1.

Calculate the lateral stiffness for the frame shown in figure assuming the
elements to be axially rigid.
U3
U2 U1

2h

Sol:

The system has three degree of freedom. To obtain first column stiffness
matrixtake unit displacement in U1=1,(U2=U3=0). Similarly for remaining two
columns U2=1 (U1=U3=0) and U3=1(U2=U1=0) and the forces ki1, ki2, ki3 in
three columns are required to maintain this definition.

IB=IC subjected to lateral force fs,

EI 24 6h 6h U1 fs

h3 6h 6h2 h2 U2 = 0 (1)

6h h2 6h2 U3 0

k21= 6EIc/h2 k31=6EIc/h2

k11=2(12EIc)/h3

U1=1

k22= 4EIc/h+4EIb/l k32=2EIb/l

k12=6EIc/h2
From the second and third equations the joint rotations can be expressed in terms
of displacement.

-1

U2 =- 6h2 h2 6h U1= -6/7h 1 U1

U3 h2 6h2 6h 1

Substitute in above equation (1)

Fs= ((24EIc)/h3)-((6EIc)/7h4) [6h 6h] 1 U1 = 96EIcU1/(7h3)

Stiffness K = 96EIc/ (7h3)

2) A vertical cable 254cm long has a cross sectional area 3.2cm 2 supports a weight
of 453kg.What is the natural period or natural frequency of the system?

E=2.1x106 kg/cm2, g=981 kg/cm2

Sol: - Given data:-

Length of cable = 254cm

Area of cross section = 3.2cm2

Weight (m) = 453kg

E= 2.1x106 kg/cm2

g = 981 kg/cm2

We have time period T= =2π

We know k= = =

ωn = =

We have E= =

= = 168.19 cm

Tn = 2π

Tn =2.6 sec
Natural cyclic frequency = = = 0.384 cycles/ sec (or) Hz

3. An elevator car is moving down at a constant velocity of 0.75m/s and its steel
cable have a net cross sectional area of 20cm 2 and modulus of elasticity equal to
2*106 kg/cm2 .The car weights 4 tonnes and the length of the cable is 15m.
Determine the cable stress if during motion the upper end is suddenly stopped.

Sol: - Given data:-

Constant velocity = 0.75m/sec

Net cross sectional area of steel cable = 20cm2

Modulus of elasticity E = 2*106 kg/cm2

Car weight = 4 tonnes = 4000 kg

Sudden loading =

Kinetic energy = strain energy

½ mv2 =

½ * 4000 * 752 =

Stress on cable = 1.732* 106 / 20

= 86602.54 kg/cm2.
4) A uniform rigid slab of total mass m is supported on four columns of height h
rigidly connected to top slab and to the foundation slab. Each column has a
rectangular cross section with second moment of area Ix and Iy for bending about the
x and y axes respectively. Determine the equation of motion for this motion for this
system subjected to rotation ug of the foundation about a vertical axis. Neglect the
mass of the columns.

The elastic resisting torque or torsional moment fs acting on the mass

Newton’s second law gives

-fs = I0 (t) (1)

U (t) = U (t) + ug (t) (2)

U = rotation of roof slab relative to ground

I0 = m (b2 + d2) / 12 (moment of inertia of roof slab about the axis normal to slab

Passing trough centre ‘o’)

fs = K u (3)

K = Torsional Stiffness
 U = Unit rotation = 1

Columns both ends clamped

Kx = 12EIy / h3

Ky = 12EIx / h3

Kx Ky

U =1

Kx Kx

Ky Ky

K = 4(Kx * ) + 4(KY * ) = Kx d2 + Ky b2 (4)

Substitute (2) (3) (4) in (1)

I0 + (Kx d2 + Ky b2) u = - I0
 These equations govern relative rotation U of roof slab due to rotational

acceleration of foundation slab.

5) A Cantilever 254cm. long and fixed at the base supports a concentrated weight
of 453.6kg at its upper end. The mass of the vertical pole will be neglected. Find
the natural frequency and natural period. Moment of Inertia is 1171.28 cm4 , g =
981cm / sec2, E = 2.1*106 kg / cm2.

Given data:-

Cantilever span (L) = 254cm 453.6 kg

Load (m) = 453.6kg

I = 1171.28 cm2 254 cm

g = 981cm/sec cantilever beam loading

ωn =

K=
 K=

= 450.3 kg / cm

ωn =

= 0.996 Hz

Natural period = Tn= =2π

= = 6.3 sec

Natural frequency =

= 0.996

= 0.158Hz

6) A simply supported beam of span L, with flexural rigidity EI is carrying a

weight W at the centre of span. Compute the natural period and natural frequency.

