DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

LECTURE # 1

INTRODUCTION

24th February 2021 Dr. Ali Javed

 Contact Information
2

q Course Instructor: Dr. Ali Javed

Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science

ü Email: [email protected]
ü Website: http://fms.uettaxila.edu.pk/Profile/ali.javed
ü Contact No: +92-51-9047747
ü Office hours:
n Monday, 11:00 - 12:00

q Course TA: Engr. Farman

q Lab Instructor: Engr. Marriam Nawaz

Dr. Ali Javed

 Books
3

q Gonzalez, R. C. and Woods, R. E., Digital Image

Processing, Third Edition, Pearson-Prentice Hall,
Inc., 2008.

q Gonzalez, R. C., Woods, R. E., and Eddins, S. L.,

Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB®,
Pearson-Prentice Hall, Inc., 2004, ISBN 81-
7758-898-2.

q Digital Image Processing and Analysis by Scott E

Umbaugh, 2nd edition, 2011

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 Links and Reference Material
4

q http://www.mathworks.com/index.html
q http://opencv.willowgarage.com/wiki/
q http://sourceforge.net/projects/opencvlibrary/

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 Grading Criteria
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q Grading
P Mid Exam - 30%
P Final Exam - 50%
P Quiz - 10 %
P Assignment -6%
P Class Participation -4%
P Term Project - will be counted in lab marks

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 Quizzes and Assignments
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q Quiz- 4 quizzes
P 2 before mid exam
P 2 after mid exam

q Assignment- 4 assignments
P 2 before mid exam
P 2 after mid exam

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 7 Course Outline
q Introduction to Digital Image Processing
q Applications of Digital Image Processing
q Digital Image Fundamentals
q Image enhancement in spatial domain
q Image enhancement in frequency domain
q Color Image Processing
q Image Compression
q Morphological Image Processing
q Real time Applications and Problems in DIP

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 8 Course Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students are expected to;:
1. demonstrate in-depth knowledge of image and 2-D signal processing
and use their mathematical interpretation.

2. analyze and design various transformation functions/filters for image

enhancement, compression, morphology for binary, grayscale and color
images.

3. devise and evaluate algorithms for real-time problem solving using tools
like MATLAB and MS Visual Studio with OpenCV by conducting
independent/ group study.

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 CLO Mapping
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Mapping of CLO’s to taxonomy and Course Learning Outcome *BT PLO

PLO Level PLO Emphasis
At the end of the course, students are
expected to; Level
1. demonstrate in-depth knowledge of C2 1 2
image and 2-D signal processing and
use their mathematical interpretation.

C4 2 3
2. analyze and design various
transformation functions/filters for
image enhancement, compression,
morphology for binary, grayscale and C5, 3 3
color images. A2

3. devise and evaluate algorithms for

real-time problem solving using tools
like MATLAB and MS Visual Studio with
OpenCV by conducting independent/
group study.
*BT Level=Bloom’s Taxonomy Level
C(Cognitive Domain): C1(Remembering), C2(Understanding), C3(Applying),
C4(Analyzing), C5(Evaluation), C6(Creating)
*PLO Emphasis Level
1=low, 2=medium, 3=high

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 10 Image
“A picture is worth a thousand words”
Anonymous

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 What is an Image?
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q Image is a source of information according to information theory

q An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function f(x,y) where x and

y are spatial coordinates and amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates(x,y)
is called the intensity or Gray level of the image at that point.

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 Digital Image
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q When x,y and the amplitude values of f are all finite, discrete quantities, we call
the image a Digital Image.

q A digital Image is composed of a finite number of elements each of which has a

particular location and value

q These elements are referred to as Picture Elements, Image Elements, Pels or Pixels.

q In digital imaging, a pixel is the smallest piece of information in an image.

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 Pixel
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q Pixels are normally arranged in a regular 2-dimensional grid, and are often
represented using dots or squares

q The intensity of each pixel is variable; in grayscale images we have one color value
while in color systems, each pixel has typically three or four components such as red,
green, and blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black

Dr. Ali Javed

 Digital Image Processing
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q Image Processing deals with algorithms that transform an input image into a
new image (processed image)
q DIP is the field of processing digital images by means of a digital computer

q Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks

ü Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation
ü Processing of image data for storage, transmission and representation for
autonomous machine perception

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 Image Types
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q Binary Image
ü 1 Sample per point

q Gray scale Image

ü 1 Sample per point

q Color Image
ü 3 or 4 Samples per point

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 Digital Image Representation
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q A digital image f(x,y) is discretized both in spatial coordinates and brightness

q It can be considered as a matrix whose row column indices specify a point in the
image and the element value identifies the gray level value at that point

q Spatial discretization by Sampling

q Intensity discretization by quantization

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 Digital Image Representation
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Dr. Ali Javed

