, site hazard and other applicable analytical and test reports that provide substantiation or are used in the
design.
• Calculations to demonstrate the methods and assumptions of analysis based on recognized analytical methods and
mathematical models.
• Technical references to publications that have been accepted by an appropriate professional peer review process.
• Computer analyses supported by documentation that include the program name, a brief description and type of analysis and
application, the program output with units and descriptions and how the program is used to support the design. Statements
of uncertainty, assumptions and limitations must be included. Reference Appendix E for requirements in using computer
models.
• Statements describing methods, techniques and means of verification to demonstrate compliance with performance
provisions and how applicable elements are integrated in the design as a system.
• Statement of requirements for testing, inspection and maintenance to identify the basis and criteria for acceptance of the
building and applicable components.
• Statement of responsibilities of the building owner after construction to ensure compliance with design parameters.
If utilizing emergency responders as part of a design, the design professional needs to take into consideration the reliability of
the organization providing the emergency response service as well as the level of response that can be provided over the life of
the building or facility. It is assumed that emergency responders under the direct control of the owner, such as an on-site fire bri-
gade at a manufacturing plant that is staffed by properly trained employees of the owner, can be relied upon in the design process
provided the level of response is documented and the key characteristics of the emergency responders are designated as bound-
ing conditions. This approach would require a reassessment of the design should the level of response be reduced by such factors
as reduced staffing, less training, longer response times, inadequate equipment, etc., as required by Section 103.3.11.3. How-

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ever, where emergency response is a service provided by a government entity or public/private organization that is not under the
direct control of the owner, a jurisdiction may be reluctant to allow the design to rely on a specified level of response because of
the legal ramifications of having to ensure that such level of response will be maintained over the life of the building or facility.
The jurisdiction should have the final say on what level of emergency response, if any, the design assumes will be available so
that the design will not become deficient should the level of emergency response be reduced by the jurisdiction because of a lack
of available funds or for other reasons such as changes in response times, water supply or other conditions beyond the immediate
control of the jurisdiction or the organization providing the emergency responders.
The plan review process relies heavily on adequate documentation to demonstrate complete submittal and thorough review of
the design to verify code compliance. Performance-based design review will require review of additional documents not
required in prescriptive design submittals.
The design documents must also identify when and where special inspection and testing are required to verify compliance.
Special requirements shall be specified by the registered design professional in the design documents as requirements for off-site
fabrication and on-site construction. All required inspections and tests require verification before the total project can be
approved and occupied. The performance codes require verification techniques, which are elements not required for prescriptive
code designs due to the overlapping requirement of prescriptive codes. Contractors and inspectors must follow the design docu-
ments and not accept deviations to approved plans based on past industry practice.
Documentation begins during the design process as a methodology of tracking and verifying that analysis and application of
scenarios of good design practice have been conducted. Documentation should demonstrate compliance with performance code
objectives, review and acceptance by code officials, construction inspection and testing, and issuance of certificate of occupancy
to demonstrate that occupancy conditions and related community requirements are met. This documentation is necessary during
the life of the building to verify that the use and maintenance comply with occupancy conditions. Additionally, the documenta-
tion is critical during future remodeling, renovations, additions and changes of use.
Section 102.3.4.2 allows the code official to require (1) a concept report; (2) a design report; and (3) an operations and main-
tenance manual. These reports compile formal documents for the preliminary design (programming and schematic) phase,
design analysis and development of plans and specifications for construction, and future use and maintenance of a project. The
reports are intended to improve project communications and conceptual understanding for projects by providing data for each
report as follows:
1. Concept report. The concept report must include general project information, project scope, building description, occu-
pant characteristics and risks, project goals and objectives, proposed event scenarios, methods of evaluation and proposed
acceptance, documentation and qualification of design team, and owner’s representatives and contractors. The concept
report is to inform the code official of the design concepts and to achieve consensus that the preliminary design approach
is acceptable. The conceptual site and building plan should provide sufficient information and setback data so that hazards
and separations can be evaluated similar to a code analysis using the prescriptive building code for occupancies, height,
area and setbacks.
2. Design report. The design report documents project scope, goals and objectives, steps taken for analytical analyses with
identification of performance criteria, parameter input assumptions and limitations, magnitude of design loads, computer
model data and scenarios for evaluating acceptance ranges, final design, evaluation, criteria design assumptions with
bounding conditions, critical design features and final design bounding conditions, commissioning testing requirements
with acceptance criteria and supporting documents and references. The registered design professional in responsible
charge should provide copies of supporting documents and references necessary for a professional review to be completed.
Design guidelines, handbooks and other applicable authoritative documents prepared by professional associations may
expand or further clarify applications of the items listed in the User’s Guide, Section 102.3.4 and recommend the use of
certain performance-based design processes.
3. Operations and maintenance manual. The operations and maintenance manual is a formal document for the facility
owner and operator that incorporates design, builder and manufacturer requirements in the form of actions that need to be
performed on a regular basis to ensure that the components of the performance-based design are in place and operating
properly. The manual must identify the restrictions or limitations placed on the use and operation of the facility so that the
facility stays within the bounding conditions of the approved performance design. Such restrictions may, for example,
include fuel load limits in an assembly occupancy. The manual should contain the following:
• Limitations on facility operations because of design bounding conditions.
• Identification and description of critical systems.
• Description of required system interactions.
• Periodic maintenance and testing requirements.
• Emergency and typical operational responsibility.
• Staff training.
• Manufacturer’s requirements for operation and maintenance of equipment.
• Materials and systems affected.
• Power and utility support requirements.

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• Emergency and backup plan for critical component failure.

• A documentation plan for supervision of operations, maintenance and testing of required items in the manual.
The practice of requiring written reports at various phases of a project to demonstrate compliance with the prescriptive code
has worked very well for several jurisdictions that experience large, complex projects and submittals of alternate materials,
designs and methods that include performance-based designs. These reports have demonstrated equivalency or compliance with
prescriptive codes and include elements such as fire modeling, fire protection, exiting and other life-safety features, special
inspections and testing requirements.
Performance-based design projects are more successful when project criteria and reviews are included from the conceptual
stage through design review and construction with an agreed upon, documented quality assurance program. A quality-assurance
team approach is recommended during the design and construction process to improve communication and thereby improve the
working relationships to obtain a building that meets performance code requirements. The team should include registered design
professionals, representatives of the code official for plan review and inspection, a special inspection and testing (third-party)
agency and the contractor(s).
Design documents are the basis of design approval and the governing requirement for construction and verification by inspec-
tors and testing agencies for compliance. Deviations from the approved construction documents require the contractor to consult
with the architect or engineer to evaluate and approve revisions against the project objectives before obtaining approval from the
code official. The process also helps in securing the owner’s concurrence for construction to comply with construction docu-
ments. Consequently, there is less leeway given to the contractor for not complying with the plans, since the contractor and
owner should have a front-end commitment with all the parties.
Standard plan design document submittals are accepted by code officials in many jurisdictions for multiple types of uses
within a single jurisdiction. The design professional who is requested to prepare this type of design should contact the code offi-
cial before initiating a design to determine if the local jurisdiction’s procedures authorize standard plan or multiple-use design
documents. A design professional proposing a performance-based design using this code for a standard plan should contact the
code official to verify that both approaches are accepted and to learn how the jurisdiction’s procedures apply to the proposed
project.

102.3.5 Design submittal

The registered design professional in responsible charge for projects with multiple design professionals must coordinate all
design documentation for compatibility and completeness and ensure that the documentation required in Sections 102.3.2
through 103.3.4 is included in the submittal to the code official. Projects with one design professional must meet the same stan-
dards prior to submittal. Design documents must clearly indicate the areas where performance and prescriptive codes apply, so
that it is clear to the reviewer which code provisions apply.
Documents should be submitted in accordance with the procedures of the jurisdiction and in sufficient detail to obtain permits
for the project. Reports and preliminary documents required by the code official, such as concept reports, design reports and
operations and maintenance manuals, may be required earlier than full design document submittal to obtain permits so that con-
ceptual or phase reviews can be made.

102.3.6 Review and approval

Before approving and issuing a permit, the code official or other designated individuals are responsible to review or ensure that
construction documents meet the requirements of the performance code as well as the prescriptive code provisions that are being
utilized as part of the design. Although performance-based designs will probably be submitted less than 10 percent of the time,
they most likely will complicate the plan review process. Additionally, the 10-percent figure represents those buildings where a
significant number of the design systems are performance-based. There will be many designs that are primarily based on the pre-
scriptive codes but incorporate minor performance-based elements.
Performance-based design goes far beyond the traditional design perception that document submittals are automatically
acceptable and require little or no review when signed and sealed by a registered design professional. Registration and a license
to practice engineering do not necessarily constitute acceptable qualifications to undertake a performance-based design.
The code official will have a higher level of success in the design document review process when the registered design pro-
fessional has complied with the documentation requirements of Section 102.3.4.
The code official can still undertake review in a traditional manner for a majority of the projects. Section 102 is focused pri-
marily on performance-based design related projects. It is very important that the code official evaluate the skills of the depart-
ment before undertaking such a review. Understanding review limitations and addressing these limitations ahead of time will
help to ensure a successful and thorough review. This understanding of limitations includes evaluating the educational qualifica-

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tions and experience needed to review performance-based designs and analyses as stated in Appendix D. The code official may
consider one or more of the following options to develop a plan for ensuring qualified plan review:
1. Determine if the staff has sufficient education, engineering or architectural registrations, and levels of continuing educa-
tion needed to perform the tasks.
2. Initiate a program to upgrade plan reviewers’ educational and professional qualifications.
3. Acquire contract review services via a consultant plan reviewer with applicable qualifications.
4. Utilize a peer review process as stated in Section 102.3.6.3 that will provide individuals or a team meeting an appropriate
level of qualifications, standards of ethics and accountability.
When the code official accepts a consultant as a contract reviewer in lieu of their own staff’s review of construction docu-
ments, documentation must be provided for the code official’s acceptance indicating that verification of the performance and
prescriptive code provisions have been met. This document should become part of the official records for the project and the
basis of approving the design documents and issuing a permit(s).
After the design documents and supporting documents and reports are verified as meeting this code and other applicable
codes, permits should be issued in accordance with code official procedures.
Costs for review of design documents and for inspections should be the burden of the owner. Since costs for services are
expected to exceed the fees collected for typical plan review and inspection services, the code official should amend the local
code to include cost recovery for services rendered on all projects using performance code provisions.

102.3.6.3 Contract and peer review

In the design and construction of buildings and structures, the traditional process of analysis and design by design professionals,
plan review and inspection by code officials, and special inspection by quality assurance personnel (where applicable) has
worked well in the past. This traditional approach is at times challenged by the increasing sophistication and complexity of mod-
ern methods of analysis, design and construction. Design professionals who use these methods have a responsibility to provide
code officials with adequate information to enable the officials to perform the necessary evaluations in an environment that is
becoming increasingly competitive. But the code officials may lack the resources to adequately evaluate the conceptual basis
and intent of these methods and their conformance with the construction codes that the officials are charged with enforcing. This
section provides a mechanism for a jurisdiction to seek outside help for the review of such designs. The mechanism is termed a
contract review, which is essentially a plan review conducted by a consultant or other third party. This review is considered a
replacement for review by the jurisdiction. A peer review, on the other hand, is a review on a higher, more theoretical and ana-
lytical level. This is not considered a replacement for plan review and will be discussed extensively within the User’s Guide for
this section.
The growing sophistication and complexity of these methods also leads to greater numbers of individual components, sys-
tems and processes that are interrelated to each other in ways that may not be well understood. The necessary understanding can
often only be achieved by combining the resources of several consultants whose knowledge may be limited to that of individual
components of particular systems. The methods often rely on materials, components and assemblies where acceptance may have
been established by a series of tests in accordance with one or more nationally recognized consensus standards, but compatibility
and relevance to the methods may not be fully established or understood. The code official is placed in the unenviable position
of attempting to synthesize an often-vast amount of information in a coherent manner and in a limited amount of time in order to
evaluate adequately these methods.
Peer review has the potential to enhance the quality and reliability of the design, review and construction of buildings, struc-
tures and facilities. It provides additional assurance of the completed project’s performance by adding an independent and expe-
rienced voice to the process. The review would be performed by registered architects, engineers or special experts with
knowledge and experience comparable to or exceeding those of the project’s design professionals and comparable to the techni-
cal, conceptual and theoretical aspects of the project. It would not be a substitute for traditional plan review by code officials.
Rather, it would be an additional review to test for the validity of the design and assist the code official in understanding how the
design provides for minimum levels of public safety.
The concept of peer review and its importance has been recognized for numerous years by several organizations and profes-
sions, notably the structural engineering profession. Guidelines have been prepared and recommendations made to encourage
the use of peer review for buildings where structural design uses analytical methods that are state-of-the-art or that are beyond
the boundaries of what is currently acceptable by the structural engineering community. The reader is encouraged to study the
following documents for more information:
• “Performance-Based Seismic Engineering Guidelines, Part I, Strength Design Adaptation,” Draft 1, revised May 5, 1998,
Sections 3.7 - 3.10.
• “Recommended Guidelines for the Practice of Structural Engineering in California,” second edition, October, 1995,
Chapter 4.

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• “Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary,” Structural Engineers Association of California, sixth
edition, 1996, Sections 104.7 and 201.
• Section 3420 of the 2007 California Building Code.
• The Society of Fire Protection Engineers also provides peer review guidelines that are available to set a baseline for such
reviews. “Guidelines for Peer Review in the Fire Protection Design Process,” 2009.
The advent of performance-based codes increases the need for peer review of other professions involved in the design of
buildings, structures and facilities. As innovative design methods and analytical procedures are developed for use in perfor-
mance-based designs, peer review will become an increasingly important tool in assessing the use of these resources.
An important aspect of any process is an agreement on the meaning of the terms used to describe its components and con-
cepts. The terms used today for peer review vary in their meaning, depending on the point of view or focus of the organization or
agency that prepares guidelines for the peer review’s implementation. See Chapter 2 of the code for definitions of the following
terms as they relate to peer review.
• Design documents.
• Consultant.
• Contract review.
• Peer review.
• Plan review.
• Quality assurance.
• Third-party review.
Buildings and structures designed in accordance with the provisions of prescriptive codes normally do not need to be consid-
ered candidates for peer review. However, virtually all project designs based on prescriptive code conformance have certain
materials, components or systems whose acceptance is performance-based. The practice of structural engineering, for instance,
is largely performance-based, incorporating the provision for rationality. Any system or method of construction must be based
on a rational analysis in accordance with well-established principles of mechanics. The use of this and similar concepts will
become more and more prevalent in other professions as performance-based codes are used. The reader should not assume that
peer review is not warranted for projects designed to meet the requirements of prescriptive codes. A great example outside struc-
tural engineering is smoke control design, which is within the purview of the prescriptive building code. Similar to structural
requirements in the prescriptive code, a rational analysis is required; in addition, there are elements such as the selection of a
design fire that requires a higher level of review than a typical plan review can provide. Such designs could involve computa-
tional fluid dynamics models.
The code official decides when peer review will be required and the peer reviewer’s scope of work. Generally, there are sev-
eral conditions that prompt a code official to consider peer review for a project:
• One whose design is based on concepts, analytical methods and design procedures that go beyond the boundaries of what is
currently thought to be acceptable by current code and professional standards. (See Sections 103.3.3 and 103.3.4 and
Appendix C).
• One whose design is based on authoritative documents or design guides but is state-of-the-art and demands specialized
knowledge to understand its underlying intent and objectives.
• One whose complexity or technical demands are beyond the resources normally available to the code official.
• One whose scope is such that review during the conceptual development of the design is considered critical to the eventual
progression to construction documents.
The choice of a peer reviewer is critical to the effective use of peer review. Peer reviewers must be independent of the design
professional, consultants, quality assurance personnel and contractors involved in the project. They must not have any vested
interest in the project—financial, political, professional, personal or otherwise. They should also avoid and be free of all known
or potential conflicts of interest. Individuals should not participate in a peer review process if they have any previous employ-
ment by, or financial interest in, any of the firms or companies involved in the design, review, inspection and construction of the
project in its recent past.
The committee recommends three years as a reasonable limit. If this is deemed unreasonable, the time limit could be reduced
upon mutual agreement of all the parties involved.
Obviously, peer reviewers need to be qualified to perform the review. They should have a level of knowledge and experience
at least comparable to that of the design professionals whose work they are reviewing. They should also have proven expertise in
the design of projects of comparable complexity and theoretical demands. It is vital that the process of peer review be fair, objec-
tive and have a level of sophistication that matches that of the project’s design and scope.

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It will not be possible for peer review to be accomplished by a single person or firm for certain projects. The range of neces-
sary expertise and experience is potentially vast. It is probable that separate peer reviewers with expertise in different profes-
sional disciplines will be needed, where applicable (for example, fire protection and structural engineering), and that should be
encouraged. In such cases, it is important that the individual peer reviewers form a peer review team. A lead peer reviewer
should be designated to coordinate all the elements of the review for the multiple disciplines and to ensure that all facets of the
review are completed and submitted to the code official.
The code official should determine whether a particular individual is qualified to be a peer reviewer. The prescriptive codes
generally afford the code official the discretion to require that plans, computations and specifications be prepared and designed
by a registered design professional even if not required by state law. But the codes are understandably silent on whether the code
official has the additional discretion to evaluate whether a design professional is qualified to perform a particular design. The
code official usually relies on the rules and procedures of their state’s professional boards to ensure the qualifications of design
professionals. Design professionals will initially achieve licensure or registration by a combination of experience and written
examinations conducted by the state board. Then, their professional conduct is governed by a code of ethics. Often, professional
societies also have codes of ethics that apply to their members.
However, there is a difference in the conduct expected of peer reviewers versus design professionals. The reviewers must
have proven knowledge and experience that is greater than the minimum that is required to become licensed or registered. Also,
they must have no vested interest in the project. The discretion to verify this should remain with the code official. But the burden
could be substantially reduced if professional codes of ethics were amended to include rules of conduct for peer reviewers.
Peer review will normally be limited to a critical examination of the proposed conceptual and analytical concepts, objectives
and criteria involved in a design, and such a review can and should extend through the duration of the project. Peer reviews are
most effective when they begin at the conceptual phase of a project. They are not intended to be a detailed review for the purpose
of verifying conformance with code requirements, performance or prescriptive. Code officials will usually opt for contract
review when the resources or expertise to perform the plan review are not available to them. Peer review is not intended to be a
replacement for the review process for a jurisdiction, normally called plan review. Peer review is actually in addition to the plan
review. When code officials do not have the capabilities internally to review more complex designs, they must look to an outside
source to conduct the design review. In this code such a review is termed a “contract review.” A contract reviewer can be used as
the peer reviewer for projects that are less complex.
The value of peer review is to provide feedback during the course of project development when the designers are making crit-
ical decisions. This can be of substantial benefit, since it may lead to the avoidance of significant errors at a time when they are
more easily corrected. The scope of the project can also be reviewed at an early stage to ensure that minimum levels of public
safety will be provided. A peer review should simplify the eventual plan review of the design documents, since many of the sig-
nificant disputes and differences of opinion among the design professional, peer reviewer and code official will presumably have
been resolved by then. The plan reviewers can then focus their energies on the detailed aspects of the design and not be overly
burdened by the resolution of more global code issues that are best resolved during design development.
Peer review can be of substantial practical benefit to the owner. It has the potential to achieve savings in design and construc-
tion costs and to minimize delays in project schedules. Owners, developers, designers and contractors are encouraged to con-
sider peer review whether or not it is required by the code official. The same is true of plan review by the peer reviewer in
addition to that done by the code official. The benefits of both can be real, measurable and cost effective.
The code official has the final authority to decide the scope of work for a peer review. Ideally, this would be accomplished in
concert with the owner, design professional and contractor. The code official would decide the minimum scope of work, but all
affected participants would be encouraged to establish a scope consistent with the complexity and technical demands of the proj-
ect and not be limited by any notion of “code minimums.” The greater the peer reviewer’s scope of work, the more reliable will
be the design development and review of the project. There may, at some point, be diminishing returns, but the extent of peer
review in this country has been too scant for overconfidence. It would be far better to err on the side of caution and stipulate
more peer review. If conditions warrant, there is also the potential for the scope to be altered during design development upon
prior mutual agreement of the owner and the code official.
The responsibility for design, inspection and construction of a building or structure that undergoes peer review remains
entirely with those design professionals, inspectors and contractors involved in the project. The peer reviewer will not usually
have any ability to prepare or change construction documents or have any role in inspection and construction. As stated above,
peer review is intended to enhance the quality and reliability of the design, review, and construction of buildings and structures
and provide additional assurance regarding the performance of the completed project.
A typical peer review consists of a series of reviews of the design criteria documents at previously agreed upon intervals. The
peer reviewer should consider any or all of the following issues, while not being limited to them:
• Act as a coordinator for the code official in concert with the registered design professional in responsible charge.
• Verify that areas of the design that are performance based are adequately determined and clearly documented.

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• Determine which portions of the design rely on the use of acceptable methods (for example, accepted standards,
authoritative documents and design guides). Verify that the methods meet performance-based code requirements and
prescriptive code requirements (where applicable).
• Of the remaining portions of the design that do not rely on the use of accepted standards, authoritative documents or design
guides, verify what rationales, if any, are used to justify the design and whether their use is adequately substantiated.
• Verify that the design objectives, criteria, assumptions and concepts comply with performance-based code requirements
and prescriptive code requirements where applicable and are clearly documented.
• Verify that the registered design professional in responsible charge has prepared an outline of design responsibilities that
specifies the scope of services for each vendor, supplier, subconsultant and subcontractor who has the responsibility for
design and/or installation of components or portions of the overall design. This should include rules of procedure for
coordination of installation details, resolution of physical conflicts and timely submittal of drawings for review by the
registered design professional in responsible charge, contractor, code official and other individuals, where warranted.
• Verify that all applicable special inspections, tests, observations by the architect/engineer, maintenance requirements for
future use of the building and other applicable elements of the quality assurance program have been adequately determined
and clearly documented. The individual or firm who will administer the program should be identified to the code official.
• Verify that all portions of the construction documents whose design and review will be deferred (deferred submittals) until
after issuance of the initial construction permits have been adequately determined and clearly documented.
• Verify that the documentation of deferred submittals includes all proprietary products that rely on performance-based
specifications (for example, roofing assemblies, penetration firestop systems, exterior insulation and finish systems,
concrete anchors and steel decking).
• Verify that the registered design professional in responsible charge has coordinated all design documents for consistency
and compatibility before submittal to the code official for plan review.
• Verify that all applicable accepted standards, authoritative documents and design guides used in performance-based design
are documented and are accompanied by explanations of how they were utilized in substantiating design solutions to
demonstrate compliance.
• Verify that adequate documentation is contained in the design documents to enable independent review by the code official
of the conceptual basis for construction or installation of all materials, components and assemblies whose design and/or
review will be deferred until after issuance of the initial construction permits.
The peer reviewer should prepare a written report that describes the services performed, the opinion of conceptual review for
compliance with performance codes, and recommendations and basis for acceptance or rejection.
See the Appendix D of this User’s Guide for sample guidelines for peer reviewers based on Section 3420 of the 2016 Califor-
nia Building Code, Peer Review Requirements. Note that the 2016 California Building Code is based on the 2015 IBC. The peer
review requirements are an amendment to the International Building Code.

102.3.7 Permits and inspections

Many inspectors traditionally have used code provisions for the basis of approving inspections and have given a lower priority to
approved plans. With performance-based designs and the use of performance codes, this practice is not acceptable.
Building and related inspectors are responsible to conduct inspections, witness tests or receive test documentation to verify
that construction complies with the approved design documents (plans and other designated documents). This is similar to the
prescriptive code process. The code official may require additional inspections through approved third-party quality assurance
inspectors to supplement the code official’s staff capabilities based on the type of construction work involved. This practice has
been used successfully by many code officials to add inspection expertise for continuous construction activities or where com-
plex inspection procedures are needed to verify that the construction complies with provisions similar to Chapter 17 of the Inter-
national Building Code. Several code officials have preapproved third-party inspection agencies based on the firms’
qualifications and quality assurance practices. Third-party inspectors, code official’s staff and testing agencies should be
required to provide documentation for inspection and testing results that form the basis for the code official to authorize occu-
pancy when all requirements have been met.
An audit or verification process is suggested when third-party inspectors or agencies are used to verify that required proce-
dures, inspection, testing methods and report submittals appropriately document activities to meet the requirements of the code
official. When the code official does not have the staff to provide these services, an inspection-oriented peer review can be sub-
stituted to verify that inspections are being conducted and reported in accordance with the International Building Code, Chapter
17.
Future performance-based designs are expected to provide the use of new technologies, products and elements of systems not
previously approved by product testing and listing agencies. Code officials should expand current procedures and encourage

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agencies to develop improved programs for product labeling, field certification of products and quality assurance processes to
verify that products meet the intended requirements of the performance code. This is a tremendous challenge for firms in the
testing, measurement and product certification business. It will also be a challenge for code officials to verify performance in
compliance with performance-based standards.
Code officials and their staff should require that approved agencies with applicable national credentials test, measure and
report on the acceptance of products for meeting certain standards and conditions.

102.3.8 Project documentation

This section is intended to clarify the full scope of documentation required for a project, which might vary significantly based on
the code official’s discretion and the complexity of the project. Performance-based designs require a much higher level of docu-
mentation as discussed in the code and this User’s Guide. Complete documentation that provides a clear record of objectives and
decisions made to provide a safe building including associated use and maintenance responsibilities can be a substantial benefit
to the code official’s staff and the public after completion of a project.
Section 103.3.8.3 provides for the recording of the bounding conditions of a design as a deed restriction. This can be done by
the conditional certificate of occupancy with attached bounding conditions recorded to provide public notice to future buyers,
lenders, or any other persons, who may be reviewing legal conditions via a due diligence review. It is not intended that the oper-
ations and maintenance manual be included with the deed restriction; however, its effect and the responsibility for compliance
should be noted in the bounding conditions.

102.3.9 Certificates

Certificate of occupancy and temporary certificate of occupancy requirements for a simple building where conditions do not
require follow-up inspection, testing and report procedures are required under Parts I and II of this code and the International
Building Code. However, where the building or structure is more complex and requires annual or other periodic inspection, test-
ing or reports by the owner, a certificate of occupancy with conditions (reference Section 103.3.9.1.3) may be required to verify
that bounding conditions are met as a condition for continued occupancy. An operations and maintenance manual is recom-
mended for more complex buildings, and compliance with the document should be required as a condition of continued occu-
pancy.
Failure of an owner to meet the attached written conditions of a certificate of occupancy would be the basis of enforcement to
seek compliance or restrict the owner/occupant from occupying those portions of the building affected by the conditions.
Enforcement of these procedures for a community might require input from multiple code officials, such as building, fire and
mechanical.
This code establishes a second, parallel certificate for use in conjunction with buildings and facilities subject to Parts I and III
of this code, called a certificate of compliance. The certificate of compliance may be issued to regulate storage, processes or uses
independent of the overall building, which may also have a certificate of occupancy. Since it is desirable to have a regulatory
instrument governing a specific use or operation that may be acted upon independently, the certificate of compliance may be
suspended, revoked or not renewed for a specific area, use or element within a building without having to revoke the entire cer-
tificate of occupancy.

102.3.10 Maintenance

As discussed in Section 102.3.5, the design professional is bound to predetermined intervals of maintenance where required to
comply with the design documents. These items should be reviewed with the registered design professional in responsible
charge, owner and code official as a condition of approving the design and documented in a manner by which future owners will
know their responsibilities for continued maintenance.
Once a building or facility is constructed and approved, the owner is responsible for maintaining it in accordance with the
approved operations and maintenance manual. Critical areas determined by the design professional may require inspection, test-
ing and/or service at predetermined intervals to ensure continued compliance for the life of the building. When required by the
code official, these findings and recommendations must be detailed in written form and recorded as a property deed restriction or
condition. Such documents should include a specific notation stating that requirements can only be released through the
approval of the code official. The requirements in Parts I and III are similar to the intent of practices in several countries where
the owner files verification documents annually with the code official to verify that a building or facility is being maintained in a
safe manner. If the documents are not filed, the occupancy certificate is subject to revocation or nonrenewal.
The maintenance responsibilities of an owner of a performance-based design facility can require a much higher level of
accountability than if the facility were built to prescriptive construction codes. It is intended that the code official who enforces
the building, residential, electrical, fire, mechanical and plumbing codes be part of the review process for buildings and facilities
approved under this code and for enforcement of future maintenance provisions. The code official who enforces maintenance

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and fire code provisions must be adequately prepared for inspection of performance-based design buildings and facilities in
accordance with the operations and maintenance manual.
Where the operations and maintenance manual is included as part of the approved documentation for a project, the owner is
required to comply with the requirements and to provide documentation in accordance with the applicable conditions. A certifi-
cate of occupancy with conditions must be met to maintain an active certificate of occupancy. Failure to comply with these con-
ditions, including the operations and maintenance manual, may result in revocation or nonrenewal of the certificate of
occupancy.

