BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT MARFRANCISCO, PINAMALAYAN,

ORIENTAL MINDORO

Senior High 043-284-4504

Abada College Basic Education Department
ABADA COLLEGE School
Name: ___________________________________ Grade & Strand: ______________________

EARTH and LIFESCIENCE

Self-Learning Module

GET READY TO ROCK

Quarter 1, Module 3
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
(S11/12ES -Ia-9)

“It is not in the stars to hold our destiny but in ourselves.”—William Shakespeare

Time Frame: 2 weeks (September 21-October 5, 2020)

Prepared by: Jerry De Leon Taay

SHS Teacher
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LESSON 3: Minerals and Rocks

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EXPECTATIONS
In our previous lesson, we learn about the four subsystems of the earth. The
natural balance that exists among the four subsystems allows living things to survive
which continue to interact among each other and with the environment. A lot of
important raw materials are found in the environment. Some of which are mineral-
based. A mineral is defined as a naturally occurring, usually inorganic solid with
distinct chemical composition and an orderly crystalline structure. In order to test
whether a sample of matter is a mineral, scientists need to assess the sample according
to the aforementioned characteristics. A silicate mineral contains silicon and oxygen
and may consist of a metal. Examples are feldspar, orthoclase and plagioclase. A no
silicate mineral is one that does not contain silicon and oxygen. Examples of which are
gypsum, galena, and corundum

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

 compare and contrast the different types of rocks based on their physical
properties;
 classify sample rocks into igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary;
 describe briefly kinds of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks;
 explain completely the processes involved in a rock cycle;
 identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical
properties;
 Compare and contrast minerals from rocks;
 Identify the chemicals and physical properties of minerals and determine how can
these be used to distinguish one mineral from the other; and
 Be familiar of its economic uses and integrate the value to the increase of mining
industries in the country.

Note: Use another sheet of paper for your answer (yellow

paper).!

Let us start your

journey in learning more about different types of rocks by answering the Pre-test. Cheer up and
answer each item with confidence!
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PRETEST

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Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
_______ 1) What is molten rock called?
A. Mineral C. Crystal
B. Magma D. Gem
_______ 2) What are the three main types of rocks?
A. Igneous, Sedimentary, and Foliated
B. Foliated, Non-Foliated, and Volcanic
C. Volcanic, Metamorphic, and Rocky
D. Metamorphic, Igneous, and Sedimentary
_______ 3) What type of rock is formed by heat and pressure?
A. Igneous C. Metamorphic
B. Volcanic D. Rocky
_______ 4) What type of rock is formed by volcanic activity?
A. Foliated C. Sedimentary
B. Non-Foliated D. Igneous
_______ 5) What type of rock is formed by weathering and erosion?
A. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic
B. Foliated D. Igneous
_______ 6) Which of the following is NOT a siliceous mineral?

A. Pyrite c. Feldspar

C. Quartz d. Clorite

_______ 7) Given the following sets of rocks, which of the following is in correct order of
decreasing hardness?

a. Apatite-Talc-Calcite-Topaz c. Topaz-Calcite-Apatite-Talc

b. Calcite-Talc-Topaz d. Topaz-Apatite-Calcite-Talc

_______ 8) Which of the following does not describe the characteristics of minerals?

a. Minerals are hard and solids

b. Minerals are valuable

c. Minerals are highly inorganic

d. Minerals have definite chemical structure & composition

______ 9) In which of the following groups of minerals do most minerals in the Earth's crust
belong?

a. Oxides b. Silicates C. Halides d. Carbonates

________10) The low solubility of minerals is the least susceptible of it to chemical weathering at
the surface of the earth. Which of the following minerals best described by this situation?

a. Calcite b. Olivine C. Pyrite d. Quartz

_______ 11) It refers to the external expression of the orderly internal arrangement of atoms of a
mineral.
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a. Specific Gravity b. Luster C. Color d. Streak

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______ 12) The following belong to the groups of silicates EXCEPT

