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Force Vector

The document provides information about the fundamentals of engineering mechanics. It discusses key concepts such as: 1) Vectors and scalars, and how vectors are represented and added using methods like the parallelogram law. Forces are examples of vectors. 2) Units of measurement for fundamental physical quantities in mechanics like length, mass, time and force. Newton's second law relates these units. 3) Additional topics covered include resolution of forces, addition of coplanar forces using x-y components, and representation of vectors in Cartesian coordinates using unit vectors. 4) Examples are provided to demonstrate techniques for adding and resolving vectors, as well as determining the magnitude and direction of resulting forces.

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adeliene 25
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104 views

Force Vector

The document provides information about the fundamentals of engineering mechanics. It discusses key concepts such as: 1) Vectors and scalars, and how vectors are represented and added using methods like the parallelogram law. Forces are examples of vectors. 2) Units of measurement for fundamental physical quantities in mechanics like length, mass, time and force. Newton's second law relates these units. 3) Additional topics covered include resolution of forces, addition of coplanar forces using x-y components, and representation of vectors in Cartesian coordinates using unit vectors. 4) Examples are provided to demonstrate techniques for adding and resolving vectors, as well as determining the magnitude and direction of resulting forces.

Uploaded by

adeliene 25
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 47

PAT 101

FUNDAMENTAL OF
ENGINEERING MECHANICS

BY:
MRS. LIYANA AHMAD SOFRI
0134202100
ROOM NO. 7D TAMAN MUHIBBAH
CO1:

Ability to Explain basic concept of


force vector and solve problem
related to force vector.
GENERAL PRINCIPLE & FORCE VECTOR

Scalars and Vectors

Vector Operations

Vector Addition of Forces

Addition of a System of Coplanar


Forces

Cartesian Vectors

Force Vector Directed along a Line


WHAT IS MECHANICS?

Study of what happens to a “thing” (the technical name is


“BODY”) when FORCES are applied to it.

Either the body or the forces can be large or small.


UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Four fundamental physical quantities (or dimensions).
• Length
• Mass
• Time
• Force

Newton’s 2nd Law relates them: F = m * a


UNIT SYSTEMS
Force, mass, time and acceleration are related by Newton’s
2nd law. Three of these are assigned units (called base units)
and the fourth unit is derived.
Prefix SI Symbol Exponential Form
Tera T 1012
Giga G 109
Mega M 106
Kilo k 103
Desi d 101
Centi c 10-2
Mili m 10-3
Micro μ 10-6
nano n 10-9
pico p 10-12
SCALARS AND VECTORS

Scalars Vectors
Examples: Mass, Volume Force, Velocity

Characteristics: It has a magnitude It has a magnitude


(positive or negative) and direction

Addition rule: Simple arithmetic Parallelogram law


Special Notation: None Bold font, a line, an
arrow or a “carrot”

In these PowerPoint presentations, a vector quantity is represented like this (in bold, italics, and
green).
VECTOR OPERATIONS

Scalar Multiplication
and Division
VECTOR ADDITION USING EITHER THE PARALLELOGRAM
LAW OR TRIANGLE

Parallelogram Law:

Triangle method
(always ‘tip to tail’):
RESOLUTION OF A VECTOR

“RESOLUTION” OF A VECTOR IS BREAKING UP A VECTOR INTO COMPONENTS.

IT IS KIND OF LIKE USING THE PARALLELOGRAM LAW IN REVERSE.


VECTOR ADDITION OF FORCES

Trigonometry

Magnitude of the two components can


be determined by the law of sines
Example 1

The screw eye is subjected to two forces F1 and F2.


Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant
force.
Solution

Parallelogram Law
Unknown: magnitude of FR and angle θ
Trigonometry
Law of Cosines

FR  100 N 2  150 N 2  2100 N 150 N  cos 115


 10000  22500  30000 0.4226
 212.6 N
 213N
Trigonometry
Law of Sines

150 N 212.6 N

sin  sin 115
sin  
150 N
0.9063
212.6 N
sin   39.8

Trigonometry
Direction Φ of FR measured from the horizontal

  39.8  15
 54.8 
Example 2

Resolve the 1000 N ( ≈ 100kg) force


acting on the pipe into the components in the
(a) x and y directions,
(b) x’ and y directions.
Solution

(a) Parallelogram Law


F  Fx  Fy
From the vector diagram,

Fx  1000 cos 40  766 N


Fy  1000 sin 40  643N

(b) Parallelogram Law
F  Fx '  Fy
(b) Law of Sines
Fx ' 1000 N


sin 50 sin 60
 sin 50 
Fx '  1000 N    884.6 N
 
 sin 60 
Fy 1000 N


sin 70 sin 60
 sin 70 
Fy  1000 N    1085 N
 
 sin 60 
Example 3

The force F acting on the frame has a magnitude


of 500N and is to be resolved into two
components acting along the members AB and
AC. Determine the angle θ, measured below the
horizontal, so that components FAC is directed
from A towards C
and has a magnitude of 400N.
Solution
Parallelogram Law
500 N  FAB  FAC
Law of Sines
400 N 500 N

sin  sin 60
 400 N 
sin     sin 60

 500 N 
sin   0.6928
  43.9

Hence,
  180  60  43.9  76.1 
ADDITION OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR FORCES
• We ‘resolve’ vectors into components
using the x and y-axis coordinate system.

• Each component of the vector is shown as


a magnitude and a direction.

• The directions are based on the x and y axes. We use the “unit vectors”
i and j to designate the x and y-axes.
For example,
F = Fx i + Fy j or F' = F'x i + ( F'y ) j

The x and y axis are always perpendicular to each other. Together, they can
be directed at any inclination.
ADDITION OF SEVERAL VECTORS

• Step 1 is to resolve each force into


its components.

• Step 2 is to add all the x-components


together, followed by adding all the y-
components together. These two
totals are the x and y-components of
the resultant vector.

• Step 3 is to find the magnitude


and angle of the resultant vector.
An example of the process:

Break the three vectors into components, then add them.


FR = F1 + F2 + F3
= F1x i + F1y j  F2x i + F2y j + F3x i  F3y j
= (F1x  F2x + F3x) i + (F1y + F2y  F3y) j
= (FRx) i + (FRy) j
YOU CAN ALSO REPRESENT A 2-D VECTOR WITH A MAGNITUDE AND ANGLE.
EXAMPLE 4
Given: Three concurrent forces acting
on a tent post.
Find: The magnitude and angle of the
resultant force.

Plan:
a) Resolve the forces into their x-y components.
b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector.
c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components.
SOLUTION (continued)

F1 = {0 i + 300 j } N

F2 = {– 450 cos (45°) i + 450 sin (45°) j } N


= {– 318.2 i + 318.2 j } N

F3 = { (3/5) 600 i + (4/5) 600 j } N


= { 360 i + 480 j } N
SOLUTION (continued)

Summing up all the i and j components respectively, we get,


FR = { (0 – 318.2 + 360) i + (300 + 318.2 + 480) j } N
= { 41.80 i + 1098 j } N

Using magnitude and direction: y


FR
FR = ((41.80)2 + (1098)2)1/2 = 1099 N
 = tan-1(1098/41.80) = 87.8°

x
EXAMPLE 5
Given: Three concurrent forces
acting on a bracket.
Find: The magnitude and angle
of the resultant force.

