Solution 10
Solution 10
Department of Mathematics
MATH2040A/B (First Term, 2020-21)
Linear Algebra II
Solution to Homework 10
Sec. 6.3
Q3(b). For each of the following inner product spaces V and linear operators T on V , evaluate T ∗
at the given vector in V .
Sol. Solution: Denote β = {(1, 0), (0, 1)} as the standard ordered basis for V under field F = C.
Then
2 i ∗ ∗ 2 1+i
[T ]β = [T (1, 0)]β [T (0, 1)]β = ⇒ [T ]β = ([T ]β ) =
1−i 0 −i 0
It follows that
∗ ∗ 2 1+i 3−i 5+i
[T (x)]β = [T ]β [x]β = =
−i 0 1 + 2i −1 − 3i
Sol. Let β = {1, t} be the standard basis of V . Write T ∗ (4 − 2t) = a + bt for some a, b ∈ R. Then
for any g(t) = c + dt ∈ V with c, d ∈ R, we have T (g(t)) = d + 3c + 3dt and
Now hd + 3c + 3dt, 4 − 2ti = 2(4)(d + 3c) + (3d)(−2) 23 = 4d + 24c and hc + dt, a + bti =
2ac + 23 bd. Since c, d are arbitrary, the coefficients of them on both sides of the equation
must equal respectively. Therefore 24 = 2a and 23 b = 4. Hence a = 12 and b = 6. So
T ∗ (4 − 2t) = 12 + 6t.
Sol.
U1∗ = (T + T ∗ )∗ = T ∗ + (T ∗ )∗ = T ∗ + T = U1 .
U2∗ = (T T ∗ )∗ = (T ∗ )∗ T ∗ = T T ∗ = U2 .
Q8. Let V be a finite-dimensional inner product space, and let T be a linear operator on V . Prove
that if T is invertible, then T ∗ is invertible and (T ∗ )−1 = (T −1 )∗ .
1
Sol. Suppose x ∈ N(T ∗ ). Then
*
Hence x = 0 and thus T ∗ is an injective linear operator on V . So T ∗ is invertible by finiteness
of dimension of V . Also we have
Sol. From the assumption V = W ⊕ W ⊥ , for all v, w ∈ V , there exist unique v1 , w1 ∈ W and
v2 , w2 ∈ W ⊥ such that v = v1 + v2 and w = w1 + w2 . We check that
and so
hv, T (w)i = hT (w), vi = hw1 , v1 i = hv1 , w1 i = hT (v), wi .
Therefore T ∗ exists and T = T ∗ .
Q13. Let T be a linear operator on a finite-dimensional inner product space V . Prove the following
results.
Sol. (a) It is clear that N(T ) ⊂ N(T ∗ T ). Let x ∈ N(T ∗ T ). Then hT (x), T (x)i = hx, T ∗ T (x)i =
* *
hx, 0 i = 0. Hence T (x) = 0 and x ∈ N(T ). It follows that
where n = dim(V ).
(b) By Q12(b), R(T ∗ ) = N(T )⊥ . Since V = N(T ) ⊕ N(T )⊥ by Sec 6.2 Q13(d), we have
n = nullity(T ) + dim(N(T )⊥ ) and
(c) Note that L∗A = LA∗ . Hence by applying part (a) and (b) with T = LA , we have
rank(A∗ A) = rank(LA∗ LA ) = rank(L∗A LA ) = rank(LA ) = rank(A). Similarly, rank(AA∗ ) =
rank(A).
Q14. Let V be an inner product space, and let y, z ∈ V . Define T : V → V by T (x) = hx, yi z
for all x ∈ V . First prove that T is linear. Then show that T ∗ exists, and find an explicit
expression for it.
2
Sol. For all x, w ∈ V , we have
D E
hT (x), wi = hhx, yi z, wi = hx, yi hz, wi = x, hz, wiy = hx, hw, zi yi .
Sec. 6.4
2. For each linear operator T on an inner product space V, determine whether T is normal,
self-adjoint, or neither. If possible, produce an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors of T for V
and list the corresponding eigenvalues.
Sol. Take β = {(1, 0), (0, 1)} as the ordered basis for V . Then
2 i ∗ ∗ 2 1
[T ]β = ⇒ [T ]β = ([T ]β ) =
1 2 −i 2
Therefore, we have
∗ ∗ 2 1 2 i 5 2 + 2i
[T T ]β = [T ]β [T ]β = =
−i 2 1 2 2 − 2i 5
and also
∗ ∗ 2 i 2 1 5 2 + 2i
[T T ]β = [T ]β [T ]β = = = [T ∗ T ]β
1 2 −i 2 2 − 2i 5
√
2
For λ1 = 2 + 2 (1 + i), consider
√ ! ( √ ! )
2 2
2− 2 (1 + i) i
Eλ1 = N (T − λ1 I2 ) = N √
2
= t 1
2 :t∈C
1 2 − 2 (1 + i) 2 (1 − i)
√
Obviously we have
22 , 21 (1 − i)
= 1
3
√
2
For λ2 = 2 − 2 (1 + i). consider
√ ! ( ! )
2+ 2
2 (1 + i) i − 12 (1
√
+ i)
Eλ2 = N (T − λ2 I2 ) = N √
2
= t 2 :t∈C
1 2 + 2 (1 + i) 2
√
Obviously we have
− 21 (1 + i), 22
= 1 Therefore, we can take the orthonormal basis of
eigenvectors of T for V can be taken as
( √ ! !)