A Amazonite b. Barite C. Topaz d. Talc

______ 13) which of the following minerals belong to the group of phosphates?

a. Turquoise b. Malachite C. Diamond d. Amethyst

______ 14) Which of the following minerals are mostly used as electrical conductors for wires?
a. Aluminum b. Copper C. Tron d. Cobalt

______ 15) Which of the following properties of mineral refers to the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of
weak bonding?

a. Streak b. Fracture C. Cleavage d. Luster

Great! You finished answering the questions. You may request your facilitator to check
your work. Good work and keep it up!
PREVIEW:
Would you agree with me if I say rocks and everything about rocks are already
part of your lessons in Junior High School? Do you think you will still encounter
difficulty in engaging with the discussions and activities in this module considering that
you have adequate knowledge and resources about rocks? There is nothing new in this
module except for much deeper approach in content since you are now in senior high
school. What is a rock, exactly? After some thoughts and study on this lesson, you will
say that rocks are more or less hard solids, of natural origin and made of minerals. But
before you proceed to the lessons and stimulating activities, let’s try an exciting exercise
to sharpen your spelling ability. If your answers are all correct you will earn points from
your teacher.
Spelling Challenge: Correct Me If I’m Wrong!

For each number below inspect if the letter inside each box gives a correct
spelling or not. If not, write the correctly spelled word in the space provided to get the
exact idea.
1. It is a science that deals with the history of the earth as recorded in rocks.
Y G O L O G E
___________________________________________________________
__
2. Solid homogeneous inorganic substances occurring in nature having a definite
chemical composition usually found in rocks.
N A S E I M R L
_________________________________________________________
____
3. The remains of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has
been excavated from the soil.
O I S S S L F
_______________________________________________________
________________
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Minerals
Minerals are inorganic, solid, possesses orderly internal structure, has definite
chemical composition, and occurs naturally. Atoms of elements in minerals formed a
structure called crystal lattice which is responsible for the shape of minerals. Due to
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extreme heat and pressure, and even natural processes like precipitation and

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evaporation, minerals are formed. When minerals are taken out from the ground or
mined, they are now known as ores. Elements such as iron and copper come from ores.
Hematite (Fe_03) which is the compound of iron and oxygen makes up some minerals.
Others are pyrhotite (FeS), and rhodochrosites (MnCO;) are some of these mineral
compounds.
Minerals are named usually by chemical and mineral names. Lead sulphide is
called galena and sodium chloride is called halite. Some minerals have old names from
Latin like orpiment (auri pigmentum) or Greek like chalcocite (chalcos, copper, or brass).
The earth's crust is composed of elements which in turn make up minerals. The
eight most abundant elements on earth are the following listed in order from largest to
smallest.
Rank Element % by weight
1 Oxygen 46.60
2 Silicon 27.72
3 Aluminium 8.13
4 Calcium 3.63
5 Sodium 2.83
6 Potassium 2.59
7 Magnesium 2.09
8 Titanium 0.44
9 Hydrogen 0.14
10 Iron 5.00
Total 99.17
All the other elements (84 0.83
elements in the Periodic Table)
Over-all 100
Table 1: Most abundant elements of the Earth’s crust

Classification of Minerals
There are almost 3500 minerals on the earth’s crust. They occur in large
quantities in many areas or rare found in limited areas. Minerals are classified into four
types namely: Siliceous, non-metallic, metal ore and gem minerals.
Classification Distinct Features Uses
of Minerals
1.Siliceous  most abundant of the minerals  making optical
Minerals  contain chemical element silicon instruments from quartz
and some aluminium, sodium,  making of porcelain and
potassium, hydrogen, and oxygen enamel from feldspar
 silicon never found in nature but it  insulation in electrical
exists in silicates form equipment, wallpaper,
 major materials in granite are and fireproof materials
siliceous from mica
 examples of these minerals are  making powder for
feldspar, mica, amphibole, quartz, cosmetic purposes,
serpentine, talc, olivine, albite, paints, ceramics, and
hornblende, and chlorite paper from talc
2. Non-  contains carbonates, sulfates,  manufacture of
metallic manufacture of cement, and cement, mortar,
Minerals other compounds or native building materials
sulphur. from calcite
 they also contain calcium and, • making of explosives,
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magnesium which are metals fifeworks, and dyes from

