DENR-PAWB Wetlands Action Plan 3G 3feb14

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Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau
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First Printing: 2013
For citation purposes, this publication may be entered as

Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau–Department of Environment and Natural
Resources, 2013. The National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016
ii
I. Introduction to Wetlands in The Staple Food of Filipinos............................................ 1
A. Rice, fish and water: A Taste of the Wetlands................................................................. 2
B. What is a wetland............................................................................................................. 2
1. Definition of Wetland Types .................................................................................... 2
a. Inland Wetlands
b. Coastal Wetlands
c. Human-made Wetlands
2. What we get out of them: A Table of Wetland Benefits............................................ 3
II. The Process: Arriving at the NWAPP 2011-2016........................................................... 5

III. Pamana, The Invaluable Philippine Wetlands................................................................ 6
A. Philippine Inland Wetlands ............................................................................................. 7
1. Lakes......................................................................................................................... 8
2. Rivers and River Basins............................................................................................ 9
3. Swamps, Marshes and Peatlands............................................................................... 10
B. Philippine Coastal and Marine Wetlands........................................................................ 12
1. Mangrove Forests...................................................................................................... 12
2. Seagrass Beds............................................................................................................ 13
3. Coral Reefs................................................................................................................ 13
C. Human-made Wetlands.................................................................................................... 14
D. Caves................................................................................................................................ 15
IV. Relevant Laws and Policies Affecting the Management of Philippine

Wetlands................................................................................................................................... 16
V. Conservation Strategies Employed.................................................................................... 19
A. Designation as Wetland of International Importance...................................................... 19
B. Establishing Conservation Areas.................................................................................... 19
National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS)
Identification of Biodiversity Conservation Priorities
Designation of Critical Habitats
Establishing Marine Protected Areas
C. Recognizing Best Practices through Conservation Awards............................................ 21
D. Other Conservation Programs and Projects.................................................................... 21
E. Existing Management Plans and Initiatives.................................................................... 23
VI. Prevailing Issues & Trends in Philippine Wetlands....................................................... 24

A. Policy-related Issues........................................................................................................ 24
B. Inland Wetland Issues...................................................................................................... 24
C. Coastal and Marine Wetland Issues................................................................................. 26
Endnotes............................................................................................................................................. 27
References........................................................................................................................................ 29
iii
The National Wetland Strategy and Action Plan................................................................. 32
A. Vision for the NWAPP 2011-2016, Mission Statement, Aim, Objectives ....................... 32
B. Thematic Areas and Goals............................................................................................... 32
1 Thematic Area 1: Wetlands Policy............................................................................ 32
2 Thematic Area 2: Inland Wetlands........................................................................... 33
3 Thematic Area 3: Coastal and Marine Wetlands...................................................... 33
4 Thematic Area 4: Enabling Strategies...................................................................... 33
C. Outcomes......................................................................................................................... 33
D. Guiding Principles........................................................................................................... 33
Ownership
Collaborative Partnership
Linkages to Regional and International Initiatives
The Three Pillars of Sustainable Development
The Precautionary Principle
Informed decision-making
Application of adaptive management
Upholds the Constitutionally-guaranteed right and responsibility
E. Strategic Action............................................................................................................... 34
F. Priority Wetlands in the NWAPP 2011-2016................................................................... 34
G. Proposed Implementation Mechanism:
Creation of a National Wetlands Committee................................................................... 35
Tabulated NWAPP (2011-2016)................................................................................................. 36

Thematic Area 1 .................................................................................................................... 36
Thematic Area 2..................................................................................................................... 40
Thematic Area 3 .................................................................................................................... 46
Thematic Area 4 .................................................................................................................... 52
NWAPP Estimated Budget......................................................................................................... 58

Annex A. Priority Wetlands for the NWAPP based on conservation priorities of the
PBCP and the KBAs (terrestrial and marine)......................................................................... 61
Annex B. Recommended Additional Priority Wetlands (from Regional Consultations).......... 63
Annex C. Prioritization Based on Conservation Investments...................................................... 65
Annex D. List of Participants............................................................................................................ 67
Acronyms............................................................................................................................................ 69
Photo Credits........................................................................................................................................ 76
iv
Table 1. Ecosystem Services Provided by or Derived from Wetlands........................ 3
Table 2. Developing the NWAPP 2011-2016......................................................................... 5
Table 3. List of conservation and research priority areas for inland waters............. 7
Table 4. Major Swamps/Marshes in the Philippines.......................................................... 11
Table 5. Some Recent Policies and Legislations Relevant
to Philippine Wetlands............................................................................................ 17
Table 6. Wetland-related Functions Across Government Agencies............................. 18
Table 7. Other Wetland-related Conservation Programs and Projects....................... 22
Table 8. Existing Management Plans...................................................................................... 23
Table 9. NWAPP 2011-2016 Priority Wetlands..................................................................... 33
Figure 1. Wetland Types............................................................................................................... 2

Figure 2. Major River Basins in the Philippines................................................................... 10
v
T his nation’s life-sustaining inheritance includes a treasure trove of wetlands
that ensure freshwater reserves and nourish fisheries that supply more than half
of its exponentially growing population’s protein requirements. To exercise inter-
generational responsibility over the Filipino people’s invluable pamana is to rise to
the challenge of addressing the myriad concerns of these invaluable ecosystems.
The National Wetlands Action Plan of the Philippines for 2011 to 2016 was
developed in a series of multi-stakeholder consultations nationwide to update
and climate-proof the last action plan released almost a decade ago. As a way of
acknowledging their contribution, each and every representative of agencies and
organizations, as well as private individuals, who participated in this extensive
undertaking are named in the crafting of this final document (Annex D).
At no time, for a nation situated right in the world’s typhoon alley, has it been
most urgent to press on for the restoration, rehabilitation and promotion of the wise
use of its wetlands. For wetlands are the beneficent natural superstructures that also
provide, among many others, ecological services like stabilization of the shoreline,
flood control and prevention of green house gas release.
Through the NWAPP 2011-2016, wetland-related concerns that cut across the
jurisdiction of several government agencies at the national, provincial and local
levels are guided with a national framework that identifies priorities and data gaps,
delineates responsibilities and expected outcomes—and most of all—enables
stakeholders. Its institutionalization, through the creation of a multi-stakeholder
National Wetlands Committee, is sought so that funds may be sourced and a
monitoring, evaluation, and reporting framework is set in place to ensure that the
activities are implemented and the outcomes achieved.
The development and implementation of the NWAPP 2011-2016 is in keeping
with international commitments to Conventions and Treaties such as Convention
on Biological Diversity, Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Convention on the
Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, Convention on International
Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, United Nations Convention
on Combating Desertification, and the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change.
Theresa Mundita S. Lim

Director, Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau
vi
I t was made clear in the report on impacts, adaptation and vulnerability to climate change
by the International Panel on Climate Change that species extinction rates increased
by a factor of 1,000 over the last century, paving the way for the greatest wave of mass
extinction of animal species in 65 million years. It is projected that by 2100, the Earth’s
remaining species may likely be extinct.
The proactive mitigation of climate change and its impacts as well as the advancement
of adaptation measures consistent with the goal for sustainable development, requires
informed policy-making and implementation at the national and local levels. The National
Wetland Action Plan for the Philippines (NWAPP), integral to the Philippine Development
Plan 2011-2016, serves as the guiding document for the country to promote and implement
strategies and actions for the wise use of its wetlands, which include its lakes and rivers,
caves, mangroves, peatlands, seagrass, and corals.
The typical Filipino diet of rice and fish and a drink of water—products of three types of
wetlands—gives a taste of the wetlands that is all but "invisible" as a living ecosystem both
in the general public's attitude and in policy-making. Many regulations impacting wetlands
do not make direct reference to them but are spread over access to natural resources,
jurisdictions over territory and management, or the prohibition of certain acts bound to site-
specific areas. Thus to address physical, chemical and biological pollution of the country's
wetlands require remedial policy work at the national level, as well as rational and dutiful
law enforcement at the local level. Other prevailing issues and trends include taking stock
of the wetland resources' climate change capacities and vulnerabilities, narrowing down
priority inland and coastal and marine wetlands, and capacitating stakeholders.
The NWAPP is a framework of strategies and actions
that harmonizes the work of government agencies and Wise Use of Wetlands
local government units as well as engages non-government The wise use of wetlands is the
maintenance of their ecological character,
organizations, business sector, small communities and the
achieved through the implementation of
indigenous people for the management and wise use of the ecosystem approaches, within the context
wetlands. The primary focus of interventions are along four of sustainable development.
thematic areas: 1) Wetlands Policy; 2) Inland Wetlands; 3) –Ramsar Convention
Coastal and Marine Wetlands; and, 4) Enabling Strategies.
Notable in the NWAPP is the promotion of ecotourism as a conservation strategy that is
characterized by inclusive growth of the basic sectors dependent on the wetland resources.
Water and food security are the expected outcomes of concerted action to ease the pressure
on the wetland ecosystem and improve its resiliency. An initial nine (9) inland wetlands
as well as twenty-eight (28) coastal and marine wetlands identified during the nationwide
multi-sectoral consultations are prioritized to optimize resources and achieve maximum
impacts and outcomes from activities in the NWAPP.
While the implementation partners at different levels of national agencies are already
integrating their assigned tasks in their organizational work plan, activities beyond regular
agency functions require funding. Thus, institutionalization is proposed through the
creation of a National Wetlands Committee with oversight functions for the implementation
of the NWAPP.
As a program, the NWAPP 2011-2016 employs a localized approach to management
and community-based participation, even as it is premised on the larger framework of
sustainable development, the prevention of harm, and the continuity of a healthful ecology
for the subsequent generation. It is a commitment to take responsibility for the continued
enjoyment of the country’s wetland resources.
vii
W etlands are areas where the
environment and the associated
plant and animal life are mainly
Rice and Fish with Water:
Staple Foods from the Wetland’s Bounty
controlled by water. In the Philippines,
wetlands refer to areas of marsh, Rice – from Human-made Wetlands like the renowned
Banawe rice terraces and other irrigated land or seasonally
peatland or water, whether natural or flooded agricultural land. The Bureau of Agricultural Resources
artificial, permanent or temporary, Statistics reported in 2011 that 1.9 million hectares produced a
with water that is static, flowing, total of 7.5 million metric tons of rice.
fresh, brackish or salt, including area
Fish – from fresh, brackish or saltwaters of the Inland
of marine water, the depth of which Wetlands, like Taal Lake or Coastal and Marine Wetlands like
at low tide does not exceed six (6) the Tubattaha Reefs in Sulu Sea. The total fisheries production
meters.i While the notion and the term worth P224.7 billion reported by Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
“wetlands” is not commonly used, its Resources in 2011 showed that among every 10 fish bought:
many products are staples in the dining almost 4 came from aquaculture; 3 from marine fishermen’s
catch; over 2 from commercial fisheries, while less than half a
table of many Filipino homes.
fish came from inland fisheries.
Water – collected from various freshwater Inland Wetlands

resulting from 1000-2000 mm per year of runoff, as cited by
Kho in 2005 from the annual Philippine rainfall of 1000 to 4000
mm as per the National Water Resources Board in 2003. The
Environmental Management Bureau in 2007 reported that among
the 611 classified inland water bodies, only 34% were suitable for
water supply.
The National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016 1

Figure 1. Wetland Types
1 1 Highland Lake
2 Swamps
3 Peatland
4 Water Impound (Rice
Terraces)
5 Marsh
6 River
2 3
4 7 Irrigation (Rice Paddy)
8 Fishpond
9 Lake
10 Reservoir
11 Estuaries
12 Tidal Flats
5
13 Mangrove Forest
6 14 Seagrass Beds
7 15 Coral Reefs
8
10
11 14
12
13 15 12
13
15
Open Sea
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands marine shores, sand bars, sandy islets, and
recognizes three broad categories from the upland dune systems, estuarine and deltas; mud,
ridges to the reef as illustrated in Figure 1: sand or salt flats; tidal marshes, mangrove
1. Inland Wetlands – Aquatic-influenced swamps, coastal saline lagoon, and marine/
environments, sometimes referred to as coastal caves.
freshwater and inland waters/waterbodies 3. Human-made Wetlands – Include fish
but also include brackish water located and shrimp ponds, farm ponds, irrigated
within land boundaries: inland deltas, agricultural land, salt pans, dams and
rivers/streams/creeks including waterfalls, reservoirs, gravel pits, sewage farms and
freshwater and brackish/alkaline lakes, canals.
peatlands, freshwater marshes and swamps.
Wetlands are ecosystems that support
2. Coastal/Marine Wetlands – Wetlands biodiversity and perform an array of ecoservices
located within coastal watersheds: sea bays (Table 1).
and straits, sea-grass beds, coral reefs,
2 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau–Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Food Production of fish, wild game, fruits, and grains
Freshwater Storage and retention of water for domestic, industrial, and
agricultural use
Fiber and fuel Production of logs, fuelwood, peat, and fodder
Biochemical Extraction of medicines and other materials from biota
Genetic materials Genes for resistance to plant pathogens, ornamental species,
and so on
Climate regulation Source of and sink for greenhouse gases, influence local and
regional temperature, precipitation, and other climatic processes
Water regulation (Hydrological Groundwater recharge/discharge
flows)
Water purification and waste Retention, recovery, and removal of excess nutrients and other
treatment pollutants
Erosion regulation Retention of soils and sediments
Natural hazard regulation Flood control, storm protection
Pollination Habitat for pollinators
Spiritual and inspirational Source for inspiration, many religions attach spiritual and
religious values to aspects of wetland ecosystems
Recreational Opportunities for recreational activities
Aesthetic Many people find beauty or aesthetic value in aspects of wetland
ecosystems
Educational Opportunities for formal and informal education and training
Soil formation Sediment retention and accumulation of organic matter

Nutrient cycling Storage, recycling, processing, and acquisition of nutrients
Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005
The continued enjoyment of the products and It promotes ecotourism as a conservation

services of wetlands entail addressing a myriad of strategy that ensures inclusive growth of the
challenging concerns and acting with a sense of basic sectors dependent on the wetland resources,
immediacy. It was made clear in the 2007 report on supports collaboration with stakeholders and
impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability to climate partners to ease the pressure on the wetland
change by the International Panel on Climate ecosystem for water and food security, and
Change that species extinction rates increased by engages decision-makers to improve the resiliency
a factor of 1,000 over the last century, paving the of the wetlands as the country’s beneficent
way to the greatest wave of mass extinction of superstructures for natural and cost-effective
animal species in 65 million years. Consequently, flood control as well as greenhouse gas sink to
the Earth’s remaining species may likely be extinct reduce risk and disaster, and mitigate the impacts
by 2100. of climate change.
To proactively mitigate climate change The NWAPP 2011-2016 provides a framework
and its impacts and to push for adaptation of strategies and actions to harmonize the work
measures consistent with the goal of sustainable of government agencies with common wetland-
development, policy-making at the national and related concerns at the national, provincial and
local levels require the best available scientific local levels as well as to engage non-government
knowledge, including technical and traditional organizations, the business sector, small
knowledge. The National Wetlands Action Plan for communities and indigenous people, for the
the Philippines (NWAPP), which is integral to the management and wise use of wetlands and their
Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016,ii serves as resources for the enjoyment of their benefits by the
the guiding document for the country to promote present and future generations.
and implement science-informed strategies and
actions for the wise use of its wetlands.

I nitiatives implemented since the last National Wetlands Action Plan in 1993 were reviewed through
a national conference on wetlands and climate change, initiated by the Society for the Conservation
of Philippine Wetlands, Inc. and DENR-PAWB. Technical Working were then formed, representing
the following focal areas of concern: 1) Freshwater Wetlands; 2) Marine and Coastal Wetlands; 3)
Wetlands Policy; 4) Enabling Activities. Each group based its assessment on information compiled
and consolidated from various sources; identified the threats and challenges and determined whether
or not these were sufficiently addressed by national,
regional or local plans; designated tasks, timetable, and Some Key Reference
output targets and indicators. The last two items were
Materials Reviewed For The
a concern over the 1993 NWAPP as the review showed
that while many of the activities were implemented,
NWAPP 2011-2016
the outcomes were not assessed. Moreover, strategies 1. The 1993 National Wetlands Action Plan
needed to be updated in the light of developments and for the Republic of the Philippines
issues resulting from climate change. Development of the 2. National Action Plan for the Sustainable
NWAPP would proceed for the next 22 months in a series Use and Protection of Philippine
of stakeholder consultations (Table 2). Stakeholders and Peatlands
the groups they represent are identified in Annex D. 3. Philippine Technical Reports for
the UNEP/GEF Project: Reversing
Environmental Degradation Trends in the
South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand:
Seagrasses, Corals, Mangroves,
Wetlands
4. Proceedings of the First National Lake
Congress on Philippine Lakes
National Conference on Wetlands, Dumaguete 12-14 5. National Ecotourism Strategy
Climate Change Adaptation and City January 6. Philippine Biodiversity Conservation
Biodiversity Conservation 2009
Priorities
Luzon Stakeholders Regional Antipolo 11-12
7. Key Biodiversity Areas
Consultation City November
2010 8. National Biodiversity Strategy and
Visayas and Mindanao Stakeholders Davao City 2-3 Action Plan (NBSAP)
Regional Consultation December 9. Integrated River Basin Management and
2010 Development Plan
Integration Writeshop Quezon 6 January
10. Verde Island Passage Marine Corridor
City 2011
Management Plan Framework
Ad-Hoc Technical Working Group September
Meetings 2011 to 11. Integrated Water Resources
December Management Plan Framework
2012 12. Invasive Alien Species in the
Philippines: Status, Challenges and
Directions
13. Directory of Philippine Wetlands

T he right to a balanced and healthful ecology explicit in the 1987 Constitution iv
carries with it the moral duty of intergenerational responsibility: whereby the
current generation is bound not only to refrain from blighting the environment but
also to conserve and enhance it for subsequent generations.v If the right to a robust
environment is not to be denied of anyone who breathes on the womb of this earth,
then we can no more disown our responsibility than shear off our umbilical cord to
what is our life-sustaining inheritance or pamana.
The Philippine’s distinctive bio-geographical setting has endowed it with a
natural wealth of wetlands. As an archipelago, the second largest in the world, it
has a 36,289 sq km coastline and an estimated 2.2 sq km of archipelagic waters.
Bounded in the north by the Bashi Channel, in the east by the Pacific Ocean, in the
south by the Celebes Sea, and in the west by the West Philippine Sea, the Philippine
islands lie within the major migration route of East Asian shorebirds and numerous
other migratory waterbirds that makes it among the significant avian wintering areas
as indicated in the country report in Ramsar’s 1989 Directory of Asian Wetlands.
Its place in the Pacific ring of fire has produced a mineral-rich
depository even among its sands and beaches, and most recently
led to the explosive birth of a new crater lake in the aftermath of
Mt. Pinatubo’s eruption in 1991. Geological studies cited by Hall’s
1998 study show that the Philippines had been separated from its
neighbors by deep-sea channels for millions of years accounting
for its biodiversity, evolving distinctly and separately from its
neighbors sufficient for it to be rightly regarded as a separate
biological region, as pointed out in Mallari et al. 2001 study.

