Comprehensive Training for DPWH Field Engineers

March 01, 2019

Hotel Jen Manila, Pasay City

Presented by:
Engr. Joel T. Surot
Engineer IV, Bureau of Construction
Outline of the Presentation

Road Definition Classification

Construction
Components
Methodology

2
Road Definition
• A general term denoting a public way for purposes of traffic,
including the entire area within the road right-of-way
-DPWH Enterprise Data Glossary

• A thoroughfare, route or way on land between two places

that has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel
by foot or some form of conveyance.
-Wikipedia

• A wide way leading from one place to another, especially

one with a specially prepared surface which vehicles can
use.
-Oxford
3
Classification According to System
National Roads
-Public roads, declared as national roads
by the President of the Philippines upon
recommendation of the Secretary of
Public Works and Highways satisfying the
conditions set forth under Executive Order
No. 113, Establishing the Classification of
Roads. National roads are classified as
primary and secondary roads. The former
forms the part of the main highway trunk-
line system which is continuous in extent;
the latter includes all access roads forming
a secondary trunk-line system. -DGCS, 2015
Road Right-of-Way Width of Travelled Way (2-Lane)
20.00 meters min. 6.70 meters min.
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Classification According to System
Provincial Roads
-These are roads connecting one
municipality to another, with the terminal
to be the public plaza; plus roads
extending from one municipality or from a
provincial or national road to a public
wharf or railway station. For purposes of
allocating national aid maintenance, a
provincial road is designated and accepted
as such by the Secretary of the
Department of Public Works and
Highways, upon recommendation of the
Provincial Board. -DGCS, 2015
Road Right-of-Way Width of Travelled Way (2-Lane)
15.00 meters min. 6.10 meters min.
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Classification According to System
Municipal/City Roads
-Roads / streets within the población area
of the municipality or within the urban
area of a city not classified as provincial or
national roads.

-DGCS, 2015
Road Right-of-Way Width of Travelled Way (2-Lane)
15.00 meters min. 6.10 meters min.
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Classification According to System
Barangay Roads
-Roads located outside the poblacion area
of a municipality or urban area of a city
and those outside industrial, commercial
or residential subdivision, and which act
as a feeder from Farm-to market road, and
are not otherwise classified as national,
provincial, city or municipal roads.

-DGCS, 2015
Road Right-of-Way Width of Travelled Way (2-Lane)
10.00 meters min. 4.00 meters min.
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Classification According to System
Tourism Roads
-Tourism road is a road which marketed as
particularly suited for tourist. May be
roadways enjoyed by local citizen in areas
of unique or exceptional natural beauty. It
is often developed because it promises to
generate employment, enhance
community infrastructure and assist in
revitalizing the flagging economies in rural
areas.

-DGCS, 2015
Road Right-of-Way Width of Travelled Way (2-Lane)
2.10 meters min. 6.10 meters min.
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Classification According to System
Farm to Market Roads
-Farm to Market Roads refer to roads
linking the agriculture and fisheries
production sites, coastal landing points
and post-harvest facilities to the market
and arterial roads and highways.

-DGCS, 2015
Road Right-of-Way Width of Travelled Way (2-Lane)
6.00 meters min. 4.00 meters min.
9
Classification According to Surface
Earth Road
-Simplest form of road.
-Constructed by shaping and smoothing the natural soil
traversed by the road line.

10
Classification According to Surface
Gravel Road
-Simplest form of road.
-Constructed from natural gravel with a sufficient amount of
good quality soil which serves as binder.

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Classification According to Surface
Asphalt Concrete Pavement
-Flexible pavement.
-Composed of bituminous materials, aggregates, mineral filler
and hydrated lime.

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Classification According to Surface
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
-Rigid pavement.
-Composed of cement, fine and course aggregates and water.

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 Classification According to Surface
ACP vs PCCP

ACP PCCP

 Loads are distributed in small areas  Loads influence large areas

 Structural capacity is sum of multiple  Structural capacity is supplied mainly
layers by the slab itself
 Easy and rapid construction  Needs curing time
 Quiet and comfortable ride  Durable to heavy loads

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Components
Subgrade
-It is the upper layer of natural soil which may be the
undisturbed local materials, or soil excavated elsewhere
placed as fill.
-It is compacted during construction for road stability.

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Components
Subbase and Base Courses
-These are individual stabilizing layers of selected material
and designed thickness placed on top of the subgrade to
distribute the load transmitted from the surface course.

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Components
Surface Courses
-It is the uppermost structural component of the roadway
which provides resistance to wear and shearing stress due to
traffic load.
-It provides an even skid resistance surface with comfortable
durability and is appropriately crowned to prevent rain water
from penetrating into the subgrade.

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Components
Drainage Structures
-It is located beneath or alongside the roadway used in
collecting, transporting and disposing of surface water
originating in or near the road right-of-way.

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Components
Slope Protection Structures
-It is constructed along the side of the roadway to stabilize
the slopes either above or below the elevation of the
roadway.

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Components
Miscellaneous Structures
-These are other works that improve the usability and safety
of a particular roadway for both motorists and pedestrians.

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Preparatory Works
Pre-Construction Conference
-Coordination between the contractor and the DPWH
staff.
-Discussion on specifications, unusual conditions,
contractor’s plans and schedule of operation and
other pertinent items to be better familiarized with
the project.
-Strategic locations of field office, stockpiles and
storage of materials and equipment.