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fireworks, and dyes but not sulfur

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 considered as sources of from • making pencil as lead from
sulfur minerals making pencil as graphite
lead • making of soap, glass,
 some examples are calcite, enamels, and washing
sulfur, from graphite salt, borax, powders from borax
gypsum, apatite, making of soap,
glass, dolomite, halite, fluorite,
kernite, enamels, , and graphite

3.Metallic  include common metal ores  building

Minerals  these ores have been formed due infrastructure projects
to a large process of chemical from iron and alloy
and physical changes such as steel
 some mineral ores are found in  making roofs &
pure forms and do not exist in planes, cars from
chemical combination with other aluminum
elements  used in thermometers
 an ore called gangue is formed from mercury making
by mixture of metallic mineral of coins, and jewelries
ore with waste materials from gold
 examples of these minerals are  used in electrical
gold, silver, copper, platinum, wires, nails and
iron, titanium, mercury, sheets in buildings
uranium, aluminum, bauxite, from copper
azurite, pyrite, and hematite  used in paint
pigments from
titanium
 power nuclear
submarines from
uranium
4. Gem  they include precious and  expensive in making
Minerals semiprecious stones jewelries from
 known for their color, luster, diamond
hardness (using the Moh's  Expensive and as
Scale), and crystalline form used chiefly as
 methods such as optical tests ornaments from ruby,
and chemical methods are used jade and sapphire.
by mineralogists to identify these
minerals
 hardness of minerals depends on
the composition and
arrangement of atoms
 examples of these are diamond,
opal, topaz, jade, garnet,
sapphire, aquamarine, jade,
tourmaline, corundum, and
beryl, zircon

Properties of Minerals (See attached picture on page 17)

Before scientists could claim to have a new discovered mineral, they must
considered several properties such as color, crystal form, hardness, luster, specific
gravity, cleavage, fracture, and streak. Minerals have special properties such as
magnetism, asterism, fluorescence, thermoluminiscence, effervescence, radioactivity,
and double refraction
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The following are the physical properties of minerals in which mineralogists can
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easily identify without the aid of any special equipment. They are expert in the following:

ACrystal Form
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 Is the external expression of the orderly internal arrangement of atoms of minerals.

The crystal form of minerals can be based in the six systems of crystal which are: cubic,
tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic
Luster Is the appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of mineral.

Metallic and non-metallic minerals differ in luster. Metallic minerals reflects like a
metal such as gold or silver while non-metallic inrals does not reflect light like metal.
Is the most obvious property of minerals and is often an unreliable diagnostic
Color
property.

Streak Is the color of a mineral in its powdered form, obtained by rubbing the mineral
across a piece of unglazed porcelain.

Cleavage Is the external expression of the orderly internal arrangement of atoms of minerals

Is the tendency for minerals that do not exhibit cleavage when broke like quartz
Fracture
are said to fracture.

Is a number which represents the ratio of the weight of the mineral to the weight
Specific gravity
of an equal volume of water.

An example of this the silver (Ag) which is 10.5 time denser than water. If the
water has a specific gravity equivalent to 1, then silver has specific gravity of 10.5. there
is equal value of 1 cm3 of H2O to mass of 1 gram.

Hardness Is the measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching.