102.3.11 Remodeling, addition or change/approval of use

Where a building, structure or facility is proposed to be remodeled, renovated or to undergo a significant change of use, a quali-
fied registered design professional is required to evaluate the existing construction documents for the proposed change and sub-
mit a written report of the findings and recommendations. The code official then should evaluate the written report, intended
design or change of use to determine if the proposal adversely impacts the existing building or facility and to determine compli-
ance with this code based on prior approved performance design documents. Based on the findings, written comments should be
provided to the design professional indicating either approval of the change or the requirements for correcting any adverse find-
ings. Once the report is approved in concept, the design professional can proceed with the design or initiate change of use, which
may require a new certificate of occupancy or certificate of compliance to be issued.
Procedural steps for applying the performance code to an existing building are also included in the preface of the code. As
with new buildings and facilities, if multiple design professionals are involved, a single registered design professional in respon-
sible charge must coordinate the work.

102.3.12 Administration and enforcement

This section recognizes that the performance code is focused on the guidelines necessary for designs that contain a performance
aspect. Therefore, the normal administrative procedures and requirements found in the prescriptive codes are still necessary to a
certain degree. This section refers the code user to those codes for appropriate requirements.

102.3.13 Violations

This section was created in response to a concern that a mechanism for dealing with someone who does not comply with the
code was necessary. Section 103.3.13 makes noncompliance unlawful, thereby creating an enforcement mechanism.

SECTION 103

ACCEPTABLE METHODS

General

The acceptable methods section provides acceptance criteria that determine the range of possible and credible acceptable meth-
odologies and technical tools to verify that performance-code objectives are met. It is the design professional’s responsibility to
use accepted methods to demonstrate compliance with the performance code. There are three basic options to demonstrate com-
pliance:
• Prescriptive approach.
• Performance approach.
• Combination of prescriptive and performance approaches.

Performance-based design

Acceptable methods include any method such as an engineering standard, engineering practice, engineering tool or computer
model that has been accepted in a peer review process or has received positive evaluations in a consensus process among quali-
fied engineers, educators and researchers, and that has been validated in its ability to generate outcomes consistent with those
claimed by the developer where used in accordance with the appropriate documentation. Safety and reliability factors that are
included or are required to be added should be explicitly stated and based on accepted engineering theory, engineering practice
or statistics. Section 103 specifically requires the use of an “authoritative document” or “design guide,” which are both defined
in Chapter 2.

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Designs based strictly upon prescriptive codes satisfy the performance objectives of this code without any additional analysis
or verification. The prescriptive codes are considered “authoritative documents.” Where undertaking a design that contains a
performance-based component, the designer must take additional steps to demonstrate compliance with the objectives of the
code. Performance designs require verification against performance criteria and specific documentation to support the designs.
In addition to the use of a “design guide” or “authoritative document,” the following issues need to be addressed for perfor-
mance-based design:
• Analysis and rationale are based on authoritative documents or design guides.
• Objectives, functional statements and performance requirements of applicable topics are met.
• Documents are applied by individuals or groups qualified in the principles needed for a particular analysis.
• Documents are written in clear, unambiguous language.
• Terms are defined when deviating from a dictionary definition.
• Designs use appropriate factors of safety with regard to the associated uncertainty of performance and level of risk.
• Designs are based on statistically significant evidence.
• Scope of application relative to the performance requirements is clearly defined.
• Design professional clearly defines goals and overall objectives of the project and design-performance levels.
• Design professional clearly states tools and models to be used and provides documentation applicable to the design
analysis and scenarios.

Verification of compliance
Undertaking a performance-based design within this performance code requires following certain procedures so that known and
available methods are used to focus on the performance of buildings and their components or systems. This includes the ability
to predict levels of performance and verification of compliance in advance through one or more of the following:
1. Verification by tests, computations or measurements.
1.1. Prescribed tests for indisputable evidence to demonstrate performance compliance.
1.2. Performance can be calculated in advance using a mathematical model or computer models based on acceptable
parameters (for example, structural design, energy and fire protection design).
1.3. Measurement techniques may be used to demonstrate that the design performance levels will be met through
scaled testing or measuring intended results (for example, means of egress, measurement of number of people per
minute, fire exposure, and active or passive smoke control scenarios).
2. Conformity with models or examples of known performance, based on models or examples of similar performance.
2.1. Examples or models function by interpreting code requirements and provide guidelines for equivalent solutions.
2.2. Documented use of code compliance evaluations may provide technical descriptions of building methods that will
result in code compliance.
3. Conformity with the use of other methods to demonstrate compliance.
3.1 The registered design professional in responsible charge has the burden to substantiate code compliance via per-
formance verification.
3.2. Using a consultant who has documented expertise and can verify that the solution meets design objectives and
code requirements.
3.3 Certification by an expert.
3.4. Using peer review procedures to verify a project is based on advancing technologies, testing and methods for
determining the level of performance.

Application of standards
Numerous standards exist for testing and evaluating building materials and products. The standard used to evaluate the material
or product must be appropriate for the application in which it is used. The following factors should be considered in determining
the applicability of a standard.
• The material or product to be evaluated must comply with all the limitations included in the scope of the standard.
• The standard must evaluate the material or product’s performance as it relates to the particular manner in which it is to be
installed and utilized.
• The standard must realistically evaluate the conditions to which the material is likely to be exposed during fire loading or
the other applicable loading conditions being evaluated by the performance-based design.

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This code intentionally does not reference specific standards. Standards must simply comply with the parameters in Section
103. Performance standards are also unique and only a few are available as they pertain to building and fire codes. Examples of
performance-based design and construction standards include the following:
Elevators
• ASME A17.7/CSA B44.7-2007—Performance-based Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators (note that this standard
has been referenced in Chapter 30 of the IBC)
Structural fire engineering
• SFPE S.01-2011—Engineering Standard on Calculating Fire Exposures to Structures
• NFPA 557-2012—Standard for Determination of Fire Loads for Use in Structural Fire Protection Design
Seismic design
• FEMA P-58-2013—Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings, Methodology and Implementation

Authoritative documents and design guides

See Chapter 2 of the User’s Guide and code for more information on authoritative documents and design guides.

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DEFINITIONS

SECTION 202

DEFINED TERMS

General

In the compilation of a code, each word has the potential to change the meaning of a code section. Further, terms can often have
multiple meanings depending on the context in which they are being used. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a section of
definitions wherein the writers clarify the specific meaning of certain words in order to manage consistency throughout the doc-
ument.
Additionally, many of the definitions found within this chapter reflect the specific needs of performance-based designs.
Examples of such terms include “Bounding conditions,” “Construction documents” and “Design documents.”
The definitions within the ICCPC are primarily self-explanatory but several terms warrant further discussion.

Bounding conditions

One of the more important terms used in this document is “Bounding conditions,” which establishes limitations on changes to
the building or facility systems or components, maintenance and operation features that are identified as critical or necessary
preventative features to provide a safe environment for occupants. “Bounding conditions” are established by the design profes-
sional and have concurrence of the code official for performance-based designs. Essentially, “Bounding conditions” establish
the sensitivity of a design to change. Such conditions should be contained within the documentation and also attached to a con-
ditional Certificate of Occupancy. This term is also used within the the SFPE’s Code Official’s Guide to Performance-Based
Design Review.

Facility

This term is used throughout the document and in particular in Part III as a term indicating that structures or areas other than just
buildings are considered to be included in the application of the provisions of this code, such as tank farms and outdoor hazard-
ous materials storage areas. This definition is based on the definition for “Facility” found in the International Fire Code, which
includes buildings. However, there was a concern surrounding the potential misapplication of the term with regard to Section
702, Accessibility. Therefore, there was a need for a separate definition for facility that more closely correlates with the ICC
A117.1 standard. A definition was also added for “Essential facilities.” “Essential facilities” relates to the buildings, such as hos-
pitals or shelters, that are needed after an event such as an earthquake or a hurricane. Therefore, there are now three definitions
related to facilities, including definition of the term “Facility” as it applies generally to the code, the term “Facility” as it relates
to accessibility, and finally the term “Essential facilities,” as discussed above.

Authoritative documents and design guides

Using authoritative documents and design guides for analysis, design and justification for use with performance-based design
requires a significant standard of care to verify applicability to the intent of the performance code.
AUTHORITATIVE DOCUMENTS and DESIGN GUIDES include technical references that are widely accepted and utilized
by design professionals, professional groups and technical societies that are active in the design of buildings and their systems.
These documents should pass through at least one of the following development processes:
1. Documents developed through open consensus processes conducted by recognized governmental bodies.
2. Documents developed through open processes but conducted by professional or technical societies, code or standards
organizations or recognized governmental bodies.
3. Documents that have undergone peer review processes and have been published in professional journals, conference
reports and recognized technical publications.
DESIGN GUIDES are developed by architectural professional organizations, engineering professional organizations and tech-
nical societies and are published as guidance for use in performance-based design. Standards of practice in performance-based
design aid in the selection and application of engineering standards, computational methods and other forms of scientific and

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technical information that are applicable to the methodologies selected in the design approach. Such documents also add a level
of consistency to the process.
AUTHORITATIVE DOCUMENTS are documents typically developed in forums as identified in Item 1 or 2. DESIGN
GUIDES are documents typically developed in forums identified in Item 2 or 3. The listed processes are distinguished from a
process that incorporates only a limited number of individuals’ opinions. Such limited documents may include research papers,
theses, product-specific manufacturer’s guidance documents and other technical papers. Documents that are not considered
AUTHORITATIVE DOCUMENTS or DESIGN GUIDES may be able to be used for a design when they comply with Appen-
dix C for “individually substantiated designs.” Because of the limited review of such approaches, Section 104.3.4 specifically
requires a peer review of such methods.
See also the User’s Guide to Section 103, Acceptable Methods.

Serious injury

A definition for “Serious injury” was necessary to differentiate between other, less severe injuries. This assists in the application
and understanding of the levels of impact in Chapter 3.

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DESIGN PERFORMANCE LEVELS

This chapter is unique to the International Code Council Performance Code for Buildings and Facilities. It is intended to pro-
vide a framework to establish minimum levels to which buildings or facilities should perform when subjected to events such as
fires and natural hazards. The minimums established by this chapter are based on the types of risks associated with the use of the
building or facility, the intended function of the building or facility and the importance of the building or facility to a commu-
nity. This information is then compared with the type and sizes of events that may affect the building or facility. As noted in the
forward of this document, it is intended that this chapter provide a link between the policy makers and the designers. In many
respects, this chapter is the performance code equivalent of the height and area requirements, occupancy classifications and
related requirements.

SECTION 301

MINIMUM PERFORMANCE

Limitations on the extent of damage or impact on a building or facility are provided through design performance levels to which
the structure must conform when subjected to events of various magnitudes. Determination of the required design performance
level for a building or facility and for a specific magnitude of event is determined based on the performance group classification.
Sections 302 through 305 describe the use and occupancy classification process, the assignment of each use group to a perfor-
mance group and the relationship between design performance levels and magnitude of event.

SECTION 302

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

Section 302 defines use and occupancy classification as a means to categorize buildings, structures and portions of buildings and
structures by their primary use, the characteristics of the persons using them, the level of risk assumed by persons using them
during and after certain hazard events and their importance to the local community.
The definitions provided in Appendix A are based on the fundamental definitions provided in Chapters 3 and 4 of the Interna-
tional Building Code for general use and occupancy classifications and special occupancies. These use and occupancy classifica-
tions were modified in some cases to better categorize the use group in terms of occupant characteristics, risk and importance. In
addition, the definitions have been modified to include specific assumptions regarding the primary uses of buildings or struc-
tures, characteristics of persons using buildings or structures within that use group, the level(s) of risk assumed by persons using
buildings or structures within that use and occupancy classification during and after certain hazard events, and the importance of
the buildings or structures within that use group to the local community. The intent is to force a closer evaluation of who is at
risk, how that person is at risk, and what the societal expectations are regarding the levels of safety and the necessary building
and facility performance to address the risks. This appendix is provided as a means to relate the prescriptive and performance
codes, but need not be used if other means of determining risk factors are acceptable to the designer and the code official. In gen-
eral, the employment of the occupancy and use classifications from the International Building Code demonstrates that the con-
cepts presented in Chapter 3 of this code are similar to those addressed in the International Building Code and provides a fairly
solid starting point since many aspects of the importance of the facility, hazards and occupant characteristics have been implic-
itly included over the years within these classifications.
The following factors are important to consider in addition to the prescriptive use and occupancy classifications. Again many
of these factors (occupant density factors, for example) may already be implicitly addressed within the prescriptive classifica-
tions.
Nature of the Hazard. The nature of the hazard, whether it is likely to originate internal or external to the structure and how
it may impact the occupants, the structure and the contents must be addressed. These factors are important as different haz-
ards present different risks (e.g., fire versus earthquake). For a fire hazard, the primary risk includes toxic gases and heat, but
for earthquakes the primary risk includes falling debris and collapse. There may be different vulnerable populations for these
risks, and the impacts are clearly different. Whether the hazard originates internally or externally to the structure could also
be important for many reasons, including the number of people impacted simultaneously. For example, an earthquake
impacts a large area simultaneously, but fire tends to affect a more isolated area, such as a single building or floor of a build-

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ing. It is unclear whether or not the prescriptive code has taken this into account, but in a performance code approach these
broader issues may become more apparent.
Number of Occupants. The number of persons normally occupying, visiting, employed in or otherwise using the building,
structure or portion of the building or structure must be taken into account. The larger the number of persons, the higher the
potential for multiple life loss. Additionally, the number of persons may be relevant as large-loss events are generally per-
ceived as more devastating than large numbers of low-loss events (e.g., 100 people dying in one plane crash in a year is often
perceived as being worse than 50,000 people dying annually in individual automobile accidents). As with the nature of the
hazard, it is unclear whether these perceptions are taken into account within the prescriptive code. Generally, the focus has
been on one building at a time. A performance code will force such discussions in the future. If a large number of persons will
be in one location, it is expected that those persons will be reasonably protected from whatever hazards might befall them. In
general, protection strategies should be selected that aim to prevent multiple deaths and serious injury from occurring, with
the tolerable number of deaths and serious injuries reflective of the hazard, the occupants and the use.
Length of Occupancy. The length of time the building is normally occupied affects the risk characteristics of the occupants.
This factor is intended to help address life-safety protection needs given such variations as having a structure occupied 24
hours a day (e.g., hospitals), during business hours only (e.g., offices) or rarely if at all (e.g., storage facilities). It also plays a
role in hazard detection strategies. In some cases, structures will be occupied infrequently but have large numbers of people
when occupied (e.g., a sports stadium). As with all of these risk factors, such combinations must be considered.
Sleeping Characteristics. Hazard-induced risks are higher (from many hazards) when people are asleep. Reaction times are
slower, and strategies such as faster notification times may be warranted.
Familiarity. This topic examines whether the building occupants and other users are expected to be familiar with the building
layout and means of egress. If a hazard is such that people need to egress a structure quickly to avoid injury or death, unfamil-
iar surroundings can lead to confusion, especially if a) lighting is not available, b) people are disoriented because of the haz-
ard or c) people are focused on trying to help others.
Vulnerability. This topic examines whether a significant percentage of the building occupants are, or are expected to be,
members of vulnerable population groups such as infants, young children, elderly persons and persons with conditions or
impairments that could affect their ability to a) make decisions, b) egress without the physical assistance of others or c) toler-
ate adverse conditions. No protection strategy can ensure freedom from risk. To help decide what level of risk is acceptable,
many regulations target protecting large percentages of the most vulnerable or sensitive populations. For example, in acute
care hospitals where patients cannot be moved, a protect-in-place strategy is often taken, with multiple levels of redundant
protection. More specifically, identifying vulnerable populations can be useful in selecting performance criteria for assessing
protection schemes against specific hazards. For example, if fire is the hazard of interest, and the elderly are the vulnerable
population of interest, incapacitation or thermal impact levels can be determined such that some predetermined percentage of
the vulnerable population can be expected to reach a place of safety without being overcome by the hazard impacts.
Relationships. This topic examines whether the building occupants and other users have familial or dependent relationships.
Those people who are dependent upon others are clearly at an increased level of risk and are considered vulnerable popula-
tions. Those who are responsible for others require special attention, as they may place themselves at higher levels of risk in
order to care for their dependents. In some locations, such as hospitals, protection schemes often account for this concern. In
other locations, such as residences, protection schemes may not normally consider delays in evacuation that may be incurred
as one family member searches for another, for example.

SECTION 303

PERFORMANCE GROUPS

Background

Section 303 determines the performance group to which each building or facility should be assigned. The designation of a per-
formance group is intended to capture the importance of the building or facility, the types of risks associated with that building
or facility and the intended function of the building or facility. The concept for Table 303.1 was taken from Chapter 16 of the
prescriptive International Building Code, which establishes the occupancy category for structural design purposes. This table
was chosen since the assignment of a building or facility to a particular performance group is a value judgment and is not techni-
cal in nature. Since the table in Chapter 16 has been discussed by a broader group of stakeholders, it was decided that this would
be an appropriate place to start. This was a decision similar to the use of occupancy and use group classifications from the pre-
scriptive codes. The use and occupancy classifications for buildings are determined from the prescriptive International Building
Code and address levels of safety versus hazard by requiring safety systems, such as fire alarm systems, automatic sprinkler sys-
tems and fire-resistance-rated construction as appropriate to the perceived hazard. However, these requirements are often public-
policy-based decisions that are reactions to the perceived hazard, which may not directly correlate with the actual risk.

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One characteristic of the table from Chapter 16 of the prescriptive International Building Code is that it indicates that a natu-
ral hazard event, such as an earthquake, affects a building differently than a technological event, such as a fire. An earthquake
affects a broad range of buildings and facilities at the same time, but a fire is usually limited to a single building or facility. A
community is less likely to need extensive facilities for shelter after a fire as compared to an earthquake or perhaps a tropical
storm. Also, the magnitude and frequency of a natural hazard cannot be controlled, whereas a technological event is a function
of its surroundings. The issue of an event being a function of its surroundings is discussed in more detail under Section 305,
Magnitudes of Event.

Importance

The purpose for considering importance, or risk, is that some specific structures play critical roles in providing health, safety
and welfare to communities, especially after hazard events. For these structures, society demands a higher level of protection
than for other structures. There is an expectation that they remain functional after the event. In some cases this expectation is
regardless of the magnitude of the event. In determining the importance to the community, based on societal health, safety and
welfare objectives, the following were considered:
• The use or function of the building, structure or portion of the building or structure in providing a health-related service,
such as hospitals. These facilities are expected to a) contain vulnerable populations who cannot be moved during a hazard
event, and b) provide emergency medical services after a hazard event.
• The use or function of the building, structure or portion of the building or structure in providing a safety-related service,
such as fire and police stations. These structures house essential safety service persons, equipment and communications,
and are expected to be functional during and after hazard events.
• The use or function of the building, structure or portion of the building or structure in providing a societal-related service,
such as the sole school with all of the community’s children in attendance. The life-safety of the children and the
significant role of a school to a community increase its level of importance to the community.
• The use or function of the building, structure or portion of the building or structure in providing a community welfare-
related service, such as the primary employer for the community. The community may decide it would not be able to
survive without it and may desire additional protection against any number of hazard events. The level of performance
must also be balanced with cost effectiveness.
• The use or function of the building, structure or portion of the building or structure after a hazard event, such as a building
used as an emergency shelter. Some structures, such as schools or places of religious worship, may be designated
emergency shelters and are expected to function during and after hazard events.

Performance group designation

A performance group is a designation that identifies the required performance of a building or facility when subjected to a partic-
ular magnitude design event. The magnitude may be based on historical statistical data or on development of credible scenarios.
A performance group is described by defining a set of maximum tolerable impacts (levels of performance) for a set of specified
magnitudes of design events.
The main criterion for determining the performance group in which a particular building should be classified is to decide
which use group or occupancy classification is appropriate for the particular building. Alternatively, one needs to consider the
hazards and risks associated with a specific building or facility in conjunction with societal expectations regarding the level of
safety. Following the use group classification approach, one uses Table 303.1 to determine the performance group. This table
lists several facilities, but in many cases the performance group for facilities may need to be determined based on the risk factors
discussed in Section 302 and relative hazards discussed in those use groups that are listed in Table 303.1.
Four performance groups have been established for this code:
Performance Group I. This performance group covers buildings or facilities, such as barns and utility sheds, where hazard-
induced failure poses a low risk to human life. This group primarily includes utility-type buildings in which there is a low rea-
sonable expectation of performance.
Performance Group II. This performance group is the minimum for most buildings.
Performance Group III. This performance group includes buildings and facilities with an increased level of societal benefit
or importance or large occupant load. Examples include post-disaster command control centers, acute care hospitals and a
school used as an emergency shelter.
Buildings and other structures that a) are equipped with a reliable means of limiting the area of impact resulting from an
explosion or a release of highly toxic gas, and b) contain limited quantities of explosive materials or highly toxic gases can be
classified under this performance group.

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In hurricane-prone regions, buildings and other structures that contain toxic, explosive or other hazardous substances and
that do not qualify as Performance Group IV structures shall be eligible for classification as Performance Group II structures
for wind loads if these structures are operated in accordance with mandatory procedures that are acceptable to the code offi-
cial and that effectively diminish the effects of wind on critical structural elements or that protect against harmful-substance
release during and after hurricanes.
Performance Group IV. The highest performance group contains buildings or facilities that pose an unusually high risk.
Such facilities may include nuclear facilities or explosive storage facilities. These buildings, facilities and classes of struc-
tures require increased levels of performance as they are expected to continue operations after a hazard. Their failure to do so
could have a devastating effect within and/or outside the facility with any size incident. Certain businesses or facilities, such
as semiconductor facilities, may voluntarily place themselves in this category because of the business interruption caused by
a very small event.
Local government may increase the performance of any class of buildings (use group—Adoption information on page vii)
if there are specific reasons. These reasons might include a situation in which the facility is the only employer, the only
school or the only hospital. Likewise, should a building owner desire a higher level of performance for a specific building and
design load, the level of performance may be increased during preliminary design. A worksheet that assists with determining
the level of performance required is provided in Appendix B of the code document. Performance cannot be reduced below
this level without approval by the appropriate authority. Also, adjustments may be necessary in certain use conditions based
on, for example, a higher population of adults with disabilities than is normally expected in that particular use group.
Performance group application
Once the performance group is established, it is then applied to Table 303.3 to determine the tolerable level of damage and
impact based on the performance group and the magnitude of event.
In the table, the horizontal axis contains the performance level (level of damage/impact), and the vertical axis contains a
representation of the magnitude of event. As one reads from left to right along the horizontal axis, the performance groups
increase, and thus, the allowable impact or damage decreases. As one reads from bottom to top along the vertical axis, the
magnitude of event increases.
To use the table, the performance group classification that applies to the building or facility in question must be identified.
One can then locate the appropriate magnitude of event and allowable impacts for the performance group.
Structures must be designed to the levels of performance and magnitudes of event indicated in every applicable square
within Table 303.3. This can be illustrated by the following relationships.
Performance Group I. This means that the performance of the building or facility shall be such that:
1. Small magnitude events are permitted to result in, but not exceed, moderate impacts;
2. Medium magnitude events are permitted to result in, but not exceed, high impacts;
3. Large magnitude events are permitted to result in, but not exceed, severe impacts; and
4. Very large magnitude events are permitted to result in, but not exceed, severe impacts.
Performance Group II. This means that the performance of the building or facility shall be such that:
1. Small magnitude events are permitted to result in, but not exceed, mild impacts;
2. Medium magnitude events are permitted to result in, but not exceed, moderate impacts;
3. Large magnitude events are permitted to result in, but not exceed, high impacts; and
4. Very large magnitude events are permitted to result in, but not exceed, severe impacts.
Performance Group III. This means that the performance of the building or facility shall be such that:
1. Small and medium magnitude events are permitted to result in, but not exceed, mild impacts;
2. Large magnitude events are permitted to result in, but not exceed, moderate impacts;
3. Very large magnitude events are permitted to result in, but not exceed, high impacts; and
4. Severe impacts are not permitted for any magnitude of event foreseen by and described within the code.
Performance Group IV. This means that the performance of the building or facility shall be such that:
1. Small, medium, and large magnitude events are permitted to result in, but not exceed, mild impacts.
2. Very large magnitude events are permitted to result in, but not exceed, moderate impacts (high and severe impacts are
not permitted for any magnitude of event foreseen by and described within the code).
Note that this approach serves two functions. First, it provides a benchmark for design loads against which a building must
perform in an acceptable manner. Second, it recognizes that there is always some likelihood of a small event growing larger
(i.e., for a fire event), and that the losses associated with large events can be significant for some performance groups. If a

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community, a building owner or other stakeholder believes the expected loss to be unacceptable, a higher level of perfor-
mance may be warranted.

SECTION 304

MAXIMUM LEVEL OF DAMAGE TO BE TOLERATED

Section 304 of the code establishes how a building or facility is expected to perform in terms of tolerable limits of impact under
varying load conditions, based on the determination of Table 303.3.
Tolerable limits of impact reflect various limit states of damage, injury or loss. The term “tolerable” is used to reflect the fact
that absolute protection is not possible, and that some damage, injury or loss is currently tolerated in structures, especially after a
hazard event.
Additionally, the phrase “provide high confidence” is included to describe the extent to which these damage limits can be
achieved. This addresses the fact that performance design inherently entails significant uncertainty and variability both with
regard to the magnitude of event as well as the capacity of the facility to resist such events. Prescriptive codes provide only a
high expectation that the intended performance will be met. Also, with regard to many issues addressed by the prescriptive code,
the expectation and capacity of building design and use is difficult to determine. The term “impact” is used as a broad descriptor
of damage, injury or other types of loss. The four levels of performance are provided to “bound” the expected performance of
buildings and facilities when subjected to various design loads. The intent is to describe this performance in terms of variables
that can be measured or calculated.
Section 304 of the code is based heavily on concepts used in the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 273,
FEMA 274, the Vision 2000 report [copyright Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) 1995], and the Perfor-
mance-Based Seismic Engineering Guidelines—Part I (Draft 1, SEAOC Seismology PBE Ad hoc Committee, May 5, 1998).
These documents establish performance levels in terms of after-event damage states (impacts) and establish hazard levels in
terms of magnitude of event, which may be deterministic or probabilistic descriptions of the magnitude of the event. In these
documents, as in this code, design performance levels consider structural integrity, building operation, injury to people and dam-
age to contents. The magnitude of event (design load) reflects an increasing level of the event magnitude (e.g., ground motion).
The term “design load” was chosen for this code because both normal loads (e.g., dead loads) and hazard events (e.g., snow,
flood, earthquake, fire) can be expressed as loads. This allows the format in Chapter 3 of this code to be used with all loads that
a structure must resist.
Section 304.2 of the code defines the fundamental limiting states of tolerable impact to which a building should be designed
and constructed and correlates with those in Table 303.3.
Note: Section 304.2 provides only a skeletal description of levels of performance, as the tolerable impacts (limit states) will
vary based on the load. As such, details on additional or specific tolerable limits of impact are found in other appropriate sections
of the code.
As specified in Section 304, there are four design performance levels defined in terms of tolerable limits of impact to the
structure, its contents and its occupants: mild, moderate, high and severe. The language used reflects that although no amount of
protection can guarantee complete prevention of damage, injury or death as a result of a hazard event (e.g., damage, injury or
death could occur indirectly due to unknown conditions or reactions), some criteria for assessing compliance are required. The
designer must translate this language into specific numerical criteria based on the specific situation and the supporting data used.
This criteria needs to be approved by the code official. Such criteria could be formally assembled as part of the code as adopted
where appropriate supporting data is available.