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Preparatory Works
As-Stake Survey
-Determines the actual position of the road structure
based on the plans.
-Helps in determining what necessary deviation
should be undertaken.

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Preparatory Works
Plans that govern an infrastructure project:
-Original Plans
-As-Staked Plans
-As-Built Plans

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Preparatory Works
Temporary Facilities
-DPWH
Facilities for the Engineer
Office, Quarters and Laboratory for the Engineer

-CONTRACTOR
Field Office
Equipment Yard
Fabrication Area/Shop
Workmen’s Quarters
Storage/Warehouse
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Preparatory Works
Access Road
-It is a road by which a job is
connected to the highway system
and is generally used in
connection with borrow pits.
-It is built for each isolated piece
of job it services.

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Preparatory Works
Detour Road
-It diverts traffic from any existing roadway whenever the
construction operations block the flow of traffic.
-They are to be maintained, so that they will have sufficient
durability to remain in good condition and carry the required
traffic at any weather condition for the entire duration that
the detour is required.

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Construction Methods
Item 100: Clearing and Grubbing
-It consists of clearing, grubbing, removing and disposing all
vegetation and debris, except those that are designated to
remain in place.

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Construction Methods
Item 100: Clearing and Grubbing
-Construction limits/right-of-way limits shall be provided with
stakes as reference in determining the vertical/horizontal
control.
-Site visit to the disposal area shall be made by the PE and
contractor prior clearing and grubbing work.
-Trees that are selected for preservation must be protected,
while trees that are needed to be cut/ball shall be identified
by the PE.
-Scarify up to a depth of 150 mm the existing roadway and
segregate the roots, stumps and other unsuitable materials
for proper disposal.

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Construction Methods
Item 100: Clearing and Grubbing
-For road carriageway, bulldozer shall be used to attain the
maximum efficiency, while the backhoe shall be used along
the side ditches and/or edges of the construction limit.
-Haul the excavated materials to the designated approved
disposal area or to the stockpile of the contractor.
-Clearing shall extend one (1) meter beyond the toe of the fill
slopes or beyond rounding of cut slopes for the entire length
and provided it is within the right of way limits of the project.

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CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
Item 100 : Clearing and Grubbing
Equipment Requirements:
 Dump Truck (10 cu. m.)
 Pay Loader (1.50 cu. m.)
 Bulldozer (165 horsepower)
 Backhoe (0.80 cu. m.)
 Chain Saw
 Minor Tools

Road Construction Methods (Comprehensive

Training for DPWH Field Engineers , March 01,
2019)
Construction Methods
Item 101: Removal of Structures and Obstructions
-It consists of the removal wholly or in part, and satisfactory
disposal of all structures within the construction site and
right-of-way limit which are not designated or permitted to
remain.

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Construction Methods
Item 101: Removal of Structures and Obstructions
-Pavement, Sidewalks, Curbs, etc. shall be broken into pieces,
the size of which shall not exceed 300 mm in any dimension.
-All salvageable material shall be removed, without
unnecessary damage, in sections or pieces which may be
readily transported and stored.

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CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
Item 101 : Removal of Structures and Obstructions
Equipment Requirements:
 Backhoe w/ Breaker (0.80 cu. m.)
 Dump Truck (10 cu. m.)
 Minor Tools

Road Construction Methods (Comprehensive

Training for DPWH Field Engineers , March 01,
2019)
Construction Methods
Item 102: Excavation
-It consist of roadway drainage and borrow excavation, and
the disposal of materials.

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Construction Methods
Item 102: Excavation
-Construction limits shall be provided with stakes as reference
in determining the vertical/horizontal control.
-Conduct pre-construction survey to determine if there are
discrepancies on the actual elevations and that shown on the
Plans.
-If unsuitable materials are encountered, excavate the
roadway up to the stable soil. Quantify the volume of the
unsuitable materials and conduct testing for such materials
for record purposes.
-All suitable materials removed from the excavation shall be
used in the formation of embankment, subgrade, bedding,
backfill, etc.
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CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
Item 102 : Excavation
Equipment Requirements:
 Bulldozer (165 horsepower)
 Pay Loader (1.50 cu. m.)
 Dump Truck (10 cu. m.)
 Backhoe (0.80 cu. m.)
 Pneumatic Drilling Machine
 Blasting Equipment and Accessories

Road Construction Methods (Comprehensive

Training for DPWH Field Engineers , March 01,
2019)
Construction Methods
Item 103: Structure Excavation
-It consists of the excavation, removal and satisfactory
disposal of all materials for the foundation of bridges,
culverts, underdrains and other structures.

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Construction Methods
Item 103: Structure Excavation
-The contractor shall notify the Engineer sufficiently in
advance of the beginning and upon completion of excavation.
-For Pipe Culverts: The width of the excavation shall be at
least 300 mm greater than the horizontal outside diameter of
the pipe.
-Foundation surface shall provide a firm foundation of
uniform density throughout the length of the culvert.
-All suitable materials removed from the excavation shall be
utilized as backfill or embankment.