The standard scale of hardness is based from Frederick Moh’s scale ranging from 1
(softest) to 10 (hardest).
1. Talc 6. Feldspar/ Orthoclase
2. Gypsum 7. Quartz
3. Calcite 8. Topaz
4. Flourite 9. Corundum
5. Apatite 10. Diamond
If the minerals given above are not available, simple test can be done to determine the
hardness using common objects such as fingernail (2.5) copper (3.5), iron nail (4) glass
plate (5.5) and steel file (6.5).
Importance of Minerals
Indeed that minerals play vital role in our lives and as the economy of our country
is concerned, we should be aware on how to conserve and preserve the richness of our
natural resources. The mineral deposits are further classified into two: metallic and non-
metallic minerals.
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 Metallic Minerals Location Uses
Iron Ilocos Norte, Camarines Norte, Used in wedding, purifying ores and
Cotabato, Nueva Vizcaya, Samar, production of steel
Bulacan
Nickel Nonoc Island, Surigao del Norte Production of stainless steel,
magnets, coins, rechargeable
batteries, electric guitar strings,
microphone
Copper Cebu, Negros, Benguet, Davao, Electric conductors, wires, electronics
Zamboanga del Sur
Gold Benguet, Camarines Norte, Jewellery, filling for teeth, coins
Masbate, Bulacan, Surigao
Silver (by product of gold mining) Jewellery, photography, coins
Chromium Camarines Sur, Mindoro Stainless steel, metal coating, wood
Occidental, Zambales, Bukidnon treatment
Zinc Benguet, zamboanga City, Samar Plating of iron, Batteries, paints
Mercury Puerto Princessa, Palawan Dental restoration, lamps
Lead Ayala, Zamboanga City Batteries, Bullets
Platinum Sta. cruz, Zambales Catalyst, Laboratory equipment,
jewellery
Non-metallic Minerals
Silica Palawan, Negros Occidental Used in glassmaking
Clay (red), Kaolinite Cebu, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Used for pottery, ceramics, china
(white) Iloilo, Camarines Sur ware
Marble Romblon For building construction

Rock…Igneous! Metamorphic! Sedimentary!

Generally, rocks are identified by their distinctive set of minerals they contain,
most of these rocks are made of grains of one mineral type, or some have a mixture of
different minerals. Texture is another characteristic property used to identify rocks such
as description of their size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains.
In this module, activities and discussion will focus on how rocks are classified
into three major groups on the basis of how they form. Rock groupings or classification
can be studied in hand samples that can be moved from their original location, another
way is by using outcrop, exposed rock formations that are attached to the ground, at the
location where they are found.
What are the three major classifications of rocks?
How do they form? What are their general
characteristics? These are frequent asked questions
about rocks but can be answered through
investigations and observations of actual rock samples.
The origin of these rocks including the processes
involved can be described and explained through the
so- called rock cycle.
Igneous rocks are those that solidify from
magma, a molten mixture of rock-forming minerals and
usually volatiles such as gases and steam. Since their
constituent minerals are crystallized from molten material, igneous rocks are formed at
high temperatures, and originate from processes deep within the Earth typically at
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depths of about 50 to 200 km (30 to 120 miles)—in the mid- to lower-crust or in the
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upper mantle. Formed when magma cools and solidifies underground. Igneous rocks are
of two kinds: Extrusive and Intrusive
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction and cementing together of
sediments, broken pieces of rock-like gravel, sand, silt, or clay. Those sediments can be
formed from weathering and erosion of pre-existing rock. Sedimentary rocks also include
chemical precipitates, the solid materials left behind after a liquid evaporates. Clastic
sedimentary rocks such as breccia, conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale are
formed from mechanical weathering debris. Chemical sedimentary rocks, such as rock
salt, iron ore, chert, flint, some dolomites, and some limestone’s, form when dissolved
materials precipitate from solution.
Metamorphic rocks are those formed by changes in preexisting rocks under the
influence of high temperature, pressure, and chemically active solutions. The changes
can be chemical (compositional) and physical (textural) in character.
Metamorphic rocks are often formed by processes deep within the earth that
produce new minerals, textures, and crystal structures. The recrystallization that takes
place does so essentially in the solid state, rather than by complete re-melting, and can
be aided by ductile deformation and the presence of interstitial fluids such as water.
There are two main types of metamorphic rocks: those that are foliated because they have formed in an environment
with either directed pressure or shear stress, and those that are not foliated because they have formed in an
environment without directed pressure or relatively near the surface with very little pressure.

Can you identify from the figure above which rock is igneous? metamorphic? or sedimentary?