SECTION 305

MAGNITUDES OF EVENT

A large number of normal, natural hazard and technological hazard-based loads or events of various magnitudes can reasonably
be expected to impact on a building or facility during its projected life span. These loads and events can vary across a broad
spectrum, from seismic, wind, temperature and water on the natural hazard side, to fire, explosion, moisture, occupant safety and
air quality hazards on the technological side. Normal loads and events can also vary broadly, from the myriad of live and dead
loads associated with a structure to factors such as the potential for changes in soil conditions due to temperature and moisture
variations. In order to evaluate the performance of a building or facility against these loads and events, a representative number
of design loads needs to be considered and applied. (For simplification purposes, the term “design load” covers normal and haz-
ard events as well.)
Design loads are characterized by four classes: small, medium, large and very large, indicating increasing magnitudes. Some
design loads may be expressed as point values, whereas others may be expressed as distributions. As each type of load has

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unique characteristics, details are not provided in Chapter 3, but rather are provided in appropriate chapters of the code [e.g., Sta-
bility (Chapter 5), Fire Safety (Chapters 6 and 17) and Hazardous Materials (Chapter 22)] and are based on the Committee’s
understanding of current practice and limits on quantification.
In general, design loads may be defined, quantified and expressed deterministically or probabilistically. How these loads are
expressed also varies by type. For example, a current approach to earthquake loads involves a probability of exceedance in a 50-
year period. A very rare earthquake, or “very large” design load earthquake (in the parlance of this code), would be a very large
magnitude event. This is a probabilistic approach. When designing for snow, however, the design load may be expressed in
terms of a ground snow load, based on historical data, modified by exposure and risk factors. This is a deterministic approach.
Fire loads may be expressed in such terms as heat release rate or mass (smoke) production rate and may have an associated time
component (e.g., a 5 MW fire for 10 minutes). These would also be considered deterministic.
With regard to subjects like fire, the definition of design loads is dependent on the measurement of performance, which is in
turn based on the use of the structure. In this code, performance is expressed in terms of tolerable impacts on buildings or facili-
ties, occupants and contents. Thus, a mild fire impact to contents of an office may be different than a mild impact in a fabrication
area in a semiconductor facility. As a result, a small design load fire for an office may be different than a small design load fire
for the fabrication area. Similarly, the mild impact to contents of an office may be different than a mild impact to an occupant of
the office, and the resulting design load fires may be different as well. For earthquakes, the design loads are described generi-
cally in terms of mean recurrence intervals and are unrelated to the building.
When considering and developing design loads for a particular building or facility, it is imperative that the various design
professionals associated with a project consider the range of possible events and how they may impact a building or facility
beyond the earthquake and fire events previously discussed. A wide range of design situations and scenarios must be considered,
including, for example, the possibility of changing soil conditions or the possibility of moisture accumulation. How the design
loads may impact a building or facility and that different design loads may have different impacts must also be considered.
For example, soil expansion can create different magnitude of event levels and associated impacts for different systems or
subsystems of a building; the impact on structural stability may be low, yet the architectural appearance may be impacted sig-
nificantly. In addition, certain critical features may be significantly impacted. For example, the shifting of a foundation can lead
to the inability to open an exit door or close a door in a fire or smoke barrier, or to an unacceptable impact on utilities such as the
rupturing of water or gas supply lines into the building or facility. Likewise, moisture-induced expansion of building elements
can also result in the inability to open an exit door or close a door in a fire or smoke barrier. These conditions can likely exceed
design performance levels.
As discussed previously, the quantification of loads such as soil expansion or moisture accumulation can be probabilistic or
deterministic. For any building or facility and its site, it should be possible to assess the likelihood of soil expansion, moisture
build-up, temperature variation and other factors. One can then compare this assessment with the tolerable levels of impact
defined earlier.
Section 305 of the code addresses the magnitudes of event that “can be reasonably expected to impact on a building.” In
recent years, there has been a significant increase in terrorist activities, such as the 1995 Murrah Building in Oklahoma City, the
1993 and 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, and the 1998 embassy bombings in the Kenyan and
Tazmanian capitals, which has certainly heightened the awareness of the building community and its role in possible prevention.
Historically, the codes have not dealt with such extraordinary events, but this may change as the codes continue to evolve. A
code such as the International Code Council Performance Code provides an improved framework where such events could be
addressed, should the decision be made to design buildings to address such events.
Given such variations in design loads and impacts as described previously, and in some cases the lack of readily available
methodologies and data, the definition, quantification and expression of design loads is best accomplished by the appropriate
professionals (e.g., structural, seismic and fire protection engineers) using the design performance levels established by this
code. Also, given the broad spectrum of loads that may impact a building, it is imperative that all design professionals be
involved in the process and that all realistic events or conditions that may impact a building or facility are considered in an
appropriate manner. In the end, it is the responsibility of the design professionals to identify and evaluate an appropriate number
of scenarios to validate the design analysis, the design details (e.g., system and component performance), material and product
specification and ultimately, the material and product selection and installation in regard to the objectives, functional statements
and performance requirements of the code.

ACCEPTABLE METHODS

Design performance levels are considered the performance criteria, and the magnitudes of event are considered the design loads
and stresses. To increase the effectiveness of this code it would be ideal to create packages of technical performance criteria and
design loads that fit within the context of these design performance levels and magnitude of events.
Due to the complexity of the issues, there will never be one single prescriptive solution for all designs. The International
Building Code and International Fire Code have been deemed to satisfy at least one of the acceptable methods for complying
with the performance code. Essentially, buildings and facilities or portions of buildings and facilities that are designed and con-

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structed in accordance with all applicable requirements of the International Building Code and International Fire Code associ-
ated with the uses and occupancies listed in Chapters 3 and 4 shall be deemed to comply with the performance groups for that
use group or occupancy. For example, a school designed and built to all applicable requirements in the International Building
Code for an educational occupancy is deemed to comply with the performance group requirements for a building in the Educa-
tional Occupancy.
Though it is assumed that the International Building Code is deemed to comply with the design performance levels outlined
in this code, the performance of buildings designed and constructed according to the International Building Code has not been
analytically determined.
As noted, there are also no singular acceptable methods of performance. Rather, a suite of acceptable methods (acceptable
analytical tools and methods) is required to be applied to demonstrate that the design performance levels and magnitudes of
event comply with the performance group requirements for the pertinent use groups or occupancy types. Examples of such
acceptable methods include the recently published second edition of the SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire
Protection Analysis and Design of Buildings. Note that SFPE is currently in the process of developing several structural fire
engineering standards. One is currently available: SFPE S.01-2011—Engineering Standard on Calculating Fire Exposures to
Structures.

EXAMPLE:

Assume: A high school (Grades 9–12) with an attendance of approximately 400 students is to be built in Anytown, Mystate,
USA.
Step 1. The first step in determining the requirements of this section (and of the International Code Council Performance Code
for Buildings and Facilities) would be to turn to Section 302 and/or Appendix A of the code to determine under which use group
classification the school would fall. Clearly, the school would fall under Educational, with information provided as follows:
A103.1.3 Educational. A building, structure, or portion of a building or structure in which six or more persons, generally
under the age of 18, gather for formal educational purposes.
1. It shall be assumed that occupants, visitors, and employees are awake, alert, and familiar with the building or structure.
2. Persons under the age of 10 will require assistance in exiting, and persons 10 years of age and older will predominantly
be able to exit without assistance.
These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons using an educational occupancy and provide the basis for
such estimations as time to recognize an alarm, begin to exit, and find the way to a place of safety. Additional characteris-
tics can be used if the information is available and supportable.
In this case, persons under 10 years of age will normally not be expected to be in the building. This would be accept-
able grounds for modifying any assumptions regarding the level of assistance required for helping children out of the
school in the event of an emergency. Additional guidance for these and other assumptions in the form of Functional State-
ments and Performance Requirements is found in various sections of the code.
3. Risks of injury and health assumed by occupants, visitors and employees during their use of the building or structure
are predominantly involuntary.
This assumption reflects the fact that the people using educational spaces have limited responsibility for their own
safety and are relying on the owners, managers, employees and insurers of the space to provide an adequate level of safety.
In this case, one might want to make additional assumptions about the use of athletic facilities and any additional risks
voluntarily assumed by the student athletes. Assumptions about the need for protection against sick building syndrome and
other health-related effects associated with the close proximity of large numbers of persons might also need to be consid-
ered. Additional guidance for these assumptions in the form of Functional Statements and Performance Requirements is
found in various sections of the code.
4. Public expectations regarding the protection afforded those occupying, visiting or working in an educational building,
structure or portion thereof are high.
This reflects the expectation that spaces wherein large populations of children are gathered will be afforded a high level
of protection to avoid catastrophic losses, i.e., a large loss of life in a single space is perceived as being worse than the loss
of one or two lives in multiple, smaller events.
These assumptions and the design performance levels provide the basis for structural requirements. Additional guid-
ance for these and other assumptions in the form of Functional Statements and Performance Requirements is found in var-
ious sections of the code.
If one wanted to determine the basis for the assumptions included in the use group descriptions, one could reference the
appropriate section of Appendix A of the User’s Guide.

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DESIGN PERFORMANCE LEVELS

Step 2. Next, one refers to Section 303, Performance Groups, to determine the appropriate performance group for educational
use buildings. The first place to look is Table 303.1. From Table 303.1, it is determined that the performance group will be
dependent upon whether there are more than 250 students expected to attend the Anytown High School. Because the expected
attendance is 400, Anytown High School would be placed in Performance Group III. Performance groups are based on the risk
factor tables from Chapter 16 of the International Building Code. This is where the 250-person criterion originates.
In addition to the risk factors discussed previously, the school may be considered important as a structure that may serve a
necessary purpose in the event of an emergency. This information would come forth in the application of the work sheet in
Appendix B.
Step 3. Now that the school is classified as Performance Group III, one then would go to Table 303.3 to determine the appropri-
ate design performance level for the associated magnitudes of event to which the school is likely to be subjected. The first thing
that should be noted is that Performance Group III allows only minimal impact for the medium magnitude of event for design
purposes as well as the small magnitude of event. This reflects the assumptions in the determination of use, risk factors and
importance that there are higher societal expectations for the level of protection provided in schools than there are for many
buildings in the other use groups, such as a typical office building.
Step 4. At this point, one could choose to take the prescriptive approach and simply meet all the applicable requirements for an
Educational Occupancy found in the International Building Code and International Fire Code. Alternatively, one could choose
to take a performance-based approach.
Step 5. If the performance-based approach is taken, the next step is to look at the descriptions of the tolerable impact for the
appropriate design performance levels indicated in Table 303.3. These provide a qualitative description of the design perfor-
mance levels required and can be used directly for a deterministic performance-based design approach or, in conjunction with
the magnitude of event (load) found within Section 305, can be used for a probabilistic performance-based approach. Specific
details on design load-related levels of performance are found in appropriate chapters (e.g., Chapter 5, Stability; Chapter 6, Fire
Safety).
For example, for a medium-magnitude event, the design performance level for a building in the Educational Use Group is
Mild Impact as stated in Section 304.2.1 of the code as follows:
304.2.1 Mild impact. The tolerable impacts of the design loads are assumed as follows:
304.2.1.1 Structural damage. There is no structural damage, and the building or facility is safe to occupy.
304.2.1.2 Nonstructural systems. Nonstructural systems needed for normal building or facility use and emergency opera-
tions are fully operational.
304.2.1.3 Occupant hazards. Injuries to building or facility occupants are minimal in numbers and minor in nature. There is
a very low likelihood of single or multiple life loss.
304.2.1.4 Overall extent of damage. Damage to building or facility contents is minimal in extent and minor in cost.
304.2.1.5 Hazardous materials. Minimal hazardous materials are released to the environment.
For more specific details on magnitudes of design loads and design performance levels for specific hazards, one references
the descriptions in the appropriate sections of the code (e.g., Chapter 5, Stability; Chapter 6, Fire Safety). Similarly, to determine
additional performance requirements that need to be met, the designer would reference the Functional Statements and Perfor-
mance Requirements provided in Chapters 5 through 22 of the code.
Step 6. Given defined magnitude of event, design performance levels and commentary as discussed previously, a structure can
be designed. In the case of the structural design, one would take the magnitude of event and design performance levels and trans-
late them into loads and resistances. Guidance on translating the ground motion into loads can be found in acceptable solutions
(e.g., prescriptive code, SEAOC Blue Book, ASCE 7, etc.) where a set of maps and formulas provide a set of loads, based on
geophysical conditions, that the structural engineer can apply to the structural design process. Similarly, fire protection engi-
neers would take the defined hazard levels, frequency and extent of growth for the design fire condition and, with the defined
design performance levels (see Sections 602.2 and 1701.2 for further information on design performance levels as they pertain to
fire) and assumptions, design appropriate fire safety measures using acceptable methods. Note that Sections 602.2 and 1701.2
essentially differentiate between life-safety and property protection as it relates to fire. In other words there is only one level of
performance for life-safety but multiple levels of property protection based upon the performance group and occupancy or use of
the building. Also, an upper limit on the level of property damage is placed upon each performance group. For example a build-
ing classified as Performance Group III would be limited to mild property damage for any magnitude fire.

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 CHAPTER 4

RELIABILITY AND DURABILITY

SECTION 401

RELIABILITY

This chapter addresses the importance of the reliability of individual protection systems and strategies, as well as the reliability
of the interaction of these systems in achieving the design performance level for a particular building or facility addressed in
Chapter 3. Reliability is a function of the many factors discussed below, including redundancy, maintenance, durability of mate-
rials, quality of installations and integrity of design. The discussion is primarily focused on fire safety systems and strategies but
is intended to address other aspects of building design such as structural stability, mechanical systems and plumbing.

Systems reliability

Under prescriptive codes, the typical failure rates of systems are sometimes compensated for by requiring redundancy. One of
the perceived advantages of a performance design is that it might allow the designer to minimize redundancy in order to achieve
cost efficiency by increasing the reliability of the systems and/or strategies used to implement the design. In other words,
increasing the number and effectiveness of the layers of protection provided may not necessarily increase the overall reliability
of a design if probabilities of successful operation are not factored in. Therefore, a focus upon reliability should be established.
Redundancy is only one, though important, way of achieving reliability. Reliability should be explicitly accounted for in the per-
formance analysis. As part of this analysis it is important that all factors affecting reliability over the life of the building be
understood and addressed.

Operational reliability

Operational reliability is defined as the probability that a system or component will function as intended when called upon. A
reliability of 100 percent means that the system will always work. Of course, because there is always a slight chance of some-
thing going wrong, 100 percent reliability can never be achieved.
Reliability analysis is a science used where the proper functioning of systems is crucial; the military, aircraft industry and
nuclear power plant operators all apply reliability analysis to their systems. The reliability of a system is a composite of the reli-
ability of its component parts, with a reliability of 1 being the same as 100 percent reliable. Mathematically, this can actually be
calculated as 1 minus the sum of the probability of the failure rates of the component parts.
However, the failure of certain parts may not result in a failure of the system to perform within its intended range of perfor-
mance. These are called noncritical parts and should not be included in the reliability calculation. This simplest approach to reli-
ability analysis is called the parts count method.
However, the failure of several noncritical parts could lead to the failure of a critical part, but this mode of failure would not
be addressed by a parts count reliability analysis. Therefore, a more detailed analytical method called Failure Modes and Effects
Criticality Analysis (FMECA) may be necessary. With FMECA, the failure modes of each component, as well as the probability
of the occurrence of those failure modes, are evaluated as to the effect they will have on other components. For example, an elec-
tronic part that fails 75 percent of the time when it is open may have no detrimental effect, but if the electronic part fails 25 per-
cent of the time when it is shorted, it may overstress a critical part and cause it to fail. These failure modes and probabilities are
then incorporated into the overall reliability analysis, which can become quite complex, especially for a complex system.

Reliability of fire protection systems

These same concepts can be applied to fire protection systems or other critical safety systems in buildings incorporating a perfor-
mance design. The greatest obstacle to conducting such an analysis is the lack of failure rate data on certain systems compo-
nents. The major users of reliability analysis have kept detailed failure records on equipment for many years. These data do not
exist for most systems found in buildings, although some data exists in surveys and in data kept by insurance inspectors. From
these, estimates of systems reliability can be derived or approximated. In the future, manufacturers and service/maintenance
companies will need to establish databases based on testing and field performance.
The most data available for fire protection systems and methods appear to be for sprinkler systems. Experience with commer-
cial (NFPA 13) sprinkler systems indicates a fairly high operational reliability. Further, the data indicate that about half of the
operational failures are attributed to some impairment in the water supply. For example, shut valves, clogged pipes, pump fail-

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RELIABILITY AND DURABILITY

ures or problems with the municipal supply are the more common causes. Depending on where the problem is within the system,
this could mean that only a few sprinklers might be affected or that the entire system might be impaired. This important distinc-
tion must be taken into account in the performance design analysis.
Data on the operational reliability of fire alarm systems suggest that they may not be as reliable as commercial sprinkler sys-
tems. But here, many of the failures appear to occur in individual detectors. Because detectors operate independently in a paral-
lel wiring scheme (the exception being when one fails shorted, which results in a false alarm signal), problems with fire alarm
systems tend to be more localized, with the remainder of the system continuing to operate normally. Addressable and intelligent
technology increases reliability by more specifically targeting detector activation and by providing the ability of detectors to be
adjustable for sensitivities to elements such as dust.
Although not often thought of in this way, fire-resistance-rated construction has reliability associated with it as well. Assem-
blies are furnace tested under ASTM E119 to assign a fire-resistance rating based on exposure to a standard time-temperature
curve. The assemblies must be constructed in accordance with the tested design to ensure proper performance, although some
assemblies are not very sensitive to construction errors. For example, masonry walls seldom crack or come apart to allow the
passage of fire and hot gases (one of the E119 acceptance criteria), but most fail when the temperature on the unexposed side
exceeds a specific value (another E119 acceptance criterion). Thus, errors in construction that do not affect heat transfer through
the wall will likely not lead to failure. On the other hand, gypsum walls typically fail when the gypsum wallboard on the exposed
side falls off, allowing fire to penetrate to the interior of the wall assembly and quickly through the entire assembly. Constructing
one of these walls with too few or the wrong type of fasteners or improperly installed fasteners could lead to a wall that has less
than the tested fire resistance.
Such problems appear to be rare because data from insurance inspections indicate a very high operational reliability for fire-
resistance-rated construction comparable to that of commercial sprinklers. Clearly, the weak link in fire-resistive barriers is with
intentional openings installed in rated assemblies to accommodate doors, windows and utility penetrations. The same insurance
sources estimate that there is a 50-percent likelihood that a fire door in a rated wall opening will be blocked open or otherwise
impaired and therefore negate the fire-resistance-rating performance of the entire wall assembly. The reliability of both an indi-
vidual construction assembly and the overall system of compartmentation are important but difficult to measure.

Design and installation

The design and installation of fire protection features and systems and other building systems, such as refrigeration systems,
must be conducted properly, or such features and systems will not be reliable. Especially with active systems such as fire alarm,
sprinkler and smoke management, the devices selected must be appropriate to the hazards, and the installation must be correct.
Many systems require a commissioning process that tests the full range of operation and sometimes includes third-party over-
sight, resulting in a certification. In some cases there are national bodies that certify competence, and many manufacturers offer
training programs on the proper installation of their equipment.

Testing and maintenance

Testing and maintenance have a significant effect on the reliability of components and systems. Maintenance prevents failures
by reducing wear and stopping problems before they start. Testing does not prevent failures but rather identifies failed compo-
nents so they can be repaired before the system is needed. Testing must be done more frequently than the time between inci-
dents, and repairs must be done promptly so that the system is working when it is needed. Maintenance must be done properly
and at the required intervals so that detrimental effects are avoided. If not, the reliability of the system can be reduced signifi-
cantly.
There are recognized standards for the testing methods and intervals for active fire protection features such as fire alarm sys-
tems (NFPA 72, Chapter 14) and fire sprinklers (NFPA 25). Maintenance required of components and systems is more individu-
alized and is specified by the manufacturer. It is crucial to reliability that the maintenance and testing be performed as required
by qualified personnel in order to avoid the introduction of problems by the very process used to avoid problems. Technicians
performing testing and maintenance should be certified or at least working under the supervision of someone certified to work
on the systems.

SECTION 402

DURABILITY

The objective of this section is to ensure that the building materials selected for a structure or facility are sufficiently durable or
are repaired or replaced in a timely manner so that the performance objectives of this code are achieved and maintained through-
out the life of the facility. The durability of a specific material, component or system should be appropriate for its use within the
structure or facility and also consistent with its purpose in contributing to the desired level of building performance. The current

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 RELIABILITY AND DURABILITY

codes indirectly address this issue by requiring certain types of materials. The durability of building elements, components and
systems contributes to the overall reliability of the entire building as a system.
The selection of building materials and the protection, preservation and functionality of those materials should be such that
the building will continue to satisfy the objectives of the code throughout its life. This may mean that in order to comply with the
durability requirements, regular maintenance or replacement must occur. Performance objectives may impact the life-cycle cost
of regular maintenance. Event magnitudes selected to meet tolerable impact limitations may influence the useful life of compo-
nents and systems. For example, the design-performance objective for expansive soils might state a moderate level of tolerable
damage to the foundation. But the performance objective for structural stability and means of egress might specify that only mild
levels of damage can be tolerated. The design team needs to consider how various event scenarios influence or impact other per-
formance objectives and tolerable limits of damage and how they in turn impact the durability of building components and sys-
tems. A design allowing for differential settlements might be well within the limits of moderate impact for the foundation;
however, architectural components, HVAC equipment and floor surfaces could be rendered inoperable or unusable while their
durability is adversely affected, negating their contribution to other performance objectives.
The performance of a building is dependent on the materials used in construction and the maintenance of those materials
throughout the life of the building. It is anticipated that some materials, such as roofs, will need to be replaced, whereas other
materials need only be maintained, such as the paint on an exterior wall. Use and exposure to physical stresses and environmen-
tal conditions also impact durability. These factors should be considered within the context of how materials are to be used in or
on a building in conjunction with their intended function and their overall contribution to the building’s performance.
The determination of whether a material for a specific element must last for the entire anticipated life of the building or can be
one that is maintained, repaired or replaced as appropriate may well be dependent on the accessibility of the element for inspec-
tion and maintenance and the importance of the element's contribution to the structural and fire- and life-safety performance of
the building. For example, the paint on the exterior bearing wall of a building is easily inspected and maintained and also has a
minimal effect on the structural and fire- and life-safety performance objectives during a fire event, but the fire protection encas-
ing a steel column that is located within a framed wall is not as easy to inspect or maintain and is also essential to the structural
integrity and fire- and life-safety of the structure during a fire event. Therefore, the paint could be durable for any length of time
acceptable to the owner, but the fireproofing material must be durable for a much longer period of time.
The designer must include in the construction documents not only a description of the specific materials being used but also a
description of the durability of each material (“a 20-year built-up composition roof, manufactured by the ABC Roofing Com-
pany,” for example) or must specify the maintenance interval for each material (such as “exterior wood wall shall be painted
every 10 years with an exterior grade, weather-resistant paint”).
The replacement and maintenance schedules for building materials that are unusual may be required to be documented in the
office of the authority having jurisdiction or in an affidavit signed by the owner and recorded so that future owners will be aware
of the need for maintenance or replacement.

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120 USER’S GUIDE FOR THE 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Part II—Building

CHAPTER 5

STABILITY

SECTION 501

STRUCTURAL FORCES

General discussion

Section 501 provides the requirements for the structural design of buildings and other structures. This section specifies the forces
for which structures need to be designed and the required performance.
This section requires a structure to be designed for all the expected forces that the structure will be subjected to throughout its
life. This is the same requirement found in Chapter 16 of the International Building Code.
The principles for the design of structures are the same regardless of whether the prescriptive or the performance code is used.
The methods for analysis will be the same for both approaches. The performance code gives the designer more flexibility in
determining the expected forces and prescribes the performance of the structure when subjected to particular forces. The
designer can look to the design performance level desired of the structure rather than simply applying a minimum solution.
Structural forces are related to the material chapters of the prescriptive code-including the design of masonry, wood, steel,
concrete and aluminum-as well as to other portions of the code.
This document encourages building owners to become involved in the decision-making process that determines the design
performance level of a building in relation to a specific event such as an earthquake. This code prescribes a minimum design per-
formance level, based on the intended use of the building, but an owner may need to enhance the performance for different rea-
sons. The current prescriptive approaches do not clearly state the performance level the code provides. Therefore, an owner is
often not aware that he or she may not be getting the performance level desired from the building. The approach provided in this
code, specifically in Chapter 3, is intended to address this issue.

501.1 Objective

The objective statement for structural forces clarifies what is required with respect to the structural design of buildings and other
structures. This statement has three parts, and each part has been written with specific intentions for structural design.
The first part of the statement, “to provide a desired level of structural performance,” requires that buildings be designed to
perform to acceptable levels. These levels may be similar for all structures subjected to a specific loading. For example, build-
ings must be designed so that all structural members are within allowable stress levels and acceptable deformations when sub-
jected to expected dead and live loads. This would be a reasonable level of structural performance and would apply to all
buildings.
However, there are times when different levels of structural performance are acceptable for a given event. For example,
during a major earthquake (also known as a rare earthquake based on the frequency of occurrence), it would be reasonable to
expect severe damage to a single-family dwelling, moderate damage to a school and minor damage to a hospital. In this exam-
ple, these would all be reasonable levels of structural performance. In no event would collapse be a reasonable performance
level.
The second part of the statement, “when structures are subjected to the loads that are expected,” requires buildings and other
structures to be designed for generally accepted loads and load combinations. For example, the International Building Code
specifies the live load for various types of occupancies. These would be examples of generally accepted loads. The design of a
concrete floor requires that the calculated floor dead load be added to the specified live load along with other applicable loads for
partitions, mechanical equipment, etc., and that the floor be designed for the combination of all these loads. This is an example
of a generally accepted load combination.
The last statement, “during construction or alteration and throughout the intended life,” requires that buildings or other struc-
tures perform not only during their construction and subsequent alteration but also that the durability of the structure be sus-
tained throughout its life.

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STABILITY

The building or structure shall perform as intended under normal conditions. Performance levels deemed appropriate must be
defined by the following limiting states of tolerable damage: structural and nonstructural performance levels shall be applicable
to natural, technological and fire hazard events reasonably expected to impact the structural and nonstructural systems during the
projected life of the building or structure.
Mild impact. During and after a hazard event, basic vertical and lateral force-resisting systems of the building are expected
to retain their entire prehazard event strength and stiffness. Minor structural damage that occurs as a result of a hazard event
shall not delay reoccupancy.
During and after a hazard event, nonstructural systems required for normal building use, including lighting, glazing,
plumbing, HVAC and computer systems, must remain fully operational, although minor cleanup and repair of some items
may be required. Basic access and life-safety systems, including doors, stairways, elevators, emergency lighting, fire alarms
and suppression systems, shall be fully operational. Large or heavy items that pose a falling hazard, including parapets, clad-
ding panels, heavy plaster ceilings, suspended ceilings, glazing systems, lighting fixtures and storage racks, shall be designed
to prevent damage or failure of the items from excessive movement.
Moderate impact. During and after a hazard event, basic vertical and lateral force-resisting systems of the building are
expected to retain nearly all their prehazard event strength and stiffness. Moderate structural damage may occur as a result of
the hazard event and will delay reoccupancy; however, the structural damage should not be so extensive as to prevent repair
or rehabilitation.
During and after a hazard event, nonstructural systems required for normal building use, including lighting, glazing,
plumbing, HVAC and computer systems, shall remain significantly functional, although cleanup and repair of some items
may be required. Basic access and life-safety systems including doors, stairways, elevators, emergency lighting, fire alarms
and suppression systems shall remain fully operational.
High impact. During and after a hazard event, structural elements and components are expected to have significant damage.
However, the building or structure shall be designed such that hazards from large falling debris, either inside or outside the
building, are prevented. The amount of structural damage shall not be such that repair of the structure is not possible; how-
ever, significant delays in reoccupancy or a decision not to repair the damage may result.
During and after a hazard event, nonstructural systems required for normal building use, including lighting, glazing,
plumbing, HVAC and computer systems, may be significantly damaged, and their functions may be limited. Egress routes
within the building may be impaired by lightweight debris, and the HVAC, plumbing and fire safety systems may be dam-
aged, resulting in loss of function.
Severe impact. During and after a hazard event, significant degradation in the stiffness and strength of the lateral-force-
resisting system, large permanent deformation of the structure and, to a more limited extent, degradation in vertical-load-car-
rying capacity must be expected. However, all significant components of the gravity-load-resisting system must continue to
carry their gravity load demands. It shall be expected that the structure may not be technically practical to repair and is not
safe for reoccupancy, as additional hazard event activity, even at a reduced level, could induce collapse.
During and after a hazard event, nonstructural systems required for normal building use, including lighting, plumbing,
glazing, HVAC and computer systems may be completely nonfunctional. Egress routes within the building may be impaired
by debris, and the HVAC, plumbing and fire safety systems may be significantly damaged, resulting in loss of function. The
building or structure shall be designed to avoid failures that could injure large numbers of persons, either inside or outside the
building or structure. Significant failure of large or heavy items such as parapets, cladding panels, heavy plaster ceilings, sus-
pended ceilings, glazing systems, lighting fixtures or storage racks may pose a falling hazard.