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CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
Item 103 : Structure Excavation
Equipment Requirements:
 Dump Truck (10 cu. m.)
 Backhoe (0.80 cu. m.)
 Minor Tools

Road Construction Methods (Comprehensive

Training for DPWH Field Engineers , March 01,
2019)
Construction Methods
Item 104: Embankment
-It consists of the construction of embankment thru the use of
suitable material in order to raise the grade of an existing
elevation.

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Construction Methods
Item 104: Embankment
-Conduct pre-construction survey to determine if there are
discrepancies on the actual elevations and that shown on the
Plans.
-Compaction trials (10m x 50m) shall be carried out by the
contractor.
-Spread the material in horizontal layers not exceeding 200
mm (loose measurement) with appropriate crown/cross slope
to ensure proper draining of surface water when it rains.
-Compaction shall be done by rolling using a vibratory road
roller with a minimum weight of 10 tons.

41
Construction Methods
Item 104: Embankment
-Rolling/ compaction operation shall progress gradually from
the sides to the center, parallel to the center of the road and
shall continue until the whole surface has been rolled up to
the number of passes required where a minimum density of
95% of MDD is attained. During the progress of rolling, a
minimum overlapped width of 300 mm. shall be observed for
each succeeding parallel pass to ensure level compacted
surface.
-Conduct one (1) group of three (3) in-situ density tests (FDT)
for each 500 sq. m. or fraction thereof of each compacted
layer.

42
CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
Item 104 : Embankment
Equipment Requirements:
 Motorized Road Grader (140 horsepower)
 Vibratory Roller (10 tons)
 Pay Loader (1.50 cu. m.)
 Water Truck (16,000 liters)
 Dump Truck (10 cu. m.)

Road Construction Methods (Comprehensive

Training for DPWH Field Engineers , March 01,
2019)
Construction Methods
Item 105: Subgrade Preparation
-It is the portion of the earth roadbed which receives and
supports the sub base or base course materials.

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Construction Methods
Item 105: Subgrade Preparation
-Culverts, cross drains, ditches, drains and drainage outlets,
including their fully compacted backfill, shall be completed
prior to the preparation of the subgrade.
-The succeeding structural layers shall proceed immediately
after the preparation of the subgrade.
-Rolling/ compaction operation shall progress gradually from
the sides to the center, parallel to the center of the road and
shall continue until the whole surface has been rolled up to
the number of passes required where a minimum density of
95% of MDD is attained. During the progress of rolling, a
minimum overlapped width of 300 mm. shall be observed for
each succeeding parallel pass to ensure level compacted
surface.

45
Construction Methods
Item 105: Subgrade Preparation
-Conduct one (1) group of three (3) in-situ density tests (FDT)
for each 500 sq. m. or fraction thereof of each compacted
layer.

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CONSTRUCTION METHODS: EARTHWORK
Item 105 : Subgrade Preparation
Equipment Requirements:
 Motorized Road Grader (140 horsepower)
 Vibratory Roller (10 tons)
 Water Truck (16,000 liters)

Road Construction Methods (Comprehensive

Training for DPWH Field Engineers , March 01,
2019)
Construction Methods
Item 200: Aggregate Subbase Course
-It is the structural sub-layer material of a roadway placed
directly on top of the sub-grade to provide a strong
foundation to support the pavement.

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Construction Methods
Item 200: Aggregate Subbase Course
-Provide blue-top at every 20 meters interval (marked staked)
for vertical control reference and to be placed along the side
of the roadway or permanent structures within the road
traverse.
-Laying and spreading shall be done using a road grader on a
prepared subgrade in a quantity which will provide the
required compacted thickness.
-Appropriate crown slope/cross slope shall be maintained
during laying and spreading operation to ensure proper
draining when rain occurs.

49
Construction Methods
Item 200: Aggregate Subbase Course
-Compaction shall be done using a vibratory road roller or
tandem roller with a minimum weight of 10 tons. A maximum
compacted thickness for any layer shall not exceed 200 mm.
(D.O. #. 70, Series of 2016).
-No laying, spreading, rolling and compaction operation shall
be done when it is raining or when the laid sub base course
material is fully saturated.

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Construction Methods
Item 200: Aggregate Subbase Course
-Rolling/ compaction operation shall progress gradually from
the sides to the center, parallel to the center of the road and
shall continue until the whole surface has been rolled up to
the number of passes required where a minimum density of
100% of MDD is attained. During the progress of rolling, a
minimum overlapped width of 300 mm. shall be observed for
each succeeding parallel pass to ensure level compacted
surface.
-Check the allowable tolerance for the completed sub base
course material prior to the start of the succeeding structural
layer. The allowable tolerance for thickness of layer is plus or
minus 20 mm.

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Construction Methods
Item 200: Aggregate Subbase Course
-Conduct one (1) group of three (3) in-situ density tests (FDT)
for each 500 sq. m. or fraction thereof of each compacted
layer.
-For saturated sub base course material where 100%
compaction cannot be attained, windrowing of the laid sub
base layer shall be undertaken and allow it to dry up to its
optimum moisture content, and proceed with rolling up to the
desired compaction.
-If laid sub base course material is too dry, watering/
sprinkling with water using water truck shall be done
uniformly so that the desired compaction will be achieved.