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Classification of rocks
Rocks are made up of one or more minerals. Although different rocks can contain the same minerals, they are
classified based on the way in which they were formed. There are three major types of rocks namely: Igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic rock.

Types of rocks Distinct Features

IGNEOUS ROCKS  •it is formed from hot molten  enrich soil fertility
material (magma) within the due to these rocks
earth's crust that has undergone came from volcanic
solidification, cooled & hardened, eruption
due to high temperature building
 the magma may come out of the  And statues
earth's surface through volcanic monuments
eruptions and now called lava  such as granite
these rocks are classified based on constructions
crystallization before magma has of roads such
PUMIC reached the earth's surface as traprock
(intrusive .  grinding polishing
 rocks coarser texture due to big materials such as
crystals' formations); magma flows pumice
out the earth's surface (extrusive  serves as beautifying
rocks glassy appearance due to product such as
fine crystals); magma comes out in clay
explosive eruption now becomes
lava (pyroclastic rocks)
GABBRO  can be identified based on texture:
(a)-coarse grained appearance in
rocks means the mineral crystals
are large & sign that the rock
solidified deep in the earth's crust
after very slow cooling; (b) fine
grained appearance means the
mineral crystals are small rock
BASALT cooled so quickly
 common rocks are granite, gabbro,
diorite, syenite, a peridotite,
dunite, obsidian, tacylite,
pegmatite, pumice, clay, slate,
basalt

SLATE
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS • it is formed from deposits of • making of glass such
materials -called sediments which are as sandstone
hardened, cemented, and packed • building construction
LIMESTON together sediments are deposited on such as the limestone
land by water, wind and glaciers; settle • manufacturing
down to the bottom of lakes and fertilizer, plaster of
oceans paris, porcelain
• these rocks sediments they contain glass, and paints that
SHALE namely: (a) came from rock
clastic sediments (formed mostly by gypsum
weathering and erosion such as gravel, • valuable source of
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sand, silt, shale, and mud); (a) Fuel from coal

chemical sediments (formed are • construction
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classified based from hardened buildings and side-

SILT

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 minerals usually walks from sand-stone
dissolved in water, minerals can be •making chalk from
separated from water by evaporation or limestone
precipitation, examples of these are • valuable fertilizers
limestone, rock gypsum, & rock salt; from rock salts
organic sediments (formed from
remains of living organisms such as
rock
METAMORPHIC ROCKS • formed from previous igneous or • Making chalk-
sedimentary rocks changes due to board, table tops,
high pressure and temperature; roofs, laboratory
changes may be in the shape of tables & sinks from
crystals slate
• the changing of rocks from • building stone and
igneous sedimentary manufacturing of
MARBLE metamorphism glass and sand paper
• metamorphism or metamorphosis from quartzite
could be: (a) contact • making bracelets,
metamorphism rings, and necklaces
(an igneous/sedimentary rock from schist
converted to metamorphic if it is • Construction
direct contact with the source of buildings, statues
or is known as heat such as the and from Monuments
formation of marble from limestone marble.
GNEISS
which is heated to high
temperature); (b) regional
metamorphism (increase pressure
& temperature is due to some
processes known as plate tectonic
and causes the formation of
mountains
QUARTZILE • some of the metamorphic rocks
came from the following igneous,
sedimentary rocks such as slate
from shale, quartzite from
sandstone, gneiss from
conglomerate, schist from
shale, and marble from limestone
• rocks (minerals are flattened,
SCHIST drawn out and arranged in bands
and paralle-layers such as rocks
that contain mica or iron
magnesium minerals) unfoliated
(fracture without definite
pattern)

The igneous texture describes the over-all appearance of the rock based on size, shape
and arrangement of its interlocking crystals, this reveals a great deal about the
environment in which the rock formed. The following are types of igneous texture.
1. Aphanitic
The crystals are too small for individual minerals to be distinguished with
the unaided eye. Igneous rocks that form at the surface or small masses within
the upper crust where cooling is relatively rapid posses very fine-grained texture.
Light intermediate or dark in color, has spherical or elongated openings called
vesicles left by gas bubbles that escape as magma solidifies that are most
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abundant in the upper portion of lava flows where cooling occurs very rapidly.
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2. Phaneritic (coarse-grained)