Abulog River Apayao and Cagayan Bulusan Lake Sorsogon
Cagayan River Cagayan and Isabela Jalaud River Capiz, Antique and Iloilo
Abra River Abra, Mt. Province, Lake Danao Leyte
Benguet, Ifugao
and Ilocos Sur
Agno/Amburayan River Mt. Province, La Ilog River Negros Oriental and
Union, Benguet, Ifugao, Occidental
Tarlac, Nueva Vizcaya,
Pangasinan and Ilocos
Sur
Candaba Swamp Pampanga and Bulacan Twin Lakes Negros Oriental
Umiray River Aurora, Quezon and Lake Mainit Agusan del Norte and
Bulacan Surigao del Norte
Kaliwa-Kanan River Quezon Lake Duminagat Misamis Occidental
Laguna de Bay Laguna, Manila and RizalOlangui River Lanao del Norte and
Lanao del Sur
Pasig River Manila and Rizal Lake Lanao Lanao del Sur
Tadlak Lake Laguna Lake Napalit Bukidnon
Taal Lake Batangas Agusan Marsh Agusan del Sur
Pansipit River Batangas Pulangi River Bukidnon, Maguindanao
and North Cotabato
Seven Lakes of San Pablo Laguna Agusan River Agusan del Norte and del
City Sur, Compostela
Lake Nabua Camarines Sur Ligawasan Marsh North and South
Cotabato, Maguindanao,
Sultan Kudarat
Lake Buhi/Lake Manapao/ Albay and Camarines Sur Lake Sebu and Mt. Three South Cotabato
Lake Katugday Kings
Coron Lakes Palawan Lake Maughan South Cotabato
Lake Naujan Mindoro Oriental Lake Manguao Palawan
A. Philippine Inland
Wetlands for treating wastewater from industries, mining,
and sewage. Moreover, floodplain wetlands such
Wetlands directly connected to groundwater
as lakes and freshwater marshes naturally store
regulate the quantity and quality of a vital source
and slow down floodwater, helping to protect
for drinking and agriculture. Rainwater runoff,
downstream areas from destructive flooding.
streams, and rivers carry sediments and nutrients
from fertilizers or even sewage effluent. Wetland According to the Philippine Biodiversity
vegetation filters lock up these contaminants in Conservation Priorities (PBCP), the country has
their leaves, stems and roots. These actions helps 216 lakes, 421 principal rivers, and 22 marshes,
improve water quality by: 1) preventing build-up swamps and reservoirs. The biodiversity
of toxic levels in groundwater used for drinking associated within these inland water ecosystems
purposes and; 2) preventing eutrophication is critical to food security and livelihood through
downstream, where high concentrations of fisheries and other resources. The Bureau of
nitrates and phosphates can cause the explosive Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) in
growth of algae to trigger a competition for its 2011 Philippine Fisheries Profile considers
dissolved oxygen as well as block out light in water the following, according to fishery resources
needed by other aquatic plants and animals to ,as the country’s Inland Resources: 1) Swamps
survive. This natural functions notably for inland 246,063 ha. with freshwater at 106,328 ha. and
wetlands, has proven to be more cost-effective brackishwater at 139,735 ha.; 2) Existing fishpond
than conventionally built water treatment plants 253,854 ha. with freshwater at 14,531 ha. and

brackishwater at 239,323 ha.; 3) Other Inland Resources 250,000 ha. with lakes at
200,000 ha., rivers at 31,000 ha., and reservoirs at 19,000 ha.
These inland wetlands host a multitude of organisms including 316 fish
species of which 121 are endemic and 76 are threatened. It also harbors numerous
species of waterbirds, aquatic plants and a majority of amphibians and semi-
aquatic species such as the highly endangered Philippine crocodile (Crocodylus
mindorensis) as indicated in the 4th National Report to the Convention on
Biological Diversity (2009).
Inland wetlands being mostly freshwater sources become congregating points
for human settlements. Thus while it is the most accessed, it is also accorded the
least attention among these type of wetlands of all ecosystem types. An Integrated
Lake Basin Management and an Integrated River Basin Management have been
developed for these inland wetlands.
1. Lakes
Lakes have been defined as bodies of standing water surrounded by land (Palma
2005); an inland body of water that occupies a depression (Castillo, 2005); inland
bodies of water with distinct basin or depressions that are formed by natural sinking
and rising of land Guerrero (2001) as cited by Tanduyan et al. at the Second National
Congress on Philippine Lakes (2011). Some of the major lakes in the country are:
Laguna de Bay, Lake Lanao, Taal Lake, Lake Buhi and Naujan Lake. Laguna de Bay,
the country’s largest lake with a total area of 3,813.2 sq km., is also one of Southeast
Asia’s largest inland water bodies providing various products and services for the
more than 13 million people that live in its lake basin. Lake Lanao in Lanao del Sur
is one of 17 ancient lakes in the world (EMB, 2006) and the second largest freshwater
lake in the country, a reservoir for the Agus hydroelectric power plants which generate
55-65% of Mindanao’s power (Greenpeace, 2007). Taal Lake is important for tourism
because of its high scenic value, it is also home to the “tawilis” (Sardinella tawilis), an
endemic fish considered as one of the few freshwater Sardinella in the world, as well
as the “duhol” (Hydrophis semperi), one of only three freshwater sea snakes in the
world as stated in the 4th National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity
(Republic of the Philippines, 2009). Lake Buhi has the distinction of being home to
the smallest commercial fish in the world, the “sinarapan” (Mistichthys luzonensis).
Naujan Lake in Oriental Mindoro is an important staging and wintering area for a
large number of tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) species.
2. Rivers and River Basins

River basin is an area drained by a river and its tributaries. There are 421 principal
rivers that provide various services such as means for mobility and transport of
people and goods, hydropower, recreation, and irrigation, among others. Rivers act
as waterways—the route that floodwaters take from watersheds to coastal areas.
Twenty of the country's river basins are larger than 1,000 sq km in size while 18 are
larger than 1,400 sq km. Cagayan River Basin is the largest at 25,649 sq km.
Figure 2. Major River Basins in the Philippines
3. Swamps, Marshes and Peatlands

Swamps and marshes are water-logged areas with inadequate drainage. Fed by
ground and surface water, they serve as nursery grounds for fish. While swamps are
dominated by shrub and woody plants and trees, marshes have soft-stemmed vegetation
like grass, reeds and sedges and are not as deep as swamps. On the other hand, peatlands
are characterized by the accumulation of organic matter called “peat” derived from
dead and decaying plant material under high water saturation conditions. Saturated peat
is typically up to 98% water by mass, absorbing rainfall and allowing it to percolate
more slowly into the soil, thereby reducing the speed and volume of runoff entering
streams and rivers. Healthy, intact peatlands act as storage houses for carbon gases
whereas drainage, peat extraction and burning release it into the atmosphere in the form
of yet more greenhouse gases (GHGs).
Among all the marshes, Ligawasan Marsh in Cotabato province is the largest in
area at 220,000 hectares. It is a conglomeration of three marshes: Ligawasan, Libungan
and Ebanan. Fishing is the primary means of livelihood of families in the marsh during
periods of heavy rainfall when most of the area is underwater. However, during dry
season, some 140,000 hectares dry out and are cultivated. Likewise, Ligawasan Marsh
is an important bird area and a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA #198). Consequently, about
30,000 hectares of the Marsh has been declared as a game refuge and bird sanctuary.
Candaba Swamp in Central Luzon is a vast complex of freshwater ponds, swamps
and marshes with surrounding areas of seasonally flooded grassland, arable land and
palm savanna on a vast alluvial flood plain. These wetlands are mostly privately-owned
with a very small part that is state-owned but has Peatlands have been confirmed in Sab-a basin
been classified as “alienable and disposable” land, in Leyte and in Agusan Marsh in Agusan del Sur.
thus posing a peculiar concern for conservation. Information indicates that peat is also probably
A Key Biodiversity Area (KBA #31), it is an present in Ligawasan Marsh in Mindanao,
extremely important staging and wintering area Dolongan area in Basey, Samar, Southern Leyte,
for ducks, specially in October and November Mt. Pulag in Northern Luzon, Surigao del Norte,
when the swamp regularly supports thousands Northeastern Mindanao, and Naujan Lake
of birds. Candaba Swamp acts as a natural flood Marshland as indicated in the National Action
retention basin holding wet season overflow from Plan for the Sustainable Use and Protection of
the Maasim, San Miguel, Garlang, Bulu and Philippine Peatlands prepared in 2009, which
Penaranda Rivers, and draining into the Pampanga forms an integral part of the National Wetlands
River. Its natural retention capacity is estimated at Action Plan.
approximately 1.5 billion cubic meters.
Candaba Swamp Bulacan and Pampanga Provinces, Central Luzon 32,000

Lalaguna Lamon Bay, Quezon Province, Luzon 400
Manlubas Swamp Camarines Norte, Southern Luzon unknown
Leyte-Sab-a Basin Leyte Island, Leyte Province 90,000
Hinunagan Rice Paddies Southeastern Coast of Leyte, Southern Leyte Province 5,000
Agusan Marsh Agusan del Sur Province 90,000
Ligawasan Marsh North and South Cotabato Provinces 220,000
Aju, San Dionisio and Sara Panay Island, Iloilo Province 45,000
Wetlands
Source: DENR 2009 (4th National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity)

B. Philippine Coastal and Marine Wetlands
Coastal and marine wetland ecosystems consist of coral reefs, mangroves, beach and
beach forest as well as soft bottom communities, including tidal flats, estuaries and seagrass
beds, and open water areas. These act as frontline defenses against potential devastation. The
roots of wetland plants bind the shoreline together, resisting erosion by wind and waves and
providing a physical barrier that slows down storm surges and tidal waves, thereby reducing
their height and destructive power.
One of the major strategies being implemented to manage threats to coastal and marine
resources is Integrated Coastal Management (ICM)vi. The importance of preserving coastal
habitats and other marine resources is also a priority strategy in managing threats to coastal
wetlands, including the National Plan of Action for the Coral Triangle Initiative. Meanwhile,
at least 30% of the coastal and marine ecosystems is
targeted for full protection and management to increase
resilience of coastal environment against climate change
as proposed through the UNDP-managed joint program
on Strengthening the Philippines’ Institutional Capacity
to Adapt to Climate Change (2008-2010).
1. Mangrove Forests
Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees that have adapted
to living in salt and brackish water conditions. They vary
in size from shrubs to tall trees and require slow currents
and plenty of fine sediment in which to set their roots.
They support the natural food chain by forming a link
between the land and the sea and serve as the sanctuary of
both aquatic and terrestrial wildlife (Baldevarona, 2001).
Based on 2012, satellite data validated by ground
surveys, it was determined that mangrove cover increased
from 120,000 ha. in 1995 to 210,497 ha. in 2008 ,based
on 2002 satellite data validated by ground surveys. The
upward trend makes for improved habitats for species that
depend on mangrove, which then translate to an aggregate

increase in fisheries stock and livelihoods. The seagrass diversity in the world contributing about
largest mangrove areas are found in Palawan (52, 19 species or about 55 % of the number of species
693 ha.), Northern Samar (9, 961.69 ha.), Surigao in East Asia. A total of 343 sq km of sea grass have
del Sur (16,865.14 ha.), and Bohol (14,156.37 ha.) been estimated using combined satellite images
(DENR-PAWB-CMMO, 2008). and ground surveys while the rest are based on
unvalidated satellite images. Among the sites
In 2009, a total of 2,000 ha were identified
with the widest area of seagrass beds are Puerto
under the Upland Development Program.
Princes/Honda Bay in Palawan (with 43 sq km),
Moreover, in 2010, 7,500 ha. were identified
Bolinao in Pangasinan (25 sq km) and Malampaya
under the DENR-GPOA. The National Greening
Sound in Palawan (21 sq km). The unvalidated
Program, which targets the planting of 1.5 billion
sites with the widest area of seagrass beds include
trees in 1.5 million ha. of public land in six
Sulu Archipelago (167 sq km), Northern Palawan
years (2011-2016), includes the reforestation and
(89 sq km) and Southwestern Palawan (47 sq km)
rehabilitation of coastal and mangrove areas. In
(Fortes, 2004). In the past five decades, about
its first year of implementation, a total of 8,421.18
30-40 percent of seagrass areas in the Philippines
ha. were planted with 3,161,430 seedlings in 64
have been lost. Recent data shows that seagrasses
Protected Areas, and 319.5 ha. of mangroves were
in the country are distributed over an area of about
planted with 549,730 seedlings.
27,282 sq km (Fortes, 2008). Although they are
believed to be the least studied among tropical
2. Seagrass Beds coastal ecosystems, efforts to showcase successful
Seagrasses are flowering plants specialized conservation strategies include a demonstration
to thrive completely submerged in the saline site established in Bolinao, Pangasinan and a
environment of marine and estuaries. They maintain seagrass sanctuary in Narra, Palawan.
water clarity by slowing down water velocity and
allowing for the settling of fine sediments that are 3. Coral Reefs
anchored by the seagrass roots thus, acting like a
So formidable and yet essentially miniscule,
protective layer against silting to coral reefs. They
coral reefs built over a thousand years by colonies
stabilize and hold bottom sediment, even under
of coral polyps half-an inch long are a sophisticated
the force of hurricanes and storms, thus providing
shelter and refuge to adult and young marine
animals. They also prevent coastal erosion. Half
a hectare of seagrass can produce over 10 tons of
leaves per year—a biomass that provides food,
habitat, and nursery areas for many fish species,
invertebrates, crustaceans, including marine turtles
and the Dugong dugon (sea cow). Seagrass beds
also function as organic carbon storage much like
that of forests. Studies indicate that it is considered
a globally significant carbon stock, the loss of which
could release of up to 299 Tg of organic carbon per
year (Fourqurean et al., 2012).
The Philippines has the second highest

ecosystem resulting from what is essentially a A report from PhilReefs (2008) using data
simply built animal shaped like a sack with an from biophysical monitoring in 6 biogeographic
opening for a mouth ringed with tentacles to catch regions of the Philippines-South China Sea (SCS),
prey. These coral polyps, enclosed in a calcium- also known as the West Philippine Sea, North
carbonite crust of protective corralite, have also Philippine Sea (NPS), South Philippine Sea (SPS),
built a symbiotic relationship with the single-celled Visayan Seas (VS), Sulu Sea (SS) and Celebes Sea
zooxanthellae algae (Symbiodinium species) which (CS)—provided reef survey information on the reef
live inside its host and feed on its waste. Through conditions in the country and updated the previous
photosynthesis, the algae makes 90% of the polyp’s status report by Nanola et al. in 2004. Coral reef
food and energy requirements and is responsible benthos sites, reef fish sites with fish abundance
for a coral’s vivid coloring. When the sensitive and biomass data from 52 municipalities/cities and
zooxanthellae are killed off by the warming and/ 31 provinces nationwide were used to determine
or acidification of waters from climate change, the the status of coral reef and associated reef fishes.
result is massive coral bleaching. These sites were also categorized into Marine
Protected Areas and non- MPA or outside MPAs.
The constant influx of this kind of synergy and
Findings indicated that of the 6 biogeographic
symbiotic processes within the coral reef system
zones, the SCS had the most number of MPA and
accounts for a complexity among the variety of
non-MPA sites followed by VS, SS, NPS, SPS and
reef species that make it a rich laboratory of natural
CS. Monitoring data—using hard coral cover, fish
product chemistry. Its biomedical and agricultural
abundance and fish biomass as indicators—showed
applications are vast. Fish are dependent on the
that the country still exhibits an overall declining
reef habitat to complete their life cycle, visit and
trend specially in non-MPA sites (Table 13).
use coral reefs as spawning, breeding and nursery
grounds; thus, it significantly accounts for fish In the South China Sea region, average hard
landings (UNEP, 2004). Coral reefs also buffer coral cover for both MPA and non-MPA sites
coastlines from the pounding action of waves, thus did not show much change, although there was a
also protecting other ecosystems like seagrass higher percentage of coral cover observed in MPA
beds and mangroves. As the sea levels rise, they sites. In terms of fish abundance, the Visayan Sea
provide vital protection against storm surges and and Sulu Sea regions showed a slightly decreasing
inundation. trend, while the South China Sea region showed
an increasing trend. Outside MPAs, there was
Scientists, using coral and reef fish diversity
a general decrease in trend, except for Sulu Sea
as the two major criteria, identified an area
and Celebes Sea regions which remained stable.
roughly 2% the size of the world’s ocean where
In terms of fish biomass, the Sulu Sea MPA
75% of the coral species are found. Dubbed the
sites showed a decreasing trend, the Visayan Sea
Coral Triangle—located along the equator at the
showed an increasing trend, while the South China
confluence of the Western Pacific and Indian
Sea region remained stable. Many of the non-MPA
Oceans, within the exclusive economic zones of
sites remained stable.
the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New
Guinea, Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste—it
boasts of 35% of the world’s coral reefs that exhibit
C. Human-made
climate change resilience and 40% of all coral reef Wetlands
fish species (CTI RPOA, 2008).
Human-made wetlands are principally utilized
The Philippines, alone, records species
for agriculture. They include fish and prawn ponds,
diversity identified by various authors at 468
small water impoundments, irrigated agricultural
scleractinian corals, 1,755 reef-associated fishes,
land like the rice terraces as well as salt pans,
648 species of mollusks, 19 species of seagrass
reservoirs, gravel pits, sewage farms and canals.
and 820 species of algae (Fishbase 2008, BFAR-
NFRDI-PAWB, 2005). Carpenter and Springer The Ifugao people’s engineered Banawe Rice
(2005) noted that the country is the center of the Terraces of Cordillera, a UN World Heritage site,
center of marine shore fish diversity in the world. are a 2,000 year-old prime example of sustainable
water resources management. Rain-fed farms,
particularly those in sloping/undulating areas

water fish as well as mitigate pollution to the waters of the
tourism-generating Hundred Islands while becoming a park
and recreation site was modeled from a Best Practice facility
in Thailand. Such man-made wetland can trap nitrogen and
phosphorus runoff, retain pesticides, antibiotics, and other
agricultural pollutants as well as sequester carbon dioxide.
D. Caves
Caves are natural underground voids, cavities or systems
of interconnected passages large enough to permit a human
to enter. These are found inland or in the coast or—in some
cases—tunnel from the ridge to the reef. It includes smaller
not serviced by the National Irrigation spaces like rock shelters, sea caves, and grottos. They are
Administration (NIA) systems, benefit home to specialized mineral formations as well as unique
from the development of small- and diverse flora and fauna; at least 23 species of bats, birds,
scale, on-farm type water resources reptiles and frogs recorded dwelling in Philippine caves were
management technologies undertaken found to be endemic.
by the Bureau of Soils and Water The country has more than 1,500 identified caves with
Management, which reports that as more yet to be explored and mapped. Listed under the World
of 2012 it had built 444 Small Water Heritage Site, the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River
Impounding Projects, 1,616 Small National Park in Palawan highlights a complex cavern with
Diversion Dams, and 30,000 Small unique speleothems, a 20-million-year old Serenia fossil in its
Farm Reservoirs. While these facilities walls and an 8.2 kilometer navigable underground river that
supplement irrigation for improved empties into the bay. The Tabon Caves Complex, on the other
farm productivity, they also enhance the hand, is where fossilized human remains were excavated,
environmental services of agriculture, with artifacts believed to be dating back 47,000 years to the
in terms of flood mitigation, fostering Ice Age. Four caves proclaimed under the NIPAS Act with
groundwater recharge and sediment the Protected Landscape category are Peñablanca Protected
capture. The construction of a 4,000 Landscape (Tuguegarao, Cagayan); Pamitinan Protected
sqm wetland—launched by the LGU Landscape (Rodriguez, Rizal); Calbiga Protected Landscape
of Alaminos, Pangasinan in March 19, (Northern Samar); and Banahaw San Cristobal Protected
2012 to naturally cleanse wastewater Landscape (Quezon and Laguna). Because of the increased
utilizing wetland vegetation for collection of cave resources and various human interventions,
irrigation purposes, growing fresh caves are critically in danger, despite their significance.

O ver time, resources that are owned by no one
or owned in common—thereby accessed by
all as each sees fit—rapidly deteriorates with the
Ensuring biodiversity and the continued
enjoyment of the wetland eco-services requires
informed policy-making at the national and
burgeoning rise in population. It is a story with only local levels that proactively addresses the direct
a tragic outcome in a finite biosystem (Stewart, and indirect drivers of change in the country’s
2005). Thus, arresting the trend in the matter wetlands. According to the Millenium Economic
of the country’s wetlands becomes the purview Assessment, major policy decisions in the next
of the state to deploy through its designated decades will have to address trade offs among
agents to delimit the notion of open accessvii and current uses of wetland resources and between
to establish mechanisms for the management current and future uses. Particularly important
of the wetland commons.viii In a significant trade offs involve those between agricultural
adjudication, the Supreme Court ruling in favor production and water quality, land use and
of Concerned Residents of Manila Bay whereby biodiversity, water use and aquatic biodiversity,
it issued a mandamus on December 18, 2008, and current water use for irrigation and future
ordering all concerned government agenciesix agricultural production (2005).
to coordinate in the clean-up and restoration of
Successful policy implementation in the
Manila Bay, requiring them to undertake steps,
country’s wetlands has been noted when there are
and submitting quarterly progress reports to
management structures that (a) “is locally based but
address the bay’s urgent concerns continues to
nationally endorsed, (b) understands the flexibility
even date, underscores the magnitude of the right
required in policy application thereby having the
to a balanced and healthful ecology.
ability to focus on certain regulations with the
A review of legislations and policies on
Philippine wetlands commissioned in 2005 is
indicative of the “invisibility” of the country’s
wetlands among its policy-making bodies, despite
the ecosystem’s valuable services. Many of the
regulations with direct impact on wetlands do not
make direct reference to them but instead regulate
access to natural resources, jurisdictions over
territory and management, or prohibit certain acts
relating to the areas themselves. On the other hand,
those with indirect application are an assortment
of environmental regulations that affect wetlands
allowing or restricting actions that eventually
impact many ecosystems, as well (Luna, 2005).