 Digital Image Representation in MATLAB
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q The representation of an M×N numerical array in MATLAB

é f (1,1) f (1, 2) ... f (1, N ) ù
ê f (2,1) f (2, 2) ... f (2, N ) úú
f ( x, y ) = ê
ê ... ... ... ... ú
ê ú
ë f ( M ,1) f ( M , 2) ... f (M , N ) û

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 Video [8]
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q A digital video consists of frames that are presented to the viewer's eye in rapid succession to
create the impression of movement.

q Each frame within a digital video can be uniquely identified by its frame index, a serial
number.

q A shot is a sequence of frames shot uninterruptedly by one camera. In the context of shot
transition detection they are usually group into two types:
ü Abrupt Transitions
ü Gradual Transitions

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 Video Transitions [8]
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q Abrupt Transitions (Cuts) - This is a sudden transition from one shot to another, i. e.
one frame belongs to the first shot, the next frame belongs to the second shot. They
are also known as hard cuts or simply cuts.

q Gradual Transitions - In this kind of transitions the two shots are combined using
chromatic, spatial or spatial-chromatic effects which gradually replace one shot by
another. These are also often known as soft transitions and can be of various types,
e.g., wipes, dissolves, fades...

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 Gradual Transitions [9-10]
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q Dissolve: A dissolve is a gradual

transition from one image to another.

q The terms fade-out (also called fade

to black) and fade-in are used to
describe a transition to and from a
blank image.

q Wipe: A wipe is a type of film

transition where one shot replaces
another by travelling from one side of
the frame to another or with a special
shape.

Dr. Ali Javed

 Why Image/Video?
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q The magic of Tele-Vision (Greek word, Tele means far away, vision is for sight)
ü Our vision capability is extended in space. You don’t need to travel to liberty
island NY to watch statue of liberty

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 A Historical Overview of DIP
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q Bartlane cable picture transmission system was a technique

invented in 1920 to transmit images over cable lines between London
and New York in 1920s. It was named after its inventors Harry G.
Bartholomew and Maynard D. McFarlane and was first used to transmit
a picture across the Atlantic in 1920. Using the Bartlane system, images
could be transmitted across the Atlantic in less than three hours. [2]

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 A Historical Overview of DIP
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qThe number of distinct gray levels coded by Bartlane system

was improved from 5 to 15 by the end of 1920s.[2]

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 The Boom of Digital Images in the Last 20 Years
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q Acquisition
ü Digital cameras, scanners
ü Infrared and microwave imaging etc

q Transmission
ü Internet, satellite and wireless communication

q Storage
ü CD/DVD, Blu-ray
ü Flash memory

q Display
ü CRT monitors, LCD monitor, LED Monitors
ü PDAs, smart phones, smart watches

Dr. Ali Javed

 26 Key Stages in DIP
q Image Acquisition
q Image Enhancement
q Image Restoration
q Image Compression
q Color Image Processing
q Morphological Image Processing
q Image Segmentation
q Representation and Description
q Image Recognition

Dr. Ali Javed

 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
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Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Representation
Image
&
Acquisition Description

Object
Problem Domain Recognition
Color Image Image
Processing Compression
Dr. Ali Javed
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
28

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Representation
Image
&
Acquisition Description

Problem Domain Object

Recognition
Color Image Image
Processing Compression
Dr. Ali Javed
 Image Acquisition
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q The first stage of any vision system is the image acquisition stage.
¨ An image is captured by a sensor (such as a monochrome or color TV
camera) & digitized
¨ If the output of the camera or sensor is not already in digital form, an ADC
converter digitizes it
q Images are processed after acquisition.
q However, if the image has not been acquired satisfactorily then the intended
tasks may not be achievable

Dr. Ali Javed

 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
30

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Representation
&
Acquisition
Description

Problem Domain Object

Recognition
Color Image Image
Processing Compression
Dr. Ali Javed
 Image Enhancement
31

q The aim of image enhancement is to improve the perception of information in images for
human viewers, or to provide better input for other automated image processing
techniques.

q Image enhancement techniques can be divided into two broad categories:

ü Spatial domain methods, which operate directly on pixels, and

ü Frequency domain methods, which operate on the Fourier transform of an image.