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 Coarse-grained igneous rocks are formed when large masses of magma
solidify slowly below the surface. Consists of a mass of inter grown crystals which
are roughly equal in size and large enough that the individual crystals can be
identified with the unaided eye.
3. Porphyritic
Different minerals crystallize at different temperatures and at different
rates, it is possible for some crystals to become quite large before others begin to
from. If magma containing large crystals should change environment like erupting
at the surface, the molten portion of the lava would cool quickly resulting in rocks
which has large crystals embedded in a matrix of smaller crystals. The large
crystals are called phenocrysts and the matrix of smaller crystals is called
groundmass.
4. Glassy
During a volcanic eruption, molten rock is ejected into the atmosphere-where it is
quenched quickly. Rapid cooling may generate rocks with glassy texture.

Sedimentary rocks are important in interpretation of Earth's history because

understanding the conditions under which sedimentary rocks form, geologists can
deduce the history of a rock, including information about the origin of its component
particles, the method and length of sediment transport and the nature of the place
where the grains eventually came to rest. Thus, when a series of sedimentary layers are
studied, the successive changes in environmental conditions that occur at a particular
place with the passage of time can be seen where the materials accumulated. Other
features found in some sedimentary rocks are ripple marks, mud cracks and fossils also
give clues to past environments. Commonly called a fossil fuel and has been an
important fuel for centuries. In the 19th century and early 20th century, cheap and
plentiful coal powered the industrial revolution.
Coal remains the major fuel used in power plants to generate electricity. As oil
reserves gradually diminish in the years to come, the use of coal may increase. Oil and
natural gas commonly occur together in the pore spaces ot sedimentary rocks, consists
of hydrocarbon compounds mixed together.
-Petroleum formation is associated with the accumulation of sediment in an ocean
areas that are rich in plant and animal remains that become buried and isolated in an
oxygen-deficient environment.
Metamorphic rocks are formed due to the following metamorphism agents.
1. Heat recrystallization Rocks formed near the Earth's surface may be subjected
to intense heat when intruded with molten material rising from below. At convergent
boundaries, rocks are slowly thrust downward to become metamorphosed at depth.
Provides the energy to drive chemical reactions that result in
2. Pressure and Stress - buried rocks are subjected to stress or force exerted by
the load above. Rocks are also subjected to directional tectonic forces during mountain
building, these forces, which are unequal in different directions are called differential
stresses.
3. Chemical Activities/Chemically active fluids - the common fluid is water-
containing ions in solution, some water is contained in the pore spaces of every rock.
Water aids in chemical reactions, also surrounds crystals and act as a catalyst by
aiding ion migration. In some instances, water promotes the recrystallization of
minerals.
Metamorphic processes can cause many changes in rocks like:
 Increased density
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 Growth of larger crystals

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 Reorientation of mineral grains

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  Transformation from low temperature to high temperature minerals

ACTIVITIES:
Activity 1.1 Classifying Rocks
Objective: This activity promotes and builds
students’ ability to classify rocks using their own
observational skills on some rock samples. Students
will learn to interpret features of rocks that are clues
to their rock type and environment formation.
(students must have a documentation of this activity)
A. Materials Needed: Hand Lenses
Box of Rocks (24 compartments) may contain
the following: Granite, Gabbro Rhyolite, Basalt,
Pumice, Scoria, Obsidian Limestone (clastic)
Limestone (chemical) Conglomerate,
Sandstone, Shale, Slate, Mica, Schist, Gneiss,
Marble ,Quartzite.
B. Procedure:
1. Each Students will provide a box with rocks and lenses (magnifying glass,
just borrow do not buy)
2. Each students make a list of ways that they could group the rocks.
3. Each Students may group the rocks according to their criteria. For
example, texture, size, shape or if you observe rocks with very fine crystals
might be in one group, those with bigger crystals might be in another group
and so on.
4. Students can make more groupings and re-arrange their groups if they
desire.
5. Have student record their groups and the criteria used to classify the rocks
into these groups.