Republic Act 8550 Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (An Act Providing for the Development,
Management and Conservation of the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources,
Integrating All Laws Pertinent Thereto, and for other purposes)
Republic Act 7586 National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992 (An Act Providing for
the Establishment and Management of National Integrated Protected Areas
System, Defining its Scope and Coverage, and for other purposes)
Republic Act 9147 Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act (An Act Providing for the
Conservation and Protection of Wildlife Resources and Their Habitats,
Appropriating Funds Therefor and for other purposes)
Republic Act 9072 National Caves and Cave Resources Management and Protection Act. (An Act
to Manage and Protect Caves and C ave Resources and for other purposes)
Republic Act 7160 Local Government Code of 1991.(An Act Providing for a Local Government
Code of 1991)
Republic Act 9275 Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (An Act Providing for a Comprehensive
Water Quality Management and for other purposes)
Republic Act 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (An Act Providing for an
Ecological Solid Waste Management Program, Creating the Necessary
Institutional Mechanisms and Incentives, Declaring Certain Acts Prohibited and
Providing Penalties, Appropriating Funds Therefor, and for other purposes)
Executive Order 533 Adopting Integrated Coastal Management as a National Strategy to Ensure the
Sustainable Development of the Country’s Coastal and Marine Environment and
Resources and Establishing Support Mechanisms for its Implementation (2006)
Executive Order 578 Establishing the Policy on Biological Diversity, Prescribing its Implementation
Throughout the County, Particularly in the Sulu Sulawesi Marine Ecosystem
and Verde Island Passage Marine Corridor (2006)
Executive Order 797 Adopting the Coral Triangle Initiative National Plan of Action
Republic Act 9729 Climate Change Act of 2009 (An Act Mainstreaming Climate Change into
Government Policy Formulations, Establishing the Framework Strategy and
Program on Climate change, Creating for this Purpose the Climate Change
Commission, and for other Purposes)
Executive Order111 Establishing the Guidelines for Ecotourism Development in the Philippines
Executive Order 798 Transferring the Philippine Reclamation Authority from the Department of Public
Works and Highways to the Department of Environment and Natura l Resources
(May 29, 2009)
Executive Order 672 Defining and Clarifying the Responsibilities of the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources (DENR) and Philippine Reclamation Authority (PRA) in
the Approval and Implementation of Reclamation Projects Nationwide
greatest impact, and (c) has consensus-building The NWAPP is linked to and supportive of
mechanism and participation among the multiple national, regional and international initiatives.
users of the resource.” Thus, a National Wetlands At the national level, it provides a framework
Policy to rationalize laws and policies on access to of strategies and actions to harmonize the
wetland resources, management jurisdiction and work of government agencies with common
enforcement is envisioned that allows for a menu wetland-related concerns (Table 6); it is linked
of options that institutions working closely at the to the Philippine Development Plan 2011-
ground-level can swiftly and appropriately use in 2016 and is cognizant of the thrusts of the
order to protect specific wetland areas and their Philippine Government. On the other hand, the
associated ecosystems. (Luna, 2005) international level supports the implementation

of the commitments to the following Conventions on International Trade of Endangered Species of
and Treaties, among others: Convention on Wild Flora and Fauna, United Nations Convention
Biological Diversity, Ramsar Convention on on Combating Desertification, United Nations
Wetlands, Convention on the Conservation of Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Migratory Species of Wild Animals, Convention
DepEd /
DENR DA DFA DILG DOST DOT DOTC DPWH CHED / DND DOE DOH NEDA
TESDA
Conservation
& Natural
Resources
Management
Ecosystems-
based
Management
Watershed
Management
River basin
Management
Marine &
Coastal
Resources
Management
Research &
Extension
Water Quality
/ Water
Pollution
Groundwater
Resources
Water
distribution
Sewerage and
Sanitation
Recreation /
Tourism
Mineral
Resources
Agricultural
Use & Fish
Production
Domestic &
Industrial Use
Territorial
waters
Flood control
and Drainage
Energy
Resources
Socio-
economic
development
Reclamation
Water
transport

A. Designation as Wetland of International
Importance
T he honorific title of being a Ramsar Site is conferred to wetlands designated

under the Ramsar Convention’s List of Wetlands of International Importance,
which aims to develop and maintain an international network of wetlands which are
important for the conservation of global biological diversity and for sustaining human
life through the maintenance of their ecosystem components, processes and benefits/
services. For contracting parties like the Philippines, it effectively calls to prominence
these “invisible” ecosystems for its wise use as a national patrimony.
B. Establishing Conservation Areas

National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS)
Enshrined in Republic Act 7586, which became law on June 1992, the NIPAS ensures
the “In Situ” conservation of biological diversity through the appropriate management
of ecologically important areas for conservation and sustainable development. After 20
years, the legal framework was subjected to review to address certain provisions, which
are in conflict with other environment laws. There were 202 identified initial components
of the NIPAS. Among the 202 identified initial components to date—comprising
of proclaimed national parks, game
refuge and wildlife sanctuaries, nature
Philippine Ramsar Sites
reserves, wilderness areas, mangrove
reserves, watershed reservations, fish 1. Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS), located almost
at the center of the Agusan River Basin, is comprised of
sanctuaries, protected landscapes a vast complex of freshwater marshes and water courses
and seascapes, among others— including 59 lakes that acts as the catchment basin for
112 protected areas were formally waters flowing from the surrounding areas of Compostela
Valley, Agusan del Norte and Agusan del Sur, and
proclaimed by the President under the Bukidnon. One of the initial components of the NIPAS, it
System covering 3.54 million hectares. became Ramsar site No. 1009 on Nov. 12, 1999 and is also
Nonetheless only 13 protected areas considered as a Key Biodiversity Area (site #180). It hosts
one of the very few known peat forests, with its invaluable
were officially declared by law as part role as carbon sink. Ramsar site no. 1009, 12/11/99
of the NIPAS. 2. Naujan Lake National Park (NLNP) in the northeast coast
of the province of Oriental Mindoro, is the fifth largest lake in
Identification of the Philippines at 14 kilometers long and 6 kilometers wide, a
productive freshwater fishing site, and the central feature of
Biodiversity Naujan Lake National Park, a 2,175-hectare area of marshes
Conservation and forest established in 1956 boasts a rich biodiversity.
Endemic species in Naujan Lake include the amphibian
Priorities Rana magna, and the mammal Ptenochirus jagori. Ramsar
site no. 1008, 12/11/99
One significant tool utilized in 3. Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park
conservation action works by focusing (PPSRNP) on the west coast of Palawan serves as a
on its key components: the individual catchment to the Cabayugan River that flows down the
slopes of Mt. Bloomfield. It is cited for the successful turn-
species at the greatest risk of extinction, over of wetlands management from national to local with the
and the specific sites and landscapes that participation of the Batak and Tagbanua whose ancestral
are most important for their protection. domains were included from the initial 3,900 has. to cover
22,000 has. Among others, it is a designated UNESCO
The tool, called Key Biodiversity
World Heritage Site and Biosphere Reserve, became one
Area (KBA) helps in directing scant of the New 7 Wonders of Nature in November 11, 2011,
resources to where they can, and while and was cited by the World Wildlife Fund’s Global Report
cited for containing the richest tree flora, with high levels
they still can make a difference. KBA

strategies, including the enforcement
of regional and local endemism and for having the largest
and most valuable limestone forest in Asia.1 Ramsar site no.
of applicable environmental laws and
2084, 30/06/12 prohibited acts such as waste dumping,
4. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP) in the middle of the mineral extraction, quarrying, burning
Sulu Sea covers an area of almost 100,000 hectares of high and logging.
quality marine habitats containing three atolls and a large
area of deep sea which contains about 10,000 hectares of The endemic and threatened Anas
coral reefs. A UNESCO World Heritage Site and nominated luzonica (Philippine duck) along with
one of the new seven wonders of nature— it is located at
the apex of the Coral Triangle, supporting over 359 species the other species of wild fauna and flora
of corals equivalent to about 80% of all coral species are protected within the 26.93 hectare
in the Philippines. TRNP plays a key role in the process Cabusao Wetland Critical Habitat in the
of reproduction, dispersal and colonization by marine
organisms in the whole Sulu Sea system, and helps support municipality of Cabusao, Camarines.
fisheries outside its boundaries (Campos et al. 2007). Most Similarly, the Malasi Tree Park and
of its seabird species are threatened at either the national Wildlife Sanctuary situated in Brgy. San
or regional levels (Jensen, 2008). Ramsar site no. 1010,
12/11/99 Antonio in the Municipality of Cabagan,
5. Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary (OIWS) in the City of Isabela was declared a Critical Habitat
Lapu-lapu, Cebu Province, is a 920-hectare area located in for Waterbird species while a Critical
the Olango Island Group in the Central Visayas region. Its Habitat for Rafflesia schadenbergiana
surrounding reef flat-lagoon is considered one of the most
extensive reef areas in the Central Visayas at 4,482 hectares was declared at Sitio Kalanganan, San
of extensive sandy beach, rocky shoreline, inshore flats, Vicente, Baungon, Bukidnon. Threatened,
seagrass beds, coral reefs, mangrove forest, mudflats, and restricted-range and congregatory
salt marsh grass. It is also one of the Important Bird Areas
(IBA) in the Philippines (Mallari, 2001), hosting more than half species of birds including the vulnerable
of the 77 species of migratory birds that use the East-Asian resident bird species Philippine Duck
Austral-Asian flyways. Ramsar site no. 656, 01/07/94 (Anas luzonica) which breeds at the site
are protected in a 175-hectare coastal
identification in the Philippines is based on the urban or a peri-urban wetland and bird sanctuary
117 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) identified for the in the Las Piñas–Parañaque Critical Habitat and
country by the Haribon Foundation and Birdlife Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA). To date, there are
International, and the 206 Conservation Priority four (4) critical habitats established with a total
Areas (CPAs) identified through the Philippine area of 382.237 ha.
Biodiversity Conservation Priority-setting
Program. The species, determined with a risk
Establishing Marine Protected
parameter, gives a “face” to the conservation site Areas
and becomes a baseline to gauge the success of the The establishment of Marine Protected Areas
investment. Identifying KBAs paves the way for (MPAs), essentially protected no-take zones,
site-scale, conservation-focused investment targets are an important strategy of Integrated Coastal
that can be implemented for globally significant Management (ICM), which is established via
ecosystems and species. Among the country’s a local ordinance through RA 7586, “National
wetlands, seven (7) lakes have been considered Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS)
KBAs while another 14 are listed as Candidate Key Act,” or through RA 8550, “The Fisheries Code”.
Biodiversity Areas (CKBA).x Nonetheless, to be truly effective, these small,
community-controlled MPAs must be incorporated
Designation of Critical into broader management regimes for overall
Habitats fishing effort reduction and networking of MPAs.
Critical habitats are designated to hasten Thus was established the Marine Protected Area
protection of a threatened species pursuant to the Support Network (MSN), a multi-sectoral alliance
Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection of government and non-government organizations
Act of 2001 (RA 9147). The Wildlife Act mandates that aims to support MPA initiatives through
the joint preparation and implementation of complimentary collaborative efforts at the local,
a Critical Habitat Management Plan by the regional and national level based on the Phil.
concerned DENR Region Office and the local Marine Sanctuary Strategy (PhilMarSaSt) and
government to address management issues and the Philippine Coral Reef Information Network

(PhilReefs) for the full protection of coastal areas. It identified that among more than
500 existing MPAs (UPMSI database, 2007), only 10-15% are effectively managed.
C. Recognizing Best Practices through

Conservation Awards
Individuals, people’s organizations or non-government organizations, and local
government units with significant contributions to the wise-use of the country’s
wetlands are being recognized every five years under the Philippine since the
Philippine Wetlands Conservation Awards (PWCA), organized under the PAWB-
DENR, were begun in 2004. On the other hand, the Marine Protected Areas (MPA)
Awards and Recognition (MAR) dubbed as “Para el MAR”, organized by the Marine
Protected Areas (MPA) Support Network (MSN) and the Deutsche Gesellschaft
für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH to recognize outstanding MPA
management in the Philippines was begun in 2007. The Ramsar Wetland Conservation
Awards, which recognizes the work of governments, organisations and individuals
in promoting the wise use and conservation of wetlands in the fields of Education,
Management and Science honors awardees every three years since 1996.
Luzon Individual Prof. Victor S. Soliman

(Bicol University)
Local Organization Brgy. Tadlac FARMC
(Los Baños, Laguna)
Local Government Unit Municipality of Bolinao,
Pangasinan
Visayas Local Organization Banacon Fisherfolks & Mangrove
Planters Association
(Getafe, Bohol)
Local Government Unit Municipality of Inabanga, Bohol
Mindanao Local Organization Danao Bay Resource
Management Organization
(Baliangao, Misamis Occidental)
Local Government Unit Municipality of Linamon, Lanao Barangay Berong,
del Norte Quezon, Palawan
Luzon Local Government Unit Municipality of Prieto Diaz, Municipality of Bani,

Sorsogon Pangasinan
Visayas Local Government Unit Municipality of Amlan, Negros Municipality of Bais,
Oriental Negros Oriental
**1st PWCA, Judges: Mr. Victor O. Ramos, Dr. Perry S. Ong, Dr. Rafael S. Guerrero III; Sponsors: San Miguel
Corporation, Unilever
***2nd PWCA, Judges: Dr. Rafael Guerrero II, Ms. Elisea Gozun, Dr. Gil Jacinto; Sponsors: San Miguel Corporation,
Ford Foundation, Manila Water
D. Other Wetland Conservation Programs

and Projects
Predators and endemic species are indicative of the state of a wetland. Thus
programs protective of iconic top predators and endangered species may include
captive breeding while restoration and protection of their natural habitat is undertaken.
Laguna de Bay, an important water and fishery resource of Metro Manila, as well
as its tributary, the Pasig River, which connects it to Manila Bay have site-specific
management programs. From the ridge—reforestation programs, to the reef—coastal
management programs are undertaken to increase the resiliency of the country’s
wetlands (Table 7).

DENR-PAWB Pawikan The foraging habitats of marine turtles are considered Critical
Conservation Project Habitats. The PCP formulates and implements conservation and
(PCP) protection policies, management and propagation schemes as
well as massive information and education program to ensure the
survival and growth of the country’s marine turtle resources. It
maintains the hatcheries in Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary
(TIWS) in Tawi-Tawi, and in Nagbalayong, Morong, Bataan.
Philippine Crocodile The program entails the breeding and eventual release in
Program protected habitats of the —a freshwater
species, considered the most endangered crocodile in the world
by the IUCN/SSC Crocodile Specialist Group—as well as the
, an estuarine or saltwater species considered
threatened. It includes and programs within as well
as outside the Philippines in partnership with various zoological
institutions in North America, Australia and New Zealand.
The Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center continues its
maintenance and protection of the two (2) species of crocodiles
and their habitats. To date, the Center maintains 312 heads of
and 444 heads of
Laguna de Bay Community It promotes the sustainable use of natural resources in the
Watershed Rehabilitation watershed and facilitated long-term improvement in local
Project (2006-2008) livelihoods. The Laguna Lake Development Authority together with
the National Power Corporation, and Caliraya, Botocan and
Kalayaan Power Company implemented the BioCarbon funded
project, aimed at sequestering and conserving carbon in forest
and agroecosystems.
Community-based Forest It ensures the sustainable development, protection and utilization
and Mangrove of forest resources (including mangroves) and the participation of
Management Project forest dwellers and local communities in forest management in
(2009-2015) four projects in Leyte, Negros, Panay, with the participation of the
DENR, Provincial and Municipal Local Government Units, the
Land Bank of the Philippines and the support of Deutsche
Forestservice GMBH.
National Greening Nationwide reforestation program via Executive Order No. 23 to
Program (2011-2016) establish 1.5 billion trees covering 1.5 million hectares for
productivity in the uplands, self-sufficiency in wood and forest
products, economic security, and environmental stability.
Pasig River Rehabilitation The objective is to attain a Class C water quality and the renewal,
Program (1996 to present) redevelopment and upgrading of its surrounding urban
environment. All cities and municipalities along the river and
several government departments, coordinated under the Pasig
River Rehabilitation Commission, are involved with the strong
private sector and civil society presence.
Integrated Coastal The framework followed is the “ridge to reef” approach for
Resource Management sustainably managing the coastal resources of 80 municipalities in
Project (2007-2013) the provinces of Cagayan, Zambales, Romblon, Masbate, Cebu,
Siqiujor and Davao Oriental and to increase the income of the fisher
folks by providing them greater access to livelihood opportunities.
The DENR implements the project with the Bureau of Fisheries
and Aquatic Resources and the Municipal Development Fund
Office.
Manila Bay Project to This is in compliance to the continuing mandamus issued by the
Implement the Operational Supreme Court, the DENR–CALABARZON, NCR, and Region III
Plan for the Manila Bay offices, together with other public and private entities collaborate
Coastal Strategy (2000- for the cleaning, restoration, and preservation of Manila Bay.
2015)
Adopt - an Estero/Water A collaborative undertaking among communities along the
Body Program , creeks and rivers, LGUs, private sector and the DENR to
clear up the wastes, debris, and silt and ensure its unimpeded flow
during the rainy season; institutionalize waste management
practices through education and actual participation; reduce
pollution loading to the rivers and to Manila Bay. By July 2012, a
total of 315 Memorandums of Agreement had been forged for the
clean-up of 168 / waterbodies nationwide.

E. Some Existing Management Plans and Initiatives
Management plans, to date, that are being applied in various wetland types of the country at different
stages of implementation (Table 8).
RIVER BASINS The Philippines adopts an Integrated Water Resources Management

(IWRM) as a process and approach to water resources management with
broad emphasis to basin level management, in general, and for specific
priority basins, in particular. At the basin level, the National Integrated
River Basin Management and Development Framework Plan has been
prepared by the RBCO to provide guidance and directions for action-
oriented planning at the basin level.
PEATLANDS A National Action Plan for the Sustainable Use and Protection of
Philippine Peatlands prepared in 2009 focused on: 1) awareness raising
and capacity-building; 2) protecting peatlands with high conservation
values; 3) setting up of appropriate institutional structure and; 4)
developing sustainable peatlands management strategies.
CORALS The Philippines’ commitment to the Coral Triangle Initiative is expressed
in its National Plan of Action (NPOA), contained in Executive Order 797,
“Adopting the Coral Triangle Initiative Plan of Action” enacted in May
2009. Its objectives are to eventually contribute to achieving higher level
outcomes of sustaining coral reef ecosystems and services, establishing
sustainable fisheries production and improved food security. It also
provides for the coordinating mechanism between the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and the Department of
Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR) and
established the CTI National Coordinating Committee (NCC) consisting of
government agencies with functions relevant to NPOA implementation.
CAVES Under Republic Act 9072, the “National Caves and Cave Resources
Management and Protection Act of 2001”, the DENR is tasked to
formulate, develop and implement a national program for the
management, protection and conservation of caves and cave resources,
with the National Museum, National Historical Institute, the Department of
Tourism, and Local Government Units concerned. Policies supportive of
RA 9072 include: (a) Cave Act Implementing Rules and Regulations (DAO
2003-29); (b) Cave Classification Guidelines and Manual (DMC 2007-04);
and (c) Guidelines in Treasure Hunting in Caves (DAO 2007-34). RA 9072
also provided for the drafting of Cave Management Plan based on the
classification of that particular cave.

“For many of us, water simply flows from a faucet, and we think little about it beyond
this point of contact. We have lost a sense of respect for the wild river, for the
complex workings of a wetland, for the intricate web of life that water supports.”
– Sandra Postel
Freshwater Fellow of the National Geographic Society
T he diversity of life animates a worshipful

attitude and elicits a sense of wonder and
affirmation to humanity’s connectedness to this
A. Policy-related issues
Overlapping and conflicting policies related to:
biosphere. Celebrating biodiversity moves away
1. Land use
from a short-term, self-orientedness to a more
far-reaching, outward-orientedness committed to – Claims of ownership and access over
vulnerable wetland areas
doing everything it can to better the greater whole.
– Fraudulent titles, Inappropriate tenure
Addressing threats to the country’s wetlands instruments, reversion of fishpond lease
requires nothing less than a missionary zeal. It agreements
entails remedial policy work at the national as – Abandoned underdeveloped, undeveloped
well as rational and dutiful law enforcement at fishponds
the local level, making an inventory and taking – Inadequate tenurial instruments for
stock of the capacities and adaptability of the mangroves declared as alienable &
very wetland resources that are the country’s disposable
best defenses against climate change, narrowing – Illegal water use
down to inland and coastal and marine wetlands – Non-observance of easement and buffer
to be prioritized, containing the spread of exotic zones for urban areas, agricultural areas,
species while re-establishing endemic species forest areas
and capacitating stakeholders so that they can – Illegal reclamation
significantly contribute to effectively monitor,
2. Raw water discharges and sewage from
promote sustainable use and alternative livelihoods industrial and domestic pollution sources
including ecotourism as well as increase the 3. Gap in vulnerability of low-lying areas
resilience of wetlands. to inform climate change-related policy
decisions
Needless to say, a solid partnership with
LGUs furthers wetland advocacy the most.
Thus, a conscientious education and sustained
B. Inland Wetland Issues
awareness campaign, directed particularly at the 1. Knowledge gaps in bio-physical and
local level, completes the NWAPP. Reversing the socio-cultural, cultural including tenurial
attitude of regarding wetlands as wastelands in status assessment and monitoring of
inland wetlands
which to dump waste or to drain and build on or
2. Knowledge gaps in capacity of
abandon if it is deemed unproductive for agri or
stakeholders in preparing management
aqua culture shall entail sustained advocacy that plans and in the carrying capacity of
includes funding of wetland-related activities, priority freshwater wetlands
engaging local educational institutions as well as
documenting and promoting best practices.