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CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SUBBASE & BASE COURSE
Item 200 : Aggregate Subbase Course
Equipment Requirements:
 Motorized Road Grader (140 horsepower)
 Vibratory Roller (10 tons)
 Water Truck (16,000 liters)

Road Construction Methods (Comprehensive

Training for DPWH Field Engineers , March 01,
2019)
Construction Methods
Item 201: Aggregate Base Course
-In flexible pavement, it is the load-carrying portion and
provides the structural capacity to bituminous concrete slabs
by carrying the load and distributing it to the soil under the
layers of asphalt concrete.
-The life and riding qualities of asphalt concrete surface
depends directly on the care exercised in the construction of
aggregate base course.

54
Construction Methods
Item 201: Aggregate Base Course
-Provide blue-top at every 20 meters interval (marked staked)
for vertical control reference and to be placed along the side
of the roadway or permanent structures within the road
traverse.
-Laying and spreading shall be done using a road grader on a
prepared subgrade/subbase in a quantity which will provide
the required compacted thickness.
-Appropriate crown slope/cross slope shall be maintained
during laying and spreading operation to ensure proper
draining when rain occurs.

55
Construction Methods
Item 201: Aggregate Base Course
-Compaction shall be done using a vibratory road roller or
tandem roller with a minimum weight of 10 tons. A maximum
compacted thickness for any layer shall not exceed 200 mm.
(D.O. #. 70, Series of 2016).
-No laying, spreading, rolling and compaction operation shall
be done when it is raining or when the laid base course
material is fully saturated.

56
Construction Methods
Item 201: Aggregate Base Course
-Rolling/ compaction operation shall progress gradually from
the sides to the center, parallel to the center of the road and
shall continue until the whole surface has been rolled up to
the number of passes required where a minimum density of
100% of MDD is attained. During the progress of rolling, a
minimum overlapped width of 300 mm. shall be observed for
each succeeding parallel pass to ensure level compacted
surface.
-Check the allowable tolerance for the completed base course
material prior to the start of the succeeding structural layer.
The allowable tolerance for thickness of layer is plus or minus
10 mm.

57
Construction Methods
Item 201: Aggregate Base Course
-Conduct one (1) group of three (3) in-situ density tests (FDT)
for each 500 sq. m. or fraction thereof of each compacted
layer.
-For saturated base course material where 100% compaction
cannot be attained, windrowing of the laid base layer shall be
undertaken and allow it to dry up to its optimum moisture
content, and proceed with rolling up to the desired
compaction.
-If laid base course material is too dry, watering/ sprinkling
with water using water truck shall be done uniformly so that
the desired compaction will be achieved.

58
CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SUBBASE & BASE COURSE
Item 201 : Aggregate Base Course
Equipment Requirements:
 Motorized Road Grader (140 horsepower)
 Vibratory Roller (10 tons)
 Water Truck (16,000 liters)

Road Construction Methods (Comprehensive

Training for DPWH Field Engineers , March 01,
2019)
Construction Methods
Item 301: Bituminous Prime Coat
-It is a thin bituminous material applied on a porous base
before laying a surface course. It serves to stabilize the base
material by plugging its capillary voids.

60
Construction Methods
Item 301: Bituminous Prime Coat
-Check the base, if it is already completed in accordance with
the plans and specifications before proceeding with the
application of prime coat.
-Apply the prime coat using asphalt distributor at a
temperature range of 32°C to 68°C and at a rate of 1 to 2
liters per square meter.
-Prime coat shall be left undisturbed for a period of at least 24
hours.
-Extend the prime coat at least 30 cm. beyond the edge of
each side.
-Observe the time of penetration after application. If the base
absorbs all prime coat within 1 to 3 hours, reapply prime coat.
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CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES
Item 301 : Bituminous Prime Coat
Equipment Requirements:
 Asphalt Distributor, 10 feet wide(5 tons)
 Power Broom (2 meters wide)
 Air Compressor (356-450 cfm)

Road Construction Methods (Comprehensive

Training for DPWH Field Engineers , March 01,
2019)
Construction Methods
Item 302: Bituminous Tack Coat
-As the name implies, it provides a “tacky” surface applied on
an existing road pavement before the application of the hot
mix asphalt course

63
Construction Methods
Item 302: Bituminous Tack Coat
-Prior to the application of the bituminous tack coat, the PE
shall designate the beginning and ending points of the area to
be covered by each tack coat application and shall coordinate
the timing of the tack coat and the HMA paving.
-Prior to the application of the bituminous tack coat, the
surface shall be slightly sprayed/sprinkled with water but not
saturated.
-Apply the tack coat using asphalt distributor at a temperature
range of 10°C to 71°C and at a rate of 0.2 to 0.7 liters per
square meter.
-Tack coat shall be left undisturbed for a few hours until
“tacky”.
-Traffic shall be kept off the tack coat at all times.
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CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES
Item 302 : Bituminous Tack Coat
Equipment Requirements:
 Asphalt Distributor, 10 feet wide (5 tons)
 Power Broom (2 meters wide)
 Air Compressor (356-450 cfm)

Road Construction Methods (Comprehensive

Training for DPWH Field Engineers , March 01,
2019)
Construction Methods
ACP – 50.00m
CONCRETE:
DESIGN MIX
PCCP – 9.00m
STAR PAVEMENT
MATERIAL TEST PASSED? TRIAL MIX TRIAL SECTION
T TESTING
ASPHALT:
JOB-MIX
ACQUIRE NEW
MATERIALS PASSED?