501.2 Functional statements

The first statement specifies that the structure should be designed to provide a reasonable level of structural performance to pro-
tect the occupants from injury. Because the needs of the occupants vary, differing design performance levels would be required
for critical occupancies such as hospitals and emergency rescue facilities, as well as for high occupancy buildings such as large
theaters and auditoriums. A specific reference is made to Chapter 3, which provides guidance in determining the design perfor-
mance level.
The second statement indicates that the structure must be designed and constructed to achieve acceptable performance to pro-
tect property, both on-site as well as adjacent to the site. The property (or “amenity,” as used in this section) would not only be
the structure itself but would also include its contents. Again, depending on the needs of the owner, occupants and community,
this performance level may vary.

501.3 Performance requirements

The performance requirements are specified in seven sections. The first section requires that structures and portions of structures
remain stable and not collapse during construction or alteration through the intended life of the structure. This section requires

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that structures be designed so that there are no hazards during construction and so that the materials used are durable and main-
tained throughout the life of the structure.
The second section recognizes that structures, from time to time, experience minor damage from a variety of hazards such as
fires, small earthquakes, or overstresses due to concentrated loads. This section requires the structure as a whole to be capable of
absorbing these local damage areas without causing major damage to the entire structure. For example, this may require that
buildings be provided with more than one line of resistance in each direction for lateral loads.
The third section requires that the deformation of the structure from design loads be within tolerable limits. For example,
under dead and live loads, the floor of a building should not vibrate or deflect so as to cause discomfort to the tenants. Also,
under seismic loads, the structure’s drift should be controlled so that it does not impact adjacent structures.
The fourth section specifies the forces that the structure must be designed to resist. This list covers some of the loads
addressed in Section 501.3.4.
1., 2., 3. The design professional must evaluate all loads and combinations of loads as is accepted standard practice. For
dead, live, impact and other loads not specifically commented on in Items 4 through 14, the designer must evaluate best
current practice as recognized in authoritative documents. In all cases, the design engineer must demonstrate that the
magnitude of events is appropriate for the performance level and magnitude of damage to be tolerated.
4. Explosion hazards can be described in terms of exceeding a defined energy release within a building, structure or portion
of a building or structure. Pressure loads can also be used to define explosion hazards. In all cases, the design engineer
must demonstrate that the magnitude of events is appropriate for the performance level and magnitude of damage to be
tolerated.
5. Soil and hydrostatic loads can play a critical role in the performance of structures. These loads will be site specific and
are heavily dependent on the type of soil and location relative to water sources.
6. Flood hazards are described in terms of the mean return period for the 1-percent annual chance flood event (100 years)
and the 0.2-percent annual chance flood event (500 years). For many locations, the land adjacent to bodies of water that
may be affected by floods of one or both of these mean return periods is shown on the Flood Insurance Rate Maps pre-
pared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The area that is expected to be inundated by the 1-per-
cent annual chance flood is commonly known as the “A Zone” (the “V Zone” along some open coastlines). Where such
maps do not show the presence of a flood hazard adjacent to a body of water and for flood hazards with mean return peri-
ods greater than the 100- or 500-year flood events, such events are to be determined on a site-specific basis. Standard
methodologies are to be used to make the determinations and may include application of rainfall-runoff models, hydrau-
lic models, storm surge models and evaluation of historic records of storm events and flooding. Some areas shown on
FEMA’s maps not subject to flooding by the 1- or 0.2-percent annual chance floods may be subject to flooding by lower
probability, high consequence events (i.e., large and very large), such as extreme storm surge flooding, levee failure, dam
failure or tsunami flooding. ASCE 24, Flood Resistant Design and Construction, covers standard methodologies to
account for flood hazards.
7. Wind hazards are described in terms of the mean return period of a defined magnitude of wind speed (3-second gust) in
defined geographic areas (zones). The authoritative document, ASCE 7 and Commentary, was used as the primary refer-
ence for the mean return periods.
8. If there are other forces that are expected to affect the structural performance of the structure, the designer must also
design for those other forces and consequences. Such forces can include, but are not limited to, windborne debris impact
loads or hail impact loads and shall be accounted for in the design of structures to achieve the desired performance level.
9. Snow hazards are described in terms of the mean return period of a defined magnitude of surface snow precipitation in
defined geographic areas (zones). The authoritative document, ASCE 7 and Commentary, was used as the primary refer-
ence for the mean return periods.
10. Rain loads are provided in terms of mean return intervals for both primary and secondary drainage capacity require-
ments.
11. Seismic hazards are described in terms of the mean return period of a defined magnitude of seismic-induced ground
motion in defined geographic areas (zones). See the following section for more detailed information.
In the 1996 Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary [Structural Engineering Association of Cali-
fornia (SEAOC) Blue Book], Appendix B: Conceptual Framework for Performance-Based Seismic Design (Vision
2000), the design load is specified by a series of four earthquake design levels (events) and is expressed as a corre-
sponding set of probabilistic earthquake ground motions (p. 396).
“Recurrence interval” is comparable to “mean return period,” and “frequent” through “very rare” events are compara-
ble respectively to “small” through “very large” events in the performance code. The rare event is also specified as the
design level earthquake ground motion (Commentary to 1996 SEAOC Blue Book, p. 97).

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STABILITY

Event Probability of Exceedance Recurrence Interval

Frequent 50% in 30 years 43 years
Occasional 50% in 50 years 72 years
Rare 10% in 50 years 475 years
Very rare 10% in 100 years 970 years

In the 1998 Performance-Based Seismic Engineering Guidelines, Part I—Strength Design Adaptation, Draft No. 1
(SEAOC Seismology PBE Ad hoc Committee, dated 5/98), the design load is specified the same as in Appendix B of
the 1996 SEAOC Blue Book, except the probabilistic ground motions for the frequent and very rare events are revised.
The recurrence interval for the frequent event has decreased. The revision was done partly to express the interval in
terms of the same 50-year probability of exceedance as the occasional and rare events.
The very rare event is no longer specified probabilistically but deterministically as approximately 150 percent of the
rare event. In the Western United States, this typically corresponds to a mean recurrence interval of 2,000+ years. This
change was made partly because of the use of the very rare event design load for buildings near active faults. SEAOC
apparently has calibrated this with enough confidence to specify a very rare event as 150 percent of a rare event.

Event Probability of Exceedance Recurrence Interval

Frequent 87% in 50 years 25 years
Occasional 50% in 50 years 72 years
Rare 10% in 50 years 475 years
Very rare Not applicable Not applicable

In the 1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures
(FEMA 302 and 303, dated 2/97), the design load is specified at the very rare event level. The other event levels are not
mentioned. The very rare event is expressed as the lesser of the probabilistic and deterministic maximum earthquake
ground motions. The probabilistic level is that which will be developed with a 2-percent probability of being exceeded
in 50 years (2 percent in 50 years), equivalent to an approximate mean recurrence interval of 2,500 years. The determin-
istic level is specified as 150 percent of the median 5 percent damped spectral response accelerations at all periods
resulting from characteristic earthquakes on any known active fault within a particular region. The spectral response
accelerations are mapped and included in the FEMA document.
The 1998 FEMA-273 NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings uses the following:

Event Probability of Exceedance Recurrence Interval

Medium 50% in 50 years 72 years
Large 10% in 50 years 474 years
Very large 2% in 50 years 2,475 years

A small event comparable to the frequent event specified in the 1998 Performance-Based Seismic Guidelines, Part I
is not included. Also, an event between the medium and large events is included that is not found in any of the above ref-
erences.
The performance code proposes to use a combination of the 1998 SEAOC and FEMA 273 data as follows:

Event Probability of Exceedance Recurrence Interval

Small 87% in 50 years 25 years
Medium 50% in 50 years 72 years
Large 10% in 50 years 474 years
Very large 2% in 50 years 2,475 years

The language “Large” and “Very large” in the Event column originates from FEMA-302, NEHRP Recommended
Provisions for the Seismic Regulation of Buildings and Other Structures. These particular provisions were also the

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basis for the International Building Code requirements. More specifically, in FEMA 302 and the IBC, Maximum Con-
sidered Earthquake (MCE) ground-shaking demands (similar to the very large demands in this code) in near-fault
regions such as coastal California or the New Madrid region of Missouri are taken as the lesser of either probabilisti-
cally determined shaking or deterministic shaking based on the largest earthquake likely to occur in the region. Pro-
posed Footnote 2 establishes these same criteria. Also, FEMA 302 and the IBC Design (DBE) ground-shaking demands
(similar to large loading) are taken as demands with two-thirds the intensity of motion as MCE (Very large) demands.
Footnote 1 ensures that these values in the performance code and the IBC are similar.
12. Ice hazards are described in terms of the mean recurrence interval of a defined magnitude of surface icing in defined geo-
graphic areas (zones). The authoritative document, ASCE 7 and Commentary, was used as the primary reference for the
mean return periods.
13. For hail loads see Item 8.
14. Thermal loads are referring to hazards such as fire. This is a unique load to be included as it has historically been dealt
with through prescriptive fire resistance and has not been directly referred to as a load. Note that Chapter 17 of this code
addresses the need for structures to withstand the effects of fire. See the performance requirements in Section 1701.3.11.
Thermal loads could also refer to other heat sources such as thermal loads from the placement of the building.
The fifth section recognizes the need to address uncertainties involved with design, construction, building use and material
properties.
The sixth section requires that alterations and demolitions be done in a safe manner to avoid injury to the workers on the site
and the public adjacent to the site.
The seventh section requires that the grading of sites be done in a safe manner so as to prevent damage to the adjacent prop-
erty.

ACCEPTABLE METHODS

Please see discussion in Section 103 on performance-based resources, which notes the development of FEMA P-58.

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 CHAPTER 6

FIRE SAFETY

SECTION 601

SOURCES OF FIRE IGNITION

The purpose of this section is to reduce the potential of permanently installed building equipment, appliances and services to
cause a fire because of their installation. All types of permanently installed equipment, appliances and services represent poten-
tial ignition hazards and need to be installed in a fashion that minimizes or prevents these hazards from occurring. Fuel-burning
equipment, including gas, oil and solid fuel-fired types can, by their nature, transfer heat to building materials when located too
close to such materials. Electrical equipment produces heat and potential sparks, thus requiring clearances to combustible mate-
rials and hazards such as areas where flammable vapors are likely. Additionally, should a spark or flame escape the equipment or
appliance enclosure, ignition of building materials or contents can occur. These provisions were developed with the potential
hazards of this equipment in mind.

601.1 Objective

This section contains provisions that are intended to prevent the ignition of building materials caused by permanently installed
equipment, appliances or services. This is in contrast to portable equipment or appliances, which are connected by cord and plug
and are usually not regulated by construction code provisions but instead are regulated by the codes such as the International
Fire Code. Portable equipment and appliances in addition to hazards such as welding and cutting operations, hazardous materi-
als processes and smoking are covered by Part III, Chapter 16. There is a difference in approach because of the traditional scope
of fire codes versus building codes. Therefore, it is important that both sections be reviewed. Note that building equipment and
systems may be addressed by construction codes such as the IBC but are often deferred to associated codes such as the Interna-
tional Mechanical Code, International Fuel Gas Code or National Electrical Code.

601.2 Functional statements

Each functional statement indicates that either fuel-fired or electrical equipment, appliances or services must be installed in a
manner that reduces the potential for the installation to be a source of ignition. Fuel-burning appliances and electrical equipment
are generally intended for installation in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions. These instructions should
be provided as part of the design submittal to determine if the equipment is being installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations. If the equipment has not been listed or independently evaluated for safety, it is up to the designer to demon-
strate to the code official that the equipment installation provides an acceptable level of safety.
To avoid the equipment becoming a potential source of ignition, several factors need to be considered. Appliances must not
generate temperatures or operate under conditions that could ignite nearby combustible materials. Electrical conductors and
components must not create a condition in which they will overheat and ignite combustibles either in or near the appliance, or in
the branch circuit wiring supplying the product. Additionally, the equipment must provide an acceptable level of performance
under normal operating conditions and any other conditions that may be encountered during the life of the product.
Standards for safety have been developed for most fuel-burning and electrical appliances and equipment by organizations
such as UL and ASTM. These standards provide a comprehensive set of safety criteria with which to evaluate the ability of the
equipment to not produce an undesired source of fire ignition. These standards are customized to address safety conditions that
are unique to the specific appliance or equipment.
Equipment that has been listed by an approved testing and certification laboratory has undergone an independent safety
investigation. As part of the listing, the certification agency evaluates the equipment and certifies that it complies with appropri-
ate safety standards when installed in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions. Equipment installed within
the limitations of its listings and in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions can generally be considered to
not serve as a source of fire ignition.
It is also necessary to periodically test and maintain appliances and equipment in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruc-
tions and in accordance with any referenced installation and use standards to ensure that the appliances and equipment do not
create a potential source of fire ignition during the life of the product.

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601.3 Performance requirements

Each performance requirement specifies the intent of the code regarding performance of equipment, appliances and services.

601.3.1 Uncontrolled combustion and explosion

This section requires fuel-burning equipment, appliances and services to be designed and installed in a manner that precludes
uncontrolled combustion, which can cause overheating or explosion of an appliance. The prescriptive requirements dealing with
this particular objective are found within the International Fuel Gas Code.

601.3.2 Fuel-burning appliances and services as sources of ignition

This section requires fuel-burning appliances to be installed with adequate clearance to combustibles to prevent ignition of
building materials.

601.3.3 Sparks and arcing

This section requires electrical equipment, appliances and services to contain arcs and sparking within their enclosures so as to
prevent ignition of building materials or contents. The National Electrical Code provides prescriptive guidance on this hazard.

601.3.4 Electrical equipment, appliances and services

This section requires electrical equipment, appliances and services to be installed with adequate clearances so that normal oper-
ation or overheating will not cause ignition of building materials.

601.3.5 Flammable, combustible and explosive atmospheres

In occupancies such as those known for dust explosions, ignition sources should be located appropriately, or special protection
should be provided for the equipment.

SECTION 602

LIMITING FIRE IMPACT

In the event that a fire does occur, this section contains provisions to either contain the fire or limit the spread of a fire in a man-
ner that allows safe egress of the occupants; limit the damage to the building in which the fire originated, to adjacent buildings,
and to contents and amenities as appropriate; allow fire fighters to perform their duties on the fire scene; and provide detection
systems that allow appropriate and timely response to a fire. Although it is very difficult to control the amount of combustibles
that constitute the fire load of a building (i.e., normally exposed items that are placed in a structure once construction has been
completed), the code does seek to limit the amount of combustibles. Resistance to other mechanisms of fire-spread within a
building from floor-to-floor, compartment-to-compartment or within building cavities is also an important design consideration.
There is a need to interface systems used in buildings such as fire suppression, smoke control, heating, ventilating and air
conditioning. Further, to reduce the possibility of a fire in one building engaging an adjacent structure, certain precautions must
be taken, such as the use of fire-resistive construction of exterior walls and opening protectives. Also, consideration must be
given to the protection of buildings from exposure to wildfires or fires involving other external elements such as aboveground
fuel storage tanks. These more challenging scenarios will alter the necessary design features based on the possible severity of the
event. Additionally, very specific attention must be given to the effect of the use of combustibles within or on the elements of a
building that must be entered by fire-fighting personnel for the purpose of evacuating occupants or the protection of property. In
developing this section of the performance code, several chapters of the International Building Code were taken into consider-
ation. These include, but are not limited to: Chapter 3, Use and Occupancy Classification; Chapter 4, Special Detailed Require-
ments Based on Use and Occupancy; Chapter 5, General Building Heights and Areas; Chapter 6, Types of Construction; Chapter
7, Fire and Smoke Protection Features; Chapter 8, Interior Finishes; Chapter 9, Fire Protection Systems; and Chapter 10, Means
of Egress.

602.1 Objective

This section is intended to reduce the likelihood of death or injury to an acceptable level to those persons involved in a fire
within the building or facility. It also prevents or reduces damage or loss of property because of the spread of fire within a struc-
ture or to an adjacent structure. “Persons involved” include building occupants, emergency responders and people in the vicinity
of the building or facility. Consideration is also given to the impact a fire may have on the use of the building, including any pro-
cess that may be conducted within the building. The objective statement is a continuation of the basic principle of building codes

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from the beginning of code development. The difference is that this format provides the opportunity for the reader to understand
the overall performance of a particular building or facility in a fire event and how different subsystems interact to achieve the
desired objective.

602.2 Functional statement

To provide for the safety of people and property involved in a building fire and to provide the facilities for fire fighting and res-
cue operations, it is imperative that the design community place elements into the structure that will mitigate the growth poten-
tial of a fire. This section indicates the need for the building to have safeguards designed into it to achieve the objectives related
to the protection of people and property. Specifically, the code states that a person not directly adjacent to or involved in the igni-
tion of a fire must not suffer serious injury or death. It goes on to state that property loss has an upper limit based on the perfor-
mance group assignment from Chapter 3. This section therefore establishes a single performance level with regard to occupant
and public safety and an upper limit on the levels of damage with regard to property protection dependent on the performance
group.
This particular functional statement was originally linked to Chapter 3 for guidance on the levels of performance. Subse-
quently, it was decided that because fire is an event whose magnitude is dependent on many factors related to the use, construc-
tion, configuration, size and contents of a building or facility, evaluating fire based on a simplistic relationship between
magnitude of event and level of damage was not only inappropriate but extremely difficult. The general relationship between
magnitude of event and level of damage presented in Chapter 3 is not completely invalid for fire, but the many interdependen-
cies related to fire events must be specifically accounted for and understood. The simplistic relationship between event magni-
tude and level of damage is more easily applied to seismic events because a building or facility will have no effect on the size
(magnitude) of an earthquake.
In addition to the concern with dependant factors, there was a concern that the levels of impact that were generically provided
for all events, specifically life-safety, were not necessarily appropriate for events such as fire. Society has a very low tolerance
for death or serious injury caused by fires, especially of large numbers in a single incident. In addressing this low tolerance, this
section in effect establishes a single performance level with regard to life safety in buildings, which basically equates to a mild
impact for all fire events.
This single performance level recognizes that it is very difficult to protect someone who is intimately involved with the fire or
in the immediate vicinity of the ignition point or source. Society does, however, have a higher tolerance for property loss, taking
into account the importance of the building, which is why the upper limit of damage to be tolerated is based on the performance
group classification of the building. Clearly the approach has been to separate property protection from life-safety, which are
two distinct objectives of building and fire codes. The performance level chosen is ultimately a public policy decision that
reflects the expectations of society. Such expectations fluctuate in light of certain events, such as hurricanes, earthquakes and
terrorist attacks such as those on the World Trade Center. In particular, the World Trade Center tower collapses resulting from
the suicide attack on 9/11 have sparked considerable discussion and debate over the expectations of society for building con-
struction.
The discussion of the events of 9/11 has generally never quantified to what level a building should be protected from such
events but the resulting recommendations from the NIST WTC study have targeted specific issues within the building and fire
codes. Generally, it is not believed that buildings in general be protected from extreme events such as those of 9/11, but the study
did reveal areas that can enhance the safety in buildings such as high-rise buildings, particularly very tall high-rise buildings that
must self-sustain themselves due to their height during an emergency. Also, very tall buildings are those more likely to be iconic
in stature and warrent additional protection. There have been several changes specific to high-rise buildings in the International
Building Code in recent years that relate to these enhancements. They primarily relate to structural integrity during fire, egress
and fire fighter safety. More specifically, in buildings over 420 feet (128 m) in height fire-resistance reductions typically allowed
for all high-rise buildings are no longer allowed. Additionally, reductions in column protection is not allowed in any high-rise
building. Another structural fire protection enhancement relates to increased requirements for the bond strength of sprayed fire-
resistance materials for high-rise buildings. In terms of egress an additional stair has been added to buildings over 420 feet (128
m) in building height to address concerns of “counterflow.” Counterflow is the issue of egress and fire department activities
interferring with one another. Some feel that increasing the stair width of the currently required stairs is a more beneficial
approach. Another issue related to egress is the use of elevators for egress which in the 2012 IBC is explicitly allowed under cer-
tain condtions. Finally in terms of fire fighter safety, buildings with an occupied floor over 120 feet (36.6 m) from the lowest
level of fire department vehicle access requires what is termed a “fire service access elevator.” This elevator is a package of
requirements including elements such as protected lobbies and stairs adjacent to the lobby which contain standpipes. All of these
elements serve to increase the baseline of safety expected from prescriptive building and fire codes. Generally a performance
code already addresses these elements in the form of objectives, functional statements and performance requirements. The pre-
scriptive code simply creates one of the solutions which tends to provide a baseline for design. The amount of requirements
placed into the IBC and related codes will be debated for some time to come as a baseline of performance has not been estab-
lished. Please note that a resource focused on very tall buildings as they relate to fire protection has been jointly developed by
the Society of Fire Protection Engineers and the ICC. The document is titled Engineering Guide—Fire Safety For Very Tall

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FIRE SAFETY

Buildings (2013). The document provides a performance-based perspective of issues that are specific to very tall (high-rise)
buildings.
As noted numerous times within this User’s Guide, it is very difficult to understand the specific level of performance pro-
vided by the prescriptive code because the prescriptive code focuses on one or a limited number of solutions. The International
Code Council Performance Code for Buildings and Facilities has attempted to capture the intent of the prescriptive code, but in
order to more clearly describe the level of performance provided, an analysis of the prescriptive documents is necessary. It is
hoped that such an analysis will show how the performance and the prescriptive documents link. This may lead to adjustments in
both documents and a better understanding of how buildings and facilities perform when designed to comply with the codes and
how that actual performance relates to societal expectations.
The general functional statement is the same as that found in Chapter 17. The subsections, however, vary because of the dif-
ferences in how building and fire codes operate. A building code is generally more focused on the initial design and construction
of a building, whereas fire codes have traditionally placed an emphasis on the long-term maintenance of a building or facility,
with a much stronger interest in the contents, processes, operations and use. This code utilizes the terms “building” and “facility”
almost interchangeably, insofar as the term “facilities” includes buildings in its definition.

602.3 Performance requirements

The performance requirements are located in Chapter 17 (specifically Section 1703). This was done in an effort to correlate Parts
II and III of this code. Both Section 602 and Chapter 17 deal with the management and limitation of fire events within or to
exposed buildings and facilities. There were concerns that if these overlaps in subject matter were not properly addressed, they
would create confusion. There was also a concern that eventually future code revisions could create conflicts within the docu-
ment. Because the code is designed to be either adopted in full or adopted with only Parts I and III, it was determined that Chap-
ter 17 was the appropriate location for the more specific performance requirements. The objective and functional statements
were left within Chapter 6 so as to direct the user to Chapter 17.

ACCEPTABLE METHODS

Sources of ignition. As noted previously, the prescriptive code documents may include the International Mechanical Code, the
International Fuel Gas Code and the National Electrical Code. The listing requirements and manufacturer’s instructions provide
an additional set of prescriptive guidance documents to achieve the objectives.
Management of fire impact. As discussed earlier, the International Building Code deals with the management of fire impact in
many areas including, but not limited to, Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14 and 26. This is an area where much work needs to be done in
terms of performance-based design.

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PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

SECTION 701

MEANS OF EGRESS

Section 701 and Chapter 19 contain the same provisions. It was determined that both Part II and Part III ultimately have the same
objectives with regard to egress. It was decided to duplicate the objectives and functional statements in both Part II and III and to
reference the reader from Section 701.3 to Chapter 19 for the performance requirements, primarily because Part III is always
intended to be adopted. Because the provisions in Chapter 19 also relate to existing situations, it would be more appropriate for
the provisions to be found in Chapter 19.
These provisions provide guidance by which egress systems for buildings and facilities are designed, evaluated and main-
tained. The current prescriptive codes dictate a solution of standardized elements based on narrowly defined minimums and
maximums. The prescriptive methodology is successful in providing safe buildings, but it is found to be a hindrance in many
cases in the design of new buildings because a single solution-set usually does not fit perfectly for every situation. The prescrip-
tive approach has a tendency to focus code users on specific numbers and therefore causes users to lose sight of the intent.
The general concepts of egress have not changed over time, nor have they changed as a result of performance codes. Safe
egress continues to involve exiting the building or facility safely or relocating to a safe place, i.e., an area of refuge. Many occu-
pancy characteristics influence the decisions made on egress, ranging from an occupancy consisting of completely ambulatory,
self-preservation capable persons to an occupancy consisting of disabled, infirm or incarcerated persons.
All the elements found in the current prescriptive codes were considered in this section. The terms formerly used for these
elements are not necessarily found in the text. Generic terms make it easier to expand the scope as may be necessary in the future
when thinking in a true performance manner. The authors of these provisions were careful to avoid existing terminology and
thereby avoided preconceived notions based on past definitions. It should be noted that as the prescriptive codes, such as the
International Building Code, are revised that the egress provisions found in Section 701 may need little change as the overall
objectives, functional statements and performance requirements will not change. For instance the concept of using elevators for
egress has now entered into the International Building Code primarily as a strategy for very tall high-rise buildings. The ICCPC
has always been able to facilitate such design strategies as long as the design could demonstrate that it met the design perfor-
mance levels, objectives, functional statements and performance requirements.
An effective system of egress is interdependent with provisions for accessibility, fall prevention, number of occupants, level
of risk and building safety systems. Each of these issues has to be factored into acceptable solutions for egress.
Public discussion of these performance provisions has focused on the use and lack of use of terms defined in the prescriptive
codes. In the performance section on egress, the term “safe place” is used and the terms “public way” and “area of refuge” are
not. The term “safe place” is universal, as it may refer to an exterior or interior location. Additionally, it gives the building
designer the information needed that people must be conducted to a safe place.

701.1 Objective

The objective conveys the ultimate goal of the chapter. The current prescriptive codes do not clearly state an objective, and the
commentaries focus on the hazards of fire. This code conspicuously avoids the term “fire” and focuses on the goal. There are
other emergencies that may necessitate the evacuation of a building’s occupants.
These provisions apply to all building occupants, including those with disabilities. The egress provisions do not cover rescue
operations by emergency responders, which are specifically dealt with in Chapter 20: Emergency Notification, Access and Facil-
ities.

701.2 Functional statement

The functional statements indicate that the building or facility must be designed, constructed and maintained to allow occupants
to egress according to the design performance levels of Chapter 3. Chapter 17 and Section 602 were revised to reflect a single
performance level for life safety. A similar revision was not made to this section. Means of egress may need to be available for
other incidents beyond fire, such as a hazardous materials release or an earthquake.

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701.3 Performance requirements

The performance requirements as noted are only printed in Section 1903. These provisions apply to both new and existing build-
ings and facilities where appropriate. The performance requirements are fairly intuitive and relate back to Chapter 10 of the
International Building Code and International Fire Code in intent. Some of the key issues are as follows:
• Travel distances.
• Number of occupants.
• Occupant characteristics.
• Identification and illumination.
• Safe place (area of refuge).
• Unobstructed path.
In a performance code, numerical values will not initially be provided for travel distance or occupant load. Likewise, termi-
nology such as “exit passageway” will not be used. A performance-based egress solution will deal with the evaluation of the
hazard and the available egress time for the occupants to avoid interfacing with the hazard. Some of the prescriptive egress
requirements such as exit sign location and illumination, may remain prescriptive in most performance designs.
Section 1901.3.6 clearly points out that regardless of when a building or facility was constructed, a suitable level of perfor-
mance is still required. Essentially, this aspect relates to the intent of the egress provisions in the prescriptive International Fire
Code. One of the traditional functions of fire codes has been to ensure that the egress system of a building or facility continues to
function over time.
In developing Part III of the Performance Code for Buildings and Facilities, it became apparent that this document and spe-
cifically the egress provisions could serve as a tool for the evaluation of existing buildings. In many cases, it is difficult to truly
understand the hazards that exist within an existing building, and it is even more difficult to understand which changes can be
the most effective. Through an analysis, the designer and the code official may find, for example, that the width of the exits is
much more important than the travel distance.
Also, as noted, egress is interdependent with other aspects of building functions and characteristics such as fall prevention,
accessibility, hazards and characteristics of the occupants. Therefore, Section 1901.3.5, relating to appropriate walking surfaces
and facilities to avoid falls and injuries, was included. If surfaces and related features such as ceiling clearances are addressed for
egress during an emergency, then falls and injuries related to falls should be the same or lower during nonemergency daily use.