3. Challenges of priority inland wetlands – Lack of adequate watershed protection
– Presence of settlements with resulting and plantation management capability
problems in sanitation and waste disposal – Marginalization of native species in
– Deforestation of upland and mangrove reforestation
forests – Undetermined value of peatlands for
– Lack of soil conservation appropriate for climate change mitigation
wetlands – Gaps in carbon sequestration functions of
– Chemical pollution from industry and specific wetlands
domestic sources 5. Untapped potential of ecotourism as a
– Biological pollution (introduction of conservation and anti-poverty strategy for
exotic species) inland wetlands
– Prevalent practice of drainage for 6. Unsustainable aquaculture practices
agriculture (esp. peatlands) – Invasion of exotic species in inland
wetlands
– Increasing saltwater intrusion;
contamination of freshwater sources – Undetermined vulnerability of inland
aquaculture to climate change
4. Climate change vulnerabilities
– Gap in vulnerability assessment of
wetlands and wetland species in priority
lakes rivers, marshes
– Gap in vulnerability of migratory birds

C. Coastal and Marine
Wetland Issues
1. Gaps in bio-physical and socio-
cultural, cultural including tenurial Some of the Invasive Exotic Species
status assessment and monitoring of
selected priority coastal and marine
Already in Philippine Wetlands
wetlands About 93% of exotic species are fish, 2.67% mollusks and the
2. Challenges of degraded coastal and rest are crustaceans, frogs and turtles. They are primarily used
marine wetlands for ornamental (76%), food (21%) and biological control (2%).
– Deterioration of mangroves and – Mosquito fish Gambusia affinis
beach areas – Snakehead Ghanna striata (Ophicephalus striatus)
– Declining fish catch in coastal and – Common carp Cyrinus carpio
marine wetlands – Mossambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus
3. Untapped potential of ecotourism – Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

as a conservation and anti-poverty – Crucian carp Carassius carassius
strategy for coastal and marine – Freshwater mussel Cristaria plicata
wetlands: – Janitor fish
– Data gaps in carrying-capacity for – (Liposarcus disjunctivus; Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus)
ecotourism Weber, 1991
– Technical groundwork to – (Liposarcus pardalis; Pterygoplichthys pardalis)
masterplanning, piloting and Castelnau, 1855
marketing of coastal and marine – Thai catfish Clarias batrachus
wetlands for ecotourism – Golden Apple snail Pomacea cananiculata
4. Unsustainable aquaculture practices – Guapote tigre Parachromis managuensis
5. Data gaps on vulnerability on flora

and fauna to sea level rise and other
Potential Exotic Species in Philippine Wetlands
climate change impacts – Java barb or tawes Barbodes gonionotus
6. Continuing threats to endangered – Red piranha Pygocentrus nattereri
species – African catfish Clarias gariepinus
7. Inadequate coastal and marine law – Giant snakehead Channa micropeltes
enforcement – Arapaima Arapaima gigas
– Red-bellied pacu Picaractus brachypomus
– White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
– Australian redclaw Cherax quadricarinatus
– Lousiana crayfish Procambarus clarkia
Source: Cagauan, 2007

Definition based on the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Wildlife
i
Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 as adopted from the

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (Joint DENR-DA-PCSD Administrative Order
No. 01 dated May 18, 2004 of Republic Act No. 9147)
ii
Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 states in Chapter 10: Conservation,
Protection and Rehabilitation of the Environment and Natural Resources, under
Goal 1 of Improved Conservation, Protection and Rehabilitation of Natural
Resources, for the Rehabilitation of important habitats such as wetlands; To
manage priority wetlands for food production, water conservation and disaster
mitigation
iii
Section 16, Article II of the 1987 Constitution states: “The State shall protect
and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in
accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.”
iv
The concept of intergenerational responsibility was first expounded on timber
licensing agreements in Oposa et al. v Factoran, GR No. 101083 (30 July 1993)
v
ICM addresses the interlinkages among associated watersheds, estuaries and
wetlands, and coastal seas by all relevant national and local agencies, civil
society and the private sector. ICM involves strategies on habitat, fisheries,
shoreline, and waste management, enterprise and livelihood development,
sustainable coastal tourism, coastal zoning, legal and institutional development,
and risk/coastal hazard management. An important strategy for ICM in the
Philippines is the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) to increase
fish stock and prevent overfishing. These are established via a local ordinance
through the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act (RA
7586 ) or through the Fisheries Code (RA 8550).
vi
Since the Philippine Constitution and the Water Code of the Philippines
(Presidential Decree No. 1067) both declare wetlands as part of the public
domain and are inalienable. Open access is delimited for large-scale use as to
be undertaken directly by the state or in joint-venture arrangements as well as
through 25-year fore shore leases. Whereas for small-scale use, access remains
open to subsistence fishers and cooperatives. Through the Local Government
Code, the Sangguniang Bayan or local councils have jurisdiction over wetlands
in their area. While wetlands that are part of ancestral domain become the
communal private ownership of the corresponding indigenous people-group.
(Luna, 2005)

vii
As pointed out by Luna, among the state’s relevant instrumentalities as owner
of the wetland commons are: RA 8850, the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998
which defines municipal waters and designates the Fisheries and Aquatic
Resource Management Council (FARMC) which has advisory capacity and
consent requirements; RA 7586, the National Integrated Protected Areas
System Act of 1992 which designate Protected Area Management Board
(PAMB) for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development although
lack of appropriation cripples its functions; RA 9275, the Clean Water Act of
2007 which designated the Water Quality Management Areas (WAQMA) that
are managed by governing boards which are funded by water quality discharge
fees collected in the area and are thus regarded as the ideal management
structure to regulate point and non-point sources of pollution that end up in
wetlands.
viii
The petitioners include the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
(MMDA), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR),
Department of Education (DepEd), Department of Health (DOH), Department
of Agriculture (DA), Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH),
Department of Budget and Management ((DBM), Philippine Coast Guard
(PCG), the Philippine National Police Maritime Group, and the Department of
the Interior and Local Government (DILG) to address urgent threats to Manila
Bay: (1) informal settlers along waterways; (2) solid waste management; and (3)
liquid waste management.

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Vision for the NWAPP (2011-2016)
By 2016, priority wetlands in the Philippines are sustainably managed
by empowered stakeholders, based on a Management Plan that was
formulated and implemented through a participatory manner.
Mission Statement
To provide an effective framework and integrating tool for the conservation and wise
use of Philippine wetlands, in support of the overall sustainable goals of the country.
Aim
The NWAPP 2011-2016 serves as an effective framework and integrating tool for
the conservation and wise use of Philippine wetlands, in support of the overall
sustainable development goals of the country.
Objectives
– To harmonize and strictly enforce existing policies affecting the use of
wetlands.
– To increase the awareness of key stakeholders on the importance of
wetlands and effect a change in their behavior towards these ecosystems.
– To enhance the capacity of stakeholders, so that they are more capable of
implementing wetland conservation measures.
– To promote collaboration among stakeholders for effective wetland
management; and
– To establish comprehensive monitoring systems to ensure that wetlands are
conserved, well managed, and wisely used
Thematic Areas and Goals

Setting the overall direction of the NWAPP are the General Strategies which were
grouped into four thematic areas, according to their primary focus of interventions
and their supporting goals.
They are the following:
Over all Goal: Sustainable utilization of wetlands in the Philippines.
Thematic Area 1: Wetlands Policy

Goal: Clear policy on wetlands conservation including its wise use.
1. Review of existing land use and management of wetlands

2. Implement existing policies and recommended interventions
3. Integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation measures into relevant
plans and policies

Thematic Area 2: Inland 3. Prepare, adopt and implement a
Wetlands Communication, Education, Participation,
and Awareness (CEPA) Action Plan
Goal: Sustainable utilization of freshwater
wetlands ecosystem 4. Capacity development and enhancement
5. Develop and/or implement innovative
1. Establish baseline data and conduct bio-
methods, tools and technologies for wetland
physical and socio-cultural assessment and
management
monitoring of freshwater wetlands (using
ridge to reef framework)
2. Prepare and implement management plans
Outcomes
for priority freshwater wetlands in the The overall outcome of the successful
country implementation of the NWAPP 2011-2016 is that
3. Rehabilitate priority freshwater wetlands wetlands in the country are ecologically intact, and
4. Implement climate change mitigation and thus, are able to provide products, functions and
adaptation strategies services for the benefit of the people and nature.
5. Promote ecotourism as a conservation Specific outcomes include the following:
strategy for freshwater wetlands
q Wetlands in the country are ecologically
6. Implement sustainable aquaculture
healthy and continuously provide
practices in freshwater wetlands
products, functions and services.
Thematic Area 3: Coastal and q Resilient and stable coastal and marine
Marine Wetlands wetland ecosystems
Goal: Sustainable utilization of coastal and q Resilient and stable inland wetland
marine ecosystems ecosystems
1. Establish baseline data and conduct bio- q Priority wetlands in the country are
physical and socio-cultural assessment and managed well and used wisely.
monitoring of freshwater wetlands (using
ridge to reef framework) Guiding Principles
2. Rehabilitate degraded coastal and marine
The NWAPP is anchored on the building
wetlands
of a strong sense of ownership by the country’s
3. Promote ecotourism as a conservation stakeholders and the establishment of collaborative
strategy for coastal and marine wetlands partnerships and inclusion of the private sector and
4. Implement sustainable aquaculture civil society. It employs a localized approach to
practices management and community-based participation.
5. Research and development Premised on the larger framework of sustainable
6. Establish critical habitat for threatened/ development, the prevention of harm and the
endangered species continuity of a healthful ecology for the subsequent
7. Improve coastal and marine law generation, the NWAPP is a commitment to take
enforcement responsibility for the continued enjoyment of the
country’s wetland resources.
Thematic Area 4: Enabling Ownership of the NWAPP is critical in the
Strategies success of its implementation. The NWAPP
is recognized in the Philippine Development
Goal: Increased awareness of key Plan 2011-2016 and is primarily a blueprint
stakeholders on the importance of wetlands for strategies and actions for the conservation
and increased capacity to implement and wise use of wetlands in the country that
wetland conservation measures each sector or stakeholder can implement as
1. Compile and organize information on they see fit and within their capacities.
Philippine wetlands and make these Collaborative Partnerships at the national,
accessible to stakeholders regional, and local levels. These partnerships
are to be driven by the DENR with support
2. Knowledge management from the other concerned government

agencies. Since the NWAPP was formulated on scientific/ecological theory.
jointly by key stakeholders, champions from
Application of adaptive management
the private sector and civil society as well
entails a degree of flexibility. The NWAPP
as from international organizations shall be
shall be subject to monitoring and periodic
tapped for the successful implementation
review and revised accordingly. It allows
of the NWAPP 2011-2016. This will entail
for modification through the years with
joint activities and require continuous
acquisition of more knowledge and tools,
and effective information, education and
challenges encountered on the field, even by
communication dissemination activities for
new stakeholders. Thus, it must adapt to the
its successful implementation.
changes within its timeframe.
Linkages to Regional and International
Upholds the Constitutionally-guaranteed
Initiatives are to be formed in line with its
right and responsibility to a balanced and
implementation, in particular the Global
healthful ecology that carries with it the moral
and National Agenda 21, Convention on
duty of intergenerational responsibility. The
Biological Diversity, Ramsar Convention,
NWAPP is this generation’s commitment to
Convention on Migratory Species, UN
the wise use of the country’s rich endowment
Framework Convention on Climate Change,
of wetland resources and its enhancement
UN Convention to Combat Desertification
for subsequent generations.
and Land Degradation, Convention on
International Transport of Endangered
Species. ASEAN Working Group on Nature Strategic Action
Conservation and Biodiversity, ASEAN
Working Group on Coastal and Marine Strategies have been developed for each
Environment, and the ASEAN Working Thematic Area and Goal. These actions took into
Group on Water, among others. consideration the following factors:
The Three Pillars of Sustainable Deve-
1. Existing structures, measures or
lopment, as first stated during the Rio Earth
mechanisms in place;
Summit in 1992, are built on: 1) Environmental
Protection; 2) Social Development and; 2. Perceived importance of need;
3) Economic Development. The NWAPP 3. Availability of resources to implement the
promotes this convergence, whereby natural identified action; and
resource conservation, poverty alleviation, 4. Potential of collaboration and cooperation
and business development are addressed with partners.
simultaneously and treated with equal
importance. Activities required to implement each strategy
The Precautionary principle, which main- have been tabulated* with a timeframe, the
tains that the absence of full scientific implementing partner/s (agencies or organizations)
certainty shall not be used as a reason for and the expected outputs. Output indicators
postponing decisions when faced with the
threat of serious or irreversible harm, shall are likewise identified for each of the strategic
be applied to the development of options action to facilitate the effective monitoring and
and policies for the NWAPP. Before there evaluation of plan implementation, its overall
is solid evidence of harm, measures shall performance and impact (*Tabulated NWAPP
be undertaken to reduce potential hazards 2011-2016 follows this section).
or preclude disasters. Cost-benefit analysis
of action and inaction shall be utilized to
recommend actions to reduce potential Priority Wetlands in the
risk and undertake further research and
monitoring to detect hazards.
NWAPP 2011-2016
Informed decision-making through To optimize resources and achieve maximum
science-based data, appropriate technology impacts and outcomes from the activities in
and environmental education. The NWAPP
enables policy-making at the national and the NWAPP, priority wetlands for the period
local levels by requiring the best available covered have been identified, based on a set of
scientific knowledge, including technical criteria agreed upon during the TWG meetings
and traditional knowledge. Granted that and confirmed by the consultations. Annex A
the effects of various factors on the wetland lists down priority coastal and marine wetlands
resources may not be apparent, the collection
and analysis of data enables planners to as well as inland wetlands, based on the criteria
refine management objectives, evaluate and used for designating KBAs and the PBCP. Based
implement corresponding measures based on these criteria, additional wetland areas were

Candaba Swamp Batanes Islands Protected Landscape and Seascape
Lalaguna Marsh Babuyanes Islands
Naujan Lake Buguey Wetlands
Coron Lake Manila Bay
Lake Maguao Pagbilao and Tayabas Bay
Puerto Princesa Subterranian River National Park Ragay Gulf
Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary Mactan,Kalawisan, Cansaga Bay
Lake Lanao Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park
Ligawasan Marsh Polillo Island
Caramoan Peninsula
Puerto Galera
Ursula Island
Balabac Group of Islands
Northwest Panay Peninsula Natural Park
Olango Island
Biliran and Maripipi Island
Siargao Island Protected Land and Seascape
Tawi–tawi Island
Simunul and Manuk Manka Islands
Sibutu and Tumindao Islands
El Nido Managed Resource Protected Area
Cabulao Bay
Malampaya Sound
Balayan Bay
Talabong Island and Bais Bay
Panguil Bay
Ulugan Bay
Inabanga Coast
recommended for inclusion in the priority list Creation of a National

(Annex B) during the Regional Consultations.
Wetlands Committee
These, however, have to be subjected to a
review using a set of criteria for a more rational In general, wetland-related concerns cut
setting of additional priorities. Moreover, during across the jurisdiction of several government
the integration workshop, another round of agencies at the national, provincial and local
prioritization for the listing in Annex A was done, levels. Thus, the ideal focal point is the Philippine
based on the level of investment/attention being Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD),
given to the wetland area. This is included in the in which the Secretary of the DENR chairs the
report as Annex C. Committee on Conservation and Management of
Resources for Development (CCMRD). It is from
Proposed Implementation here—under the Sub-Committee on Biodiversity,
Mechanism chaired by the DENR-PAWB—that a Task
Force or TWG can explore the configuration
While the NWAPP already identifies and function/responsibilities of a multi-sectoral
implementation partners at different levels, group that will compose the National Wetlands
and as per consultations their assigned tasks Committee. From their recommendations, the
should already be integrated in their agency or CCMRD Chair secures the PCSD Executive
organization’s work plan, funding may not suffice, Committee's endorsement to the President of the
specially for newly identified activities that are enabling Executive Order.
added on to their regular functions. Thus, there
The National Wetlands Committee or a
is a need to institutionalize the NWAPP, define
similar body should provide oversight functions
its implementing mechanism, identify sources
for the implementation of the NWAPP. Existing
of funds, and set a monitoring, evaluation, and
institutional arrangements have to be reviewed,
reporting framework to ensure that the activities
so that an appropriate body that can function
are implemented and the outcomes achieved.
optimally within this milieu can be constituted.

Outcome: Wetlands in the country are ecologically intact and thus are able to provide products,
functions and services
Overall Goal: Clear policy on wetlands conservation including its wise use
Overall Objectives: To streamline land use in wetlands, based on strict enforcement of various laws
affecting them
Indicators: Maps produced, database created, policies revised/amended
1.1 Inventory and Mapping of priority wetlands (PRS 92)– 3 High priority Rest of the High and Remaining identified
mapping to include watershed/river basin Luzon-Candaba Medium priority priority wetlands
Visayas-Bais City, Negros
Oriental
Mindanao-Agusan Marsh
Interagency formulation of mapping guidelines by DENR 1 mapping guidelines monitoring
in consideration of seasonal inundations to be classified formulated and approved
as vulnerable, priority and intermittent wetlands, small
islands as well as tenure, claims of ownership and
access issues
Prepare proposal indicating the cost and timetable 1 Proposal prepared, submitted
and approved
Create inventory oversight committee (to provide policy 1 oversight Committee
directions) created
Establishment of a Unified and enhanced Geographical 1 GIS database created
Information System maps and database for wetlands
Include in the unified database a sub-database of Database on wetlands

wetlands with tenurial instruments and fraudulent titles with tenurial instruments
and fraudulent titles
included in the Unified
database
1.2 Review and Cancellation of fraudulent titles and inappropriate tenure instruments, and reversion of Fishpond Lease Agreements
Submission by BFAR of a listing of abandoned fishponds List submitted by BFAR to
to DENR DENR
Implement moratorium on surveys until implementation Moratorium implemented
of Joint DA DENR DILG AO No. 1 2008 (cancellation of
fishponds AUU–abandoned, underdeveloped,
undeveloped)
Cancellation and/or reversion of fraudulent titles and 20% of the list per region 50% of the list per 30% of the list per
lease agreements region region
Prosecute those responsible for issuance of fraudulent Filing of cases to

titles appropriate agencies
Formulate and adopt appropriate guidelines for tenurial 1 set of guidelines formulated
instruments for mangrove areas declared as A&D both and approved.
titled and untitled
1.3 Strict implementation of water user’s rules and regulations.
Review and identify legal and illegal water users All water users identified
(legal or illegal)
Formulate and implement sanctions for illegal water user Sanctions for illegal water Sanctions for illegal Continuation
users developed and water users
implemented. implemented
1.4 Strict enforcement of Easement and buffer zone regulations
-Implementation of PD 705, Water Code, and other applicable laws, rules and regulations
Integrate easement and buffer prescriptions in the Easement and buffer Easement and buffer
Building Permit process particularly in developments on prescriptions for prescriptions for
or near wetlands developments in wetland developments in
areas integrated in the wetland areas
Building Permit process integrated in the
Building Permit process

PAWB*, NAMRIA*, Inventory and Maps of Wetlands Number of priority wetlands Copies of wetland maps
BSWM, BFAR, LMB, DENR ROs, mapped
NWRB, SCPW
PAWB*, NAMRIA*, Mapping guidelines and 1 set of mapping guidelines Copy of mapping guidelines and
BSWM, BFAR, LMB, DENR ROs, institutionalization instrument, i.e. DAO
SCPW DAO
PAWB*, SCPW*, TWG on 1 Proposal submitted and approved Number of proposals prepared Copy of proposals and letters of
Wetlands and submitted submission, approval
DENR-PAWB* , DENR agencies Oversight Committee Number of Oversight Committee Directive on the creation of the
created Committee
PAWB*, NAMRIA*, 1 Unified and enhanced Number of Unified and enhanced Report; copies of maps
BSWM, BFAR, LMB, DENR Geographical Information System Geographical Information System
ROs, SCPW maps and database established maps and database established
PAWB*, NAMRIA*, Sub-database created in the Number of sub-database Report
BSWM, BFAR, LMB, DENR ROs, Unified wetlands database established
SCPW
BFAR*, DENR* Listing of abandoned fishponds Submission of List of abandoned Communication transmitting the
fishponds Listing with the actual listing
DA*, DENR*, DILG*, DENR- Implementation of moratorium Directive imposing the Copy of the directive.
ICRMP Policy Study moratorium
DA*, DENR*, LGU*, BFAR, FMB, Fraudulent titles reviewed, Percentage of fraudulent titles Reports
NWRB cancelled or reversed reviewed, cancelled and/or
LMB/LMS*, DILG/LGUs*, OSG* reversed
DENR*, DA*, OSG* Cases filed against people who Number of cases filed Reports and copies of cases filed
issued fraudulent titles
DENR-ICRMP Policy Study* Guidelines formulated and Set of guidelines formulated and Hard copy of guidelines and
adopted approved document approving them
NWRB* List of legal and illegal water Listing of water users Report from NWRB with listing
users
NWRB* Sanctions for illegal water users Approval of sanctions DAO approving and implementing
formulated, approved and the sanctions; copy of the
implemented sanctions
DENR*, LGUs* Revised Building Permit procedure Section on easement and buffer Copy of revised Building Permit
incorporating easement and buffer prescriptions integrated in the procedure for developments in
prescriptions for developments in Building Permit procedure for wetland areas
wetland areas developments in wetland areas
Issuance of local ordinances on buffer zone for Local ordinances on buffer Local ordinances on Local ordinances on
developments in wetland areas with sanctions for zone policies formulated and buffer zone policies buffer zone policies
violations (at least 200 meters; (3 meters in urban implemented in all cities in formulated and formulated and
areas, 20 meters in agricultural areas, 40 meters in the country particularly for implemented in implemented for
forest areas and apply to new projects) developments in wetland developments in developments in
areas wetland areas wetland areas
Formation of a Multi-sectoral team led by LGU for Multi-sectoral team formed
implementation of buffer ordinance (may tap existing
ENR committees)
Create an online database of best practices on river Document and create an Update and maintain Update and
bank easement/protection online database on best online database maintain online
practices on river bank database
easement/protection
Give recognition/incentives to LGUs with documented Formulate and implement an

best practice activities on river bank/easement in incentive system for LGUs
protection with documented best
practice policy/activities on
river bank/easement
protection
1.5 Resolve reclamation issues
Identify areas reclaimed without permit and which have All Regions have identified
not been reclassified by Congress such areas
Revert for public use illegally reclaimed lands Revert 30% of

illegally reclaimed
land
Amend and implement reclamation guidelines based on Guidelines amended and
new EO 798 including sanctions and mechanism for approved
penalizing violators
2.1 Set user’s and service fees/ PES/raw and annual water charges
Set user’s and service fees/ PES/raw water charges in 1 per region 1 per region 1 per region
sites that are ready.
2.2 Include resource valuation in determining IRA/Host