Sol:

Given span = L

Central point load = W

Flexural rigidity = EI
Maximum static deformation st =

Natural time period Tn = 2π

Tn= 2π

Natural frequency= 1/ Tn

=(1/2π)

7) A block of mass 0.05kg is suspended from a spring having a stiffness 25N/m.

the block is displaced downwards from the equilibrium position through a distance
of 2cm and released with an upward velocity 3cm/sec. determine

a) Natural frequency

b) Period of oscillation
 c) Maximum velocity

d) Maximum acceleration

e) Phase angle

sol:

Given data

Mass m = 0.05kg

k = 25N/m

Initial conditions 1) initial displacement U (0) = 2cm

2) Initial velocity U’ (0) = 3cm/sec

We have U (t) = U (0) coswnt+U’ (0) sinwnt/wn

(1) Natural frequency

n =

= = 7.14/sec

(2) Time period of oscillation = 2 n = 0.88 seconds

(3) Maximum velocity = maximum amplitude * n

Umax = Amax * n

From equation (1)

Amax =

=
 = 2 cm

max = 2(22.36) = 44.72 cm2

(3) Maximum acceleration

max = Amax * n

= 2 * (22.36)2
= 999.94 cm/ s2

(4) Phase angle = tan-1(

= tan-1(

=86.16
(8) An oscillating system with natural frequency of 3.98 hertz starts with an
initial displacement x (0) = 10 mm and initial velocity of (0)= 125 mm/sec .
Calculate all the vibratory parameters involved and the time taken to reach the
first peak.

Sol:-
Given natural frequency =3.98 hertz
Initial conditions:
(a) Initial displacement x(0) = 10 mm
(b) Initial velocity (0) = 125 mm/s

Vibratory parameters:

(1) Natural circular frequency:

n = 2 f = 2 (3.98)

n = 25 rad/sec
(2) Natural time period :
T = 1/F = 1/(3.98) = 0.25 sec
We have
X (t) = x(0) + ( )

Max amplitude Amax =

Amax = 11.18 mm
(3) Maximum velocity
max = Amax *
= 11.18 * 25 = 279 mm/sec
 (4) Maximum acceleration
2
max = Amax *
= 11.18 * 252

= 6987.5 mm/s2

10) A steel beam simply supported has a span of 50cm.The cross section is
rectangular 50mm width and 5mm depth. This is connected at midspan by means
of a spring having a stiffness of 50 kg/cm and a load of 150kg is applied at the
other end of a spring. Determine natural frequency of system. If g=980cm/sec 2
E=2.1*10 6 kg/cm2.
Sol: given data:
SSB steel beam, span l = 50 cm
Width b = 5cm
Depth d = 0.5 cm 50 cm
Stiffness of spring k = 50 kg/cm
Point load at end = 150 kg
Acceleration due to gravity g = 980 cm/s2 150kg
Modulus of elasticity E = 2.1 x 106 kg/cm2
Effective stiffness of system:
1/keff = (1/kspring + 1/kbeam)

F = keff

mg = k

Kbeam = 48 EI/l3
I = bd3/12 = 5(0.5)3/12 = 0.052
Kbeam= (48 x 2.1 x 106 x 0.052) / 12
 = 42 kg/cm
Keff = (kspringx kbeam)/(kspring+ kbeam)
Keff = 22.826 kg/cm = 22.826 x 981 = 22392.306 N/cm

Natural circular frequency wn=

= = 12.21 rad/s

Natural cyclic frequency fn = wn/2π

= 1.94 Hz
11) A mass is held by three springs as shown in figure. Assume the rolling friction
is negligible, as are the inertial effects of the roller. Find natural frequency of the
system.
Sol: Given system is shown in figure below:

K1=6kg/cm K2=4kg/cm K3=2kg/cm

16kg

Springs k4 and k3 are in series

1/keff = (1/kspring + 1/kbeam)
Keff = (4 x 2)/ (4+2) = 1.33 kg/m
Now the system reduces to:

K1=6kg/cm Keff=1.33kg/cm

16kg

Now k1 and keff are in parallel

K1eff = k1 + keff
= 6 + 1.33 = 7.33 kg/cm
= 7.33 x 981 = 7190.73 N/cm
Natural circular frequency wn=

= = 21.2 rad/s

Natural cyclic frequency fn= wn/2π

= 3.37 Hz
12) Determine the natural cyclic frequency and the natural period of vibration of
20lb suspended as shown in fig.
Sol: Given data:
Length of rod l = 10’
Diameter of rod d = 2”
Stiffness of spring kspring = 20 lb/inch
Stiffness of beam kbeam = 3EI/l3
Kbeam = 3 (29 x 106) (π (1)4/4) / (10 x 12)3
= 39.54 lb/in
Therefore, keff = 13.39 lb/in

= w/keff

= 20/13.39 = 1.494 in
Natural cyclic frequency fn = wn/2π

=
 = 2.56 Hz
Time period Tn = 1/fn = 0.391 s

13) The weight W of the structure is 200kN and the structure is set into free
vibration by releasing it (@t=0) from a displacement of 40mm.if the maximum
displacement on the return spring is 30mm @t= 0.8s, determine
1. Lateral spring stiffness k,
2. Damping ratio ᶓ,
3. Damping coefficient c.
Sol: given data
Mass (m) = 200kN
= (200/981)*1000
=203.87kg
Initial displacement x0 = 40mm
Maximum displacement x1 = 30mm
Time period T = 0.8s

n = 2π/T =2π/0.8

= 7.85 rad/sec
 n =

2
k= n xm

= 7.85 x 7.85 x 203.87

=12563.2 N/cm

Logarithmic decrement ln(x0/xn) =ln (40/30) =0.287

Damping ratio =0.287/2π=0.046

C=

= 2 x 0.046 x

=14.72 kN-s/m