SECTION 702

ACCESSIBILITY

Accessibility requirements provide disabled persons with reasonable access to and use of buildings to an extent consistent with
that to which people without disabilities are able to access and use buildings. This is consistent with the intent of federal statutes
enacted to protect the rights of people with disabilities.
This intent is implicit in all provisions of this code, whether or not the intent is specifically stated in each section. The goal of
the performance code is to allow freedom of design while providing an acceptable level of accessibility throughout a building.
Therefore, it is incumbent upon the user of the code to base decisions on reasonable criteria with the intent of providing equal
access.
A specific effort was made to make this section an all-encompassing section that requires accessibility to be evaluated in each
part of the code where applicable. This would include accessible egress.
The code user may look to other recognized codes or regulations for guidance in determining an acceptable level of accessi-
bility. These include the International Building Code, ICC A117.1, federal regulations promulgated under the Americans with
Disabilities Act and the Fair Housing Amendment Act, or other regulations promulgated under state disability rights statutes.
More specific requirements found in these documents may also be used as compliance alternatives when appropriate.
Using state-of-the-art minimum criteria together with innovations to provide accessibility equal to or exceeding federal man-
dates satisfies several objectives. The code user is given minimum and necessary guidance to develop and implement innovative
methods. Separate and independent obligations under federal disability rights laws are met with a minimum level of redundancy.

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SECTION 703

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT

This section provides general safety guidelines for installation of elevators, dumbwaiters and escalators inside or outside build-
ings. These provisions include use during normal operations, use by fire fighters during emergency operations and use by main-
tenance personnel during activities associated with adjusting, servicing and inspecting elevators. The provisions focus on the
expected loads, emergency recall for fire fighting and rescue operations and safety of maintenance personnel.
Other provisions not directly associated with elevators, dumbwaiters or escalator equipment, such as the protection of hoist-
way enclosures and electrical equipment, are covered by other provisions of this code such as management of fire impact.
As noted in the discussion within Section 701, the use of elevators during emergencies is starting to evolve based upon the
findings in the WTC study and also related to the evolving needs of society in very tall buildings. More specifically egress based
only upon the use of stairs in very tall buildings may not be practical, especially when an event would require full building evac-
uation. Occupants may have physical limitations preventing them from using the stairs or from walking down many flights of
stairs. This is not limited to those simply within wheelchairs but may be due to other physical limitations such as asthma, joint
problems, pregnancy or related limitations. The current objectives, functional statements and performance requirements appear
to accommodate the use of elevators for egress along with the egress requirements in Section 701. The concept of using eleva-
tors for egress had been formalized under certain conditions in the IBC. It should be noted that the IBC references ASME A17.7
as a viable design alternative for elevators (see Section 3008). Another aspect that has evolved within the codes is the concept of
a Fire Service Access Elevator (FSAE). The IBC and the elevator code currently require certain features for use by the fire ser-
vice but in the IBC a more rigorous package of requirements for elevators is required which involves a lobby with upgraded con-
struction requirements, stairs adjacent to such lobbies and standpipe locations and other related requirements. This particular
package of requirements is only required for buildings with occupied floors greater than 120 feet (36.6 m) above the lowest level
of fire department access. This topic is specifically addressed in the SFPE/ICC Engineering Guide—Fire Safety for Very Tall
Buildings (2013).

ACCEPTABLE METHODS

Means of Egress. Chapters 10 of the International Building Code and International Fire Code are acceptable methods, given
that they are based on the factors used in the development of the performance code.
Accessibility. Chapter 11 of the International Building Code is an acceptable method. Because of the controversial nature of
these provisions, a prescriptive approach should be undertaken as a minimum. At the very least, the objectives, functional state-
ments and performance requirements were drafted to capture the intent and purpose of accessibility provisions.
Transportation Systems. The acceptable methods for these provisions include Chapter 30 of the International Building Code,
ASME A17.1/B44, A17.7-2007/CSA B44.7, ASME A90.1, and ASME B20.1. Note that ASME A17.7-2007/CSA B44.7, “Per-
formance-based safety code elevators and escalators,” is actually a performance elevator standard and more directly fits within
the structure of this code but, as discussed in Section 103, standards are not specifically referenced in this code. This standard
takes high-level performance objectives and assists in creating practical solutions. As with this code the document allows com-
pliance with prescriptive methods as well. In fact, A17.1/CSA B44 references the standard directly. The standard has a third-
party process built into the document.

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SAFETY OF USERS

SECTION 801

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

Although performance-based design approaches are relatively new to the building construction and fire-safety arenas, such
approaches have been in widespread use in the hazardous materials arena for quite some time. Numerous regulatory programs
enacted by the federal government in the 1980s and 1990s encouraged or required the use of performance-based risk manage-
ment techniques for many facilities and processes involving hazardous materials. The documentation associated with these pro-
grams served as an excellent resource for use in the development of the hazardous materials provisions found in this code.
The objective and functional statements found in Section 801 are replicated directly from Part III, Chapter 22: Hazardous
Materials. This was done to provide correlation and consistency between the building and fire provisions found in the perfor-
mance code. Additionally, as opposed to duplicating the applicable performance requirements in the two chapters, it was
decided to simply reference Chapter 22: Hazardous Materials, in Section 801.3.

801.1 Objective

The provisions protect the occupants of the building, people in the surrounding area and emergency response personnel.
The code is also concerned with some level of property protection as it relates to the building and its contents. This statement
is based on the belief that the current prescriptive codes are intended to cover such issues. However, it is questionable whether
employees working with an extremely hazardous process are intended to be protected, insofar as they should be made aware of
the risks and that protection can be difficult to achieve. Also, property protection may not have been intended to be regulated
within the prescriptive code. It may be that the life-safety requirements, such as sprinklers and fire-resistive construction, may
also provide some protection to property. This may be an issue for debate when the prescriptive code is analyzed in more detail.
The objective for Section 801 is the same as the objective for Chapter 22: Hazardous Materials.

801.2 Functional statements

Functions that need to occur to protect people and property include designs that provide an environment that prevents and miti-
gates the effects of storing, using (including dispensing of) and handling hazardous materials. These design features may include
sprinklers, proper ventilation, spill control, secondary containment and a specific electrical classification. For the most part,
these provisions are geared toward facilities that use large amounts of hazardous materials versus those that use a small amount
of a flammable solvent for such things as cleaning small parts on an occasional basis.
Building and facility function also includes certain administrative controls. Hazardous materials processes depend heavily on
proper training and procedures. In some cases, this function is more effective than other approaches, insofar as some facilities
have a vested interest in keeping the prevention and mitigation features in place because of the large loss associated with busi-
ness interruption. Administrative controls include the development and maintenance of emergency plans and the assignment of
specific duties to personnel who promote fire prevention and take particular actions after a hazardous material spill has occurred.
Also, many facilities are subject to the regulations of OSHA and EPA, which in many ways are more performance-based in
nature.
Currently, the approach of prescriptive codes to hazardous material requirements is based on the limitation to maximum
allowable quantities of hazardous materials within control areas. This is a prescriptive approach that would not easily translate to
a performance approach. The risk management techniques used by agencies such as the EPA and OSHA may be very helpful to
a performance-based approach for hazardous materials. As mentioned before, these federal guidelines were used to develop the
performance requirements found in Chapter 22.

801.3 Performance requirements

The performance requirements are found in Part III Chapter 22. Reference to that location has been provided in Chapter 8.

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SECTION 802

HAZARDS FROM BUILDING MATERIALS

This section is concerned with injuries to building occupants related to the building materials themselves. There are two areas
this section addresses
• Contact with glass (glazing) and
• Emission of liquids, gases, radiation or solid particles emitted from building materials.
Glass is used in many occupancies because of its architectural appeal. Depending on how glass is used within a building, it
can be hazardous to occupants during everyday use of the building. Glass walls may be mistaken for a path of travel, or the glass
can be subject to breakage due to its location and arrangement. Other hazards related to building materials include harmful
fumes from carpeting or the use of materials such as asbestos. The New Zealand regulations reflect these other hazards, but in
the United States, groups such as the Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) tend to regulate such hazards. However,
the performance requirements related to these other hazards were kept within the document to generate discussion.

802.1 Objective

The objective of this provision states that the code intends to protect occupants from injury resulting from the impact of glass or
other transparent materials or injury resulting from the breakage of such materials. Additionally, as noted above, this section
may also be applicable to such hazards as asbestos in buildings and off-gassing from carpet materials.

802.2 Functional statement

To protect the occupants, glass and similar materials must be used in a manner that avoids the risk of injury. Such injury can
come from impact itself or from the breakage of such material, resulting in sharp edges likely to cause cuts. Also, with regard to
the other building materials hazards such as asbestos or perhaps insulation, the approach could be to prohibit or perhaps properly
seal off the leakage of dangerous chemicals or release of particles.

802.3 Performance requirements

The use of these materials is outlined in the performance requirements. Glass or any other brittle material that building occu-
pants may come in contact with shall break upon impact in a manner unlikely to cause injury. The typical approach is to use tem-
pered glass or other equivalent material able to resist impact. Protection from impact may be via guards or other types of
barriers. Avoiding harmful concentrations of materials may necessitate a proper seal, proper ventilation or perhaps avoidance of
material use.

SECTION 803

PREVENTION OF FALLS

This section prevents people from falling over the edge of a floor surface where there is an abrupt change in floor elevation and
prevents people from falling from openings in a building's envelope (such as window openings in a wall or a roof surface).
Because the prescriptive codes have usually required this edge protection where there has been a change in elevation of 30
inches (762 mm) or more, that threshold has been carried over to this performance code. Essentially, in this case, there is only
one design performance level.

803.1 Objective

The threshold used in the prescriptive International Building Code is 30 inches (762 mm). Therefore, the objective relates to the
need to protect people from the risk of falling more than 30 inches. This means that the performance code, like the prescriptive
code, does not intend, generally, to prevent falls on surfaces less than 30 inches apart vertically. However, Section 1901.3.4
requires that the means of egress take into account human biomechanics and expectation of consistency. Therefore, the perfor-
mance requirements relate to the performance of the guard, not the building pedestrian system.

803.2 Functional statement

The key to this functional statement is “unintentional.” It would require sophisticated and expensive technology to prevent
someone from falling who is determined to do so and would be outside the scope of current prescriptive codes.

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803.3 Performance requirements

The performance requirements are such that some sort of protection must be provided that prevents people from going over an
edge of a floor surface that is more than 30 inches (762 mm) higher than an adjacent floor surface. The protection must be suffi-
cient to protect against falls by small children as well as adults. Therefore, the protection must be able to withstand the force of
an adult as well as withstand the attempts by a small child to somehow squirm through the protection. The concern of children
passing through is addressed in the prescriptive code by limiting openings such that a 4-inch (102 mm) diameter sphere cannot
pass through any openings to a height of 34 inches (864 mm). The sphere represents a small child’s head, and the height reflects
the height of the children that are being protected.
This section also addresses roofs that have permanent access, such as a hotel roof that contains a pool.

SECTION 804

CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION HAZARDS

This section requires that the public, personnel on a construction site and property adjacent to a construction site be protected
from the hazards typically associated with demolition and construction operations. The provisions parallel those of Chapter 33
of the IBC.

804.1 Objective

The objective statement in this section is self-explanatory. It parallels the intent of Chapter 33 of the IBC, which is to require
protection of people and property from the various hazards imposed by construction or demolition operations.

804.2 Functional statement

Functional statements give the user specific information regarding what could possibly be of concern regarding a construction or
demolition operation. Namely, excavation operations and large lift operations can damage adjacent property. Nearby pedestrians
can be injured without proper precautions. In addition, the provisions address the “attractive nuisance” hazard associated with
construction sites by requiring some level of protection against the entry of unauthorized individuals. Finally, prevention mea-
sures to avoid hazards such as fires or explosions are necessary. Fires are more likely to occur during construction than during
normal use of the building. See the User’s Guide for Section 804.3.

804.3 Performance requirements

The hazards associated with construction or demolition operations are related to lift operations, stability of scaffolding, move-
ment of personnel, excavation, other operations that impact an adjacent property and the ability of a partially completed structure
to resist natural hazards such as wind and rain.
Unique fire hazards can exist during construction and demolition operations. Most are associated with the temporary storage
and use of flammable and combustible materials on the job site. Even in buildings of noncombustible construction, it is common
to find stores of lumber for forms or bracing that represent a significant fuel load. Many finishes and adhesives are flammable in
an uncured state and represent a fire hazard if not used in accordance with good safety practices. Also, during construction or
demolition, the normal fire safety features of the building are not functional. Fire-resistant construction features are incomplete,
and detection or suppression systems are not operational. Temporary equipment such as space heaters, work lights or welding
equipment represent sources of ignition and should be used carefully.

SECTION 805

SIGNS

This section provides criteria for the incorporation of signage into a building or facility. In the prescriptive code, signs are
addressed by individual sections by providing provisions for specific features of a building or structure. An incidental descrip-
tion of the physical characteristics and desired placement of the sign often accomplish this. The performance requirements for
signs are centralized and apply to any building feature requiring signage, whether that be an exit sign or a marking of a specific
feature such as the storage of hazardous materials or an accessible route.

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SECTION 806

EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION

This section addresses the need for the notification for some manual action to preserve the safety of people or limit damage to a
building or structure or its contents. Some of the conditions that might warrant emergency notification include fires, storms (tor-
nado, hurricane, severe thunderstorm), bomb threats, hazardous materials releases, hazardous conditions from utilities and any
other condition that could lead to injury or property damage.

806.1 Objective

The objective statement identifies the requirement that emergency notification systems be provided to initiate manual interven-
tion needed to limit hazards to people or property.

806.2 Functional statements

The first functional statement introduces the concept that notification should occur in a timely manner so that manual action can
be taken without harming those taking the action.
The second functional statement discusses the need to provide sufficient information to first responders so that they can iden-
tify, locate, and mitigate hazards efficiently and safely. This overlaps with the requirements of Chapter 20: Emergency Notifica-
tion, Access and Facilities.

806.3 Performance requirements

The means of notification need to be effective for everyone being notified. Thus, if people with hearing impairments are among
those to be notified or if high ambient sound levels are expected, the means of notification must not depend solely on audible
information. If the egress plan involves phased evacuation or relocation to safe places within the building, means must be pro-
vided to maintain communication to all those who may have to be evacuated later.
In some occupancies, people are expected to be sleeping at times, and notification systems must be designed so that there is
reasonable assurance that these people will be awakened. Notification might not be an alarm system per se. For example, notifi-
cation might be via the odor built into liquefied petroleum gas. Additionally, detection and notification of a failure could be
through the observation and reporting of staff. Not all buildings warrant the use of notification devices.

ACCEPTABLE METHODS

Hazardous Materials. The acceptable method for these provisions is found in Chapters 3 and 4 of the International Building
Code. Also, the prescriptive International Fire Code has many detailed provisions for hazardous materials in Chapters 50
through 67.
Hazard from Building Materials. Following Chapter 24 of the IBC is one way of achieving the objectives, functional state-
ments and performance requirements of this section with regard to glass.
Prevention of Falls. Refer to Chapter 10 of the International Building Code.
Construction and Demolition Hazards. Refer to Chapter 33 of the IBC, Chapter 33 of the IFC and Chapter 15 of the IEBC.
Signs. The acceptable methods for this particular section are included throughout the building and fire codes. More specifically,
Chapters 10 and 11 of the International Building Code have provisions directly related to signage. The International Fire Code
has provisions throughout related to signage.
Emergency Notification. First, the fire and building codes do not require notification in all cases. The need for notification in a
performance-based design will be based on whether the occupants need to be notified of a problem in order to provide them with
enough time to take specific actions.
Various standards provide guidance on the number and distribution of audible and visible devices that are effective at notify-
ing people in emergencies. Information on the conveyance of meaningful messages is less straightforward. If common devices
are used for a range of emergency conditions, some means of differentiating the hazard is needed if the action to be taken is dif-
ferent. The pulsing of notification devices in a specific pattern has been used, but this requires training and signage to be effec-
tive. In recent years, new methods of transmitting textual information have been developed, but these must also account for the
fact that some people may not understand English instructions. All these possibilities should be considered in the design of an
effective notification system.
Refer to Chapter 9 of the International Building Code and International Fire Code for fire alarm requirements and Chapter 4
of the International Building Code for emergency alarms.

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 CHAPTER 9

MOISTURE

SECTION 901

SURFACE WATER

This section presents requirements to prevent local drainage and storm water runoff from entering buildings or moving across
property lines and causing damage to properties. Because water may become contaminated, streams and other bodies of water
must be protected from water suspected of being exposed to hazardous materials stored at building sites.
The prescriptive code does not contain a section dealing with water runoff from one property to another. However, many
local ordinances contain sections dealing with this problem. Water leaving property comes not only from rain but also from
other sources such as irrigation or fire fighting. Water used in fire fighting can mix with hazardous materials, causing pollution
of streams and lakes. Sections in the International Building Code and International Fire Code address this concern along with
the secondary containment requirements for hazardous materials.
Another problem arising from uncontrolled water runoff is property damage and nuisance. Unless water is controlled when
leaving a property, serious damage can result to property on the outfall side. Proper grading can alleviate this problem.
Surface drainage must be constructed to prevent the formation of a blockage, and in the event of a blockage, the obstruction
must be able to be easily removed.

901.1 Objective

The object of this section is to protect people from injury or illness who have been affected by improper surface water damage
from pollution. It is also meant to protect property from damage occurring from accumulated surface water.

901.2 Functional statements

Surface water damage is prevented through approved methods of construction and site layout.

901.3 Performance requirements

Compliance with the performance requirements of this section is the responsibility of the design engineer. It is the engineer’s
responsibility to design the site grading so storm water and local drainage are safely conveyed from the site without causing
damage to adjacent properties or erosion of drainage paths.

SECTION 902

EXTERNAL MOISTURE

The intent of this section is to prevent moisture originating at the exterior of the building from adversely affecting the occupants’
health and safety and the structural and functional performance of the building. This section deals with both the liquid and vapor
forms of water. If liquid penetrates through condensation or as a liquid, such moisture may cause the decay and corrosion of
building elements. Also, the damp climates created by the penetration of moisture into the building may promote bacteria growth
and be harmful to the occupants. The main mechanism to achieve this goal is the prevention of water and water vapor from
entering the building envelope. However, should water vapor penetrate the exterior skin, it may be dealt with in several ways to
achieve the intended performance. For example, a hygroscopic insulation may be installed within the exterior wall cavity such
that the condensed vapors are sufficiently absorbed and do not adversely affect the building components. Or, the wall may be
ventilated to remove the vapor before it can cause damage.
The prescriptive code shows moisture provisions in the International Building Code, Chapter 14: Exterior Walls, Chapter 15:
Roof Assemblies and Rooftop Structures, and Section 1805: Dampproofing and Waterproofing. The concepts are much the same
as the current prescriptive code, though the aspect of occupant protection is probably more apparent in the performance provi-
sions. The prescriptive code appears to address only property.

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MOISTURE

There was some discussion that this particular section should be combined with the surface water provisions as, generally, the
intent is to avoid water contact with and penetration into the interior of the building. However, there is a significant difference in
how water vapor is handled to avoid damage or mold.

902.1 Objective

This objective specifically protects the building occupants from the effects of moisture penetrating the building envelope. This
penetration can be leaks that cause slip hazards, or moisture promoting the growth of mold and mildew within the building. An
additional objective is to protect property from damage. More specifically, the concern is with water reaching building elements
and material being destroyed through direct contact with liquid or vapor. In the case of wood, contact with moisture can result in
rotting and possible structural failure. Property protection also extends to nonstructural elements.

902.2 Functional statement

The functional statement dictates that to achieve the objective, the building needs to provide a specific function. It must be con-
structed in a manner that will prevent penetration into and accumulation of water or water vapor in or on the building. Penetra-
tion can be avoided by the use of techniques such as weather-resistant barriers and flashing, or vapor retarders. The function can
simply be to reduce the amount of water remaining in contact with the building surface. This may include good drainage through
sufficient slope of the roof and appropriate soils located underneath a structure to remove moisture.

902.3 Performance requirements

There are several performance requirements for this section to cover all areas of possible moisture contact with the building
envelope. Basically, these provisions break down the functional statement into more specific components.

902.3.1 Water penetration

The roof and exterior walls in contact with moisture are protected from initial precipitation and from vapor with moisture barri-
ers and flashing. Water accumulation on roofs is avoided through proper slope and/or drainage (IBC Chapters 14 and 15).

902.3.2 Building elements in contact with the ground

The protection of elements in contact with the ground, including walls, floors, and structural elements, must be provided.
Depending on the water level, these components are to be waterproofed or dampproofed as required in the current codes (IBC
Section 1805).

902.3.3 Concealed spaces and cavities

Moisture within a concealed space must be contained so as to prohibit contact with structural elements. Such contact can be
through liquid or vapor. This may be caused by an inappropriately sealed soffit (IBC Chapters 14 and 15).

902.3.4 Moisture during construction

The construction process itself should not allow moisture from the building materials or the atmosphere to cause any permanent
damage to structural or nonstructural building elements.

SECTION 903

INTERNAL MOISTURE

Generally, this section of the code is concerned with water sources within the building having a negative effect on the safety of
the occupants or the structural stability of the building and causing general property loss within the interior of the building.
Again, as with external moisture, this includes both liquid and vapor forms of water.
In terms of occupant safety, the concern is with vapor buildup as a result of improper ventilation and with surfaces such as
showers where fungal growth can affect the health of the occupants. Surfaces that come into contact with water must not pro-
mote the growth of mold or mildew. This requires such surfaces to be impervious and easily cleanable. Property loss occurs, for
example, when a sink overflows and water damages structural and nonstructural elements of a building. Also, such overflow can
lead to the growth of mold and mildew because of contact with inappropriate surfaces.
The current codes cover such issues within the International Plumbing Code (IPC), Chapter 4: Fixtures, Faucets and Fixture
Fittings; the International Building Code, Chapter 12: Interior Environment; and the International Mechanical Code (IMC),
Chapter 4: Ventilation.

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 MOISTURE

Chapter 4 of the IPC provides the requirements for allowed plumbing fixtures and how they are to be installed. This includes
specifying elements such as impervious and easily cleanable surfaces. In addition, the IPC requires walls above built-in tubs
with installed showerheads to be constructed of smooth, noncorrosive, nonabsorbent and waterproof materials.
In addition to the type of surfaces, IPC Chapter 4 has requirements for drain sizes to avoid overflow of water beyond the
plumbing fixture, which can lead to damage or unwanted moisture.
The use of ventilation is another way to combat internal moisture. Chapter 12 of the IBC requires ventilation in accordance
with the IMC. Chapter 4 of the IMC sets specific exhaust rates for particular use groups and areas within those use groups. For
example, for toilet rooms and bathrooms within one- and two-family dwellings, 50 cfm (923 L/s) intermittent or 20 cfm (9.4 L/s)
continuous airflow is required. This serves to remove odors and moisture from the enclosure.

903.1 Objective

The objective reflects the overall intent of the provisions, which is to protect the occupants from the negative effects of internal
moisture related to the buildup of bacteria and to protect against potential property damage caused by water overflow and splash-
ing.

903.2 Functional statement

The functions of the building must include the avoidance of moisture accumulation on surfaces, which can lead to contaminants
and fungus. If such accumulation cannot be avoided, then the surfaces must not promote such growth. In addition, prolonged
exposure to a moist atmosphere can affect the integrity of both structural and nonstructural elements. Water that overflows must
not cause property damage to the neighboring occupancy. Therefore the building, or more specifically the fixtures and surround-
ing areas, must be able to contain the water in an appropriate manner. Another aspect covered by internal moisture is splashing.
Any area surrounding a plumbing fixture where water may come in contact with a surface on a regular basis is susceptible to the
growth of mold and mildew, and thus the surface must be appropriate.

903.3 Performance requirements.

To perform the necessary functions called for in the functional statement, several performance requirements have been set for-
ward.

903.3.1 Excess moisture removal and protection

This section requires both thermal resistance and ventilation to control moisture in any space within the building. The level pro-
vided depends on the use of the space. This is done by the prescriptive code through the breakdown of ventilation flows per the
use of the space. Each space will need evaluation because prolonged exposure to moisture can cause permanent damage. For
example, wood tends to rot if exposed to excessive moisture.

903.3.2 Overflow

This requirement pertains to overflow from fixtures such as sinks or bathtubs flowing into areas where damage may occur to
adjacent occupancies. The strategy is to avoid an overflow rather than manage the effects of an overflow. Avoiding overflow
involves utilizing a particular size drain and an overflow drain.

903.3.3 Floor surfaces

Floor surfaces in areas where sanitary fixtures or laundry facilities are located should be impervious and easily cleaned. This
requirement protects occupants from the growth of fungus or the accumulation of contaminants in areas subject to water over-
flow or to splashing resulting from use. In addition, such growth can lead to foul odors.

903.3.4 Wall surfaces

As with floor surfaces, wall areas in contact with water from sanitary fixtures and laundry facilities must be made of impervious
materials and linings and be easily cleanable. The same reasons as noted for floors apply to this section.

903.3.5 Surfaces and building elements

This requirement emphasizes the negative effect splashing fixtures may have. It includes walls, floors and any other elements of
a building likely to come in direct contact with splashing. An example beyond walls and floors is a cabinet adjacent to a sink.

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MOISTURE

903.3.6 Water splash

In addition to having surfaces that resist the effects of splashing, areas must be designed to prevent water from penetrating
behind the lining or entering into other confined spaces.

ACCEPTABLE METHODS

Surface Water. Acceptable methods to prevent problems from surface water runoff fall mainly into the realm of good engineer-
ing practice. In terms of contaminated runoff, the prescriptive fire, building and plumbing codes address this issue indirectly
through requirements for spill control and secondary containment and requirements for release of waste.
Exterior Moisture. As noted, the acceptable methods for protection against external moisture are found in IBC Chapters 14 and
15, and Section 1805. These provisions offer prescriptive methods that encompass the entire outer building envelope. IBC Chap-
ter 14 provides measures to prevent moisture from penetrating the walls; IBC Chapter 15 provides measures to prevent moisture
from penetrating the roof; and IBC Chapter 18 provides protection from water originating beneath the structure.
One issue not addressed in the current prescriptive documents is the construction process, specifically, moisture content of
the construction elements.
Interior Moisture. As noted, the main methods of the prescriptive codes include Chapter 4 of the IPC, Chapter 12 of the IBC
and Chapter 4 of the IMC.
Chapter 4 of the IPC specifically provides nationally recognized standards for plumbing fixtures such as sinks and bathtubs.

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 CHAPTER 10

INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT

This chapter describes the performance provisions of a building’s environment. It is divided into four areas:
• Climate and Building Functionality addresses the provisions of space and climate appropriate for the needs of the
occupants, the activities and the furnishings.
• Indoor Air Quality addresses the need to provide adequate clean air within a building or facility for the occupants. This
includes controlling the moisture content, odors, poisonous fumes, and any other air quality issues. This section is aimed at
such problems as “sick building syndrome.”
• Air-borne and Impact Sound requires that tenant, common and habitable spaces be insulated against sound transmission.
• The criteria for light for everyday use in habitable spaces and means of egress is provided in the Artificial and Natural
Light section.

ACCEPTABLE METHODS

This chapter represents the comfort and health issues addressed by the prescriptive International Building Code in Chapter 12.
The artificial and natural light requirements relate in part to portions of Chapter 10 of the IBC.

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 CHAPTER 11

MECHANICAL

This chapter provides the performance provisions for the building mechanical system(s). It addresses the installation and func-
tions of HVAC, refrigeration and piped services. The provisions of this chapter focus on the performance of the equipment ver-
sus issues related to indoor air quality. Chapter 10 provides more guidance on indoor air quality and climate.
The ventilation section contains performance requirements for habitable and concealed spaces. The need for combustion air
and disposal of contaminated air are also covered. These issues are prescriptive IMC issues that interface with the prescriptive
IBC. It was believed that placing these items within a single group title would better demonstrate how the current codes are for-
matted.

ACCEPTABLE METHODS

The International Mechanical Code is an acceptable prescriptive method related to the objectives of Chapter 11 of this docu-
ment.

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 CHAPTER 12

PLUMBING

Chapter 12, like Chapter 11, contains performance provisions that relate to the prescriptive International Plumbing Code
requirements that interface with the International Building Code. The provisions cover personal hygiene, laundering, domestic
water supplies and wastewater. Accessibility must be addressed for these provisions based on the application of Section 702.
The provisions for personal hygiene require that proper sanitary fixtures, and such things as adequate toilet facilities, be pro-
vided for the occupants of a building to maintain health and to prevent the spread of disease.
In addition, the provisions deal with providing adequate laundry facilities for use of occupants in dwelling units. This does
not necessarily mean that each apartment unit, for example, be required to have a washer and dryer. They simply require that
proper facilities be provided. This may be a central laundry facility. In single-family dwellings, it means providing the hook-ups
and space necessary but not the washer and dryer.
This section requires the installation of backflow prevention valves to safeguard the water supply.
Wastewater is also addressed in the plumbing section, which provides for a safe and properly functioning sewerage system
within a building or group of buildings. It requires that sewer gases be prevented from entering the building. This section also
addresses requirements such as proper installation of piping, including provisions to unstop the plumbing system.