Community
Formulate and implement policy/guidelines 1 set of Guidelines formulated 1 set of guidelines Continuing
approved and implementation of
implemented guidelines
3.1 Review and/or adoption of relevant policies and legislations relevant to wetlands and climate change
Integrate green technology in the Building Code, Building, Sanitation and Amendments approved Amendments
Sanitation and Plumbing Code, Water Code) Plumbing Code reviewed and and amended Codes implemented
amended through disseminated to LGUs
Congressional Process.
Include in the ECC conditions “Greenline and cistern Inventory of ECC issued with Recognition and Continue the
requirement” for high rise buildings, condominiums, this Greenline and cistern rewards recognition and
residential, commercial and industrial establishments requirement rewards
(water conservation, green house gas emissions);
Best practice example
documented
Include in local policy that that communities within or near wetlands should have toilets
3.2 Assess vulnerable priority wetlands to climate change Vulnerability Assessment of 1 Vulnerability Vulnerability
based on NAMRIA’s 10 clusters of low lying areas priority wetland per region Assessment of 3 priority Assessment of 5
wetlands per region priority wetland per
region

DENR*; DILG*, LGUs* through Local ordinances and other Number of Local ordinances Copy of ordinances and other
the Leagues DENR-LMS; directives on buffer zones for issued per region directives
DENR–CMMD, DPWH developments in wetland areas
DILG/LGUs*, DENR, DPWH Multi-sectoral team formed Multi-sectoral team formed Directive forming the multi-
sectoral team
DILG/LGUs*, DPWH Database on best practices on river Online database created and Project Report
bank/easement protection maintained
e.g. Napindan (Makati–Pasig)
NWRB and the Leagues*, Incentive Scheme Incentive Scheme formulated and Directive approving the incentive
DENR, DPWH approved scheme and copy of the incentive
scheme
DENR-PAWB thru Reclamation Inventory of illegally reclaimed Number of Regions that have Reports with inventory
Committee*, PRA*, LGUs areas identified areas reclaimed without
permits and which have not been
reclassified by Congress
Illegally reclaimed lands reverted Number of cases of reversion per Reports, publications
for public use Region
DENR, PRA Approved amended guidelines 1 set of guidelines amended and Reports, copy of guidelines
approved
Local Water Management User’s fees set and implemented Number of user’s fees policy Directive approving its
Bodies, DENR approved and implemented per implementation
region
Congress, academe
LGU, DBM
DILG-LGU/DENR Policy and guidelines formulated number of policy/guidelines Policy directive; copy dog
DBM and implemented formulated and implemented policy/guidelines
UAP*, Congress*, DILG, LGU Amendments to the Building Code, Number of legislations reviewed; Copies of amended laws
SIBAT, other professional Sanitation and Plumbing Code that amended
organizations are relevant to wetlands and
climate change
EMB*, DILG/LGUs*, Number of ECCs issued with
DENR-PAWB greenline and cistern
requirements
DENR-PAWB*, ERDB*, Listing of wetlands that are highly Number of priority wetlands Reports
NAMRIA*, LMB*, NGOs (SCPW), vulnerable to climate change assessed
academe
Outcome: Resilient and stable freshwater wetland ecosystems, reduced poverty among wetland-
dependent communities
Overall Goal: Sustainable utilization of freshwater wetlands ecosystem; enhanced livelihood
opportunities for wetland-dependent communities
Overall Objectives:
– To improve the management and conservation of freshwater wetlands
– To provide alternative livelihood for wetland-dependent communities
Indicators:
– Environment/ecological: Quality of fresh water, coastal productivity (fish catch), quality and area
of rivers, lakes, swamps, marshes and other inland wetlands
– Socio-economic: Income, equity; job or livelihood opportunities; access to common resources
1.1 Conduct an inventory, assessment and monitoring of priority freshwater wetlands:

Conduct of national workshop to level off 1 National Workshop
terminologies (i.e. major freshwater wetlands), conducted
methods and procedures for inventory,
assessment and monitoring
Prepare an inventory of freshwater wetlands 1 inventory per Region
with maps
Conduct an assessment of the country’s major 3 major wetlands (lakes, 3 major wetlands (lakes, 3 major wetlands (lakes,
lakes, rivers, and swamps (biological, _physic- rivers swamp/marsh) rivers swamp/marsh) rivers swamp/marsh)
chemical, socio-economic including tenurial assessed assessed assessed
status)
Monitor selected priority freshwater wetlands 3 priority lakes, rivers or 3 priority lakes, rivers or 3 priority lakes, rivers or
swamp/marsh monitored swamp/marsh monitored swamp/marsh monitored
1.2 Review existing database on freshwater 1 online database Updating and maintenance Updating and maintenance
wetlands and recommend systematic access to of online databases of online databases
these databases.
Create links to web-based databases (i.e. CHM) Regional databases linked
to CHM and other web-
based databases
Prepare a Management Planning Manual Wetland Management Plan

containing procedures with framework and Preparation Manual
templates that can be done by communities prepared
Conduct training on how to use the One Training conducted at 1 Training conducted per
Management Planning Manual the national level Region
Conduct a carrying capacity study of selected Carrying capacity studies

priority freshwater wetlands conducted in 1 priority
freshwater wetland per
Region
Prepare Management Plans for priority 1 Management Plan for a 1 Management Plan for a 1 Management Plan for a
freshwater wetlands in the country priority freshwater wetland priority freshwater wetland priority freshwater wetland
prepared per Region per prepared per Region per prepared per Region per
year year year
Implement Management Plans for priority 1 Management Plan for a 1 Management Plan for a 1 Management Plan for a
freshwater wetlands in the country priority freshwater wetland priority freshwater wetland priority freshwater wetland
implemented per Region per implemented per Region implemented per Region
year per year per year
3.1 Design a scheme to manage settlements in Management scheme

wetlands designed

DENR-PAWB*, NAMRIA, DENR-RBCO, Standard terminologies, methods and Number of workshops Activity Report;
DENR-ROs, LGUs, PCAMRD, academe procedures for freshwater wetland conducted Compilation of Standard
inventory Terms, Methods and
Procedures
DENR-PAWB*, NAMRIA*, DENR-RBCO, Updated inventory of lakes, rivers, and Number of Regions that Report of inventories
DENR-ROs, LGUs, PCAMRD, academe, swamps per Region submitted inventories
NGOs
DENR-PAWB*, DENR-RBCO*, DENR-ROs, Profiles of selected priority lakes, rivers, Number of priority lakes, Assessment Reports;
LGUs, PCAMRD, academe, NGOs marshes/swamps (biological, physic- rivers, marshes/swamps Profiles of wetlands that
chemical, socio-economic, including assessed. were assessed
tenurial status) using the Ramsar
Information Sheet
DENR-PAWB*, DENR-RBCO*, DENR-ROs, Monitoring data on selected freshwater Number of wetlands Data on the state of
LGUs, PCAMRD, academe, NGOs wetlands monitored priority wetlands
DENR-PAWB*, ERDB, PCMARRD, Online databases on priority wetlands online databases Reports
ERDB, LLDA, RBCO, NWRB),
LGUs, academe, NGOs
DENR-PAWB*, BFAR, LLDA, PCMARRD, Links established to other databases Number of links established Report; system test
LGUs, academe, NGOs, POs
DENR-PAWB*, LGUs, SCPW, academe, Management Planning Manual for the Number of Manuals Report; copy of
NGOs, POs Wetland Conservation prepared document
DENR-PAWB*, LGUs, SCPW, academe, Training on the use of the Management Number of Trainings Activity Reports
NGOs, POs Planning Manual for the Wetland conducted
Conservation
DENR-PAWB*, DENR-ERDB*, academe Carrying Capacity of selected priority Number of Regions that Reports of the Study
freshwater wetlands conducted carrying capacity
studies
DENR-PAWB*, LGUs, SCPW, academe, Management Plans for priority freshwater Number of Management Report; copy of
NGOs, POs wetlands prepared Plans prepared Management Plans
DENR-PAWB*, LGUs, SCPW, academe, Management Plans for priority freshwater Number of Management Reports
NGOs, POs wetlands implemented Plans implemented
DENR*, LGUs*, NGOs, Bayan ni Juan, Management Scheme design Reports

Gawad Kalinga
3.2 Implement community-based reforestation in the (link to NGP targets) (link to NGP targets) (link to NGP targets)
watershed areas of priority wetlands (i.e. Tree-
preneurs)
3.3 Implement bioremediation and/or phytoremediation technologies to address pollution on a pilot basis at selected priority wetlands
Conduct a seminar-workshop to assess 1 Seminar-workshop
appropriate bioremediation and conducted
phytoremediation technologies appropriate to
types of wetlands
Pilot implementation of appropriate Pilot implementation in 1

bioremediation and/or phytoremediation priority freshwater wetland
technologies at selected priority wetlands
3.4 Implement soil conservation technologies in priority wetlands
Conduct a seminar-workshop to compile soil conservation technologies that can be applied to wetland
3.5 Implement activities to address invasive alien Activities implemented Activities implemented Activities implemented
species (i.e. golden kuhol, janitor fish, water
hyacinth)
3.6 Launch and implement a project on “Adopt a Project launched and
Wetland” implemented in all Regions
Adaptation Activities/Measures:
4.1 Conduct a vulnerability assessment of wetlands

and wetland species to climate change
Conduct a workshop to develop a toolkit for 1 National Workshop
vulnerability assessment of freshwater wetlands
to climate change
Using the toolkit, conduct vulnerability 1 priority wetland assessed 1 priority wetland 1 priority wetland
assessment of wetlands and wetlands species per Region per year assessed per Region per assessed per Region per
in priority freshwater wetlands year year
4.2 Conduct a study to identify vulnerable species for 1 Study conducted in major
climate change effects on freshwater wetlands freshwater wetland types
(lakes, rivers, marshes)
4.3 Conduct a monitoring of migration patterns Conduct monitoring of Continue monitoring of Continue monitoring of
of birds vis-à-vis their established migratory birds in 3 wetland migratory birds in 3 migratory birds in 3
migration usage sites per major island wetland sites per major wetland sites per major
groups (Luzon, Visayas, island groups (Luzon, island groups (Luzon,
Mindanao) Visayas, Mindanao) Visayas, Mindanao)
4.4 Formalize and implement a Philippine Bird Bird Banding scheme Bird banding conducted in Bird banding conducted in
Banding Scheme formalized and implemented the 3 sites identified in the 3 sites identified in
in the country item 4.2 item 4.2
4.5 Hold a National Conference on Climate Change One National Conference
Adaptation and Population, Health and held; Proceedings and
Environment recommendations posted in
the wetland website (CHM)
Mitigation Activities/Measures:
4.6 Adoption of appropriate (wetland) watershed
protection and (conservation) plantation
management strategies
mainstreaming of native species in reforestation Link targets to NGP Link targets to NGP Link targets to NGP
projects (priority wetlands: Agusan Marsh,
Candaba Marsh)
4.7 Promote the conservation of peatlands (Please
refer to the National Peatlands Action Plan for
the Philippines which is an integral part of the
National Wetlands Action Plan)
4.8 Conduct of R & D studies on specific climate change mitigation functions of wetlands
Conduct studies on carbon sequestration 1 study per major
functions of specific wetlands (rate of freshwater wetland type
sequestration, carbon stock, etc) (lake, river, marsh; include
rice fields)
4.9 Adopt a Green technology to promote Conduct of IEC on green Conduct of pilot green Upscaling of green
sanitation in wetlands sanitation technology in sanitation technology in sanitation technology in
three pilot priority wetlands three priority wetlands three other priority
wetlands

DENR-FMB*, PAWB, LGUs, NGOs Watershed areas reforested Number of hectares Reports, site visits
reforested
DENR-ERDB*, DENR-EMB, NGOs, Seminar-workshop conducted Number of seminar Documentation on

academe, LGUs workshop conducted appropriate
bioremediation and
phytoremediation
technologies for various
wetland types in the
Philippines
DENR-ERDB*, DENR-EMB, NGOs, Bioremediation and/or Phytoremediation Number of bioremediation Reports
academe, LGUs implemented in priority freshwater or phytoremediation projects
wetlands. implemented
DENR-PAWB*, BFAR, FARMC, PAMBs Projects to address IAS Number of projects Reports, site visits
PCMARD, LGUs, NGOs, POs implemented
DENR-PAWB*, Private sector, LGU, Project launched and implemented in all Number of Regions that Reports; agreement
DENR, NGOs, stakeholders Regions launched and are instruments; site visit
implementing the project
DENR*, PCMARD, DA-BFAR, academe,

NGOs/POs, LGUs
List of vulnerable wetland species Number of species assessed Assessment Reports
DENR-PAWB*, DENR-ERDB, Workshop(s) held; Toolkit Number of workshops held Activity Report; Toolkit
LGUs, academe, NGOs, SCPW
DENR-PAWB*, DENR-ERDB, LGUs, Report of the vulnerability assessment Number of freshwater Activity Report
academe, NGOs, SCPW study wetlands assessed using
the toolkit
DENR-ERDB*, DENR-PAWB, academe, List of species sensitive to climatic Number of studies Study Reports
NGOs, POs, LGUs changes in wetlands conducted
DENR-PAWB*, LGUs, academe, NGOs, Monitoring results i.e. migration pattern; Number of sites monitored; Monitoring reports
Wildbird Club of the Philippines, POs Schedule of migration monitoring of number of monitoring
wetlands/waterbirds activities conducted
DENR-PAWB*, DENR-ERDB, SCPW, Philippine Bird Banding Scheme Number of sites where bird Reports
LGUs, academe, NGOs implemented banding is being conducted
DENR-PAWB*, DOH, DENR-ERDB, EMB, Compilation of Adaptation measures by Number of Conference held Activity Report
FMB, SCPW, LGUs, academe, NGOs local wetland communities
DENR* Reduction of GHG emission
DENR-FMB*, DENR-PAWB, LGUs, ERDB
DOST*, DENR*, academe Data on carbon sequestration by selected Number of studies Report of the study
wetland types conducted
LGUs*, DOH, NGOs, PCWS Green sanitation technologies being Number of priority wetlands Reports; site visits
implemented in priority wetlands implementing green
sanitation technologies
5.1 Update list and profile of freshwater wetlands One List per Region updated
with ecotourism potential
5.2 Conduct mapping of freshwater wetlands with 1 map prepared per Region
eco-tourism potential (for inclusion as a
classification under mapping of the policy
action plan)
5.3 Develop Ecotourism Plans for priority wetlands 1 Master Plan developed for 1 Master Plan developed 1 Master Plan developed
priority wetlands per Region for priority wetlands per for priority wetlands per
per year Region per year Region per year
6.1 Regulate aquaculture and stocking of exotic species in wetlands

Enforce zero introduction of exotic species for LGU ordinance on zero
aquaculture in freshwater wetlands with introduction of exotic
reference to the Wildlife Act species for aquaculture in
priority freshwater wetlands
passed
6.2 Promote policies that support sustainable Include in the National CEPA
aquaculture (i.e. FAO Code of Conduct for Action Plan for Wetlands
Responsible Fisheries and other Codes of
Conduct for Sustainable Aquaculture, BFAR
AO1-2008 (joint DA, DILG, DENR), Wildlife Act
Conduct vulnerability study on the impacts of One study completed
climate change on freshwater aquaculture

DENR-PAWB*, DOT*, academe, Civil Inventory and profile of freshwater Number of Regions that Report; copy of list
Society wetlands with ecotourism potential submitted an updated listing
and profile of wetlands with
ecotourism potential
NAMRIA*, DENR-PAWB, DOT, LGUs, Maps of wetlands with ecotourism Number of Regions that Report; Copies of maps
NGOs potential submitted maps
DENR-PAWB*, DOT*, LGUs*, academe, Ecotourism Master Plans for selected Number of Regions that Copies of Master Plans
Civil Society priority wetlands submitted Master Plans for
Ecotourism for priority
freshwater wetlands
DENR-PAWB*, DA-BFAR*, DENR-ROs, LGU Ordinances passed Number of LGU ordinances Copy of the LGU
PCMARD, LGUs, SCPW, NGOs passed ordinance
DENR*, DA-BFAR*, SEAFDEC, LLDA, Inclusion in the National CEPA Action Plan Item in the National CEPA Copy of National CEPA
SCPW for Wetlands Action Plan for Wetlands Action Plan for Wetlands
DOST-PCMARD*, DA-BFAR*, DENR-

ERDB, academe
Outcome: Resilient and stable coastal and marine wetland ecosystems, reduced poverty among coastal
communities
Overall Goal: Sustainable utilization of coastal and marine ecosystems, enhanced livelihood of coastal
communities
Overall Objectives:
– To improve management and conservation of coastal and marine wetlands
– To provide alternative livelihood to wetland-dependent communities
Indicators:
– Environment/ecological: Coastal productivity (fish catch), quality and area of mangrove, beach
forests estuaries, seagrass and coral reefs
– Socio-economic: Income, equity; job or livelihood opportunities; access to common resources
1.1 Conduct an inventory, assessment and monitoring of priority coastal and marine wetlands
Conduct of national workshop to standardize terms (i.e. 1 National Workshop
major marine and coastal wetlands), methods and conducted
procedures for inventory, assessment and monitoring
Prepare an inventory of major coastal and marine wetlands 1 inventory per Region
with maps
Conduct an assessment of the country’s major coastal and 6 major coastal and 11 major coastal and 11 major coastal and
marine wetlands (biological, physio-chemical, socio- marine wetlands marine wetlands marine wetlands
economic including tenurial status) assessed per Region assessed per Region assessed per Region
Monitor selected priority coastal and marine wetlands 6 major coastal and 11 major coastal and 11 major coastal and
marine wetlands marine wetlands marine wetlands
monitored per Region monitored per Region monitored per Region
1.2 Develop a Database on the country’s coastal and marine wetlands
Review existing databases on costal and marine wetlands Review conducted and
recommendations for
systematic access to
database
Develop a system for the easy access to coastal and 1 online database Updating and Updating and
marine databases maintenance of online maintenance of online
databases databases
Link to national and regional databases e.g. CHM, NSAP, Regional databases linked
MSN, MIDAS, Reef Base to CHM and other web-
based databases
2.1 Conduct workshops to review protocol on the rehabilitation, 2 workshops conducted

restoration of mangroves and beach areas to include
history of vegetative cover
2.2 Issuance of a directive to adopt and dissemination the Directive issues
revised protocol
2.3 Following the amended protocol, conduct mangrove and 5% of the total denuded 20% of the total 25% of the total
beach rehabilitation activities in selected priority sites areas reforested denuded areas denuded areas
2.4 Establishment of Marine Protected Areas Establishment of 3 MPAs Establishment of 6 Establishment of 11

MPAs MPAs
2.5 Conduct re-stocking and sea ranching activities
Conduct a workshop to develop protocols for re-stocking Workshop conducted
and sea-ranching
Identify species for re-stocking and sea ranching Species identified

DENR-PAWB*, NAMRIA, DENR-RBCO, DENR- Standard terminologies, methods and Number of workshops Activity Report; Compilation of
ROs, LGUs, PCAMRD, academe procedures for coastal and marine conducted Standard Terms, Methods and
wetland inventory Procedures
DENR-PAWB*, NAMRIA*, DENR-RBCO, Updated inventory of major coastal and Number of Regions that Report of inventories
DENR-ROs, LGUs, PCAMRD, academe, NGOs marine wetlands per Region submitted inventories
DENR-PAWB*, CMMO*, BFAR*, LGUs*, ERDB, Profiles of selected priority coastal and Number of priority Assessment Reports; Profiles
NAMRIA, PCMARD, marine wetlands (biological, physic- coastal and marine of wetlands that were
academe, NGOs chemical, socio-economic, including wetlands assessed assessed
tenurial status)
DENR-PAWB*, CMMO*, BFAR*, LGUs*, PAWB Monitoring data on selected priority Number of coastal and Data on the state of priority
ERDB, NAMRIA, PCMARD, academe, NGOs, coastal and marine wetlands marine wetlands coastal and marine wetlands
NFRDI, International research organizations monitored
DENR-PAWB*, CMMO*, PAWB, ERDB, Recommendations Review conducted Reports