C. Tabulated Results (you can use another sheet of paper for you answer)

Rock Classification Observable Rock Sample

(Sample Criteria) Characteristics
a. According to
texture
b. According to
size
c. According to
shape
E. Guide Questions:
1. What criteria did you use to classify rock samples?
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 ______________________________________________________________________________
2. In each classification what are the observable characteristics (commonalities
or differences) among rock samples?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Based on the criteria used, what are some rock samples that fit each?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Activity 1.2 My Type of Rock
A. Objective: Students will share their rock classifications while the teacher helps the
class construct a list of characteristics for the three main types of rocks and the
environment of formation for each rock type (Using zoom application or goggle
meet)
B. Materials Needed: Granite, Basalt, Sandstone, Shale, Conglomerate,
Limestone, slate, Schist, Gneiss, Quartzite (you can look for the picture on the
goggle)
C. Procedure:
a. Let the whole class discussion centered on student observations. Make a
whole-class list of different ways to group rocks.
b. Introduce the three rock types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Explain how each rock type forms. Some individual students may be able
to provide this information.
c. Let them find the following rocks from their box. Explain the rock type of
these rocks and have students suggest what characteristics of these rocks
they could use to group these rocks together.
i. Igneous –Granite, Basalt
ii. Sedimentary - Sandstone, Shale, Conglomerate, Limestone
iii. Metamorphic – Slate, Schist, Gneiss, Quartzite
d. Use the comics story below to describe rock’s environment formation

D. Tabulated Results:
Identify at
How does Where can What are the least
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What type of you find characteristics three

rock is it? this rock this of examples
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form? type of this type of of each type

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 rock? rock?
a.
1. Igneous b.
c.
a.
2. Sedimentary b.
c.
a.
3. Metamorphic b.
c.

E. Guide Questions:
1. What are the three main types of rocks?
________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________.
2. How does each rock form?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the location of each type of rock?
________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the characteristics of each type of rock? Give three (3) examples for each
type.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
What are the kinds of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

6. What is your favourite type of rock? Why?

________________________________________________________________________________
7. _________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1.3 Rock with a Never- Ending

Rock Cycle!

The Rock
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Cycle is a
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group of
changes.

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 Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or into
metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rock can change into
metamorphic rock or into igneous rock. Metamorphic
rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock.
Although we may not see the changes, the physical and
chemical properties of rocks are constantly changing in a
natural, never-ending cycle called the rock cycle.

7. Using the rock cycle diagram above, trace how an igneous rock changes into
another form of rock. What are the processes involved? Explain each.
____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________

8. Why is rock cycle is called a never-ending cycle?

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
REMEMBER

There are three basic types of rocks. Each type of rock forms under particular
conditions. As a result, each rock type provides a clue to the conditions present when
that rock was formed. Each rock type can be identified based on several observable
characteristics.

Observable
Characteristics
Rock
Type Where Formed Example

1. Igneous
These are molten magma Basalt – usually dark
Extrusive Crystals are so that gray
erupted from volcanoes.
small and can't be They to black, fine-grained
cooled very quickly, which volcanic rock;
seen with the is sometimes
why the crystals are has gas bubbles
naked eyes but usually (vesicles)
Sometimes there very small.
are larger, visible
crystals in a very
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fine-grained
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matrix.

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 These rocks were once Granite – pinkish,
Intrusive Interlocking liquid whitish
magma, but they did not
Crystals erupt igneous rock with
from volcanoes. Instead,
they interlocking crystals of
cooled slowly and the
crystals quartz and feldspar.
Sometimes includes
had time to grow large. mica.
2.
Sedimentar
y
These rocks formed when Conglomerate –
Clastic Composed of loose composed
sediment such as rocks
smaller rocks and of pieces pebble-size or
cemented sand were deposited by
together, water, larger
Sandstone - composed
contains fossils compacted, and cemented of
and usually has together. These rocks form sand-size pieces
along beaches, by rivers, Shale - composed of
layers. or pieces
under the water in lake or smaller than fine sand
oceans.
Limestone – a whitish
Chemical Usually with light or
These rocks are also
deposited
grayish rock made of
gray color the
in water. However, they
sometimes with form as mineral calcite.
crystals, a chemical reaction in the