ACCEPTABLE METHODS

The International Plumbing Code is an acceptable prescriptive method related to the objectives of Chapter 12 of this document.
Note that Chapter 29 of the International Building Code duplicates the fixture count requirements of the International Plumbing
Code.

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 CHAPTER 13

FUEL GAS

SECTION 1301

FUEL GAS PIPING AND VENTS

1301.1 Objective

This section ensures that fuel gas is used in a manner that does not create a hazard to the occupants. This primarily means that
the fuel gas be used in a manner that does not permit unsafe levels of combustible byproducts or make it a source of ignition of
an unwanted fire.

1301.2 Functional statement

When fuel gas is used as an energy source, the installation must be safe. This applies to all aspects of its use, including installa-
tion of an appliance, piping system, venting, oxygen depletion safety shutoff system (ODS), safety controls, clearances from
combustibles, etc.

1301.3 Performance requirements

Many issues must be addressed in order to ensure that fuel gas is used safely as an energy source. Safe operation of appliances
requires that supply systems be properly sized to deliver fuel gas at the pressure required by the appliance. An automatic shutoff
system must be installed to safeguard occupants from unsafe conditions should the appliance malfunction.
Gas appliances require adequate combustion air for proper operation when multiple gas appliances are installed in the same
space, and care must be taken to ensure there is enough combustion air for all appliances operating simultaneously. Gas appli-
ances may be vented or unvented depending on the appliance’s listing. To remove the products of combustion, appliances will
be vented to the exterior of the building by the use of flues. When multiple gas appliances are connected to the same flue it must
be done so that there is no spillage of exhaust gas. The products of combustion for unvented appliances will not be vented to the
exterior of the building by the use of flues but will be vented into the atmosphere of the room or space. Gas appliances must be
provided with individual shutoff valves so that they can be safely maintained, tested or repaired without shutting off the main
supply. Gas appliances must be tested and maintained according to the manufacturers’ instructions. The supply system in the
building must be designed and installed to prevent adverse effects on the utility’s supply or other users connected to the system.

ACCEPTABLE METHODS

The International Fuel Gas Code is an acceptable prescriptive method related to the objectives of Chapter 13 of the ICCPC.

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 CHAPTER 14

ELECTRICITY

SECTION 1401

ELECTRICITY

1401.1 Objective

The objective of this section is to provide for the installation of electrical services and equipment in a manner that minimizes the
risk of shock or electrocution to people and minimizes the possibility that such systems or equipment will start a fire.

1401.2 Functional statement

The installation of electrical services and equipment should follow strict procedures in order for the services to operate safely.
These procedures were developed to ensure that safeguards against shock, electrocution and fire hazards are in place.

1401.3 Performance requirements

Shock hazards are frequently associated with accidental contact with energized parts of electrical equipment, or situations in
which such parts come in contact with conductive building elements, which then become electrically charged. Live parts of elec-
trical services and equipment are generally isolated from accidental contact by being enclosed in insulation or grounding con-
ductive materials.
Fire hazards usually involve faults or failures that result in excessive current creating heat or sparks that ignite nearby com-
bustibles. Protection against such faults is usually provided by properly rated overcurrent protective devices on distribution cir-
cuits and in equipment. Protection against sparks is provided by enclosures.
Electrical equipment generally produces heat as a byproduct of normal operation. Such equipment is provided with installa-
tion and safe operating instructions that communicate the need for ventilation so as to prevent excessive heat buildup that can
lead to fire. Also, using appliances that require a higher current than is available will result in resistance heating, which can be a
potential source of ignition.
Electrical equipment installed in locations containing flammable or explosive materials requires special design and certifica-
tion to prevent fires or explosions. Generally, the prescriptive code, NEC, would require specifically classified electrical equip-
ment within certain areas.
The operation of some electrical services and equipment are themselves directly related to life-safety. Examples include sys-
tems that provide life support to patients in hospitals or power to fire-safety systems. Such systems often require continuous or
essential power systems that provide the needed reliability in the event of an interruption of the primary system.
Electrical installations must follow practices that maintain the integrity of grounding systems and overcurrent protection that
begin with the systems provided by the utility.

ACCEPTABLE METHODS

With adherence to the provisions of recognized electrical codes such as NFPA 70: National Electrical Code and industry prac-
tices, work performed by licensed practitioners, permitting and inspections, and adherence to installation and use instructions are
usually sufficient to ensure electrical safety.

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 CHAPTER 15

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

SECTION 1501

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

1501.1 Objective

The energy efficiency chapter provides the requirements for building systems and portions of a building that impact energy use
in new construction, and it promotes the cost-effective use of energy. This section permits flexibility in the application of code
provisions as long as performance requirements are met.

1501.2 Functional statement

Energy efficiency is needed to conserve depletable energy sources. The cost of the required action compared to the energy that
will be saved over the life of the action must be considered when applying conservation methods. Therefore, the building must
be designed to take these concerns into account.

1501.3 Performance requirements

1501.3.1 Energy performance indices

To provide for the efficient use of depletable energy sources, the building envelope must be designed and constructed within
stated parameters called “energy performance indices.” These indices indicate the amount of energy from a depletable energy
source needed to maintain the building at a constant internal temperature, measured per square foot (m2) and per degree-day
under standard conditions. These indices are based on the region of the country as well as the use of the building. In some cases,
the local jurisdiction may choose not to specify energy performance indices for certain types of buildings.

1501.3.2 Temperature control

For buildings requiring a controlled temperature, the building design and construction must take into account various factors.
Normally, only insulation, types of windows, etc., are considered when addressing energy conservation. However, to provide for
the efficient use of energy, there are several other items that need to be taken into consideration such as thermal resistance, solar
radiation, air tightness and heat gain or loss from building services.

ACCEPTABLE METHODS

The International Energy Conservation Code is an acceptable prescriptive method related to the objectives of Chapter 15 of this
document.

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Part III—Fire

CHAPTER 16

FIRE PREVENTION

There are two ways to deal with fire: it can either be prevented or managed. Prevention is considered one of the more popular
roles that fire codes have traditionally provided. It is also recognized that the expectation is to limit unwanted ignition to an
acceptable level. It is unreasonable to believe that all unwanted ignition can be eliminated.
This section of the performance code is strongly linked to Chapter 18: Management of People, as it is recognized that many
fires can be prevented by adequate training and safety procedures. Likewise, public education has a significant impact on indi-
vidual awareness of fire issues and hence the likelihood of people exhibiting fire-safe behavior.
This section prevents fires from occurring by controlling ignition sources, fuel hazards and the interaction of the two. Part II
of this code avoids dealing with the control of the fuel hazards and focuses on building-system-oriented ignition sources such as
water heaters. During the drafting of this document it was noted that the prescriptive fire code usually places a stronger emphasis
on preventing ignition than does the prescriptive building code. In fact, the fire prevention provisions drafted for Part II are
focused more on building equipment and systems and influenced by codes such as the National Electrical Code, the Interna-
tional Fuel Gas Code and the International Mechanical Code. Part II, Section 601, does not get involved heavily with fuel load
interaction with ignition sources. Between Parts II and III, the International Code Council Performance Code for Buildings and
Facilities addresses both temporary ignition sources such as welding and also more permanent installations such as water heat-
ers.
Control of heat/energy sources to limit the occurrence of unwanted ignition would be accomplished, for example, by con-
trolling open burning, open flames, smoking, torches for removing paint, electrical safety (extension cords), asphalt kettles and
unsafe chimneys. Suitable controls and procedures must be identified in meeting the objectives of other sections of this docu-
ment to prevent ignition. Providing and using equipment that is suitable to the environment they will be exposed to, and in com-
pliance with the listing, are basic expectations to meet this objective. Similarly, maintaining all equipment so that a fire hazard
does not exist is important.
It is the designer’s responsibility to assess the ignition sources and take whatever actions are necessary to develop a solution
that will limit these sources. Though the goal should be to eliminate these sources, it is recognized that it may not be possible to
completely eliminate all sources in a cost-effective manner. Therefore a balance of preventing ignition and managing fire is nec-
essary.
In all cases, the fire risk or probability of ignition, as well as the impact of even a minor fire, must be considered. Special con-
sideration needs to be given to buildings or facilities based on their respective performance groups as defined in Chapter 3.
In addition to the ignition source being controlled, the fuel hazards can be controlled by limiting the quantity, composition or
configuration of the material so that the occurrence of unwanted ignition is limited. This can be accomplished, for example, by
specifying requirements for interior finish, furnishings, cleaning of commercial cooking exhausts, accumulation and storage of
combustible waste and other combustible fuel loadings (Christmas trees). These examples are not intended to be exhaustive.
It is recognized that in some cases both ignition sources and fuel hazards may be present. An appropriate strategy to meet the
objective may be to provide and maintain barriers or separations between the heat ignition source and the fuel supply, thereby
limiting the effects of radiant, convection and conduction heating.
Examples of employing the strategy of maintaining barriers or separations would be the prescriptive provisions for fire-resis-
tant-rated assemblies, electrical panel clearance requirements and electrical wiring clearance requirements. Again, these exam-
ples are not intended to be exhaustive. This strategy must also be extended to things such as controlling the access of
unauthorized individuals to the location of fuel hazards. This can be accomplished, for example, by securing vacant buildings or
controlling access to certain areas of the building or facility. Where security cannot be guaranteed in instances such as these,
then all fuel hazards should be removed. Consideration should also be given to limiting untrained individuals to certain activities
or locations. In addition, the maintenance or respective safeguards should take into account accidental occurrences such as vehi-
cle accidents and impacts that can render well-designed separation strategies inoperative.
The heightened security that has been added in and around high rises and stadia since the September 11, 2001, World Trade
Center disaster is another example of a fire prevention solution to factor into a performance design. Indeed, even the security at
airports can be considered part of a system of fire prevention protection for our buildings and infrastructure. As discussed in Sec-

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FIRE PREVENTION

tion 305, building and fire codes have not usually addressed issues such as terrorism. Therefore, fire prevention related to such
anticipated ignition sources will need to be explicitly acknowledged as potential events to explain the various fire prevention
measures taken.
See also Chapter 18: Management of People.
Because many fires can be prevented by exercising appropriate fire-safe behaviors or practices, it is essential that procedures
and training for occupants that facilitate fire-prevention objectives be developed. These must be documented appropriately
where they are integral to the strategy for meeting the objective and should include appropriate expectations for follow-up and
monitoring.

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 CHAPTER 17

FIRE IMPACT MANAGEMENT

SECTION 1701

FIRE IMPACT MANAGEMENT

General
Chapter 17 provides objectives, functional statements and performance requirements for managing the impact of a potential fire
event that can occur in a building or facility. This chapter assumes that a fire can occur in the facility despite any “prevent fire”
measures that are being taken. The objective is to limit the impact of a fire to an acceptable level on the occupants, the general
public and the facility, including its contents, use and processes. Other inherent objectives in this section are to provide some
level of protection for the facility’s mission and revenue stream and the community tax base. In general, those are the underlying
themes of building and fire regulations in the United States.

1701.1 Objective
The objective of this section is identical to the objective of Part II, Section 602, because both these sections are intended to man-
age or limit the impact of a fire event to an acceptable level of fire-safety performance. See the discussion in Section 602 of this
User’s Guide. The key operative phrase is “acceptable level of fire-safety performance,” which is very broad in scope. During
the drafting of this code this statement was felt to be an appropriate expression of society’s expectations of a building’s perfor-
mance in response to a fire event.

1701.2 Functional statements

Unlike the objectives the functional statements in Section 602 and Chapter 17 are different. Section 602 was written to address
those requirements generally and historically found in building codes as they relate to fire impacts upon a structure. Chapter 17
was written to cover the issues more often found in fire codes such as specific processes, equipment, maintenance issues and
existing facilities. For this reason, a different set of functional statements was developed to clarify the application of the different
sections. However, the general functional statement in this section is the same as that in Section 602.2. The general functional
statement sets a single performance level for fire life-safety but sets multiple upper limits for property damage based on the per-
formance group classification of the facility. See the User’s Guide for Section 602.2.
A functional statement of particular interest is Section 1701.2, which places specific emphasis on providing a level of fire
safety for occupants with physical or mental disabilities that is comparable to that provided for those who do not have such dis-
abilities. This functional statement is not contained within Section 602, but generally the code applies to all occupants regardless
of their physical or mental abilities.

1701.3 Performance requirements

The performance requirements within Section 602 and Chapter 17 were very similar; therefore, the performance requirements
from Section 602 were combined into the requirements found in Section 1701.2. This was done in an effort to provide correla-
tion and consistency between the building and fire provisions. Instead of replicating the applicable performance requirements in
both chapters, it was decided to simply reference Chapter 17 from Section 602.3, which allows for a consistent application of the
performance code no matter if the building is in the design stage, 50 years old, undergoing a process change or undergoing a
maintenance inspection.
The Fire Safety Concepts Tree, as published in NFPA 550, implies that fire safety requires either the prevention of a fire or
the management of the impact of a fire that does occur. Managing the impact of a fire involves managing both the fire and the
occupants of the facility that are exposed to that fire. In this document, managing the exposed occupants is addressed in Chapter
19: Means of Egress, so those performance requirements are found there. The performance requirements in Section 1701.3
address the other strategies of controlling combustion or controlling fire spread. The general performance statement first makes
a link back to the performance level stated in the functional statement by declaring, “Facilities or portions thereof shall be
designed, constructed and operated to normally prevent any fire from growing to a stage that would cause life loss or serious
injury.” This section also states that should a facility sustain local fire damage it must remain intact as a whole, and not be dam-
aged to an extent disproportionate to the local damage. For instance, a small wastebasket fire in a large open warehouse should
not impair the structural integrity of the building or cause significant damage to the stored commodities. The remaining perfor-
mance requirements refer to the more detailed elements of the building or facility such as interior finishes, concealed spaces and
vertical openings.

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FIRE IMPACT MANAGEMENT

Fire management includes both active and passive fire protection strategies. Passive strategies include compartmentation
(using fire-resistive materials) and structural fire resistance, while active strategies include fire detection systems, automatic fire
suppression systems and manual fire fighting. In this document, the provisions addressing manual fire fighting by emergency
response personnel are covered in Section 1701.3.3, as well as in Chapter 20: Emergency Notification, Access and Facilities,
and Chapter 21: Emergency Responder Safety.
A fire can be managed by controlling the combustion process and the fire loading to restrict the size and rate of growth of the
fire, or it can be controlled by limiting the spread of fire through the building and to adjacent buildings using active or passive
means. Fire management can also be accomplished by a combination of the two approaches.
Controlling the combustion process and the fire environment involves limiting, where possible, the fuel loading in the facility
to reduce the potential size and growth rate of a fire that does occur. Prescriptive fire codes have usually dealt with the concept
of managing fire impact by controlling the fuel loading within buildings for special hazards. An example of such provisions is
the maximum allowable quantities of flammable liquids allowed in nonhazardous occupancies (Chapters 3 and 4 of the Interna-
tional Building Code and Chapters 50 and 57 of the International Fire Code).
Limiting the spread of fire and products of combustion through a building is also a function of managing the fire. This can be
accomplished through passive methods such as providing fire-rated compartment barriers and opening protection, smoke barri-
ers, shaft enclosures and fire-resistance-rated construction isolating higher hazard areas. Active systems, such as automatic
sprinkler systems, other fire extinguishing systems and smoke management systems may also be relied upon to prevent the
spread of fire and products of combustion throughout the building.
Fire detection and alarm systems may also be considered here as a means to initiate mitigation efforts to limit the spread of
fire through the building, either by automatic activation, such as activation of smoke control systems or HVAC system shut-
down, or by providing notification for initiating manual mitigation efforts by responsible employees or the public fire depart-
ment. As indicated above, issues related to the notification, response and operation of emergency responder personnel are
covered in other areas of this document.
Managing the fire impact also applies to reducing the impact of a fire on adjacent properties, processes and facilities. Features
such as fire-resistance-rated exterior walls and exterior opening protectives, barriers to radiant heat exposure, water spray sys-
tems, etc., are intended to reduce the impact to these exposed facilities.
In addition to limiting fire spread to adjacent buildings, managing the fire impact also includes limiting the spread of fire to
the building in question from an exposure fire. The use of fuel modification zones and special construction methods in wildland
fire areas is a good example of this strategy. Providing adequate separation distances to aboveground fuel storage tanks is
another tactic.
As stated above, a variety of strategies can be employed to manage the impact of a fire. Additionally, varying degrees of per-
formance can be achieved. The necessary performance depends on many factors such as building use and construction character-
istics, occupant characteristics, location of the building, etc. As noted earlier, the functional statement establishes a single level
of performance for fire life-safety and provides upper limits for property loss, depending on the performance group designation
of the building. To assist in the analysis, the magnitudes of possible fire events need to be established based on the fire load pres-
ent and its impact evaluated against the specified level of performance.
Section 1701.3.15 and associated subsections specifically focus on the determination of the magnitude of events (i.e., fire sce-
narios) to be used in the analysis. This section requires the design fire events to realistically reflect the ignition, growth and
spread potential of fires and fire effluents. Unlike for a natural hazard event, many elements of the building and its contents must
be taken into account when developing fire scenarios to be used in the analysis. This section provides specific guidance on how
the analysis is to be undertaken with regard to ignitability, heat release rate and overall fuel load. A key requirement is that the
analysis must specifically look at a range of fire sizes to ensure that a small fire event does not create an unreasonable amount of
damage and that a very large fire event satisfies the limits on the extent of damage based on the performance group. In no case
should there be any anticipated loss of life or serious injury to persons not intimate with the initiation of the fire event, regardless
of its magnitude.
The analysis with regard to fire will involve a single performance level for life safety and upper limits on property loss based
on the performance group designation.
Fire-safety engineering and fire science currently involve a significant amount of uncertainty due to the lack of knowledge
and accurate data in certain areas. Therefore, similar to the requirements of Chapter 5 for structural stability, one of the perfor-
mance requirements specifies that design fires and fire scenarios be chosen that provide appropriate factors of safety or a given
degree of redundancy between active and passive fire protection strategies. Addressing issues such as terrorism, in the wake of
the 9/11 World Trade Center disaster, makes such uncertainty greater. The prescriptive codes have not typically addressed such
events; therefore, a specific decision to address such scenarios would need to be made either by the community or by an individ-
ual building owner. This code offers a better opportunity to factor in such issues than do the prescriptive codes through an estab-
lished framework.

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 CHAPTER 18

MANAGEMENT OF PEOPLE

This chapter addresses the role people might perform in a performance design. Many times, hazardous materials facilities
depend on the building occupants and users to perform certain tasks to avoid and mitigate emergencies. These activities are con-
sidered integral to the success of such facilities. Other examples include restrictions on the types of appliances allowed in the
lunchroom or the number of staff available for certain types of events such as sporting events. This section outlines not only the
more traditional prevention and protection skills that the existing prescriptive codes require but also requires that where the
actions or practices of people become a component of a design, they must be maintained.
Functional statements in Sections 1801.2.1 and 1801.2.2 indicate to the code user that this chapter should be used in conjunc-
tion with Chapter 3 to establish the required design performance level. Performance requirements in Sections 1801.3.1 through
1801.3.9 list specific criteria that must be addressed after determining the magnitude of design events and while completing the
hazard analysis to ensure that the appropriate level of performance and protection is achieved.
The overall objective as well as each of the specific performance requirements refers to “people,” “occupants” or “staff.” The
purpose is to clearly separate the performance of people from the performance of building features or systems. The concept that
this is more than an education and training issue but is critical to the system reliability was felt to be important. As an example,
the actions of people as opposed to the redundancy of systems may be used as a method to provide reliability. Or, the availability
of a highly trained on-site emergency response unit (plant fire or hazmat brigade) rather than built-in systems or other process
features may be used as a design or solution alternative. In either case, the actions of people become a component of the design
or solution and are as important to the overall outcome as the more traditional built-in features of the design, process or solution.
This particular document does not intend to promote designs utilizing people as a design solution in the place of systems such as
sprinklers, but it does emphasize that the role people play in preventing and managing emergencies should not be ignored.
Designs based on this code may depend on the actions of people much more than designs based on the prescriptive codes in
the past. The prescriptive code has traditionally required that some occupants and staff receive training and/or drills (students in
schools or staff in nursing homes and hospitals). Very rarely has the fire code required that occupants or staff be relied on for
critical functions (with some exceptions for hazardous materials). Because the actions of people are an important safety function,
specific requirements for education both to promote safe practices and actions and to develop specific procedures and training
are found within the performance requirements.
Because occupants, staff, equipment, materials and processes can change, it was felt that requiring the establishment of some
administrative controls in order to maintain consistency in the level of knowledge was important. The loss of personnel can
change the overall competency of the staff to react to and prepare for emergencies, especially if the personnel lost served in a
leadership role in such activities. A change in the products that are stored or the introduction of a new technology into an exist-
ing process can also impact the original design or solution. The administrative controls are meant to require ongoing evaluation
and validation so that the original assumptions remain valid. They are also meant to require appropriate education and training
whenever new people or other original assumptions change.
The action or the inaction of people can be as key to the design or performance solution as any built-in system or feature.
The extent of the actions of building or facility occupants or users will depend on the design chosen. More emphasis may be
placed on an automatic system, for example, with lesser dependence on the actions of building or facility occupants.

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 CHAPTER 19

MEANS OF EGRESS

See the User’s Guide for Part II, Section 701.

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 CHAPTER 20

EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION, ACCESS AND FACILITIES

Inevitably, various emergencies, including medical emergencies, occur at buildings and facilities. This chapter deals with notifi-
cation of appropriate individuals that an emergency exists and that suitable access and facilities for emergency operations and
responders are provided. The intent of this section is to address the need for some manual action to preserve the safety of people
and limit damage to a building or structure, and its contents.
Some of the conditions that might warrant emergency response and action include fires, storms (tornadoes, hurricanes, severe
thunderstorms), bomb threats, hazardous materials releases, hazardous conditions from utilities, medical emergencies or any
other condition that can lead to injury or property damage. To achieve these objectives, three components were felt to be import-
ant: notification, access and facilities.
Chapter 21 specifically addresses emergency responder safety. This chapter focuses on the tools needed to appropriately
undertake emergency response.

Emergency notification

Determining who should be notified will depend on the nature of the facility and actions to be taken that are necessary to deal
with the emergency. For instance, in a hospital, only staff, and not all occupants, would be notified. Notification should occur in
a timely fashion so that manual action can be taken without harming those taking the action. Means of notification needs to be
effective for everyone intended to be notified.
Thus, if people with hearing limitations are among those to be notified or if high ambient sound levels are expected, the
means of notification must not depend solely on audible information. If the egress plan involves phased evacuation or relocation
to areas of refuge or other safe places within the building, means must be provided to maintain communication to all those who
may have to be evacuated later. In some occupancies, people are expected to be sleeping at times, and notification systems must
be designed so that there is reasonable assurance that these people will be awakened. Notification may, for example, consist of
the odor built into liquefied petroleum gas.
Not all buildings warrant the use of a notification device or system. In many cases within the prescriptive building and fire
codes, alarm systems are not required. This is an indication that those buildings and occupants are at a lower risk due to the occu-
pants’ familiarity with the building, the capabilities of the occupants or the level of hazard that is present. Sometimes the type of
building has an effect. As an example, take a business occupancy from a 2-level office building and place it in a high-rise build-
ing. The 2-story building would not require sprinklers, an alarm system or fire-resistive construction, but the high-rise building
would. These differences are related to the increased difficulty related to egress and the increased difficulty related to the search,
rescue and fire fighting activities. See Section 806 for more detail on notification.

Exterior access and facilities

The emergency response capability of communities varies greatly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. The complement of apparatus
and staffing that might respond to an emergency will vary by jurisdiction and by the reported type of emergency incident.
In such instances, it is essential that emergency response units and crews be able to rapidly access the property or building.
Additionally, units and crews must both be able to reach and utilize facilities provided about or within the property to specifi-
cally aid emergency responders and facilitate management of an emergency at or within a property.
Accordingly, designers of buildings and facilities must communicate with the appropriate public safety officials to ascertain
what will happen when the inevitable emergencies occur at or within the property. The needs and expectations of those officials
and the capabilities of the emergency response forces that will be called upon to manage or assist in the management of the inci-
dent must be incorporated into the design and standard operating procedures for the property. Agreed-upon methodologies to
accomplish fire safety objectives will be incorporated into the approved design, and the mutually established procedures must be
incorporated into both the property’s “owner’s manual” and the public safety agencies’ operating procedures. A design that
depends heavily upon emergency response must provide for changing capabilities of the emergency responders over time, which
may be very difficult. This chapter establishes performance criteria for (1) access to properties by the units/apparatus that trans-
port the emergency response staff; (2) the deployment of units/apparatus and equipment utilized by the emergency response
forces in responding to and managing the emergency; and (3) the staging of apparatus, equipment, staff and facilities that might
ultimately need to be deployed or utilized in management of an emergency at a property or building.

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EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION, ACCESS AND FACILITIES

Public safety forces usually respond to emergencies on specialized apparatus/units designed and equipped to support person-
nel in management of an emergency. As an example, urban communities will usually provide aerial ladder (or tower ladder)
apparatus equipped with specially designed, hydraulically operated, multisectioned ladders with a vertical reach of 100 feet (30
480 mm) or more to enable firefighters to effect rescues from several stories above grade level or operate water streams into
upper portions of low-rise buildings. Rural communities may provide water tenders or tankers with 2,000 gallons (7571 L) or
more of water designed to quickly dump the water into fold-up tanks so that, oftentimes, in conjunction with multiple tenders,
water can be shuttled from a source (lake or pond) to the fire scene. Typically, all fire apparatus carry large complements of tools
and equipment that are removed and carried by emergency responders to various locations around or within the facility to aid in
the management of the emergency.
Most emergency situations will involve the response of several emergency vehicles or apparatus. It may be necessary for
some of those vehicles to leave and return to the incident scene one or more times in the course of the management of the emer-
gency. For example, a water tender may make many trips back and forth from the water supply source to the scene of a fire to
provide the water necessary to meet the fire-flow demand. In site planning it is important for designers to carefully research and
consider the potential emergency services response complements and the type(s) of apparatus that will respond to the facility.
Designers must ensure that those units will be able to adequately access the site or facility and take the tactical positions that pro-
vide optimum advantage of the capabilities of the emergency response complement. To accomplish this, designers must consider
such things as the number, type, size (length, width and height), weight [gross vehicle weight (GVW)], turning radius, opera-
tional features (width of an aerial apparatus with stabilizing jacks deployed), and tool and equipment inventory of the apparatus
complement that reasonably can be expected to respond and operate at a major emergency at the site or facility.
Accordingly, clearances must be provided that allow the ingress and egress of emergency vehicles. There must be sufficient
access and space for those vehicles to stage, park, pass and deploy in tactically advantageous locations and positions. Apparatus
carrying special equipment and tools that will be carried into or deployed around the structure must be able to park near
entrances or deployment points. The roadways, lanes, staging areas and parking surfaces must be able to carry the load imposed
by the specialized apparatus used by the emergency response forces and be traversable in all seasons or reasonably expected
weather conditions. Care must be taken to ensure that appurtenances and protrusions from buildings and structures will not
impede access and that, as necessary for life-safety, accommodation is made to ensure that aerial apparatus can deploy to reach
the maximum height and sweep of a building side or face.
Grades and slopes must accommodate the apparatus and facilitate accessibility by emergency response forces and deploy-
ment of their equipment; i.e., the placement of ground ladders. Once parked at the scene of an emergency, emergency response
forces will deploy and utilize equipment brought to the scene on large apparatus, and equipment and systems installed or pro-
vided at the facility, in the management of the emergency. In the early moments after arrival, emergency responders will be con-
cerned with establishing a supply of water to sustain an attack on the fire (usually by connecting hose lines from a fire hydrant to
a fire pumper) and stretching or extending hoselines from pumpers or standpipe systems to the area of the fire. Such operations
require the commitment of a substantial number of personnel from the emergency response force and take valuable time in the
early moments after arrival when many priority tasks must be completed in as short a time as possible.