Plan:
a) Resolve the forces into their x and y-components.
b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector.
c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components.
SOLUTION (continued)

F1 = {800 cos (60°) i + 800 sin (60°) j } N


= { 400 i + 692.8 j } N

F2 = {-600 sin (45°) i + 600 cos (45°) j } N


= { -424.3 i + 424.3 j } N

F3 = {(12/13) 650 i  (5/13) 650 j } N


{ 600 i  250 j } N
SOLUTION (continued)

Summing up all the i and j components, respectively, we get,


FR = { (400 – 424.3 + 600) i + (692.8 + 424.3 – 250) j }N
= { 575.7 i + 867.1 j } N

y
Now find the magnitude and angle, FR
FR = ((575.7)2 + (867.1)2) ½ = 1041 N
 = tan–1( 867.1 / 575.7 ) = 56.4° 
x
From positive x-axis,  = 56.4°
CARTESIAN UNIT VECTORS
For a vector A, with a magnitude of A, an
unit vector is defined as
uA = A / A .

Characteristics of a unit vector :


a) Its magnitude is 1.
b) It is dimensionless (has no units).
c) It points in the same direction as the original
vector (A).

The unit vectors in the Cartesian axis system


are i, j, and k. They are unit vectors along the
positive x, y, and z axes respectively.
CARTESIAN VECTOR REPRESENTATION
Consider a box with sides AX, AY, and AZ meters
long.

The vector A can be defined as

A = AX i + AY j + AZ k

The magnitude of the position vector A can now be obtained as


A = (AX2 + AY2 + AZ2) ½
DIRECTION OF A CARTESIAN VECTOR
The direction or orientation of vector A is defined by the
angles ά, β, and γ.

These angles are measured between the vector and the


positive X, Y and Z axes, respectively. Their range of values
are from 0° to 180°

Using trigonometry, “direction cosines” are found using

These angles are not independent. They must satisfy the following equation.
cos ²  + cos ²  + cos ²  = 1

This result can be derived from the definition of a coordinate direction angles and the unit vector.
Recall, the formula for finding the unit vector of any position vector:

or written another way, uA = cos  i + cos  j + cos  k .


EXAMPLE 6

Express the force F as Cartesian vector


Solution
Since two angles are specified, the third
angle is found by
cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1
cos 2   cos 2 60  cos 2 45  1
cos   1  0.5  0.707   0.5
2 2

Two possibilities exit, namely


  cos 0.5  60
1 
or   cos 1
 0.5  120
By inspection, α = 60° since Fx is in the +x direction
Given F = 200N
F = Fcosαi + Fcosβj + Fcosγk
= (200cos60°N)i + (200cos60°N)j
+ (200cos45°N)k
= {100.0i + 100.0j + 141.4k}N
Checking:

F  Fx2  Fy2  Fz2

 100.02  100.02  141.42  200 N


POSITION VECTOR

The position vector directed from A to B, rAB , is defined as


rAB = {( XB – XA ) i + ( YB – YA ) j + ( ZB – ZA ) k }m

Please note that B is the ending point and A is the starting point.
FORCE VECTOR DIRECTED ALONG A LINE

If a force is directed along a line, then we


can represent the force vector in
Cartesian coordinates by using a unit
vector and the force’s magnitude. So we
need to:

a) Find the position vector, rAB , along two points on that line.
b) Find the unit vector describing the line’s direction, uAB =
(rAB/rAB).
c) Multiply the unit vector by the magnitude of the force, F =
F uAB .
EXAMPLE 7

The man pulls on the cord with a force of 350N.


Represent this force acting on the support A, as a
Cartesian vector and determine
its direction.
Solution
End points of the cord are A (0m, 0m, 7.5m)
and B (3m, -2m, 1.5m)
r = (3m – 0m)i + (-2m – 0m)j + (1.5m – 7.5m)k
= {3i – 2j – 6k}m
Magnitude = length of cord AB
r 3m2   2m2   6m2  7m

Unit vector, u = r /r
= 3/7i - 2/7j - 6/7k
Force F has a magnitude of 350N, direction
specified by u
F = Fu
= 350N(3/7i - 2/7j - 6/7k)
= {150i - 100j - 300k} N

α = cos-1(3/7) = 64.6°
β = cos-1(-2/7) = 107°
γ = cos-1(-6/7) = 149°
THE END

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