NAMRIA, BFAR, PCAMRD, LGUs, NGOs,
academe
DENR-PAWB*, CMMO*, PAWB, ERDB, Online databases on coastal and Number of system Reports
NAMRIA, BFAR, PCAMRD, LGUs, NGOs, marine wetlands developed
academe
DENR-PAWB*, CMMO*, BFAR, PCMARD, Links established to other databases Number of links Report; system test
LGUs, academe, NGOs, POs established
NFRDI, International research organizations
PAWB-CMMO*, ERDB*, POs, NGOs, LGUs, Amended protocol on the rehabilitation, Number of workshops Activity Report; copy of
DENR ROs, FARMCs, BFAR, academe restoration of mangroves and beach conducted revised protocol
forest
PAWB-CMMO*, ERDB*, POs, NGOs, LGUs, DAO or similar directive issued Issuance of DAO or Copy of DAO or similar
DENR ROs, FARMCs, BFAR, academe similar directive directive
PAWB-CMMO*, LGUs*, POs, NGOs, LGUs, Improved and expanded mangrove and Number of hectares Report and site visit
DENR ROs, FARMCs, BFAR, academe beach forest, including abandoned reforested
fishponds within the beach areas,
returned to the natural state
PAWB-CMMO*, ERDB*, POs, NGOs, LGUs, Marine Protected Areas established Number of MPAs Reports; Site visit
DENR ROs, FARMCs, BFAR, academe established
PAWB-CMMO*, ERDB*, POs, NGOs, LGUs, Protocols developed Workshop conducted Activity Report; copy of
DENR ROs, FARMCs, BFAR, academe protocol
PAWB-CMMO*, ERDB*, POs, NGOs, LGUs, List of species for re-stocking and sea- Number of species Reports
DENR ROs, FARMCs, BFAR, academe ranching identified
Conduct re-stocking and sea-ranching activities in How many re-stocking, How many re-stocking, How many re-
selected coastal and marine wetlands sea-ranching projects per sea-ranching projects stocking, sea-
year and where? per year and where? ranching projects per
year and where?
2.6 Launch and implement a project on “Adopt a Wetland” Project launched and
implemented in all
Regions
3.1 Update the list of coastal and marine wetlands with One List per Region
ecotourism potential updated
3.2 Conduct mapping of coastal and marine wetlands with 1 map per Region
eco-tourism potential prepared
3.3 Develop ecotourism Master Plans in selected priority 1 Master Plan developed 1 Master Plan developed 1 Master Plan
wetland sites for priority wetlands per for priority wetlands per developed for priority
Region per year Region per year wetlands per Region
per year
3.4 Conduct piloting ecotourism activities in selected sites to 2 pilot ecotourism 2 pilot ecotourism 2 pilot ecotourism
include key habitat types of coastal and marine wetlands activities implemented activities implemented activities
implemented
3.5 Conduct IEC on the role of coastal and marine ecotourism in wetland conservation
Produce an AVP in English, Filipino, Cebuano and Ilocano) 1 AVP in 4 languages Exposure of AVP on
produced and shown in radio and television
local events; exposure on
radio and TV
Produce community bulletins (poster type) in vernacular Community Bulletins

produced in vernacular
3.6 Implement marketing activities to promote eco-tourism

sites
Develop websites for pilot ecotourism activities/sites 1 Website developed per

pilot site
4.1 Promote appropriate aquaculture in coastal and marine areas

Development of management plans for coastal and marine Management Plans Management Plans Management Plans
aquaculture sites/parks developed for aquaculture developed for developed for
sites/parks aquaculture sites/parks aquaculture
(1 per Region) (1 per Region) sites/parks
(1 per Region)
Identify appropriate aquaculture systems in coastal List of appropriate
and marine areas and suitable mariculture sites aquaculture systems
4.2 Conduct monitoring of aquaculture parks 1 aquaculture park 1 aquaculture park

monitored per Region monitored per Region
4.3 Compile documentation of Best Practices in marine and 1 Best Practice 1 Best Practice 1 Best Practice
coastal aquaculture documented per Region documented per Region documented per
per year per year Region per year
Conduct studies on carrying capacity of small islands and 1 study per Region 1 study per Region
other coastal and marine ecosystems (e.g. ecotourism) conducted conducted
Conduct carrying capacity for Ecotourism

PAWB-CMMO*, ERDB*, POs, NGOs, LGUs, Areas re-stocked; areas of sea- Number of re-stocking Reports; site visits
DENR ROs, FARMCs, BFAR, academe ranching activities established and/or sea ranching
projects per Region per
year
DENR-PAWB*, Private sector, LGU, DENR, Project launched and implemented in Number of Regions that Reports; agreement
NGOs, stakeholders all Regions launched and are instruments; site visit
implementing the
project
DENR-PAWB*, DOT*, academe, NGOs/POs, Inventory and profile of coastal and Number of Regions that Report; copy of list
LGUs marine wetlands with ecotourism submitted an updated
potential listing and profile of
wetlands with
ecotourism potential
NAMRIA*, DENR-PAWB, DOT, LGUs, NGOs Maps of wetlands with ecotourism Number of Regions that Report; Copies of maps
potential submitted maps
DENR-PAWB*, DOT*, academe, NGOs/POs, Ecotourism Master Plans for selected Number of Regions that Copies of Master Plans
LGUs, resort owners priority wetlands submitted Master Plans
for Ecotourism for
priority freshwater
wetlands
DENR-PAWB*, DOT*, academe, NGOs/POs, Pilot ecotourism activities implemented Number of pilot Reports; site visit
LGUs, resort owners, communities activities implemented
DENR-PAWB*, DOT*, PAO, LGUs, resort AVP produced and shown in local Number of AVP Copy of the AVP; reports
owners, communities events, on radio and on TV produced
Number of exposures in
local events, on radio
and on TV
DENR-PAWB*, DOT*, PAO, LGUs, resort Community Bulletins produced Number of Community Reports; copy of the
owners, communities Bulletins produced Community Bulletins
DENR-PAWB*, DOT*, LGU* IEC materials developed and Types and numbers of Sample collaterals
disseminated IEC materials/
collaterals
DENR-PAWB*, DOT*, PAO, LGUs, resort Website developed Number of websites Report and URL of website
owners, communities developed; number of
hits
DENR*, DA-BFAR*, PCAMRD, NFRDI, LGUs, Management Plans Number of Regions who Reports; copy of management
POs, FARMCs, academe, SEAFDEC/AQD, submitted Management plans
World Fish, Funding Institutions Plans
DENR*, DA-BFAR*, PCAMRD, NFRDI, LGUs, Listing of appropriate aquaculture Number of Listing Copy of List
POs, FARMCs, academe, SEAFDEC/AQD, systems
World Fish
DENR*, DA-BFAR*, PCAMRD, NFRDI, LGUs, Monitoring of aquaculture parks Number of parks Monitoring Reports
POs, FARMCs, academe, SEAFDEC / AQD, monitored
World Fish
DENR*, DA-BFAR*, PCAMRD, NFRDI, LGUs, Best Practice Documentation Number of best Reports; copies of best
POs, FARMCs, academe, SEAFDEC/AQD, Practices documented practice documentation
World Fish
DENR-ERDB*, PAWB*, academe, PCAMRD, Carrying Capacity of selected small Number of Regions Research Report
NFRDI, LGUs, NGOs islands and other coastal and marine submitting results of
wetlands study—study
conducted; carrying
capacity models/
prescriptions
Conduct vulnerability study on flora and fauna to sea level 1 study conducted
rise
In coordination with concerned LGUs and communities, Areas identified, assessed Areas identified, Areas identified,
identify, assess and declare as critical habitats areas
and declared as critical assessed and declared assessed and
where endangered species are found habitats as critical habitats declared as critical
habitats
Develop and implement Management Plans of established Critical habitats with Management Plans
critical habitats Management Plans implemented
7.1 Deputize Wetland Enforcement Officers

Organize citizen brigades to be deputized as Wetland Wetland Enforcement
Enforcement Officers Officers organized (1 per
priority wetland)
Conduct training on coastal and marine law enforcement Training conducted

DENR-ERDB*, PAWB*, academe, PCAMRD, Study conducted Completion of study Research Report
NFRDI, LGUs
DENR-PAWB*, LGUs, POs, NGOs, Private Areas declared and managed critical Number and size or Reports
sector habitats areas declared as
critical habitats
DENR-PAWB*, LGUs, POs, NGOs, Private Management Plans of Critical Habitats Number of Critical Reports; copy of Management
sector Habitats with Plans
Management Plans
DENR-PAWB*, LGUs, POs, NGOs, Wetland enforcement officers Number of Wetland Reports
Communities organized and deputized Enforcement Officers
deputized
DENR-PAWB*, LGUs, POs, NGOs, Wetland enforcement officers trained Number of trainings Activity Report; Training
Communities conducted module
Goals:
– Increased awareness, understanding and appreciation of key stakeholders on the functions and
importance of wetlands
– Increased capacity of key stakeholders to implement wetland conservation measures
Overall Objectives:
– To increase the awareness, understanding and appreciation of key stakeholders on the functions and
importance of wetlands
– To enhance the capacity of stakeholders to implement wetland conservation and apply sustainable
and equitable measures
– To promote collaboration among stakeholders for effective wetland management
Indicators:
– Number of trained stakeholder groups applying learning (e.g. monitoring, etc.)
– Comprehensive educational program for in-school and out-of-school youth, communities, and
decision-makers on wetlands functioning, values and management
– Functional institutional structure to manage priority wetlands
1.1 Establishment of a meta-database and information Create a section in the Database maintained and Database maintained
clearinghouse on Philippine wetlands (Resource Center) Clearing House Mechanism enhanced and enhanced
(CHM) on Philippine
wetlands
1.2 Disseminate information and support Clean Include information on
Development Mechanism (CDM), Reducing Emisssion CDM, REDD+ and other
from Deforesation and Forest Degradation (REDD) and carbon financing
other carbon financing mechanisms for mitigation and mechanism in the wetland
adaptation section of the CHM
2.1 Replication of best practices in wetland conservation
Develop criteria for selection of best practices 1 set of criteria formulated
Identify, document, compile, and include in the CHM, 1 best practice 1 best practice 1 best practice docu-
best practice/ working models of wetland management documented and included documented and included mented and included in
in the CHM (per Region) in the CHM (per Region) the CHM (per Region)
Present the CHM/wetland section to the Leagues (Cities, 1 Presentation each in the 1 Presentation each in 1 Presentation each in
Municipalities, etc.) Annual Conferences of the the Annual Conferences the Annual Conferences
various Leagues of the various Leagues of the various Leagues
3.1 Conduct CEPA Action Planning and integrated them into One National CEPA Action Regional CEPA Action National and Regional
Regional and local plans Plan formulated Plan per Region CEPA Plan reviewed
formulated and
implemented (1 per
Region)
Conduct small group workshop to revisit/update Draft Conduct one small group Conduct annual Conduct annual
Wetlands Communications Plan workshop to finalize the evaluation and evaluation and
CEPA Action Plan assessment of the assessment of the
implementation of the implementation of the
CEPA Action Plan
CEPA Action Plan
Adoption and integration of National CEPA Action Plan National CEPA Action Plan CEPA Action Plan CEPA Action Plan
into Regional and Local Plans adopted and implemented integrated into Regional integrated into Regional
at all levels by integrating and Local Plans and Local Plans
them into Regional and implemented at all levels implemented at all
local plans levels

DENR-PAWB*, DENR-FMB, DA-BFAR, Database and clearinghouse Section on wetlands created in the Functional electronic
ERDB, PCMARD, academe, on wetlands established as CHM database as a section in the
NGOs and POs, private sector, other part of the CHM, maintained CHM
partners and enhanced periodically
DENR*, DILG*, ADMU-KLIMA Climate Information on CDM, REDD+ Wetlands section of the CHM Copy of the information on
Center*, Leagues (Cities, Municipalities and other carbon financing contains information on CDM, the website
Climate Change) FMB*, DENR-PAWB, mechanism included in the REDD+ and other carbon financing
EMB, ERDB, etc. wetland section of the CHM mechanism; number of hits
Compilation of best practices Number of best practices Reports; URL of website

published on the website documented; number of hits
every 2 years.
DENR-PAWB*, TWG on Wetlands Criteria for selection of best Set of criteria formulated. Copy of approved criteria
practices in wetland
conservation
DENR-PAWB*, DENR-PAWDs*, TWG on Compilation of best practices Number of best practices/working Copies of write-up/ case
Wetlands, DILG, LGU, Galing-Pook published on the website models documented and included studies; wetland section in
every 2 years. in the wetland section of the CHM the CHM website
DENR-PAWB*, TWG on Wetlands, DILG, Presentations at the Annual Number of presentations made per Activity Report with photo-
LGU Conferences of the various year to the various Leagues documentation
Leagues
DENR-PAWB*, SCPW*, SCPW, DA-BFAR, National CEPA Action Plan for Number of CEPA Action Plan Copy of document
ERDB, PCMARD, academe, Philippine Wetlands prepared
NGOs and POs, private sector
DENR*, SCPW*, DA-BFAR,ERDB, Workshop conducted; CEPA Number of workshops conducted Activity Report; copy of
academe, Plan updated updated CEPA Action Plan
NGOs and POs, private sector, other
partners
DENR*, SCPW, DA BFAR, ERDB, academe, Adopted National CEPA Action Number of Regions that have Document adopting the Plan;
NGOs and POs, private sector, other Plan; integration of national integrated the national CEPA Action Reports
Plan into their Regional Plans;
partners CEPA Action Plan into Number of local plans that have
Regional and other local integrated the CEPA Action Plan;
plans; implementation at all Number of partner organizations
levels implementing the CEPA Plan
3.2 Upscale existing CEPA activities
Mainstream in public and private schools 1 Resolution either at the 1 Resolution either at the 1 Resolution either at
through local resolutions Regional, Provincial, or Regional, Provincial, or the Regional, Provincial,
Local level (per Region) Local level (per Region) or Local level (per
Region)
Translate CEPA materials into vernacular Prepare primer on Prepare primer on Prepare primer on
wetlands in Filipino, wetlands in 3 other wetlands in 3 other
Cebuano and Ilocano vernacular languages vernacular languages
Expand the conduct of Wetlands Caravan in priority 2 Wetlands Caravan 2 Wetlands Caravan 2 Wetlands Caravan
wetlands conducted per year conducted per year conducted per year
3.3 Establish Wetlands Information Centres in priority 3 wetland centres 3 wetland centres 3 wetland centres
wetlands established and established and established and
operational operational operational
3.4 Develop a framework for stakeholder participation Framework development Documentation and Documentation and
and piloting in selected replication replication
priority wetlands
3.5 Hold a National Wetlands Conference every three years 1 Conference held 2012 1 Conference held 1 Conference held
3.6 Provide incentives for wetland conservation

Implement “Philippine Wetlands Conservation Award” Bi-annual search and Bi-annual search and Bi-annual search and
every 4 years awarding implemented awarding implemented awarding implemented
Implement Eco-certification or similar Develop and adopt guidel- implement eco- implement eco-
incentive/recognition scheme in priority wetlands with ines for Eco-Certification of certification (1 site per certification (1 site per
ecotourism potential wetland activities; region/year) region/year)
Search for a local advocate/champion for wetland to Hold a contest among the
be implemented at the local or site level youth to choose a local
wetland
advocate/champion
4.1 Prepare a Capacity Development Plan for wetlands management

Conduct a capacity needs assessment for wetlands Conduct capacity needs
conservation in priority wetland areas with assessment study
recommendations for the Capacity Development Plan
Prepare the Capacity Development Plan Conduct of National and
Regional Conference to
validate Plan
Adopt and disseminate the Capacity Adoption and virtual

Development Plan for Wetland Management publication in the wetland
section of the CHM
Implement and monitor the Capacity Implementation monitored Implementation Implementation

Development Plan for Wetlands Conservation in the and assessed annually monitored and assessed monitored and assessed
Philippines annually annually
4.2 Enhance human capacity for management of wetlands (i.e. formal and non formal education)
Conduct training on specific topics Training on water quality Training on bio-
monitoring monitoring
Orientation on the National Training on stock/species

Ecotourism Strategy assessment
Training in natural Training on appropriate

resources management for sustainable livelihood
key decision makers; technologies;
Training on bird banding Training of community

and school-based
monitoring, e.g. river
watch, CLMN
Training on liquid and solid
waste management

DENR*, LGU*, DepEd* Resolutions mainstreaming Number or Resolutions passed Copies of Resolutions
Dalaw-Turo in public and
private schools in specific
localities
DENR-PAWB*, NGOs, academe Primers translated into major Number of languages/dialects used Copy of translated primers
Philippine languages/dialects in translating the primers
SCPW*, DENR*, LGUs, DepEd, academe, Wetlands Caravan conducted Number of Wetlands Caravan Activity Report with photo-
NGOs conducted documentation
DENR-PAWB*, LGUs, SCPW, NGOs, Wetlands Information Centres Number of Wetlands Information Reports
academe established and operational Centres established and
operational
DENR-PAWB*, Other DENR agencies, Framework for Stakeholder Number of framework developed Copy of document
SCPW and other partners Participation
(Defined level of participation
for each key stakeholder)
DENR-PAWB*, SCPW*, PCMARD, ERDB National Wetlands Number of Conference held Conference Report
Conference held every 3
years
DENR-PAWB*, DENR-ROs, other partners Search and awarding of Number of Awarding events Names of awardees, Activity
(GAs, NGOs, POs, academe) winners for Philippine implemented Report
Wetland Conservation Award
DENR-PAWB*, DOT, LGUs, other Gas Eco-Certification Guidelines Eco-Certification guidelines Copy of guidelines and
developed and adopted; Eco- formulated and adopted; Number endorsement; Reports
certificates issued of eco-certificates issued
DENR-PAWB*, SCPW, business Contest to choose local Number of contest held Name of local wetland
wetland advocate/champion advocate/champion; Activity
held Report
DENR-PAWB*, DENR-ROs, ERDB, EMB, Capacity needs assessment Number of assessment study Report of the Study
MGB, LLDA, other partners report conducted
DENR-PAWB*, DENR-ROs, ERDB, EMB, Capacity Development Plan Number of Conference conducted Activity Report with photo-
MGB, LLDA, other partners for Wetland Management documentation; copy of the
Capacity Development Plan
for Wetland Management
DENR-PAWB*, DENR-ROs, ERDB, EMB, Capacity Development Plan Endorsement or directive issued by Endorsement or directive;
MGB, LLDA, other partners for Wetland Management DENR adopting the Plan; Plan publication on the website
adopted through an uploaded/published in the wetland
endorsement or directive section of the CHM
DENR-PAWB*, DENR-Regional Offices, Assessment and Monitoring Number of assessment and Monitoring Reports
other partners Conducted monitoring evaluations conducted
annually
Training conducted Number of trainings conducted; Activity Report; Training

number of people trained; tracking curricula; training aids
of impact of training on the developed for the course
participant’s work
Number of trainings conducted; Activity Report; Training
Number of trainings conducted;
number of people trained; tracking
of impact of training on the
Participatory resource
assessment and
monitoring
Conduct eco-tourism
capacity-building
activities for local
communities
Conduct training on tour-
guiding and homestay
Conduct learning visits to
other developed
ecotourism sites
4.3 Strengthen Institutional Capacity for wetlands conservation
Formation of National Wetlands Committee or a similar National Wetlands National Wetlands National Wetlands
entity to provide policy direction and oversee the Committee or a similar Committee or a similar Committee or a similar
implementation of the National Wetlands Action Plan body reconstituted body operational body operational
4.4 Build Financial Capacity (internal resource mobilization) Resource Mobilization Plan Resource Mobilization Resource Mobilization
Prepare and implement a Resource Mobilization Plan for prepared Plan implemented Plan implemented
Wetlands Conservation
Conduct of Partners Meeting One partners meeting
conducted
5.1 Development of (an integrated) wetland management (Integrated) wetland (Integrated) wetland
framework for wetland management at the local level management framework management framework
consistent with the Comprehensive Land Use Policy for local wetlands integrated into local plans
(CLUP) and investment plan developed
5.2 Develop appropriate and cost-effective monitoring tools Monitoring tools developed Implement monitoring
that take into consideration biophysical and socio (1 for inland wetlands; 1 tools in pilot sites (6
for coastal and marine sites–Luzon, Visayas,
cultural aspects wetlands) Mindanao; 3 inland/3
coastal and marine per
major island group)
Identification of important indicators for monitoring Wetland indicators
wetland conditions identified and included in
the monitoring system
5.3 Apply management effectiveness assessment method Application of
for areas with existing management plans management effectiveness
assessment method in one
pilot site
5.4 Implement pilot rainwater harvesting facilities in 1 pilot project per region Upscaling to 3 project Replication
households near or on priority wetlands sites per region (1 per province per
region)
5.5 Conduct a study to come up with a scheme for the Study conducted
phase-out of aquaculture in NIPAS sites that existed
before RA 7086