Interior access and facilities

Once the exterior staging is underway, interior operations become important for emergency responders. There might be many
instances where an exterior attack is all that is required or possible, based on the hazard present. The requirements relating to
interior access and facilities address such buildings and facilities where it is reasonable to expect that the emergency responders
will need to mitigate a hazard from the interior. Some of the main issues addressed in this chapter in this regard include the inter-
action of the occupants’ egress and emergency responders’ access; necessary equipment and building or facility layout; and for
larger, taller buildings, features such as elevators.
A performance requirement that specifically deals with the interaction of the means of egress and the emergency responder
access is included to ensure that the two functions do not conflict with one another. This conflict is often termed “counterflow”
and was an area of interest during the World Trade Center study. In many cases the occupants will likely egress before the fire
department arrives, but in cases such as high-rise buildings, the egress process can take much longer, depending upon the egress
strategy. Also, if there are evacuation strategies for buildings such as high rises that would call for full building evacuation, this
problem may be more prevalent depending upon where the emergency responders are located within the building. The SFPE/
ICC Engineering Guide for Very Tall Buildings discusses various egress strategies that might be applied. It would be unrealistic
for certain building features such as a stairway to be available for both activities at the same time. As a result of this concern
during the WTC study the IBC now requires an additional stair within high-rise buildings over 420 feet (128 m) in building
height. This is a prescriptive solution to counterflow. There is an exception that obviates the need for this additional stair (eleva-
tors provided for occupant egress which are protected by special protection including fire-resistance-rating lobbies and standby
power). Other solutions could be an increased width of the currently required stairways or increased use of elevators for egress.
The second aspect addressed with regard to interior access and facilities is related to providing appropriate equipment for
emergency response such as standpipes, Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) and staging areas. The level of need in this

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 EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION, ACCESS AND FACILITIES

area is heavily dependent on the building itself and the needs of the emergency responders, related to their abilities. This kind of
information is obtained through interaction with the emergency responders during the design of a building or facility.
Finally, in large, tall buildings, a means might be necessary to move emergency responders and their equipment vertically and
in some cases horizontally within buildings. This usually involves the use of elevators for vertical movement. Self-propelled
vehicles such as golf carts might be provided for facilitating horizontal movement. The prescriptive codes typically have
requirements for elevator recall, fire department overrides and standby power. There is also an additional package of require-
ments related to the fire department’s access and facilities needs in the International Building Code. More specifically, fire ser-
vice access elevators are required in buildings containing occupied floors more than 120 feet (36.6 m) above the lowest level of
fire department vehicle access. Basically the package of requirements builds on the current requirements for recall and emer-
gency operation of the elevator and adds requirements for elevator lobbies, location of stairs containing a standpipe connection
adjacent to such lobbies and several other enhanced features.

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 CHAPTER 21

EMERGENCY RESPONDER SAFETY

This chapter is unique because it not only attempts to bring together the major issues impacting emergency responder safety
found throughout prescriptive codes but also provides added importance to this issue by making it a separate section. The pre-
scriptive codes have always made provisions to lessen the dangers to emergency responders, fire fighters in particular; however,
this code takes the next step and places these concerns into a separate chapter. This does not mean that many of the provisions
found elsewhere in this document do not also pertain to fire fighter safety but only that specific issues related thereto are
addressed in this chapter. Examples of such other provisions can be found in the chapters on egress, access and hazardous mate-
rials.
This chapter was developed with the understanding that emergency response by its nature is inherently dangerous, and it is
beyond the realm of possibility to remove all hazards faced by responders. However, much can be done to provide reasonable
levels of safety. The scope has been limited to alleviating those hazards that are beyond what would normally be expected during
an emergency. Additionally, it is vital that each jurisdiction give careful consideration to what is an acceptable risk for emer-
gency responders and provides appropriate input during the design of the building, facilities and premises to establish the appro-
priate level of risk.
Part II of this code also indirectly addresses emergency responder safety in Chapter 6. Section 602.2, Item 2, requires that
buildings be designed to allow fire fighters to perform the necessary tasks in the event of a fire.
The functional statement 2101.2, as outlined in Items 1 through 3, provides the basic guidance for the user as to what general
areas need to be considered when evaluating provisions for emergency responder safety. The user would first establish the
required performance level in conjunction with Chapter 3 after a thorough evaluation of the potential hazards to responders. Per-
formance requirements 2101.3.1 through 2101.3.4 list specific criteria that must be addressed after determining the magnitude of
design events and while completing the hazard analysis to assure the user has achieved the appropriate level of performance and
provided adequate protection for the responders depending on the hazards identified.
Four distinct performance requirements are included in this chapter that specifically address responder safety and functional-
ity. The first two specify that hazards be clearly identified to the responders. This provision can be achieved by signage, barriers
or other common means or might require an extensive data base system available to responders. Such information might come
from the designer in the form of facility layout and description of contents. This information would, of course, be based on the
severity of the hazard and the specific needs of the responding agency.
The third functional statement addresses similar issues found in Section 602 in Part II of this code but specifically intends to
prevent unexpected structural failure. The committee realizes that it is neither economically feasible nor realistic to design and
build structures and facilities in such a manner that collapse or failure could be eliminated in every instance regardless of the
incident circumstances. Considering this, language is included to indicate that failures should be as predictable as possible con-
sidering the incident severity, construction materials and methods, and incident duration. This is more clearly spelled out in Part
II, Chapter 6.
The final functional statement ensures that emergency responder communication needs are considered. Again, this becomes
very specific to the needs of the local jurisdictions as well as the unique needs dictated by the building. This communication
could be as simple as standard fire fighter phones and public address systems or as extensive as a highly technical specialized
radio or microwave system. Additionally, there may be no need for communication systems built into the facility if the emer-
gency responders have adequate communication capabilities to meet the challenges presented by the specific facility. Note that a
radio system is required by the IBC and IFC.

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 CHAPTER 22

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

Although performance-based design approaches are relatively new to the building construction and fire safety arenas, such
approaches have been in widespread use in the hazardous materials arena for quite some time. Numerous regulatory programs
enacted by the federal government in the 1980s and 1990s encouraged or required the use of performance-based risk manage-
ment techniques for many facilities and processes involving hazardous materials, and the documentation associated with these
programs served as an excellent resource for use in the development of Chapter 22.
The objective and functional statements found in Chapter 22 were replicated in Section 801. This was done in an effort to pro-
vide correlation and consistency between the building and fire provisions within Parts II and III of this code, respectively. Addi-
tionally, as opposed to replicating the applicable performance requirements between the two chapters, it was decided to simply
reference Chapter 22, Hazardous Materials, within Section 801.3.
Users of Chapter 22 will note that the technical provisions from two such federal programs, Process Safety Management
(PSM) and Risk Management Planning (RMP), served as the specific source for most of the performance requirements now
found in Chapter 22. Those unfamiliar with these programs will note that PSM falls under the auspices of the U.S. Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and RMP falls under the auspices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). The source regulations can be found in Titles 29 and 40 of the Code Federal Regulations. The balance of the performance
requirements in Chapter 22 were developed to include topic areas currently covered by the International Fire Code that were not
reflected in the PSM or RMP rules and to include the reporting requirements set forth in SARA Title III. All together, the perfor-
mance requirements in Chapter 22 fully cover the regulatory topic areas for hazardous materials that are encompassed in the
International Fire Code.
To the greatest extent possible, the drafting committee endeavored to maintain consistency between Chapter 22 and the exist-
ing PSM and RMP programs. By doing so, the committee avoided unnecessarily “reinventing the wheel” and helped reduce the
potential for conflict between local and federal regulations for hazardous materials. In addition, recognizing the value of indus-
try’s experience in applying the PSM and RMP rules, the committee enlisted the assistance of industry representatives in the
drafting effort for Chapter 22.
While closely tied in concept to the IFC and federal PSM and RMP rules, there is at least one major difference between Chap-
ter 22 and these other documents. Chapter 22 does not make use of prescriptive, material- and quantity-based thresholds as a
baseline for determining when the chapter applies. However, this should not be taken as an indication that the PSM- and RMP-
type rules in Chapter 22 are mandatory in all cases. In fact, the exact opposite is true; they will never be mandatory.
Chapter 22 and the PSM- and RMP-type rules therein present an optional method of design, and where it is advantageous to
an owner to use this method, the Chapter 22 approach may be preferable. Presumably, this would involve a facility that is
already required to follow Federal PSM and/or RMP rules. Where it is not advantageous to an owner to use performance-based
design methods, prescriptive codes will undoubtedly be used. Operators of small facilities that are exempt from federal hazard-
ous materials regulations will likely opt to use the requirements in the prescriptive IFC and IBC as they will tend to be less oner-
ous for smaller facilities.

SECTION 2201

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

2201.1 Objective

The intent and scope of Chapter 22 is similar to the intent and scope of Chapter 50 of the IFC prescriptive code: to protect occu-
pants of the building, people in the surrounding area, emergency response personnel and property from acute consequences asso-
ciated with unintended or unauthorized releases of hazardous materials. Like the prescriptive IFC and IBC, the performance
code encourages the use of both accident prevention and control measures to reduce risk.
It is not the intent of this code or the prescriptive codes to regulate all hazardous materials. Within the scopes of building and
fire codes, hazardous materials are generally defined as those materials that are acutely dangerous to people or property. Build-
ing and fire codes usually defer regulation of materials that present only a risk of chronic or environmental effects to other regu-
latory agencies, such as OSHA or the EPA in the United States. Exposure of workers to hazardous materials in the normal course
of their jobs is also beyond the scope of building and fire codes. Such workplace safety issues are instead regulated by occupa-
tional safety and health codes, which in the United States fall under the jurisdiction of OSHA.

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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

Hazardous materials regulated by building and fire codes are typically classified into two major categories: physical hazards
and health hazards. Physical hazard materials are those materials that present a risk of fire, explosion or accelerated burning, and
include the following:
• Explosives and blasting agents.
• Flammable and combustible liquids.
• Flammable solids and gases.
• Organic peroxide materials.
• Oxidizing materials.
• Pyrophoric materials.
• Unstable (reactive) materials.
• Water reactive solids and liquids.
Health hazards materials are those materials that present a risk of acute health consequences from a short-term exposure, and
include the following:
• Toxic and highly toxic materials.
• Corrosive materials.
When developing a performance-based design involving hazardous materials concerns, consideration should be given not
only to the foregoing classifications but also to the quantity, state, situation (storage/use), arrangement, and location of materials
and processes.

2201.2 Functional statements

Chapter 22 includes two functional statements that serve the overall objective of the chapter. These two statements focus on
reducing the probability of unsafe conditions involving hazardous materials and minimizing the consequences of an unsafe con-
dition, if one occurs. The concepts can be summarized as prevention and control. Specific means by which these functional
statements can be accommodated are listed below in the performance requirement section.
The code includes some additional functional statements that are relevant to hazardous materials but are not included in the
text of Chapter 22. These include some of the functional statements found in Chapter 4: Reliability, and Chapter 18: Manage-
ment of People.

2201.2.1 Prevention

This section invokes the need for consideration of accident-prevention techniques. Such techniques might include administrative
policies and procedures specifying safe practices. Clearly, it is preferable from a safety standpoint to prevent accidents as
opposed to dealing with consequences after a release or failure has occurred. Nevertheless, it is important to provide for an
appropriate degree of consequence management as well because it is not reasonably possible to prevent all accidents. Hence, the
need for the functional statement in Section 2201.2.2.

2201.2.2 Mitigation

Management of consequences can be accomplished in a variety of ways. The most effective methods are those that quickly
detect and respond to abnormal conditions before severe consequences occur. Limit switches with integral process-shutdown
capability are an example of such an approach. Other approaches to consequence management involve the use of protection
methods to limit consequences once a spill or release has occurred. Spill containment systems, ventilation systems, fire sprinkler
systems and fire-resistive construction methods are all examples of protection methods that limit consequences.

2201.3 Performance requirements

Recognizing that functional statements are deliberately broad in their effort to establish general direction, the code provides per-
formance requirements as a means by which the principles embraced in functional statements can be accomplished. The princi-
ples embodied in the performance requirements set forth in the performance code are generally consistent with those embodied
in prescriptive codes. However, performance-based design methods allow a more systems-oriented approach because prescrip-
tive codes do not generally recognize the beneficial interaction of various protection methods. Therefore, prescriptive design
methods usually result in unnecessary and inefficient redundancies in design. In many cases, these undesirable consequences can
be avoided when performance-based design methods are utilized.

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2201.3.1 Properties of hazardous materials

Section 2201.3.1 correlates with the reporting requirements set forth in SARA Title III and to some degree with the prescriptive
reporting requirements set forth in some model fire codes. Compliance with these reporting requirements can be accomplished
through the use of MSDSs, inventory reports, SARA Title III reporting documents (which are typically mandatory under federal
law), etc.
This section ensures that interested parties will have access to information about the characteristics of hazardous materials
that are located on site.

2201.3.2 Reliability of equipment and operations

Equipment and operations at facilities regulated by federal PSM rules should have little trouble demonstrating compliance with
the requirements of Section 2201.3.2. The PSM rules generally address this topic area.
At facilities that are not required to comply with PSM rules, the selection of equipment and design of operations would have
to go through a great deal of scrutiny by qualified individuals. In addition, equipment manuals and operational protocols would
need to be developed and followed, as applicable.

2201.3.3 Prevention of unintentional reaction or release

Facilities regulated by RMP rules are required to evaluate the potential consequences of various release scenarios on the sur-
rounding area, and therefore many such facilities provide safety systems to reduce these potential consequences, recognizing
that the consequence analysis information must be made available to the public.
Depending on the classification and state (solid, liquid or gas) of hazardous materials stored or used at a given site, a variety
of mitigation measures may be provided to comply with this provision. Such measures might include process controls, spill con-
trol and containment systems, and ventilation controls.

2201.3.4 Spill mitigation

This requirement is primarily derived from provisions in the prescriptive IFC. As a general rule, storage facilities are regarded as
less likely candidates for dangerous spills than facilities that involve dispensing or processing operations. In addition, dangerous
spill conditions are probably more likely to occur in facilities with large quantity vessels or systems than those with only small
containers. Information that may be useful in determining whether a spill is plausible and whether dangerous conditions would
result include the following:
• Specific material and process hazards involved.
• A block flow diagram for the facility.
• Piping and instrument drawings.
• A list of all safety devices, showing their location, design basis and capacity, date of installation, etc.
• Equipment manufacturers’ operational instructions, including safe operating limits for the equipment.
• Equipment drawings and specifications that reflect built and installed equipment.

2201.3.5 Ignition hazards

The primary design and operating intent is to ensure that flammable and combustible materials are always completely controlled
in accordance with process design parameters. However, where flammable and combustible hazardous materials are present, a
degree of redundancy is sometimes necessary to provide an additional level of safety. Where there is a plausible risk of spills or
leaks, such as in loading and unloading or packaging operations, additional measures such as ignition source controls are pru-
dent. To that end, process design and operation should ensure to the greatest degree possible that ignition sources are kept away
from areas where flammable or combustible hazardous materials are present. Where separation is not feasible, ignition source
controls may be warranted. Such controls may involve the following:
• Electrical classification of areas where flammable hazardous materials might be present.
• Classification of mobile equipment that might operate in areas where flammable hazardous materials might be present.
• The use of grounding systems and equipment to minimize the potential for sparking in areas where flammable hazardous
materials might be present.

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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

2201.3.6 Protection of hazardous materials

This section directs the designer and the operator to review and ensure that vessels or systems containing hazardous materials are
not exposed to or are protected from damage by external fire. The design should focus first on reducing the possibility for fire or
other hazards, such as vehicular impact, and second on isolating hazardous materials from exposure to unsafe conditions, such as
a fire.
All storage areas and systems should be formally reviewed to find and correct any sources of exposure to fire, including the
following:
• Nearby storage of combustibles.
• Nearby hot-work operation.
• Nearby vehicular operation.
All systems subject to fire exposure should be formally reviewed to ensure adequate protection, including the following:
• Sprinkler installation.
• Insulation of equipment.
• Fire-resistive barriers.

2201.3.7 Exposure hazards

This section directs the designer and the operator to review and ensure that vessels or systems containing hazardous materials are
not subject to damage from internal fire, chemical reaction or explosion. The design criteria should be first to reduce the risk of
an internal fire or explosion, and second, where the first is not feasible, to design vessels and systems in such a manner that loss
of integrity will not occur in an overpressure situation.
All systems should be formally reviewed to identify and correct any sources of internal fire, explosion or overpressure. The
review should include the following:
• The potential for inadvertent or improper mixing of reactive components.
• The potential for overheating of unstable materials.
• The potential for inadequate venting of unstable reaction byproducts.
• The potential for inadequate dilutent material supply.
Where overpressure or explosion conditions cannot be reasonably ruled out, the design should consider overpressure protec-
tion, containment and explosion control systems.

2201.3.8 Detection of gas or vapor release

This section is derived from the IFC. The section ensures that hazardous vapor releases are detected and mitigated before they
can harm individuals or property. In occupied areas, detection of a vapor release may be by sight, smell or an automatic detec-
tion system. For many hazardous materials such as chlorine or ammonia, vapor releases are readily evident before concentra-
tions are truly hazardous based on the presence of vapor fog or a noxious odor. Where this is not the case, automatic detection
systems and alarms may be warranted. Sensors can take the form of ambient sampling devices at strategic area locations, sam-
pling devices in key vent streams or specially designed leak-detection systems such as acoustic emission systems. The perfor-
mance measurement is the ability of the sensing equipment or operators to provide adequate warning so that safety precautions
can be taken before unsafe conditions are present.
Mitigation-based solutions can range from special process equipment designs to elaborate ventilation and air scrubbing sys-
tems. Where practical, the simplest mitigation consists of over-design of the process system so that the likelihood of release is
extremely low. The performance measurement of a ventilation or treatment system is the reduction of the concentration of the
hazardous material in the workplace and nearby environment to levels that are not acutely hazardous.

2201.3.9 Reliable power source

This section is derived from the IFC. It is essential to safety to ensure that a reliable power supply is provided for systems that
are critical to safety. Some examples of systems that may require a reliable power supply include mechanical ventilation sys-
tems, treatment systems, gas detection and alarm systems, and emergency shutdown systems. The reliability needs of the system
are related to the potential risks associated with system failure.
A reliable power source does not necessarily equate to a generator or a battery system. The type of system to be used depends
on the relative level of hazard that might result in the event of a power failure, and in some cases, such as those where hazardous

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processes shut down upon loss of power, a connection ahead of the building main disconnect switch may be adequate to qualify
as a reliable source. Guidance on the selection and performance requirements for power supply systems providing an alternate
source of electrical power can be found in the National Electrical Code and NFPA Standard 110: Standard for Emergency and
Standby Power Systems.

2201.3.10 Ventilation

In many cases involving hazardous materials, ventilation must be provided to limit the risk of creating an emergency condition.
Ventilation might be necessary during both normal and abnormal operating conditions. Some examples of operations that may
require ventilation are storage or processing of flammable and combustible liquids or gases inside of buildings, drum filling
operations inside of buildings, laboratory use of chemicals and dust handling systems. Ventilation may also be used as a means
for reducing vapor concentrations below lower flammable limits in areas where ignition sources are present or for pressurization
of areas to isolate hazardous vapors.
Guidance on the performance requirements for ventilation systems can be found in a number of sources, including OSHA 29
CFR 1910.106, Flammable and Combustible Liquids; NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code; NFPA 69, Explo-
sion Prevention Systems; NFPA 45, Laboratories Using Chemicals; NFPA 70, National Electrical Code; and NFPA 497, Rec-
ommended Practice for Classification of Flammable Liquids, Gases or Vapors and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for
Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas.

2201.3.11 Process hazard analyses

This section establishes an administrative safety control addressing process hazard analysis. Guidance on process hazard analy-
sis techniques can be found in the OSHA PSM regulations, 29 CFR Part 1910.119. The process hazard analysis must be appro-
priate to the complexity of the process and must identify, evaluate and control the hazards involved in the process. The analysis
can be accomplished through various methods. Some of these are “What if,” Process Hazard Analysis, HAZOP, fault tree, etc. A
person trained in these and other hazard evaluation techniques should be employed to complete this analysis.

2201.3.12 Written procedures and enforcement for prestartup safety review

This section establishes an administrative safety control addressing prestartup safety review procedures. Guidance on techniques
for written documentation of prestartup safety review procedures can be found in the OSHA PSM regulations, 29 CFR Part
1910.119. Prestartup safety reviews are typically necessary when new facilities are prepared for operation and where existing
facilities are modified to a degree that is significant enough to require a change in the process safety information.
A prestartup safety review should confirm that prior to the introduction of highly hazardous chemicals to a process, the fol-
lowing verifications have been accomplished at a minimum:
• Construction and equipment is in accordance with design specifications.
• Safety, operating, maintenance and emergency procedures are in place and are adequate.
• For new facilities, a process hazard analysis has been performed and recommendations have been resolved or implemented
before startup; for modified facilities, requirements contained in management of change documents have been met.
• Training of each employee involved in operating a process has been completed.

2201.3.13 Written procedures and enforcement for operation and emergency shutdown

This section establishes an administrative safety control addressing written documentation of operating procedures and emer-
gency shutdown procedures. Guidance on developing written documentation for operating procedures and emergency shutdown
techniques can be found in the OSHA PSM regulations, 29 CFR Part 1910.119. Overall, there are 14 elements that employers
covered by PSM are required to complete to meet the Federal PSM regulations. Two elements that relate to this section are as
follows:
• 29 CFR 1910.119 (c): This element requires that employees and their representatives be consulted on the development and
conduct of hazard assessments and the development of chemical accident prevention plans and provide access to these and
other records required under the federal law.
• 29 CFR 1910.119 (f): This element requires that written operating procedures for the chemical process including
procedures for each operating phase, operating limitations, and safety and health considerations must be developed and
implemented.

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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

2201.3.14 Written procedures and enforcement for management of change

This section establishes an administrative safety control addressing management of change. Guidance on developing written
documentation for management of change can be found in the OSHA PSM regulations, 29 CFR Part 1910.119. The PSM ele-
ment that relates to this section is as follows:
29 CFR 1910.119 (l): This element requires a review of the technical basis for the proposed change; the impact of change on
safety and health; possible modifications to operating procedures and process safety information; the necessary time period for
the change; and authorization requirements for the proposed change.
Employees involved in operating a process and maintenance and contract employees whose job tasks will be affected by a
change in the process should be informed of and trained in the change prior to startup of the process or affected part of the pro-
cess.

2201.3.15 Written procedures for action in the event of emergency

This section establishes an administrative safety control addressing emergency response planning. Guidance on developing writ-
ten documentation for an emergency response plan can be found in the OSHA PSM regulations, 29 CFR Part 1910.119. The
PSM element that relates to this section is 29 CFR 1910.119 (n), which references other portions of the federal regulations. Such
plans may include identification of actions to be taken by employees in the event of an emergency and the assignment of a staff
liaison who can assist emergency response personnel.

2201.3.16 Written procedures for investigation and documentation of accidents

This section establishes an administrative safety control addressing accident investigation and reporting. Guidance on accident
investigation and reporting can be found in the OSHA PSM regulations, 29 CFR Part 1910.119. The PSM element that relates to
this section is 29 CFR 1910.119 (m).
Some of the guidelines specified in the federal regulations include the following:
• The need for an incident investigation team to be established, consisting of at least one person knowledgeable in the
process involved, a contract employee if the incident involved work of the contractor, and other persons with appropriate
knowledge and experience to thoroughly investigate and analyze the incident.
• The need for a report to be prepared at the conclusion of each investigation, including at a minimum: date of incident; date
investigation began; description of the incident; factors that contributed to the incident; and recommendations resulting
from the investigation.
• The need for establishment of a system to promptly address and resolve the incident report findings and recommendations,
and to document resolutions and corrective actions.
• The need for accident investigation reports to be reviewed by all affected persons whose job tasks are relevant to the
incident findings, including contract employees where applicable.

2201.3.17 Consequence analysis

This section establishes an administrative safety control addressing an analysis of off-site consequences. Guidance on accident
investigation and reporting can be found in the EPA RMP regulations, 40 CFR Part 68. These regulations amend the accident
release prevention requirements under Section 112 (r) of the Clean Air Act.
EPA’s RMP rules are a good source of examples for alternate release scenarios for a particular site, and, through the identifi-
cation and analysis of plausible release scenarios, changes can be implemented to minimize the probability and consequences of
a release. A plausible release is one that has occurred in the past or could occur under reasonable single-system failures.
Devices that normally use some kind of motion or energy to prevent or minimize the release represent active mitigation con-
trols. Active mitigation controls might include valves, switches, pumps and blowers. Passive mitigation controls include devices
that are permanently in place and have an inherently safe design that allows them to be in effect at all times. Passive mitigation
controls might include dikes, walls, ponds and sumps.
The off-site consequence analysis can be accomplished through various methods. Some of these are “What If,” Process Haz-
ard Analysis, HAZOP and fault tree. A person trained in these and other hazard evaluation techniques should be used to com-
plete this analysis.

2201.3.18 Safety audits

This section establishes an administrative safety control addressing safety compliance audits.
Guidance on safety audits can be found in the OSHA PSM regulations, 29 CFR Part 1910.119.

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The PSM element that relates to this section is 29 CFR 1910.119 (o).
On a routine basis, each facility must review its continuing compliance with each of the sections in Chapter 22 and other
related chapters. The word “periodic” reflects a need for adequate frequency to have reasonable confidence that safety programs,
features and systems will perform as intended. Recognizing that many code sections contain issues that change very little over
time, compliance audit frequencies will not be the same for all programs features and systems, and depending on the particular
safety element, the audit frequency may range to as much as three-year intervals under the PSM regulations.

2201.3.19 Levels of impact

Each facility must satisfy the required design performance levels that are applicable to hazardous materials. These performance
levels are defined in Section 304 as follows: mild, moderate, high and severe. These definitions help in standardizing perfor-
mance-based design approaches. The intent of assigning design performance levels is to define the people and area impacted by
an unwanted release of hazardous materials and the degree to which people and property are impacted.
With respect to hazardous materials, a mild impact event might equate to an incident that has a minor effect or damage on the
people and property immediately involved in the work activity.
A moderate impact event might result from an incident that involves a moderate spill and/or fire that has significant local con-
sequences to the people and property in the immediate area of the work activity and within logical containment boundaries
around the area. This area might include a room or small warehouse.
A high impact event might result from a large spill of noncombustible materials, a room and contents fire, or a small deflagra-
tion. Such an event would be contained within the boundaries of the facility and would affect only the people and property
within that boundary.
A severe impact event might result from a very large spill of noncombustible materials, a fire that extends beyond primary
containment boundaries, or a large deflagration or detonation. Such an event would not be contained within the boundaries of the
facility and would affect people and property outside that boundary, perhaps including the general public.
Life-safety and property protection can be looked at somewhat independently. Society generally has a lower tolerance for
risks related to life-safety than it does for property loss. This should be kept in mind when addressing the level of impact that can
be tolerated.
Magnitudes of design events are specified as a means of indicating size of an incident that must be handled by a building or
facility: a small spill, for example; a localized fire; or a large explosion. Magnitudes of design events relate to performance
groups in that magnitudes specify the “threat” or “size” of an initiating incident, and performance groups limit the tolerable level
of damage that might occur as a result of such incidents.
Sections 2201.3.19.1 through 2201.3.19.7 provide guidance on choosing the events to analyze. This guidance includes a
review of factors to be addressed such as the use of the room or area, occupant risks and importance to the community. Four sce-
nario sizes must be defined: small, medium, large and very large. As with fire, hazardous materials events are not events inde-
pendent of the building’s or facility’s contents, layout, construction or its occupants. Therefore, these factors need to be
addressed when determining the scenarios. This process must include a thorough engineering analysis with proper justification.

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Part IV—Appendices

APPENDIX A

RISK FACTORS OF USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONS

A101 Objective

This section classifies buildings, structures and portions of buildings and structures by their primary use in order to facilitate
design and construction in accordance with other provisions of this code. When determining the design performance level, the
building or structure needs to be assigned to a performance group. This appendix provides guidance as to the use group or occu-
pancy classification of the building to determine the performance group when applying Table 303.1. The performance group
classifications are needed to address the language in the various provisions that requires design features to be appropriate to the
use for performance-based acceptable solutions and to provide the basis for the use of applicable provisions of the International
Building Code as “deemed to comply” acceptable methods. If this appendix is used, any assumptions should be documented and
verified. The descriptions found in this appendix need to be taken as a starting point, as many buildings and facilities have
unique characteristics that would make a performance-based analysis on a general use and occupancy classification inappropri-
ate.

A102 Functional statements

This section states which factors should be considered when determining the primary use of a building. These factors include the
use of the occupancy classifications found in the IBC and an analysis of the hazards and risks to the occupants. It is again
emphasized that the occupancy classifications alone may not be sufficient, because of the unique hazards and risks associated
with a particular building or facility.