2 − 12 (1
√
+ i)
2 ,
1 2
2 (1 − i) 2
and
√
0
√ 0 0 0 2 3 √0 0 0 0
[T ∗ T ]β = [T ∗ ]β [T ]β = 2 3 √0 0 0 0 6 [T ∗ T ]β
2 15 = 0 12 0 =
0 2 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 60
Therefore, T ∗ T 6= T T ∗ and hence T is not normal operator. So, there exist no orthonormal
basis of eigenvectors of T for V .
6. Q: Let V be a complex inner product space, and let T be a linear operator on V. Define
1 1
T1 = (T + T ∗ ) and T2 = (T − T ∗ )
2 2i
(a) Prove that T1 and T2 are self-adjoint and that T = T1 + iT2 .
(b) Suppose also that T = U1 + iU2 , where U1 and U2 are self-adjoint. Prove that
U1 = T1 and U2 = T2
(c) Prove that T is normal if and only if T1 T2 = T2 T1 .
4
Sol: (a) We have
∗ ∗
1 1 1 1
T1∗ = ∗
(T + T ) = (T ∗ + (T ∗ )∗ ) = (T ∗ + T ) = (T + T ∗ ) = T1
2 2 2 2
(T1 − U1 ) − i (T2 − U2 ) = (T1∗ − U1∗ ) − i (T2∗ − U2∗ ) = ((T1 − U1 ) + i (T2 − U2 ))∗ = 0 (2)
2 (T1 − U1 ) = 0 ⇒ T1 = U1
T12 + iT1 T2 − iT2 T2 + T22 = (T1 − iT2 ) (T1 + iT2 ) = (T1 + iT2 )∗ (T1 + iT2 )
= T ∗ T = T T ∗ = (T1 + iT2 ) (T1 + iT2 )∗ = (T1 + iT2 ) (T1 − iT2 )
= T12 − iT1 T2 + iT2 T1 + T22
By swapping the terms in the equality above yields 2iT1 T2 = 2iT2 T1 and hence T1 T2 =
T2 T1 .
(⇐) Suppose T1 T2 = T2 T1 , we have
T ∗ T = (T1 + iT2 )∗ (T1 + iT2 ) = (T1 − iT2 ) (T1 + iT2 ) = T12 + T22 + iT1 T2 − iT2 T1
= T12 + T22 + iT2 T1 − iT1 T2 = (T1 + iT2 ) (T1 − iT2 ) = (T1 + iT2 ) (T1 + iT2 )∗ = T T ∗
5
(d) If W is both T - and T ∗ -invariant and T is normal, then TW is normal.
Sol: (a) ∀u, v ∈ W , since T is self-adjoint,
whence TW is self-adjoint.
(b) Fix w0 ∈ W ⊥ and w ∈ W . As W is T -invariant, T (w) ∈ W . Then
hw0 , (TW )∗ (w)i = hTW (w0 ), wi = hT (w0 ), wi = hw0 , T ∗ (w)i = hw0 , (T ∗ )W (w)i.
Therefore, (TW )∗ = (T ∗ )W .
(d) We have TW (TW )∗ = TW (T ∗ )W = (T T ∗ )W = (T ∗ T )W = (T ∗ )W TW = (TW )∗ TW .
Therefore, TW is normal.
Therefore, we have
1 1
hT (x), xi = (hT (x), xi + hT (x), xi) = · 2 Re(hT (x), xi) = Re(hT (x), xi) ∈ R
2 2
The proof is completed.
6
(b) Pick x, y ∈ V, we have hT (x), xi = 0 and hT (y), yi = 0. Also, as x + y ∈ V, it follows that
Similarly, as x + iy ∈ V, we have
0 = hT (x+iy), x+iyi = hT (x)+iT (y), x+iyi = īhT (x), yi+ihT (y), xi = −ihT (x), yi+ihT (y), xi
(4)
And hence (5): 0 = hT (x), yi − hT (y), xi. Summing (3) and (5) yields 2hT (x), yi = 0 and
so hT (x), yi = 0. As this statement holds for all x, y ∈ V, we have T = T0 .
(c) Suppose hT (x), xi ∈ R for all x ∈ V
(?)
hT (x), xi = hx, T ∗ (x)i = hT ∗ (x), xi = hT ∗ (x), xi ⇒ h(T − T ∗ ) (x), xi = 0
where (?) holds because taking conjugation on real number does not change the value.
As h(T − T ∗ ) (x), xi = 0 for all x ∈ V, it follows by (b) that T − T ∗ = T0 . Therefore, we
have T = T ∗