DENR-PAWB*, PCSD- National Wetlands Committee
Sub-committee on Biodiversity or a similar body formed
DENR-PAWB*, SCPW and other partners Resource Mobilization Plan Resource Mobilization Plan Copy of the Resource
prepared and implemented Mobilization Plan
DENR-PAWB*, SCPW* Meeting conducted Conduct of meeting Minutes of Meeting; pledges

from partners
DENR-PAWB*, DILG, LGUs Framework for local Number of local plans that have Copy of the wetland
(integrated) management of integrated the wetland management framework
wetlands developed and management framework
integrated into local plans
DENR-PAWB* Monitoring Tool Number of monitoring tools Copy of document/report
developed
DENR-PAWB*, ERDB, academe Wetland indicators identified Number of indicators identified Report
DENR* Assessment Method applied
DENR*, NWRB*, PCWS*, PCWS, SCPW Rainwater harvesting pilot Number of rainwater harvesting Reports; documentation.
NGOs, academe and other partners projects pilot projects in priority wetlands
DENR-PAWB*; DA-BFAR* Phase-out Plan of Number of studies conducted Report of the Study
aquaculture in wetlands that
are in KBAs and NIPAS sites
formulated and implemented
3,450
2,450
1.0 Inventory and Mapping of priority wetlands (PRS 92)–mapping to include watershed/river basin 950
(assesment/mapping); purchased of equipment etc.
2.0 Review and Cancellation of fraudulent titles and inappropriate tenure instruments, and reversion 500
of Fishpond Lease Agreements (site validation/meetings)
3.0 Strict implementation of water user’s rules and regulations 200
4.0 Strict enforcement of Easement and buffer zone regulations (field validation/consultation) 300
5.0 Resolve reclamation issues (site visit; consultation) 500
500
1.0 Set user’s and service fees/ PES/raw and annual water charges (meeting; consultation/workshop; 300
hiring consultant, site evaluation)
2.0 Include resource valuation in determining IRA/Host Community 200
500
1.0 Review and/or adoption of relevant policies and legislations relevant to wetlands and climate 200
change
2.0 Assessment of vulnerability of priority wetlands to climate change based on NAMRIA’s 10 clusters 300
of low lying areas (actual validation; meetings)
8,500
1,200
1.0 Conduct an inventory, assessment and monitoring of priority freshwater wetlands 700
2.0 Review existing database on freshwater wetlands and recommend systematic access to these 500
databases
2,000
1.0 Preparation of Management Plan Manual (hiring of consultant/conduct of training) 500

2.0 Conduct of Carrying Capacity Study on selected/priority fresh water wetland 700
3.0 Management Plan prepared for priority wetland site (site visit/assesment; consultation) 500
4.0 Implementation/Monitoring of Wetland Management Plan Prepared for priority wetland 300
2,600
1.0 Design a scheme to manage settlements in wetlands (hiring of consultant/meetings) 200
2.0 Implement community-based reforestation in the watershed areas of priority wetlands (i.e.Tree- 1,000
preneurs) Capacitation/mplementation/consultation
3.0 Implement bioremediation and/or phytoremediation technologies to address pollution on a pilot 500
basis at selected priority wetlands (trainings/pilot testing)
4.0 Implement soil conservation technologies in priority wetlands 200
5.0 Implement activities to address invasive alien species (i.e. golden , janitor fish, water 200
hyacinth)
6.0 Launch and implement a project on “Adopt a Wetland” 500
1,800
1.0 Conduct vulnerability assessment of wetlands and wetland species to climate change 200
2.0 Conduct a study to identify vulnerable species for climate change effects on freshwater wetlands 150
3.0 Conduct monitoring of migration patterns of birds their established migration usage 200
4.0 Formalize and implement a Philippine Bird Banding Scheme 150

5.0 Hold a National Conference on Climate Change Adaptation and Population, Health and Environment 500
6.0 Adoption of appropriate (wetland) watershed protection and (conservation) plantation 50
management strategies
7.0 Promote the conservation of peatlands (Please refer to the National Peatlands Action Plan for the 200
Philippines which is an integral part of the National Wetlands Action Plan)
8.0 Conduct of R&D studies on specific climate change mitigation functions of wetlands. 300
9.0 Adoption of Green technology to promote sanitation in wetlands 50
750
1.0 Update list and profile of freshwater wetlands with eco-tourism potential 300
2.0 Conduct mapping of freshwater wetlands with eco-tourism potential (for inclusion as a 300
classification under mapping of the policy action plan)
3.0 Develop Ecotourism Plans for priority wetlands 150
150
1.0 Regulate aquaculture and stocking of exotic species in wetlands 50
2.0 Promote policies that support sustainable aquaculture (i.e. FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible 100
Fisheries and other Codes of Conduct for Sustainable Aquaculture, BFAR AO1-2008 (joint DA,
DILG, DENR), Wildlife Act
5,900
300
1.0 Conduct an inventory, assessment and monitoring of priority coastal and marine wetlands 150
2.0 Develop a Database on the country’s coastal and marine wetlands 150
1,500
1.0 Conduct workshops to review protocol on the rehabilitation, restoration of mangroves and beach 300
areas to include history of vegetative cover
2.0 Issuance of a directive to adopt and dissemination the revised protocol
3.0 Following the amended protocol, conduct mangrove and beach rehabilitation activities in selected 200
priority sites
4.0 Establishment of Marine Protected Areas 300
5.0 Conduct re-stocking and sea ranching activities 300
6.0 Launch and implement a project on “Adopt a Wetland” 300
1,750
1.0 Updating of the list of coastal and marine wetlands with eco-tourism potential 150
2.0 Conduct mapping of coastal and marine wetlands with eco-tourism potential 200
3.0 Develop eco-tourism Master Plans in selected priority wetland sites 100
4.0 Conduct piloting eco-tourism activities in selected sites to include key habitat types of coastal 300
and marine wetlands
5.0 Conduct IEC on the role of coastal and marine eco-tourism in wetland conservation 500
6.0 Implement marketing activities to promote eco-tourism sites (with pilot site at 3) 500
550
1.0 Promote appropriate aquaculture in coastal and marine areas 100
2.0 Conduct monitoring of aquaculture parks 150
3.0 Compile documentation of Best Practices in marine and coastal aquaculture 300
800
1.0 Conduct studies on carrying capacity of small islands and other coastal and marine ecosystems 500
(e.g. eco-tourism) Conduct carrying capacity for Eco-tourism

2.0 Conduct vulnerability study on flora and fauna to sea level rise 300
700
1.0 In coordination with concerned LGUs and communities, identify, assess and declare as critical 500
habitats areas where endangered species are found
2.0 Develop and implement Management Plans of established critical habitats 200
300
1.0 Deputize Wetland Enforcement Officers 300
14,550
2,150
1.0 Establishment of a meta-database and information clearinghouse on Philippine wetlands 650

(Resource Center)
2.0 Disseminate information and support the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), 1,500
Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) and other carbon
financing mechanisms for mitigation and adaptation
500
1.0 Replicate best practices in wetland conservation 500
6,600
1.0 Conduct CEPA Action Planning and integrated them into Regional and local plans 1,500
2.0 Upscale existing CEPA activities 300
3.0 Establish Wetlands Information Centres in priority wetlands 2,300
4.0 Develop a framework for stakeholder participation 500
5.0 Hold a National Wetlands Conference every three years 1,500
6.0 Provide incentives for wetland conservation 500
2,000
1.0 Prepare a Capacity Development Plan for wetlands management 500
2.0 Enhance human capacity for management of wetlands (i.e. formal and non formal education) 500
3.0 Strengthen institutional capacity for wetlands conservation 500
4.0 Build financial capacity (internal resource mobilization) 500
3,300
1.0 Develop (an integrated) wetland management framework for wetland management at the 800
local level consistent with the Comprehensive Land Use Policy (CLUP) and investment plan
2.0 Develop appropriate and cost-effective monitoring tools that take into consideration biophysical 500
and socio cultural aspects
3.0 Apply management effectiveness assessment method for areas with existing management plans 500
4.0 Implement pilot rainwater harvesting facilities in households near or on priority wetlands 1000
5.0 Conduct a study to come up with a scheme for the phase out of aquaculture in NIPAS sites that 500
existed before RA 7086
32,400

Based on conservation priorities of the PBCP and the KBAs (terrestrial and marine)
1. Batanes Islands Protected Basco, Ivana, Mahatao, Batanes Batanes (II)

Landscape and Seascape Uyugan, Sabtang, Itbayat
2. Babuyanes Islands Babuyan, Calayan, Dalupiri, Fuga, Camiguin Babuyanes Cagayan (II)
Norte
3. Buguey Wetlands Aparri, Camalaniugan, Buguey, Santa Teresita Greater Luzon Cagayan (II)
4. Manila Bay Orani, Hermosa, Lubao, Guagua, Bacolor, San Greater Luzon Pampanga, Manila,
Fernando, Minalin, Apalit, Macabebe, Masantol, Rizal, and Bulacan
Santa Maria, Sasmuan, Lubao, Hagonoy, (NCR, IV, III)
Calumpit, Malolos, Paombong, Plaridel, Bulacan,
Guiguinto, Balagtas, Pandi, Bocaue, Obando,
Meycauayan, Marilao, San Jose del Monte,
Caloocan, Malabon, Valenzuela
5. Pagbilao and Tayabas Bay Pagbilao Greater Luzon Quezon (IV)
6. Ragay Gulf San Narciso, Buenavista, Guinayangan, Greater Luzon Camarines Sur and
Tagkawayan, Del Gallego, Ragay Quezon (V, IV)
7. Mactan,Kalawisan, Mandaue City, Lapu-lapu, Cebu City, GreaterNegros-Panay Cebu (VII)
Cansaga Bay Consolacion
8. Tubbataha Reef National Cagayancillo Greater Palawan Palawan (IV)
Marine Park
9. Polillo Island Bordeos, Polillo, Panukulan, Patnanungan Greater Luzon Quezon (IV)
10. Caramoan Peninsula Lagonoy, Presentacion, Garchitorena Greater Luzon Camarines Sur (V)
11. Puerto Galera Abra de Ilog, Puerto Galera, San Teodoro, Santa Greater Mindoro Mindoro Occidental
Cruz (IV)
12. Ursula Island Bataraza Greater Palawan Palawan (IV)
13. Balabac Group of Islands Balabac Greater Palawan Palawan (IV)
14. Northwest Panay Pandan, Libertad, Nabas, Buruanga, Malay Greater Negros-Panay Aklan and
Peninsula Natural Park Antique (VI)
15. Olango Island Lapu-lapu Greater Negros-Panay Cebu (VII)
16. Biliran and Maripipi Almeria, Biliran, Cabucgayan, Caibiran, Caluba, Greater Mindanao Biliran (VIII)
Islands Kawayan
17. Siargao Island Protected Santa Monica, Burgos, San Isidro, Pilar, General Greater Mindanao Surigao del Norte
Land and Seascape Luna, Dapa, Del Carmen, San Benito, Socorro (CARAGA)
18. Tawi-tawi Island Languyan, Bungao Greater Sulu Tawi-tawi (ARMM)
19. Simunul and Manuk Simunul Greater Sulu Tawi-tawi (ARMM)
Manka Islands
20. Sibutu and Tumindao Sitankai Sibutu Tawi-tawi (ARMM)

Islands
21. El Nido Managed El Nido, Taytay Greater Palawan Palawan (IV)
Resource Protected Area
22. Cabulao Bay Tagbilaran City Greater Mindanao Bohol (VII)
23. Malampaya Sound San Vicente, Taytay Greater Palawan Palawan (IV)
24. Balayan Bay Batangas Greater Luzon Batangas (IV)
25. Talabong Island and Bais Dumaguete City Greater Negros Oriental (VII)
Bay Negros-Panay
26. Panguil Bay Ozamis and Tangub Aurora, Tambulay, and Greater Mindanao Zamboanga del Sur
Ramon Magsaysay Zamboaga Sur and (IX)
Kapatagan, Kulambugan, Lanao Norte and
Ozamis City and Tangub City Bonifacio, Misamis
Occidental
27. Ulugan Bay Puerto Princesa City Greater Palawan Palawan (IV)
28. Inabanga Coast Inabanga Greater Mindanao Bohol (VII)

1. Candaba Swamp Arayat, Candaba, Cabiao Greater Luzon Nueva Ecija,
Pampanga and
Bulacan (III)
2. Lalaguna Marsh Lopez Greater Luzon Quezon (IV)
3. Naujan Lake Naujan, Pola, Socorro, Victoria Greater Mindoro Mindoro Oriental (IV)
4. Coron Lakes Coron Greater Palawan Palawan (IV)
5. Lake Manguao Taytay Greater Palawan Palawan (IV)
6. Puerto Princesa Puerto Princesa Greater Palawan Palawan (IV)
Subterranean River
National Park
7. Agusan Marsh Wildlife Veruela, Loreto, Bunawan, La Paz, Talacogon, Greater Mindanao Agusan del Sur
Sanctuary San Francisco, Rosario (CARAGA)
8. Lake Lanao Marawi City, Ditsaan Ramain, Buadipuso Greater Mindanao Lanao del Sur
Buntong, Molundo, Taraka, Tamparan, Poona (ARMM)
Bayabao, Masui, Lumbayanague, Lumbatan,
Bayang, Binidayan, Pagawayan, Ganassi,
Madamba, Madalum, Bacolod-Kalawi, Tugaya,
Balindong, Marantao
9. Liguasan Marsh Pikit, M' Lang, Tulunan; Pagalungan, Gen. S.K. Greater Mindanao North Cotabato,
Pendatun, Sultan sa Barongis; Don Mariano Maguindanao, South
Marcos Cotabato, and
Sultan Kudarat (XII,
XI, ARMM)

(from Regional Consultations)
Taytay Bay Taytay Palawan, Reg. IVB Greater Palawan

Cabusao Wetland Cabusao Camarines Sur, Reg. V Greater Luzon
Prieto Diaz Mangroves Prieto Diaz Sorsogon, Reg. V Greater Luzon
Tambac Bay Lingayen Gulf Pangasinan, Reg. I Greater Luzon
Ormoc Bay, Leyte Ormoc City Leyte, Reg. VIII Greater Mindanao
Small islands between Mandaue City Cebu, Reg. 7 Greater Mindanao
Olango island, Cebu, and
Jatafe, Bohol
Sarangani Bay Protected General Santos City, Alabel, Sarangani, Reg. XII Greater Mindanao
Seascape Malapatan, Glan, Maasim,
Maitum, and Kiamba
Sangay-Paril Lebak and Kalamansig Sultan Kudarat, Reg. XII Greater Mindanao
Baganga Bay Protected Baganga Davao Oriental, Reg. XI Greater Mindanao
Landscape/Seascape
Malalag-Sulop sandflats Malalag, Padada and Sulop Davao del Sur, Reg. XII Greater Mindanao
Carmen-Panabo sandflats Brgys. La Paz and Libugaron, Davao Del Norte, Reg. Greater Mindanao
Panabo XI
Sagay Marine Reserve Sagay Negros Occidental, Greater Negros- Migratory site
Reg. VI Panay
Takklong Island Marine Nueva Valencia Guimaras, Reg. VI Greater Negros- Presence of
Reserve Panay dugong,
pawikan, tabon
bird, Phil. Duck
Baganga Mangrove Area Baganga Davao Oriental, Reg. XI Greater Mindanao 1,200 has.
Pujada Bay Mati Davao Oriental, Reg. XI Greater Mindanao
Malalag Bay Malalag Davao del Sur, Reg. XI Greater Mindanao
Siasi Island Siasa Sulu, ARMM Greater Sulu
Sitangkay Island Sitangkay Tawi-tawi, ARMM Greater Sulu
Illana Bay Cotabato City, Panang, Mag; Maguindanao, Lanao Greater Mindanao
Datu Blah Sunsuat, Mag; del Sur, ARMM
Kapatagan, Lanao Sur; Bungo
Island
Lake Tagbunsaing Quezon Palawan, Reg. IV-B Greater Palawan brackish water
lake, WWF to
provide details
Rinconada Lakes (Buhi, Bato, Buhi, Bato, Baao, Bula and Bicol Region Greater Luzon including
Baao-Bula) Libon lakelets
Manapao,
Katugday,
Makuao
Manoytoy Taytay Palawan, Reg. IV-B Greater Palawan WWF to provide
details
Babuyan River Puerto Prinsesa City Palawan, Reg. IV-B Greater Palawan WWF to provide
details
Lake Malasi Isabela Cagayan, Reg. II Greater Luzon
Cagayan River Covering of 127 Cagayan, Isabela, Greater Luzon migratory route
municipalies and 9 Qurino, Kalinga, of freshwater
provinces Apayao, Mountain eels; CSU to
Province, provide details
Ifugao and Nueva
Vizcaya provinces and
small portion of Aurora
province
Abra River Greater Luzon

Lake Danao Camotes Islands Camotes Sea, Bohol, Greater Negros-
Reg. VII Panay
Lake Danao Buac watershed Southern Leyte, Reg. Greater Mindanao
VIII
Lake Bito Brgy. Bito, McArthur Leyte, Reg. VIII Greater Mindanao
Lake Mahagnaw Burawan Leyte, Reg. VIII Greater Mindanao
Lake Maragang Tigbao, Brgy. Limas Zamboanga Sibugay, Greater Mindanao
Reg. IX
Cave-sourced river systems So. Cotabato, Reg. XII Greater Mindanao (to be
determined,
e.g., Wahig-
Inabanga river
system, Bohol)
Lake Sebu Sebu South Cotabato, Reg. Greater Mindanao
XII
Lake Maughan Tiboli South Cotabato, Reg. Greater Mindanao
XII
Lake Buluan Lutayan, Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao (ARMM), Greater Mindanao
Buluan, and Mangodadato Sultan Kudarat (Reg.
Buluan XII)
Lake Dapao Kalanogas Lanao del Sur, ARMM Greater Mindanao
Aliwagwag Protected Cateel Davao Oriental, Reg. XI Greater Mindanao
Landscape
Davao River Davao Del Norte–Kapalong Bukidnon (Reg. X), Greater Mindanao
and Panabo; Davao Del Sur– Davao del sur (Reg. XI),
Davao City; Bukidnon–San Davao, Davao del Norte
Fernando, Quezon and (Reg. XI), Cotabato
Kitaotao; and Central (North Cotabato, Reg.
Mindanao–Magpet XII)), Bukidnon (Reg. X)
Sibulan River Sibulan, Sta. Cruz Davao del Sur, (Reg. XI) Greater Mindanao
Tamugan River Calinan Davao City, (Reg. XI) Greater Mindanao
Allah River South Cotabato (Reg. Greater Mindanao
XII)
Lake Mainit Municipalities within Lake Agusan del Norte (Reg. Greater Mindanao
Mainit's watershed (Surigao XII )and Surigao del
Del Norte–Alegria, Sison, Norte (Reg. XIII)
Tubod and Mainit) and
(Agusan Del Norte–
Kitcharao, Jabonga,
Santiago and Tubay)
Vitali Watershed Zamboanga City Zamboanga City, Reg. Greater Mindanao
IX
TalonTalon Mampang,Tugbungayan Zamboanga City, Reg. Greater Mindanao
Greater Mindanao IX
Cagayan de Oro River Basin Libona, Talakag & Baungon, Bukidnon (Reg. X) and Greater Mindanao
and Cagayan de Oro City Cagayan de Oro (Reg. X)
Budatu Lake Jolo Sulu, ARMM Greater Mindanao
Languyan River Languyan Tawi-tawi, ARMM Greater Mindanao
Lake Pinamaloy Don Carlos Bukidnon, Reg. X Greater Mindanao
Lake Napalit Pangantukan Bukidnon, Reg. X Greater Mindanao
Magsaysay coastal area Magsaysay Misamis Occidental, Greater Mindanao
Reg. X
Mantigue island Mahinog Camiguin Province, Camiguin
Reg. X
Baliangao Protected Baliangao Misamis Occidental, Greater Mindanao
Landscape/Seascape Reg. X
Lake Duminagat Don Victoriano Misamis Occidental, Greater Mindanao inside Mt.
Reg. X Malindang
Range Natural
Park
Carmen wetlands Carmen Davao del Norte, Reg. Greater Mindanao
XI
Category (in terms conservation investment) (investment—management programs)
LOW – with management plan and with investment
MEDIUM – with management plan and minimum investment
HIGH - NO management plan and no investment
Batanes island Protected area, high

investment, remote area,
Babuyanes Island Protected area, high
investment, remote area,
Buguey Wetlands Research station of BFAR,
included in ICRMP
Manila Bay supreme court ruling to clean
up
Pagbilao and Study of ARCB
Tayabas Bay
Ragay Gulf Study of ARCB
Mactan, Kalawisan, Urban area
cansaga bay
Tubbataha reef
Polillo island
Caramoan island Catching up for tourism;
Puerto Galera LGU manage
Ursula island Bird sanctuary
Balabac Group of Research only; ongoing project
Islands on seaweeds by BFAR; no
management plan
Northwest Panay No more existing project, high
Peninsula Natural threat because of mining
Park
Olango Island
Biliran and mining
Maripipi
Siargao Island
Protected Land and
Seascape
Tawi-tawi island BFAR programs; Haribon
Simunul and Presence of threats; Peace and
Manuk Manka order situation
islands
Sibutu
El Nido
Cabulao Bay
Malampaya Sound
Balayan Bay
Talabong island
and Bais Bay
Panguil Bay Proposing for Ramsar site
Ulugan Bay
Inabanga Coast Awardee of good governance
(PWCA)
Candaba Swamp Included in River basin
management plan;
Lalaguna Marsh Probable peatland