water that leaves a

chemical
sometimes with
deposit, usually on an
ocean
shells, sometimes
just massive. bottom.
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 3.
Metamorph
ic Usually has These rocks formed when Quartzite –
igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphosed
interlocking other sandstone
metamorphic rocks are
crystals and layers heated Slate – metamorphosed
and/or squished, forming
(called foliation) a shale.
new rock type. This Schist –
usually metamorphosed
happens during mountain sedimentary rocks that
building events (regional had lots of clay.
Gneiss –
metamorphism), but also metamorphosed

happens during igneous

activity granite.
(contact metamorphism).

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Create a graphic organizer to demonstrate the interlocking relationship between
the three main types of rocks. Make sure to include the smaller groups of each type of
rock and write a brief description about it. You can use the sample diagram below as a
guide. You can be creative as you can in making your picture graphic organizer for the
main types of rocks.

IGNEOUS
REGIONAL
METAMORPHISM
-EXTRUSIVE
-CLASTIC -CONTACT
-INTRUSIVE
METAMORPHISM

POST TEST

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

_______1. The three groups of rocks namely igneous, sedimentary and
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metamorphic are classified by which of the following basis?

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A. How they form C. Grain size

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 B. Color D. Chemical Composition
_______2. An igneous rock sample which is pinkish, whitish with interlocking
crystals of quartz and feldspar.
A. Basalt C. Obsidian
B. Granite D. Limestone
________3. A sedimentary rock made up of smaller rocks cemented together,
which contains fossils and usually has layers.
A. Pyroclastic C. Clastic
B. Classic D. Metamorphic
________ 4. It is a type of rock usually has interlocking crystals and layers called
foliation.
A. Metamorphic C. Igneous
B. Sedimentary D. Felsic

________ 5. The following are sedimentary rocks except:

A. Conglomorate, Sandstone, Shale C. Sandstone, Limestone, Shale

B. Shale, Limestone, Granite D. Slate, Gneiss, Basal

_______ 6) Which of the following is NOT a siliceous mineral?
A. Pyrite c. Feldspar
C. Quartz d. Clorite
_______ 7) Given the following sets of rocks, which of the following is in correct order of
decreasing hardness?
a. Apatite-Talc-Calcite-Topaz c. Topaz-Calcite-Apatite-Talc
b. Calcite-Talc-Topaz d. Topaz-Apatite-Calcite-Talc
_______ 8) Which of the following does not describe the characteristics of minerals?
a. Minerals are hard and solids
b. Minerals are valuable
c. Minerals are highly inorganic
d. Minerals have definite chemical structure & composition
______ 9) In which of the following groups of minerals do most minerals in the Earth's
crust belong?
a. Oxides b. Silicates C. Halides d. Carbonates
________10) The low solubility of minerals is the least susceptible of it to chemical
weathering at the surface of the earth. Which of the following minerals best described by
this situation?
a. Calcite b. Olivine C. Pyrite d. Quartz
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_______ 11) It refers to the external expression of the orderly internal arrangement of
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atoms of a mineral.

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 a. Specific Gravity b. Luster C. Color d. Streak
______ 12) The following belong to the groups of silicates EXCEPT
A Amazonite b. Barite C. Topaz d. Talc
______ 13) which of the following minerals belong to the group of phosphates?
a. Turquoise b. Malachite C. Diamond d.
Amethyst
______ 14) Which of the following minerals are mostly used as electrical conductors for
wires?
a. Aluminum b. Copper C. Tron d. Cobalt
______ 15) Which of the following properties of mineral refers to the tendency of a
mineral to break along planes of weak bonding?
a. Streak b. Fracture C. Cleavage d. Luste

Crystal Form Streak

Luster

Cleavage

Color

Specific Gravity
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Fracture
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