APPROVAL

START PAVING

END

Design Mix/ Job Mix and Trial Paving

-Upon approval of the design mix/ job mix formula, the
contractor shall perform a trial section which can be located
either on an outside area or on actual construction lane site.
-Once approved, the contractor shall not modify proportions
of the various materials, capacity of equipment and
methodology without the prior approval of the engineer.
Construction Methods
Item 310: Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot Laid
-It refers to the mixture of bituminous material (5% to 8%),
compacted mass of mineral aggregates (92% to 95%) and
(0.5% to 1%) hydrated lime.
-The exact percentage to be used is established by the
“Job Mix Formula”.

67
Construction Methods
Item 310: Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot Laid
-Three (3) weeks prior to production, the contractor shall
submit in writing a “job-mix formula”.
-The bituminous mixture (HMA) shall be spread and
distributed to the grade and elevation in accordance with the
approved plans by means of an Asphalt Paver over the entire
width or partial width of the paving surface as may be
practicable.
-The longitudinal joint in one (1) layer shall be offset that in
the layer immediately below approximately 15 cm.
-The joint in the top layer shall be at the center line of the
pavement if the roadway comprises of two (2) lanes.

68
Construction Methods
Item 310: Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot Laid
-Mechanical spreading shall be used on areas with
irregularities or unavoidable obstacles.
-The mixture shall be placed at a temperature not less than
107°C as measured in the truck just prior to dumping into the
spreader.
-Rolling/compaction shall begin at the sides and proceed
longitudinally parallel toward the road centerline, each trip
overlapping one-half the roller width, gradually progressing to
the crown of the road. The speed of the roller shall not exceed
5 km per hour.

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Construction Methods
Item 310: Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot Laid
-For paving in abutting a previously placed lane, the
longitudinal joint shall be rolled first followed by the regular
rolling procedure.
-On super-elevated curves, the rolling shall begin at the low
side and progresses to the high side overlapping of
longitudinal trips parallel to the center line.
-The initial or breakdown compaction is done by a tandem-
smooth-wheeled roller (not less than 10 tons) while the final
compaction and smoothing is done by a pneumatic-tired
roller (not less than 10 tons).
-Rolling shall be continued until roller marks are eliminated
and a minimum of 97 mass percent of the density of the
laboratory compacted specimens has been obtained.
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Construction Methods
Item 310: Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot Laid
-Transverse joints shall be formed by cutting back on the
previous run to expose its full depth.
-Brush coat of bituminous material shall be used on contact
surfaces of transverse joints before additional mixture is
placed against the previously rolled material.
-Samples of full depth, 150 mm. x 150 mm. or 100 mm.
diameter shall be taken from the finished pavement by saw or
core drill for thickness and density determinations.

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Construction Methods
Item 310: Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot Laid
-At least one (1), but not more than three (3) samples, shall be
taken for each full day’s operation.
-No acceptance and final payment shall be made on
completed asphalt pavement unless core test for thickness
determination is conducted.
-The compacted pavement shall have a thickness tolerance of
-5 mm. Thickness in excess of the specified thickness shall not
be considered in the payment.

72
CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES
Item 310 : Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot Laid
Equipment Requirements:
 Asphalt Paver (80 horsepower)
 Pneumatic Tire Roller (10 tons)
 Tandem Steel Roller (10 tons)
 Water Truck (16,000 liters)
 Air Compressor (356- 450 cfm)
 Minor Tools

Road Construction Methods (Comprehensive

Training for DPWH Field Engineers , March 01,
2019)
Construction Methods
Item 311: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
-It is constructed by casting in place, on a prepared foundation, a
concrete slab with the top finished to provide a smooth and
durable wearing surface for traffic.
-It is a mixture composed of Portland Cement, Fine Aggregates,
Coarse Aggregates and Water. The specific quantities of each
component are determined in the “Design Mix”.

74
Construction Methods
Item 311: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
-D.O. # 2, series of 2013

“Effective July 1, 2013, the use of slip-form paver with built-in

or separate mechanical surface texture finisher (broom
finisher) shall be required for projects whose cost of Item 311-
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement is Php 50.00 Million and
above.”

75
Construction Methods
Item 311: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
-Before concrete paving operation start considering that the
road foundation are properly prepared, check over the job to
determine the adequacy of the following details:
a. Condition of subbase or base course as to compaction and
geometric control;
b. Working condition of major equipment such as concrete
paver, concrete batching plant, transit mixers, concrete
vibrator and screeder;
c. Number and types of hand and finishing tools;
d. Provision for curing; and
e. Number of workers to place, finish and cure the concrete.
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Construction Methods
Item 311: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
-The steel forms after setting to the correct grade, it shall not
deviate from the true line by more than one (1) cm. at any
point.
-During hot weather condition, steps shall be taken to prevent
the temperature of mixed concrete from exceeding the
maximum temperature of 32°C.
-Concrete not in place within ninety (90) minutes from the
time the ingredients were charged into the mixing drum or
that has developed initial set shall not be used.
-Concrete shall be deposited in such manner to require
minimal re-handling.