Naujan Lake Probable peatland
Coron Lakes
Lake Manguao
Puerto Princesa
Subterranean River
NationalPark
Agusan Marsh
Wildlife Sanctuary
Lake Lanao
Liguasan Marsh

List of Contributors to the National Wetlands Action Plan 2011-2016
(Participants to the Technical Meetings, Consultations and Workshops)
A D
Abrera, Ma. Victoria –DENR–EMB Daba, Belen –DENR Region 10
Alcala, Angel C. –SUAKCREM Daco, Glenda –HPCE
Alcala, Frances –RAF Darvin, Loureeda –DOST–PCAMRD
Alegre, Rosita –MPO Dayao, Deborah Anne –DENR-PAWB
Alinio, Perry –UP-MSI Dayag, Carmelita –DENR–LMB
Alpuerto, Judith B. –PPDO Dela Fuente, Crisanta A.
Amparo, Jennifer Marie S. – CHE, UPLB Dela Peña Maria Madeline P. –DENR-PAO
Andres, Armida –DENR-PAWB De Mesa, Maria Diosa L –NEDA
Antolin, Gregorio Jr. –DA–BSWM Destajo, Joseph –Prieto Diaz, Sorsogon
Aradanas, Rodolfo –DENR Region 9 De Vera, Cecilia –PRRC
Aralar, Maria Lourdes C. –SEAFDEC Diaz, Eugenio Jr. –DENR–RBCO
Arcamo, Sandra Victoria R. –DA–BFAR Discaya, Karina R. –SCPW
Arguillas, Marigelaine –DENR Region 11
Arregadas, Edmondo –DENR Region 7 E
Azores, Roberto M. –FSLF Elago, Marilou –WMSU
Elman, Nichol R. –Biology Dept-SU
B Eludo, Mario –DENR Region 13
Baylon, Myrna –DENR Region 5 Encabo, Sheila Marie M. –NEDA
Borja, Adelina –LLDA Esguerra, Joy –UNDP-GEF-SGP
Bernal, Zenaida –Tanggol Kalikasan Espayos, Ofelia –DENR-PAWB
Basbas, Susan – Cabusao,Camarines Sur Espeja, Elmer M. –PEMO
Balane, Edna – Cabusao,Camarines Sur
Bueno, Reginaldo –DENR Region 7 F
Bagayas, Reynaldo –PSSI Fabro, Samuel –DENR–EMB
Barrientos, Josephine –DENR–PAWB Fider, Maria Christina –DENR-PAWB
Bangaoil, Melchor Q. –DENR-PAWB Fuentes, Damsao –DENR Region 6
Bayaca, Rustan Deo U. –DENR-EMB
Balilia, Winnievir S. –DENR–PAWB G
Banluta, Fe Crisilla M. –DILG-WSSPMO
Barangan, Florencio B. –DENR–CMMO Gamido, Renz Marion B. –LLPCHEA, DENR-NCR
Baterna, Joel P. – CENRO Galeon, Edgardo –DENR Region 6
Briguera, Nazario C. –DA Galicia, Abundio Jr.- DA–BFAR-IFAD
Buen, Ruby T. –DENR-PPO Garces, Len –WFC
Baldado, Hon. Jose A. –PGO Garcia, Cecille –DENR-PAWB
Garcia, Jannete –DENR-PAWB
C Garcia, Mark Raygan E. –SU
Gerochi, Manuel –DENR
Cabrido, Candido A. Jr. –UP-SURP Gestiada, Alvin S. –EDM-ERO
Cacao, Babylyn –DENR-PAWB Gonzales, Ben –PSU
Caleda, Jean –ADMU Granert, William –SWCF
Calimag, Priscilla N. –DENR -PAWB Gravoso, Josephine –DENR Region 8
Capon, Leo –DENR Region 4B Guerrero, Rafael D. III –DOST–PCAMRD
Capistrano, Lyn –PCWS Guiaya, Argean S. –DENR-PAWB
Capistrano, Primo –DENR-NCR Guinoo, Robert III –SU
Castillo, Nelson –DENR-PAWB Gunay, Ana Maria –DENR Region 13
Catapang, Herbert –DENR–NAMRIA Guzman, Roger Z. –PFEC
Clarete, Marilou –DENR Region 10
Cristales, Aris Neil –WVCA H
Cuevas, Shirley G. –SCPW
Custudio, Carlo –DENR-PAWB Hadjinasser, Ali –DENR Region 12
Hails, Sandra –Ramsar Convention Secretariat
Hiponia, Malcolm –RDC-SU
Ho, Romeo –DENR–NAMRIA
H P
Honculada, James Arceu –PHILDHRRA Perez, Thelma M. –DENR-PAWB
Hortaleza, Eliza G. –DPWH Pilorin, Elizabeth P. –DPWH
Piñosa, Dennis –DENR Region 6
I Pontillas, John Francisco A. –PCSDS
Ingle, Nina –WCSP Posadas, Jesus Jr. –DENR–FMB
Isaac, Carygine V. –FPE
Isip, Emmanuel –DENR Region 11 Q
Quetulio, Dilbert –HRCE
L Quiliza, Violeta –DENR–NAMRIA
Lagumbay, Reina C. –PENRO
Layusa, Cynthia –SCPW R
Lecciones, Sara M. –SCPW Racoma, Marilyn –DENR Region 1
Lecciones, Amy M. –SCPW Ratamar, Leo –DA–BSWM
Lim, Theresa Mundita –DENR-PAWB Reyes, Bonita –SCPW
Lita, Gerardo –DENR-PAWB Reyes, Rommel – CEHR
Lumbres, Zoisane Geam –DENR–PAWB Romero, Ronnie –BFAR-NFRDI
Luna, Ma. Paz G. –PUSOD Roque, Jesusa –NWRB
M S
Macaspac, Enrique A. –DENR–NAMRIA Salise, Fernando
Magno, Redentor –DENR Region 11 Sampulna, Jim –DENR Region 11
Malayang, Ben S. III –SU Sandoval, Teresita S. –DA-BSWM
Malibiran, Sherie Rose B.-CTO Saraña, German P. Jr. –LGBC
Malihan ,Elisa –DENR NCR Scholz, Uwe – GTC
Manamtam, Arturo –PGCS Sobrepeña, Lea Myr –DA–BFAR
Manila, Antonio –DENR-PAWB Suarez, Dario –DENR Region 8
Manlulu, Felisa M. –NWRB
Mascardo, Antonie S. –PTOD T
Matillano, Maria Victoria –WWF–Phils. Trinidad, Rogelio –DENR Region 3
Maulana, Ronjamin –SSB Tayamen, Melchor –DA–BFAR
Melana, Dioscoro –DENR Region 7 Trinidad, Dorcas –WFC
Mendoza, Marlynn M. –DENR-PAWB Tercero, Rowena –DENR-PAWB
Miguel, Daniel M. –DENR Region 3 Tee, Mussaenda –DENR Region 9
Mijares, Joybert –DENR–FMB Teves, Emmilie B. –DENR Region 13
Miranda, Rufino –DENR Region 13 Teves, Mercy S. –ENRD
Montebon, Rex – CIP Tagtag, Anson –DENR-PAWB
Tatlonghari, Carmelito A. –SCPW
N Terso, Raul – CNR
Navarro, Joy M. –DENR-PAWB Torres, Daniel S. –ERD
Nuñez, Enrique A. – CIP Tuddao, Vicente B. Jr –DENR–RBCO
O U
Oracion, Enrique G. –SU-RDC Ugat, Zenaida –SCPW
Orcilla, Leah –DENR NCR
Osea, Jerry P. –EDM-ERO V
Villafuerte, Reynaldo –DENR NCR
P Varela, Rowena P. – CCARRD/NORMISIST
Pablo, Ralph –DENR–LMB Visorro, Perla – CAVAPPED
Paguntalan, Lisa Marie –PBSF
Palis, Honorato G. –DENR-ERDB Y
Palma, Adelaida –DA–BFAR-NIFTC Yawan, Reynald F. –DENR-CAR
Panganiban, Marlyn –HPCE
Pantua, Leo
Pasicolan, Simplicia –DENR-ERDB
Pedregosa, Erna Lee
Pendaliday, Abonawas – CSPC
Perez, Teresita –DES

ADMU Ateneo de Manila University
AMWS Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary
AO Administrative Order
AQD Aquaculture Department
ARBIWRM Agusan River Basin Integrated Water Resources Management
ARCBC Asean Regional Center for Biodiversity Conservation
ARMM Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
AVP Audio-visual Presentation
AWC Asian Waterbird Census
BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
BFAR-IFAD Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources-Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Division
BFAR-NFRDI Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources-National Fisheries Research and
Development Institute
BFAR-NIFTC Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources-National Inland Fisheries Technology
Center
BFAR-NSAP Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources-National Stock Assessment Program
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BSWM Bureau of Soils and Water Management
CALABARZON Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon
CARAGA Caraga Administrative Region
CAVAPPED Cagayan Valley Program for Peoples Economic Development
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CCARRD Caraga Consortium for Agriculture, Forestry and Resources Research and
Development
CCARRD/NORMISIST Caraga Consortium for Agriculture, Forestry and Resources Research and
Development/Northern Mindanao State Institute of Science and Technology
CCMRD Committee on the Conservation and Management of Resources for Development
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CEPA Communication Education Participation Awareness
CHM Clearing House Mechanism
CIP Conservation International Philippines
CKBA Candidate Key Biodiversity Area
CLMN Citizen Lake Monitoring Network
CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Policy
CMS Convention of Migratory Species
CNR Committee on Natural Resources
CPA Conservation Priority Area
CRMP Coastal Resource Management Project
CS Celebes Sea

CSPC Cotabato City State Polytechnic College
CSU Cagayan State University
CTI-RPOA Coral Triangle Initiative-Regional Plan of Action
CTO City Tourism Office
DA Department of Agriculture
DA-BFAR Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fishery and Aquatic Resources
DA-BSWM Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Soils and Water Management
DAO Department Administrative Order
DBM Department of Budget and Management
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DENR-CENRO Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Community Environment
and Natural Resources Office
DENR-CMMD Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Coastal and Marine
Management Division
DENR-CMMO Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Coastal Marine
Management Office
DENR-EMB Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Environmental Management
Bureau
DENR-ERDB Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Ecosystems Research and
Development Bureau
DENR-FMB Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Forest Management Bureau
DENR-ICMRP Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Integrated Coastal Resource
Management Project
DENR-LMB Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Land Management Bureau
DENR-LMS Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Land Management Service
DENR-NAMRIA Department of Environment and Natural Resources-National Mapping
Resource Information Authority
DENR-PAO Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Public Affairs Office
DENR-PPO Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Planning and Policy Office
DENR-RBCO Department of Environment and Natural Resources-River Basin Control Office
DepEd Department of Education
DES Department of Environmental Science
DILG Department of Interior and Local Government
DILG-WSSPMO Department of Interior and Local Government-Water Supply and Sanitation
Program Management Office
DO Dissolved Oxygen
DOH Department of Health
DOT Department of Tourism
DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways
ECC Environmental Compliance Certificate
EDM-ERO Environmental Disaster Management and Emergency Response Office
ENRD Environment and Natural Resources Division
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FARMC Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council
FMB Forest Management Bureau
FPE Foundation for the Philippine Environment

FSLF Friends of the Seven Lakes Foundation
GHG Green House Gas
GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, GmbH
GPOA General Plan of Action
HREP-CE House Representative, Committee on Ecology
IBA Important Bird Area
ICM Integrated Coastal Management
ICRMP Integrated Coastal Resource Management Project
IEC Information Education Communication
IMA International Marinelife Alliance
IP Indigenous People
IPR Indigenous Peoples Rights
IRA Internal Revenue Allotment
IRR Implementing Rules and Regulation
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
IUCN-SSC International Union for Conservation of Nature-Species Survival Commission
IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management
KBA Key Biodiversity Area
LGBC Local Government of Bayawan City
LGU Local Government Unit
LLDA Laguna Lake Development Authority
LPPCHEA Las Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area
MAR "Para el Mar"
MDFO Municipal Development Fund Office
MGB Mines and Geosciences Bureau
MIDAS Marine Integrated Decision Analysis System
MMRNP Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park
MPA Marine Protected Areas
MPO Municipal Planning Office
MSN Marine Support Network
NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
NCC CTI National Coordinating Committee
NCR National Capital Region
NEDA National Economic Development Authority
NFRDI National Fisheries Research and Development Institute
NGO Non-government Organization
NGP National Greening Program
NIA National Irrigation Administration
NIPAS National Integrated Protected Areas System
NPOA National Plan of Action
NPS North Philippine Sea
NPS-ENRMP National Program Support–Environment and Natural Resources Management
Project
NSAP National Stock Assessment Program

NWAPP National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines
NWRB National Water Resources Board
OIWS Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary
OSG Office of the Solicitor General
PAMB Protected Area Management Board
PAWB Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau
PAWCZMS Protected Areas, Wildlife and Coastal Zone Management Service
PBCP - Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priorities
PBSF Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Foundation
PCAMRD Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development
PCP Pawikan Conservation Project
PCSD Philippine Council for Sustainable Development
PCSDS Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff
PCWS Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation
PCWS-ITNF Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation-ITN Foundation
PD Presidential Decree
PEMO Provincial Environment Management Office
PENRMO Provincial Environment and Natural Resource Office
PES Payment for Ecosystem Services
PFEC Philippine Federation for Environmental Concern
PGCS Provincial Government of Camarines Sur
PGO Provincial Governor's Office
PHILDHRRA Philippine Partnership for the Development of Human Resources in Rural Areas
PhilMarSaSt Philippine Marine Sanctuary Strategy
PhilReefs Philippine Coral Reef Information Network
PO People's Organization
PPDO Provincial Planning and Development Office
PPSRNP Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park
PRA Philippine Reclamation Authority
PRRC Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission
PRS 92 Poverty Reduction Strategy
PSSI Philippine Speleological Society Incorporated
PSU Palawan State University
PTOD Provincial Tourism Office
PUSOD Pusod, Inc.
PWCA Philippine Wetlands Conservation Awards
R&D Research and Development
RA Republic Act
RAF Ramon Aboitiz Foundation
RBCO River Basin Control Office
RBO River Basin Organizations
RCS Ramsar Convention Secretariat
RDC-SU Research and Development Center- Siliman University
REDD Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

RO Regional Office
SCPW Society for the Conservation of Philippine Wetlands, Inc.
SCS South China Sea
SEAFDEC Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
SEAFDEC/AQD Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center / Aquaculture Department
SGP Small Grants Programme
SIBAT Sibol ng Agham at Teknolohiya, Inc.
SS Sulu Sea
SSB Sultan Sa Barounguis
SU Siliman University
SU-RDC Siliman University-Research and Development Center
SUAKCREM Silliman University Angelo King Center for Research and Environmental Management
SWCF Soil and Water Conservation Foundation
TIWS Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary
TMO Tubbataha Management Office
TPAMB Tubbataha Protected Area Management Board
TRNP Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
TWG Technical Working Group
UAP United Architects of the Philippines
UN United Nations
UNEP-GEF United Nations Environment Programme-Global Environment Facility Coordination
UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UP-MSI University of the Philippines - Marine Science Institute
UP-SURP University of the Philippines - School of Urban and Regional Planning
UPLB-CHE University of the Philippines Los Baños-College of Human Ecology
URL Uniform Resource Locator
VS Visayan Sea
WCSP Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines
WFC WorldFish Center
WMSU Western Mindanao State University
WRRC Water Resources Regional Council
WVCA W.V. Coscolluela & Associates
WWF World Wide Fund

Front Cover Page 26
Top left, Agusan Marsh, Agusan Del Sur, Left, LPPCHEA fish harvest,
Dr. Jonathan Davies Top and bottom right, Invasive specie Tilapia and
Top right, Laguna Lake and Boats, Jerome Bonto Golden Apple Snail, Jerome Bonto
Middle right, Mangrove Forest, George Tapan Page 29
Bottom right, Hungduan Ifugao, DENR-PAWB Top left, Kids acrobatic at Laguna Lake,
Bottom left, Sohoton Cave, George Tapan Jerome Bonto
Inside Front Cover Top right, Lulugayan Falls, DENR-PAWB
Agusan Marsh, Agusan Del Sur, Middle left, Kapalong Cave, Davao Del Norte,
Dr. Jonathan Davies DENR-PAWB
Page ii Middle right, Agusan Marsh, Agusan Del Sur,
Top, Boys on the river, Cagayan de Oro City, Dr. Jonathan Davies
Jerome Bonto Bottom left, George Tapan
Middle, Mangrove, DENR-PAWB Bottom right, Buguey Cagayan, Buguey Cagayan,
Bottom, 11th Cave Congress, Agusan Marsh, Joy Navarro
Agusan Del Sur, David Lee Back Cover
Page 1 Top left, Agusan Marsh, Agusan Del Sur, Dr.
Peatlands, Agusan Del Sur, David Lee Jonathan Davies
Bottom left, Sampaloc Lake fishpen, San Pablo
Page 4 City, Jerome Bonto
Top left, Coron Palawan, Joy Navarro Top and bottom right, White Herons and
Top right, Basket Weaving, Gaia Exploration Club, Crocodiles, George Tapan
DENR-PAWB
Middle left, Fisherman and daughter drying their
catch, Mindoro, William Sta. Clara
Middle right, Fisherman weaving net, Agusan Del
Sur, Dr. Jonathan Davies
Bottom left, Rice field, Agusan Marsh, Agusan Del
Sur, Dr. Jonathan Davies
Bottom right, Katibawasan Falls, Camiguin Island,
Region X, DENR-PAWB
Page 6
Top, Laguna Lake fishing pen, Jerome Bonto
Bottom, Lolong crocodile, Palawan Crocodile Farm,
DENR-PAWB
Page 8-9
All photos, Jerome Bonto
Page 11
All photos, Dr. Jonathan Davies
Page 12
Top, Palawan mangrove, DENR-PAWB
Bottom, Mangrove forest file photo, DENR-PAWB
Page 13
Left and right, Coral and seagrass, Bagalangit,
Batangas, B. Samaniego
Page 15
Top, Puerto Princesa Underground River, Palawan,
Argean Guiaya
Bottom, Ifugao Rice Terraces, DENR-PAWB
Page 16
LPPCHEA coastal clean-up activity, DENR-PAWB
Page 25
Top left, LPPCHEA shore line, Jerome Bonto
Top right, Vulnerable migratory birds, LPPCHEA,
DENR-PAWB
Bottom left, Draining peatlands for agriculture,
Region XI, DENR-PAWB
Bottom right, Land erosion, Dolongan Basey,
Samar, Zoisane Lumbres

DENR-PAWB Wetlands Action Plan 3G 3feb14

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Philippine Copyright © 2013

Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Printed and bound in the Philippines

First Printing: 2013

For citation purposes, this publication may be entered as

II. The Process: Arriving at the NWAPP 2011-2016........................................................... 5

IV. Relevant Laws and Policies Affecting the Management of Philippine

VI. Prevailing Issues & Trends in Philippine Wetlands....................................................... 24

Tabulated NWAPP (2011-2016)................................................................................................. 36

NWAPP Estimated Budget......................................................................................................... 58

Figure 1. Wetland Types............................................................................................................... 2

Theresa Mundita S. Lim

Water – collected from various freshwater Inland Wetlands

The National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016 1

Soil formation Sediment retention and accumulation of organic matter

The continued enjoyment of the products and It promotes ecotourism as a conservation

The National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016 3

The National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016 5

6 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau–Department of Environment and Natural Resources

The National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016 7

2. Rivers and River Basins

3. Swamps, Marshes and Peatlands

Candaba Swamp Bulacan and Pampanga Provinces, Central Luzon 32,000

The National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016 11

12 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau–Department of Environment and Natural Resources

The National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016 13

14 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau–Department of Environment and Natural Resources

The National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016 15

16 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau–Department of Environment and Natural Resources

The National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016 17

18 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau–Department of Environment and Natural Resources

T he honorific title of being a Ramsar Site is conferred to wetlands designated

B. Establishing Conservation Areas

The National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016 19

20 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau–Department of Environment and Natural Resources

C. Recognizing Best Practices through

Luzon Individual Prof. Victor S. Soliman

Luzon Local Government Unit Municipality of Prieto Diaz, Municipality of Bani,

D. Other Wetland Conservation Programs

The National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016 21

22 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau–Department of Environment and Natural Resources

RIVER BASINS The Philippines adopts an Integrated Water Resources Management

The National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016 23

T he diversity of life animates a worshipful

24 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau–Department of Environment and Natural Resources

The National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016 25

3. Untapped potential of ecotourism – Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

4. Unsustainable aquaculture practices – Guapote tigre Parachromis managuensis

5. Data gaps on vulnerability on flora

26 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau–Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 as adopted from the

The National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016 27

28 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau–Department of Environment and Natural Resources

30 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau–Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Thematic Areas and Goals

Thematic Area 1: Wetlands Policy

1. Review of existing land use and management of wetlands

32 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau–Department of Environment and Natural Resources

The National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016 33

34 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau–Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DENR, LGUs, NGOs, Bayan ni Juan, Management Scheme design Reports

DOST-PCMARD, DA-BFAR, DENR-

DENR-PAWB, CMMO, PAWB, ERDB, Recommendations Review conducted Reports

DENR-PAWB, SCPW Meeting conducted Conduct of meeting Minutes of Meeting; pledges