A103 Use and occupancy classifications

To provide consistency between the provisions of this code and the provisions of the International Building Code, the funda-
mental definitions for use and occupancy classifications are the same.
Should the International Building Code be used as the basis for an acceptable method for any of the use and occupancy clas-
sifications listed in this section, all of the applicable provisions of the International Building Code shall be applied.

A103.1 General

To provide a better understanding of the reasons and assumptions behind various use and occupancy classifications, and to pro-
vide a codified foundation for use of performance-based analysis and design methods as the basis for developing acceptable
solutions for any of the use and occupancy classifications listed in this section, Appendix A has taken the occupancy classifica-
tions from the International Building Code and provided detail related to assumptions. The following sections provided some
additional insight on those assumptions for the various classifications. Additional characteristics can be used for individual situ-
ations if the information is available and supportable.

A103.1.1 Assembly

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons using a public or commercial assembly space (all assembly areas
outside of a one- or two-family residential occupancy) and provide the basis for such estimations as time to recognize an alarm,
time to begin to exit, and time to find the way to a place of safety. This reflects the expectation that spaces where large popula-
tions are gathered will be afforded a high level of protection to avoid catastrophic losses (i.e., a large loss of life in a single space
is generally perceived as being worse than the loss of one or two lives in multiple, smaller events).

A103.1.2 Business

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons using a business occupancy and provide the basis for such estima-
tions as time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit and time to find the way to a place of safety. Generally, people using
business spaces have limited responsibility for their own safety and are relying on the owners, managers and insurers of the

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APPENDIX A

space to provide an adequate level of safety. There is an expectation that large populations of the public will not be exposed to a
high level of risk and that the building owners, managers and insurers retain significant responsibility for the safety of employ-
ees and visitors, but that the building or structure is not considered critical in emergency situations.

A103.1.3 Educational

This assumption reflects the fact that the people using educational spaces have limited responsibility for their own safety and are
relying on the owners, managers, employees and insurers of the space to provide an adequate level of safety. There is an expec-
tation that spaces wherein large populations of children are gathered will be afforded a high level of protection to avoid cata-
strophic losses (i.e., a large loss of life in a single space is generally perceived as being worse than the loss of one or two lives in
multiple, smaller events) and that the building or structure may serve a necessary purpose in the event of an emergency (i.e.,
shelter). The tolerance for any loss in such occupancies is very low because these buildings house children, and schools play a
vital role in a community.

A103.1.4 Factory—Industrial

The assumptions for factory occupancies reflect the fact that the people in factory spaces have significant understanding of the
risks associated with the occupancy and have significant responsibility for their own safety.

A103.1.5 Hazardous

These assumptions reflect the fact that the people in hazardous spaces have significant understanding of the risks associated with
the occupancy. Although the users of the building or structure may voluntarily accept the associated risks, they have little control
over the hazards and have only moderate responsibility for their own safety; thus, they rely on built-in protection to minimize the
risks to the extent practicable. This reflects the perception that if the structure is classified as hazardous, the level of protection
must be high.

A103.1.6 Institutional

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons in an institutional occupancy and provide the basis for such estima-
tions as time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit, and time to find the way to a place of safety. These assumptions reflect
the fact that occupants of institutional spaces have limited to no responsibility for their own safety and are relying heavily on the
employees, owners, managers and insurers of the space to provide an adequate level of safety. In part, this reflects the expecta-
tion that spaces where large populations of confined or immobile persons are gathered will be afforded a high level of protection
to avoid catastrophic losses. In addition, the building or structure may play an important role in the event of an emergency. Fur-
thermore, there is a large vulnerable population that is dependent on others. The various classifications of Group I Occupancies
have a spectrum of vulnerabilities. In some cases, the occupants are physically able to react to an emergency, but their move-
ment is restricted. In other Group I Occupancies such as hospitals, the occupants are generally free to come and go but are phys-
ically unable to undertake egress on their own.

A103.1.7 Mercantile

This assumption reflects the fact that the people in mercantile spaces have limited responsibility for their own safety and are
relying on the employees, owners, managers and insurers of the space to provide an adequate level of safety.

A103.1.8 Residential

A103.1.8.1 R-1, Transient

A103.1.8.1.1 R-1.1, Hotel/Motel

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons in hotel/motel occupancies, wherein some employees are expected
to be awake through the night. These assumptions provide the basis for such estimations as time to recognize an alarm, time to
begin to exit and time to find the way to a place of safety. These assumptions reflect the fact that occupants of such residential
spaces have limited to no responsibility for their own safety and are relying heavily on the employees, owners, managers and
insurers of the space to provide an adequate level of safety. This reflects the expectation that spaces where large populations are
gathered, some of whom may be disabled or impaired, will be afforded a high level of protection to avoid catastrophic losses
(i.e., a large loss of life in a single space is generally perceived as being worse than the loss of one or two lives in multiple,
smaller events).

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A103.1.8.1.2 R-1.2, Boarding houses

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons in boarding house occupancies, wherein employees may be sleep-
ing. These assumptions provide the basis for such estimations as time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit and time to
find the way to a place of safety. These assumptions reflect the fact that occupants of such residential spaces have limited to no
responsibility for their own safety and are relying in part on the employees, owners, managers and insurers of the space to pro-
vide an adequate level of safety. This reflects the expectation that spaces where large populations, some of whom may be dis-
abled or impaired, are gathered will be afforded a high level of protection to avoid catastrophic losses (i.e., a large loss of life in
a single space is generally perceived as being worse than the loss of one or two lives in multiple, smaller events).

A103.1.8.2 R-2, Multitenant residential

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons in an apartment-type occupancy and provide the basis for such esti-
mations as time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit and time to find the way to a place of safety. These assumptions
reflect the fact that the people in apartment spaces have significant responsibility for their own safety. This reflects the situation
in which the landlord maintains some level of responsibility in that the tenants cannot control risks in the building outside of
their own living units. There is an expectation that spaces where large populations are gathered, some of whom may be disabled
or impaired, will be afforded a high level of protection to avoid catastrophic losses (i.e., a large loss of life in a single space is
generally perceived as being worse than the loss of one or two lives in multiple, smaller events).

A103.1.8.3 R-3, One- and two-family residential

These assumptions reflect the fact that the people in one- and two-family residential spaces have significant responsibility for
their own safety and the expectation that a person’s home is his or her castle (i.e., more responsibility on the homeowner than on
the local government to protect the occupants).

A103.1.8.4 R-4, Residential care

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons in residential care occupancies, wherein employees may be
assumed to be asleep and provide the basis for such estimations as time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit and time to
find the way to a place of safety. These assumptions reflect the fact that occupants of such residential spaces have limited to no
responsibility for their own safety and are relying heavily on the employees, owners, managers and insurers of the space to pro-
vide an adequate level of safety. Also, there is an expectation that spaces where large populations are gathered, some of whom
may be disabled or impaired, will be afforded a high level of protection to avoid catastrophic losses (i.e., a large loss of life in a
single space is generally perceived as being worse than the loss of one or two lives in multiple, smaller events).

A103.1.9 Special Use

A103.1.9.1 SP-1, Covered mall building

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons in mercantile-type occupancies and provide the basis for such esti-
mations as time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit and time to find the way to a place of safety. It is generally assumed
that the people in mercantile spaces have limited responsibility for their own safety and are relying on the employees, owners,
managers and insurers of the space to provide an adequate level of safety. This reflects the expectation that although spaces
where large populations are gathered should be afforded a higher level of protection to avoid catastrophic losses (i.e., a large loss
of life in a single space is generally perceived as being worse than the loss of one or two lives in multiple, smaller events), the
users of the space will be aware, awake and readily able to respond in emergency situations.

A103.1.9.2 SP-2, High-rise building

The assumed risk levels, hazard levels and occupant characteristics shall be appropriate to the uses present within the building,
and the structural, fire protection and means of egress features shall be designed to accommodate the highest risk level present in
the building. As a high-rise building is simply a larger and taller building of an otherwise defined use classification, the appropri-
ate risk levels, hazard levels and occupant characteristics for the base use classification apply. Given the increased amount of
people due to the larger size, the increased complexity of egress, and the increased difficulty presented to emergency responders,
a higher level of risk and safety is appropriate. In multi-use high-rise buildings, the total population, the distribution of their
characteristics and the distributions of the risk should be considered in selecting a base risk level. As a starting point, the highest
level of risk by use group classification should be assumed. It shall also be assumed that public expectations regarding the pro-
tection afforded those occupying, visiting or working in such a building, structure or portion of the building or structure are high.
This reflects the expectation that spaces where large populations are gathered, some of whom may be disabled or impaired, will

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APPENDIX A

be afforded a high level of protection to avoid catastrophic losses (i.e., a large loss of life in a single space is generally perceived
as being worse than the loss of one or two lives in multiple, smaller events).

A103.1.9.3 SP-3, Atrium

As an atrium will be located in a building of an otherwise defined use classification, the appropriate risk levels, hazard levels and
occupant characteristics for the base use classification apply. Atriums have a special category primarily related to the concerns
of the vertical movement of smoke through a building during a fire. Note that atriums are allowed as an exception to shaft
requirements in the International Building Code. It should be noted that there are other ways to address floor openings within the
code other than through the use of the atrium requirements.

A103.1.9.4 SP-4, Underground building

As an underground building is simply a designation for an otherwise defined use group classification that happens to be below
grade, the appropriate risk levels, hazard levels and occupant characteristics for the base use classification apply. The primary
reason for the special treatment of such buildings is similar to those of a high-rise building. More specifically, evacuation of
occupants becomes more complex, and it increases the difficulty of managing smoke, performing search and rescue operations,
and responding to an emergency.

A103.1.9.5 SP-5, Mechanical-access open parking garage

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons in a garage occupancy and provide the basis for such estimations as
time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit and time to find the way to a place of safety. Generally, such buildings will be
occupied by employees only above the ground floor who, as noted in Appendix A, will be awake, alert and able to exit without
the assistance of others.

A103.1.9.6 SP-6, Ramp-access open parking garage

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons in a garage occupancy and provide the basis for such estimations as
time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit and time to find the way to a place of safety. Unlike mechanical-access open
parking garages, the general public will likely be allowed to move throughout ramp access parking garages. This will change the
level of familiarity of the occupants and possibly allow a larger number of occupants.

A103.1.9.7 SP-7, Enclosed parking garage

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons in a garage occupancy and provide the basis for such estimations as
time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit and time to find the way to a place of safety. Enclosed parking garages are those
garages that cannot meet the requirements for open parking garages. Therefore, the hazards imposed upon the occupants are now
somewhat different. If a fire were to occur, the smoke would not dissipate as well as it would for an open parking garage.

A103.1.9.8 SP-8, Motor vehicle service station

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons in a service station occupancy and provide the basis for such esti-
mations as time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit and time to find the way to a place of safety.

A103.1.9.9 SP-9, Motor vehicle repair garage

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons in a motor vehicle repair occupancy and provide the basis for such
estimations as time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit and time to find the way to a place of safety.

A103.1.9.10 SP-10, Motion picture projection room

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons in a projection room occupancy and provide the basis for such esti-
mations as time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit and time to find the way to a place of safety.

A103.1.9.11 SP-11, Stages and platforms

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons using stages and platforms and provide the basis for such estima-
tions as time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit and time to find the way to a place of safety.

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 APPENDIX A

A103.1.9.12 SP-12, Special amusement building

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons in a special amusement occupancy and provide the basis for such
estimations as time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit and time to find the way to a place of safety. These assumptions
reflect the fact that the people in special amusement buildings have limited responsibility for their own safety and are relying on
the employees, owners, managers and insurers of the space to provide an adequate level of safety. There is an expectation that
spaces where large populations, some of whom may be disabled or impaired, are gathered will be afforded a high level of protec-
tion to avoid catastrophic losses (i.e., a large loss of life in a single space is generally perceived as being worse than the loss of
one or two lives in multiple, smaller events).

A103.1.9.13 SP-13, Aircraft-related structure

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons in aircraft-related structures and provide the basis for such estima-
tions as time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit and time to find the way to a place of safety.

A103.1.10 Storage

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons in a storage occupancy and provide the basis for such estimations
as time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit and time to find the way to a place of safety. People using storage spaces
have significant responsibility for their own safety and are not relying on the owners, managers and insurers of the space to pro-
vide an adequate level of safety.

A103.1.11 Utility and miscellaneous

These assumptions reflect nominal characteristics of persons using miscellaneous occupancies and provide the basis for such
estimations as time to recognize an alarm, time to begin to exit and time to find the way to a place of safety. These assumptions
reflect the fact that the people using miscellaneous spaces have significant responsibility for their own safety and are not relying
on the owners, managers and insurers of the space to provide an adequate level of safety.

ACCEPTABLE METHODS

Given that use groups are definitions, there are no acceptable methods. However, should an additional definition be required
and/or a prescriptive approach to building design and construction be desired, applicable definitions and associated requirements
in Chapters 3 and 4 of the International Building Code are permitted to be used.
Alternative classifications for building use are permitted where the use in the opinion of the designer, code official, building
developer, owner or manager is not adequately defined by this code and for which adequate justification is provided.
As the use classifications are based on primary building use, occupant characteristics, risk-to-life of the occupants and impor-
tance of the building or its contents to the local community, any information that can better support any of these areas would be
appropriate.

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 APPENDIX B

WORKSHEET FOR ASSIGNING SPECIFIC STRUCTURES

TO PERFORMANCE GROUPS

This appendix allows adjustment of the performance group based on occupants or the unique features of a building.
The table in Appendix B can be used for two purposes. If a facility is being evaluated, and there is no clear means of deter-
mining a performance group because the facility is not similar to occupancies described in Table 303.1, Appendix B can be used
as a subjective means of evaluating the associated risks. From that evaluation, a performance group can be developed.
A second use of Appendix B would be to evaluate the impact of unusual features in a building or facility for which the perfor-
mance group is identified in Table 303.1. For instance, if for some reason a facility that would normally be categorized as a Per-
formance Group II is of extremely high importance to a community and contains some unusual hazards, Appendix B might be
used as a means of evaluating whether the facility should be treated as a Performance Group III or IV.
The completed table in this User’s Guide shows levels of risk assigned to several typical occupancies and the resultant perfor-
mance group. In each case, it is a subjective analysis, and there are items in the completed table with which the user may dis-
agree. The intent, however, is to provide a means of channeling the thought process in determining the performance group of a
building or facility by reviewing the various risk factors that may be contained within the building. As more risk factors are iden-
tified, the performance group would be increased.
The committee intended that this table be used as a subjective analysis rather than as a numerical analysis. The user could
decide to assign numerical values in this table as well. That approach, however, may result in all risk factors being inappropri-
ately treated equally; the subjective analysis would allow the user to weight the risk factors in the analysis. Another problem
with a numerical analysis is that multiple facility types would need to be evaluated in order to establish a database of relative
rankings. Otherwise, the numbers would be meaningless.

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APPENDIX B

WORKSHEET FOR ASSIGNING SPECIFIC STRUCTURES TO PERFORMANCE GROUPS

Storage Building (U)

Large Hospital (I-2)

15-Unit Apartment

Primary Employer
Small Agricultural

Specific Structure
Blank Space for
Outdoor Sports
Building (R-1)

Stadium (A-5)

Factory (F-1)
RISK FACTORS
Occupant Load. Maximum number of persons permitted to be in the structure or a por-
tion of the structure.
Duration. Maximum length of time that the structure is significantly occupied.

Sleeping. Do people normally sleep in the building?

Occupant Familiarity. Are occupants expected to be familiar with the building layout
and means of egress?
Occupant Vulnerability. What percentage of occupants, employees or visitors is consid-
ered to comprise members of a vulnerable population.
Dependent Relationships. Is there a significant percentage of occupants or visitors who
are expected to have relationships that may delay egress from the building?
HAZARD FACTORS
Nature of the Hazard. What is the nature of the hazard, and what are its impacts on the
occupants, the structure and the contents?
Internal or External Hazard. Is the hazard likely to originate internally or externally or
both?
LEVEL OF IMPORTANCE
Population. Are large numbers of people expected to be present?

Essential Facilities. Is the structure required for emergency response or post-disaster

emergency treatment, utilities, communications or housing?
Damage Potential. Is there significant risk of widespread and/or long-term injuries,
deaths or damage possible from the failure of the structure?
Community Importance. Is the structure or its use largely responsible for economic sta-
bility or other important functions of the community?
SPECIFIC ADJUSTMENTS
Are the design performance levels adequate and appropriate for the specific structure?

OVERALL RISK, HAZARD, IMPORTANCE

I II III IV III1
FACTORS AND PERFORMANCE GROUP
1. Table 303.1 normally classifies this occupancy as Performance Group II.

SMALL MEDIUM HIGH

RISK RISK RISK

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 APPENDIX C

INDIVIDUALLY SUBSTANTIATED DESIGN METHOD

When the design analysis and methodology are not based on authoritative documents or design guides, this method of validation
may be used in lieu of code provisions. The code requires a peer review in Section 103.3.4 for any methods falling into this cat-
egory.
The questions that need to be answered to determine if a design method using an unsubstantiated document is appropriate
include:
• Who developed the engineering standards, design guides and standards of practice proposed for use?
• Who evaluates them on their ability to perform their intended function?
• Who validates them?
• Who deems them to be acceptable?
• How are they included in the system such that, once accepted, they can be readily used?
The individually substantiated design method was created to provide a mechanism to promote innovation but in a structured
manner. An example may be the application of a new design method that was developed through a Ph.D. thesis. This method can
be used once a higher level of review, perhaps a peer review and validation, has occurred relative to the appropriateness and lim-
its of the methods application. Once a document is considered a design guide or an authoritative document, a higher level of con-
fidence and comfort exists relative to the use of the document for design.
The design professional may use the approach of comparing the design with a compliant prescriptive code design or with a
performance-based design utilizing a design guide or authoritative document to demonstrate compliance with the intent of the
performance code.

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 APPENDIX D

QUALIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS FOR DESIGN

AND REVIEW OF PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGNS

This appendix is provided as a resource to anyone undertaking a performance-based design or review to assess qualifications of
the participants performing the task. The goal of this appendix is for the design professionals, special experts and competent
reviewers to have technical qualifications in education and experience associated with performance-based design. These qualifi-
cation characteristics define the level of knowledge or expertise necessary to perform the functions.
Design professionals who are in responsible charge of a professional design discipline (e.g., architectural, structural, electri-
cal, mechanical, etc.) must have the experience and expertise in performance-based design to satisfy this appendix and Section
103.3.2 of the code. Individuals on the design team within a professional discipline may supplement the design professional or
principal design professional’s experience to meet the requirements of this appendix.
Qualification statements must be submitted to the code official as stated in Section 103.3.2 to demonstrate compliance with
this appendix. The code official has the responsibility to acquire and assign competent reviewers of performance designs and to
comply with the goal of this appendix. When the code official does not have competent reviewers on staff, consultant review ser-
vices should be obtained.

Peer Review

Though this appendix does not specifically address peer reviewer qualifications, the following text is provided for information pur-
poses. It is excerpted from the peer review guidelines from Section 3422 of the 2016 California Building Code (Title 24, Part 2).

Section 3422
Peer Review Requirements

3422.1 General. Independent peer review is an objective, technical review by knowledgeable reviewer(s) experienced in the
structural design, analysis and performance issues involved. The reviewer(s) shall examine the available information on the
condition of the building, the basic engineering concepts employed and the recommendations for action.
3422.2 Timing of independent review. The independent reviewer(s) shall be selected prior to initiation of substantial por-
tions of the design and/or analysis work that is to be reviewed, and review shall start as soon as practical after Method B is
adopted and sufficient information defining the project is available.
3422.3 Qualifications and terms of employment. The reviewer(s) shall be independent from the design and construction
team.
3422.3.1 The reviewer(s) shall have no other involvement in the project before, during or after the review, except in a
review capacity.
3422.3.2 The reviewer(s) shall be selected and paid by the owner and shall have technical expertise in the evaluation and
retrofit of buildings similar to the one being reviewed, as determined by the enforcement agency.
3422.3.3 The reviewer (or in the case of review teams, the chair) shall be a California-licensed structural engineer who is
familiar with the technical issues and regulations governing the work to be reviewed.
Exception: Other individuals with acceptable qualifications and experience may be a peer reviewer(s) with the
approval of the building official.
3422.3.4 The reviewer shall serve through completion of the project and shall not be terminated except for failure to per-
form the duties specified herein. Such termination shall be in writing with copies to the enforcement agency, owner and
the registered design professional. When a reviewer is terminated or resigns, a qualified replacement shall be appointed
within 10 working days, and the reviewer shall submit copies of all reports, notes and correspondence to the responsible
building official, the owner and the registered design professional within 10 working days of such termination.
3422.3.5 The peer reviewer shall have access in a timely manner to all documents, materials and information deemed nec-
essary by the peer reviewer to complete the peer review.
3422.4 Scope of review. Review activities shall include, where appropriate, available construction documents, design crite-
ria and representative observations of the condition of the structure, all inspection and testing reports, including methods of

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APPENDIX D

sampling, analytical models and analyses prepared by the registered design professional and consultants, and the retrofit or
repair design. Review shall include consideration of the proposed design approach, methods, materials, details and construc-
tability.
Changes observed during construction that affect the seismic-resisting system shall be reported to the reviewer in writing
for review and recommendation.
3422.5 Reports. The reviewer(s) shall prepare a written report to the owner and building official that covers all aspects of the
review performed, including conclusions reached by the reviewer(s). Reports shall be issued after the schematic phase,
during design development, and at the completion of construction documents but prior to submittal of the project plans to the
enforcement agency for plan review. When acceptable to the building official, the requirement for a report during a specific
phase of the project development may be waived.
Such reports should include, at the minimum, statements of the following:
1. Scope of engineering design peer review with limitations defined.
2. The status of the project documents at each review stage.
3. Ability of selected materials and framing systems to meet performance criteria with given loads and configuration.
4. Degree of structural system redundancy and the deformation compatibility among structural and nonstructural compo-
nents.
5. Basic constructability of the retrofit or repair system.
6. Other recommendations that would be appropriate to the specific project.
7. Presentation of the conclusions of the reviewer identifying any areas that need further review, investigation and/or
clarification.
8. Recommendations.
The last report prepared prior to submittal of permit documents to the enforcement agency shall include a statement indi-
cating that the design is in conformance with the approved evaluation and design criteria
3422.6 Response and resolutions. The registered design professional shall review the report from the reviewer(s) and shall
develop corrective actions and responses as appropriate. Changes observed during construction that affect the seismic-
resisting system shall be reported to the reviewer in writing for review and recommendations. All reports, responses and res-
olutions prepared pursuant to this section shall be submitted to the responsible enforcement agency and the owner along with
other plans, specifications and calculations required. If the reviewer resigns or is terminated prior to completion of the proj-
ect, then the reviewer shall submit copies of all reports, notes and correspondence to the responsible building official, the
owner and the registered design professional within 10 working days of such termination.
3422.7 Resolution of conflicts. When the conclusions and recommendations of the peer reviewer conflict with the registered
design professional’s proposed design, the enforcement agency shall make the final determination of the requirement for the
design.
Another resource is the SFPE Guidelines for Peer Review in the Fire Protection Design Process (2009). It is available from the
SFPE web site (http://www.sfpe.org).

188 USER’S GUIDE FOR THE 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
 APPENDIX E

USE OF COMPUTER MODELS

This appendix gives guidance regarding qualifications and information that should be provided when undertaking computer
modeling. More specifically, the appendix requests that computer program data be submitted as part of the documentation. Also,
limitations and applicability of the model must be included as part of the documentation. Finally, the scenarios used to run the
particular model must be justified.
This is an area along with the analysis of individual performance-based designs and methods where organizations such as
evaluation services may have a role. The model is only as good as the input selected and the specific application of the model.
Very often, inappropriate and unrealistic input data is used, and models often have very specific application limitations. There-
fore, simply because a model has been reviewed does not mean that enough information has been provided for the specific appli-
cation to be accepted. The criteria used to approve the model must be very specific in order to provide guidance to the code
official or outside reviewer as to what specifically about the model has been reviewed. These criteria will provide a clear under-
standing of what additional review of that specific application of the model may be necessary.

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 REFERENCES

The following references are either documents referenced within the User’s Guide or references that may be of assistance in
applying this code.

ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE, 2010)
ASME A17.1/B44 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators (ASME, 2013)
ASME A17.7/CSA B44.7 Performance-Based Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators (ASME, 2007)
ASME 90.1 Safety Standard for Belt Manlifts (ASME, 2009)
ASME B20.1 Safety Standard for Conveyors and Related Equipment (ASME, 2009)
Building Department Administration, 3rd Edition, (ICC, 2007)
Building Fire Performance Analysis, Fitzgerald, R. (Wiley, 2004)
Building Safety Enhancement Guidebook [Council for Tall Buildings and Urban Habitats (CTBUH), 2002]
California Building Code, Section 3422, Peer Review Requirements (ICC, 2012)
Code Official’s Guide to Performance-Based Design Review (ICC/SFPE, 2004)
Egress Design Solutions, A Guide to Evacuation and Crowd Management Planning, Tubbs, J. and Meacham, B. (Wiley, 2007)
Emergency Evacuation: Elevator Systems Guideline, Edward Cardinale, Charles Mattes, Carl Galioto, et al. (CTBUH, Chicago
2004)
Engineering Security/Protective Design for High Risk Buildings, New York City Police Department, 2009
FEMA 273, NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings (NEHRP, 1997)
FEMA 274, NEHRP Commentary on the Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings (NEHRP, 1997)
FEMA 302—National Earthquake Hazard Reductions Program (NEHRP) Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for
New Buildings and Other Structures (NEHRP, 1997)
FEMA 303—National Earthquake Hazard Reductions Program (NEHRP) Commentary on the Recommended Provisions for
Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures (NEHRP, 1997)
FEMA 450, National Earthquake Hazard Reductions Program (NEHRP) Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for
New Buildings and Other Structures (NEHRP, 2003)
FEMA P-58, Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings, Methodology and Implementation (January 2013)
ICC A117.1, Standard for Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities (ICC, 2009)
IBC—2015, International Building Code (ICC, 2015)
IECC—2015, International Energy Conservation Code (ICC, 2015)
IFC—2015, International Fire Code (ICC, 2015)
IFGC—2015, International Fuel Gas Code (ICC, 2015)
IMC—2015, International Mechanical Code (ICC, 2015)
IPC—2015, International Plumbing Code (ICC, 2015)
International Fire Engineering Guidelines (Australian Building Code Board, 2005)
National Building Information Model Standard, Version 1.0—Part 1 Overview, Principles, and Methodologies (National Insti-
tute of Building Sciences, 2007)
NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (NFPA, 2012)
NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals (NFPA, 2015)
NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems (NFPA, 2014)
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NFPA, 2014)
NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems (NFPA, 2015)

USER’S GUIDE FOR THE 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 191
REFERENCES

NFPA 497, Recommended Practice for Classification of Flammable Liquids, Gases or Vapors and of Hazardous (Classified)
Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas (NFPA, 2012)
NFPA 550, Guide to the Fire Safety Concepts Tree (NFPA, 2012)
NFPA 557 Standard for Determination of Fire Loads for Use in Structural Fire Protection Design (NFPA, 2012)
Performance-Based Building Design Concepts, A Companion Document to the International Code Council Performance Code
for Buildings and Facilities, Meacham, B. (ICC, 2004)
Performance-Based Seismic Engineering Guidelines, Part I, Strength Design Adaptation (SEAOC, Draft 1, revised May 5,
1998, Sections 3.7 - 3.10)
Process Safety Management Planning, 29 CFR Part 1910 (OSHA)
Recommended Guidelines for the Practice of Structural Engineering in California, second edition, October, 1995, Chapter 4.
Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary, Structural Engineers Association of California, sixth edition,
1996, Sections 104.7 and 201.
Risk Management Planning, 40 CFR Part 68 (EPA)
SARA Title III
SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection Analysis and Design of Buildings (NFPA and SFPE, 2007)
SFPE S.01 Engineering Standard on Calculating Fire Exposures to Structures (SFPE 2011)
SFPE/ICC Engineering Guide-Fire Safety for Very Tall Buildings (2013)
Society Of Fire Protection Engineers Position Statement #03-02, Guidelines For Peer Review In The Fire Protection Design
Process (SFPE, 2009)
Structural Engineers of California Blue Book (SEAOC, 1996)
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), Title III (EPA, 1986)
Vision 2000 Report (Structural Engineers of California, 1995)

192 USER’S GUIDE FOR THE 2018 INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL PERFORMANCE CODE® FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
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