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Construction Methods
Item 311: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
-Concrete shall be unloaded into an approved spreading
device (Height = 1.50 m., maximum) and mechanically spread
on the grade in such manner as to prevent segregation.
-Workmen shall not be allowed to walk in the freshly mixed
concrete with boots or shoes coated with earth or foreign
substances.
-Concrete shall be thoroughly consolidated along faces of all
forms by means of vibrators inserted in the concrete in a
vertical position.
-Vibrators shall not be permitted to come in contact with a
joint assembly and the vibrator shall not be operated longer
than 15 seconds in any one location.
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Construction Methods
Item 311: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
-Placing of concrete should be continuous. A construction
joint shall be required when there is an interruption of more
than thirty (30) minutes in the concreting operations.
-Concrete finishing shall be done using a longitudinal float
after the concrete has been consolidated.
-Brooming operation shall be executed that the corrugations
produced in the surface shall be uniform in appearance and
are 10 mm. apart and not more than 1.50 mm. in depth.
-As work progresses, at least one (1) set consisting of three (3)
concrete beam test specimens, 150 mm. x 150 mm. x 525
mm. shall be taken every 75 cu.m., or fraction thereof placed
each day.
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Construction Methods
Item 311: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
-Curing of concrete shall be done for a period of 72 hours in
accordance with either one of the following methods:
a. Cotton or Burlap Mats
b. Waterproof Paper or Polyethylene Sheets
c. Earth or Straw Curing
d. Curing Compound
-Steel forms shall remain in place undisturbed for not less
than twenty-four (24) hours after concrete pouring. Crowbars
shall be used in pulling out nails and pins but care shall be
exercised not to break the pavement edges.

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Construction Methods
Item 311: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
-Cutting of Contraction Joints/Weakened Plane Joints shall be
done within twenty-four (24) hours after concrete pouring
using cooled diamond edge saw blade. It shall be provided by
sawing grooves in the surface of the pavement with width not
more than 6 mm. and depth of not less than 50 mm.
-Joints shall be cleaned of all foreign materials and then
sealed with either hot-poured joint filler or blown or oxidized
asphalt (D.O. # 91, series of 2016) soon after completion of
the curing period before the pavement is opened to traffic.
-The newly poured concrete pavement shall be protected
against rain by means of covering materials, and protect
against traffic by posting warning signs, lights and signage.

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Construction Methods
Item 311: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
-Acceptance of the concrete will be considered satisfactory if
the averages of all sets of three (3) consecutive strength test
results equals or exceed the specified strength and no
individual strength test result is deficient by more than 15%
of the specified strength.
-The concrete pavement will not be opened to traffic until the
test specimens molded and cured have attained the minimum
strength requirements.
-The thickness of the pavement will be determined by
measurement of cores from the completed pavement.

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CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES
Item 311 : Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP)
Equipment Requirements: (Conventional Method)
 Transit Mixer (5 cu. m.)  Water Truck (16,000 liters)

 Concrete Vibrato(5.00 amp.)  Concrete Saw (7.50 hp)

 Batching Plant (30 cu. m.)  Bar Cutter, Single Phase
 Payloader (1.50 cu. m.)  Minor Tools
 Concrete Screeder (5.50 hp)

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CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES
Item 311 : Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP)
Equipment Requirements: (Conventional Method)

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CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES
Item 311 : Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP)
Equipment Requirements: (Using Slip-Form Paver)

 Batching Plant(30.00 cu. m.)  Water Truck (16,000 liters)

 Concrete Paver, Four-Track  Concrete
 Transit Mixer (5.00 cu. m.) Saw(7.50horsepower)
 Payloader (1.50 cu. m.)  Dump Truck (10.00 cu. m.)
 Bar Cutter, Single Phase

Road Construction Methods (Comprehensive

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CONSTRUCTION METHODS: SURFACE COURSES
Item 311 : Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP)
Equipment Requirements: (Using Slip-Form Paver)

Road Construction Methods (Comprehensive

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2019)
Construction Methods
Item 311: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
Longitudinal Joint :
a. 1 lane construction
b. With keyway
c. Use tie bars (Deformed bars)
Construction Methods
Item 311: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
Expansion Joint :
a. Prevents buckling
b. Requires Expansion Joint Filler (19 to 25 mm. thick
at full depth of the slab)
c. Use dowel bars (Plain round bars)
Construction Methods
Item 311: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
Contraction Joint / Weakened Plane Joint :
a. Relieve tensile stresses
b. Prevents random cracking
c. No reinforcement required
Construction Methods
Item 311: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
Construction Joint / Cold Joint :
a. Interruption of 30 minutes on concreting operation
b. Placed at the contraction joint or within the middle
third of the concrete block
c. Use dowel bars (Plain round bars)
Construction Methods
Item 311: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
Size, Length and Spacing of Dowel/Tie Bars
Note: Refer to D.O. # 32, series of 2016 re: “Guidelines on the
Use of Dowel Bars in PCCP” using Dia. = 36 mm. /
Length = 600 mm.
Construction Methods
Item 500: Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains
-Provide adequate means of channeling run-off and surface
water so as to prevent damage either directly or indirectly.
-Intercept, collect and direct run-off from the road, adjacent
cuts and embankment slopes.
Construction Methods
Item 500: Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains
-Trenches shall be excavated to a width sufficient to allow
proper jointing of the conduit and thorough compaction of
the bedding and backfill materials under and around the
conduit.
-The trench or streambed shall be shaped to fit the bottom of
the culvert.
-The conduit laying shall begin at the downstream end of the
conduit line. The lower segment of the conduit shall be in
contact with the shaped bedding throughout its full length.
Pipes are usually laid with the bell and female ends upstream.
Construction Methods
Item 500: Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains
-Mortar proportion for collaring is 1:2 with enough water to
obtain the desired consistency. The collar shall form a
continuous bead around the outside of the pipe and finished
smooth on the inside (flushed).
-Suitable backfill materials shall be placed and compacted in
layers not exceeding 150 mm. (compacted) on both sides to
an elevation 300 mm. above the top of the conduit.
-Compaction to the density of 95% shall be achieved using
mechanical tampers or any tamping equipment over the
entire area of each layer.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS: DRAINAGE AND SLOPE
PROTECTION STRUCTURES
Item 500 : Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains
Equipment Requirements:
 Backhoe (0.80 cu. m.)
 Plate Compactor (5 horsepower)
 Minor Tools

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Construction Methods
Item 505: Riprap and Grouted Riprap
-It is a type of slope protection using boulders of specified size
and character which may be done with or without grout.
-It holds in place embankment slopes, cut slopes and other
earth surfaces that may either collapse or be washed away by
water.
Construction Methods
Item 505: Riprap and Grouted Riprap
-The bed/trench for riprap shall be excavated to the required
depths and properly compacted, trimmed and shaped.
-Pour concrete mortar on the trench before laying the first
layer of stones/boulders for the foundation.
-Moisten the surface of the stones before the stone is
bedded.
-Each stone/boulder shall be laid with its longest axis
perpendicular to the slope in close contact with each adjacent
stone/boulder.
-The grouted riprap shall be thoroughly rammed into place as
construction progresses and the finished surface shall present
an even, tight surface.
Construction Methods
Item 505: Riprap and Grouted Riprap
-When grouted riprap is specified, the spaces between the
stones shall then be filled with cement mortar (1:3)
throughout the thickness of the riprap. Sufficient mortar shall
be used to completely fill all voids, except that the face
surface of the stones shall be left exposed.
-The surface shall be cured for a period of at least three (3)
days.
-All walls of the grouted riprap structure shall be provided
with weep holes. It shall be spaced at not more than two (2)
meters center to center in a staggered manner provided with
filter cloth and granular materials.
Construction Methods
Item 505: Riprap and Grouted Riprap
-The length of the weep hole shall not be less than the
thickness of the walls of the grouted riprap structure and shall
be at least 50 mm. diameter PVC.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS: DRAINAGE AND SLOPE
PROTECTION STRUCTURES
Item 505 : Riprap and Grouted Riprap
Equipment Requirements:
 One Bagger Mixer
 Backhoe (Wheel Type, 0.28 cu. m.)
 Water Truck (16,000 liters)
 Minor Tools

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Construction Methods
Item 506: Stone Masonry
-It is an structure that support soils at slopes steeper than
their angle of repose.
-Due to resistance to earth pressure derived from their own
weight, they are also known as “gravity walls”.
Construction Methods
Item 506: Stone Masonry
-Excavate the trench to the required depth and/or at the
stable foundation of the stone masonry structure.
-Pour concrete mortar on the trench before laying the first
layer of stones/boulders for the foundation.
-Moisten the surface of the stones before the stone is
bedded.
-Each stone shall be laid with its longest faces horizontal in full
beds of mortar, and the joints shall be flushed with mortar
(1:2).
Construction Methods
Item 506: Stone Masonry
-Provide weep holes, it shall be spaced at not more than two
(2) meters center to center in a staggered manner provided
with filter cloth and granular materials.
-Immediately after being laid, and while the mortar is fresh,
all face stones shall be thoroughly cleaned of mortar stains
and shall be kept clean until the work is completed.
-The surface shall be cured for a period of at least three (3)
days.
-Backfill the stone masonry when the mortar has gained
sufficient strength.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS: DRAINAGE AND SLOPE
PROTECTION STRUCTURES
Item 506 : Stone Masonry
Equipment Requirements:
 One Bagger Mixer
 Backhoe (Wheel Type, 0.28 cu. m.)
 Water Truck (16,000 liters)
 Minor Tools

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Construction Methods
Item 600: Curb and/or Gutter
-It serves to channel storm water to inlets, catch basins, storm
sewers and ditches.
-It prevents surface water from running off the edges of the
pavement between outlets or accumulate on the road for the
proper drainage of the roadway.
-D.O. # 62, series of
2013
a. Pre-cast (Mandatory
in all road projects)
b. Cast-in-Place (Use of
Concrete Paver)
Construction Methods
Item 600: Curb and/or Gutter
-Excavation shall be made to the required depth and the base
upon which the curb and/or gutter is to be set shall be
compacted to a firm and even surface.
-For precast, the precast concrete curb and gutter shall be set
in 20 mm. of cement mortar (1:2) to the line level and grade
as shown on the approved plans.
-The precast curb and gutter shall be 1.00 m. in length and
shall be put side by side consecutively with joint in between.
-Joints in between shall be filled with cement mortar to the
full section of the curb and gutter.
-Minor defects for both cast-in-place and precast shall be
repaired with mortar. Plastering shall not be permitted.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
Item 600 : Curb and/or Gutter
Equipment Requirements:
 Boom Truck (2 – 5 tons)
 Minor Tools

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Construction Methods
Item 601: Sidewalk
-It is a concrete path along the side of a road for pedestrians
to walk on.
Construction Methods
Item 601: Sidewalk
-Excavation shall be made to the required depth and width
required that will permit the installation and bracing of forms.
-For asphalt sidewalk, the prepared bed course shall be
applied with prime coat prior to application of the asphalt
mixture (HMA) and then compacted by rolling with a hand
operated roller.
-For concrete sidewalk, all forms shall be staked securely in
position at the correct line and level prior to concreting. The
surface shall be cut through to a depth of 10mm with a trowel
at intervals of 1.00 m.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
Item 601 : Sidewalk
Equipment Requirements:
 One Bagger Mixer
 Concrete Vibrator
 Water Truck (16,000 liters)
 Concrete Saw (7.50 hp)
 Minor Tools

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Construction Methods
Item 603: Guardrail
-It is installed to mark the limit of safe travel and warn of
danger beyond.
-It is used to restrain and guide an out-of-control vehicle in a
manner that will cause the least damage and not create
undue hazard to other vehicles.
Construction Methods
Item 603: Guardrail
-Posts shall be set vertically and where embedded in a
concrete foundation block, shall remain undisturbed for a
minimum of 48 hours.
-Backfilling of the space around the post shall be done with
approved material in layers not exceeding 100 mm. and each
layer shall be moistened and thoroughly compacted.
-Rail elements shall be erected in a manner resulting in a
smooth continuous installation. Bolts shall be of sufficient
length to extend beyond the nuts at least 5 mm. but not more
than 10 mm.
-Check that the guardrail elements are lapped accordingly so
that the exposed ends will not face approaching traffic.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
Item 603 : Guardrail
Equipment Requirements:
 One Bagger Mixer
 Concrete Vibrator
 Water Truck (16,000 liters)
 Cargo Truck (10 tons)
 Minor Tools

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Construction Methods
Item 605: Road Sign
-These are signs erected at the side of roads or above roads to
give instructions or provide information to road users.
-It is the earliest traffic control device used to guide the safe
and orderly movement of traffic.
Construction Methods
Item 605: Road Sign
-Regulatory Signs - Signs that inform road users of traffic laws
and regulations which, if disregarded, will constitute an
offense.

Source: Highway Safety Design Standards Manual

Construction Methods
Item 605: Road Sign
-Warning Signs - Warn road users of condition on or adjacent
to the road that may be unexpected or hazardous.

Source: Highway Safety Design Standards Manual

Construction Methods
Item 605: Road Sign
-Informative Signs - Inform and advise road users of
directions, distances, routes, the location of services for road
users, and points of interest.

Source: Highway Safety Design Standards Manual

Construction Methods
Item 605: Road Sign
-Holes shall be excavated to the required depth to the bottom
of the concrete foundation as shown on the plans.
-Backfilling shall be compacted in layers not exceeding 150
mm. in depth.
-The posts shall be erected vertically in position inside the
formwork of the foundation block prior to the placing of
concrete.
-Any chipping or bending of the sign panels shall be
considered as sufficient cause to require replacement of the
panels at the Contractor’s expense.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
Item 605 : Road Sign
Equipment Requirements:
 Cargo Truck (5 tons)
 Minor Tools

Road Construction Methods (Comprehensive

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Construction Methods
Item 606/612: Pavement Markings/ Reflectorized
Thermoplastic Stripping Material (Solid Form)
-It is an essential component of the roadway for the guidance
and control of vehicles and pedestrians.
-It is used as a supplement to other traffic control devices,
such as traffic signals and road signs.
Construction Methods
Item 606/612: Pavement Markings/ Reflectorized
Thermoplastic Stripping Material (Solid Form)
-Painting of lane markers and traffic strips shall include the
cleaning of the pavement surfaces, drying and protection of
the paint coatings from traffic.
-Paint shall not be applied during rain or wet weather or when
the air is misty. Paint shall not be applied upon damp
pavement surfaces, or upon pavement which has absorbed
heat sufficient to cause the paint to blister and produce a
porous film of paint.
-The application of paint shall be carried out by a machine
especially made for this purpose.
Construction Methods
Item 606/612: Pavement Markings/ Reflectorized
Thermoplastic Stripping Material (Solid Form)
-(606) Traffic paint shall be applied to the pavement at the
rate of 0.33 liters per square meter.
-(612) The material shall readily extrude at a temperature of
211±7°C, to produce a line 3.2 to 4.8 mm thick which shall be
continuous and uniform in shape having clear and sharp
dimensions.
-It must dry sufficiently to be free from cracking in from 15 to
30 minutes.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
Item 606/612 : Pavement Markings/Reflective Thermoplastic
Stripping Material (Solid Form)
Equipment Requirements:
 Cargo Truck
 Applicator Machine
 Kneading Machine
 Minor Tools

Road Construction Methods (Comprehensive

Training for DPWH Field Engineers , March 01,
2019)
THANK YOU!!!