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 Image Enhancement
32

Dr. Ali Javed

 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
33

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Representation
Image
&
Acquisition Description

Problem Domain Object

Recognition
Color Image Image
Processing Compression
Dr. Ali Javed
 Image Restoration
34

q Image restoration refers to the recovery of an original signal from degraded

observations.

q The purpose of image restoration is to "compensate for" or "undo" defects which

degrade an image. Degradation comes in many forms such as motion blur, noise, and
camera misfocus.

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 Image Enhancement vs Image Restoration
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q Image enhancement : process image to emphasize features of the image that make the image
more pleasing to the observer or to process image so that the result is more suitable for a
specific application, is largely a subjective process.

q Image restoration : recover image from distortions to its original image, is largely an objective
process.

q Image enhancement is the improvement of digital image quality without knowledge about the
source of degradation. If the source of degradation is known, one calls the process image
restoration

Dr. Ali Javed

 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
36

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain &
Description
Color
ColorImage
Image Image
Processing
Processing Compression
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 Morphological Image Processing
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q Deals with Tools for extracting image components that are useful in the
representation & description of shape

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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
38

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Representation
Image
&
Acquisition Description

Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Color Image Image
Processing Compression
Dr. Ali Javed
 Image Segmentation
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q Segmentation refers to the process of partitioning a digital image into

multiple segments (sets of pixels, also known as super pixels). The goal of
segmentation is to simplify and/or change the representation of an image
into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze

q Image segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries (lines,

curves, etc.) in images

Dr. Ali Javed

 Image Segmentation
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q Object detection builds a bounding box corresponding to each class in the

image. But it tells us nothing about the shape of the object. We only get the
set of bounding box coordinates. We want to get more information – this is
too vague for our purposes.
q Image segmentation creates a pixel-wise mask for each object in the image.
This technique gives us a far more granular understanding of the object(s) in
the image.

Dr. Ali Javed

 Image Segmentation
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q Image Segmentation algorithms generally are based on one of two basic properties
of intensity values:: Discontinuity and Similarity

q Through Discontinuity the approach is to partition an image based on abrupt changes

in intensity, such as edges in an image

q Through Similarity the approach is based on partitioning an image into regions that
are similar according to a set of predefined criteria. Thresholding, region growing,
region splitting and merging are examples of methods in this category

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 Image Segmentation
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q Region growing
5 6 6 7 7 7 6 6
6 7 6 7 5 5 4 7
q Selection of seed point, lets select 6 6 6 4 4 3 2 5 6
q Select the threshold, lets select t<3 5 4 5 4 2 3 4 6
0 3 2 3 3 2 4 7
0 0 0 0 2 2 5 6
1 1 0 1 0 3 4 4
q Region splitting and merging 1 0 1 0 2 3 5 4
q Split the image, e.g. in four quadrants
q Select any region, and take a difference between the maximum and minimum value in the region
q Compare the difference against the selected threshold, e.g. t<=3
q If the difference is within the threshold, then don’t split the region further else split the region again
into four quadrants
q Once further split is not possible then we start merging. Here we consider adjacent regions.
q Take the maximum of one region and minimum of second region and compare the difference
against the threshold. Repeat this by picking the minimum of first and maximum of second region.
If both meets the threshold criteria then we can merge the two selected regions.
Dr. Ali Javed
 Image Segmentation
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q Can you identify the difference between these two? Both the images are using image
segmentation to identify and locate the people present.
q In image 1, every pixel belongs to a particular class (either background or person).
Also, all the pixels belonging to a particular class are represented by the same color
(background as black and person as pink). This is an example of semantic
segmentation
q Image 2 has also assigned a particular class to each pixel of the image. However,
different objects of the same class have different colors (Person 1 as red, Person 2
as green, background as black, etc.). This is an example of instance segmentation.

Dr. Ali Javed

 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
44

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Representation
Acquisition & Description

Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Color Image Image
Processing Compression
Dr. Ali Javed
 Representation and Description
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q A segmented region can be represented by boundary pixels

or by internal pixels

q Representing region in 2 ways

ü in terms of its external characteristics (its boundary) [ focus on shape
characteristics
ü in terms of its internal characteristics (its region) [ focus on regional properties,
e.g., color, texture

q sometimes, we may need to use both ways

q The description of a region is based on its representation,

ü for example, a boundary can be described by its length

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 Representation and Description
46

q Chain Codes are used to represent the boundary by a connected sequence

of straight-line segments of specified length and direction

q Typically, this representation is based on 4 or 8 connectivity of the segments

Dr. Ali Javed

 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
47

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Representation
Image
&
Acquisition Description

Problem Domain Object

Recognition
Color Image Image
Processing Compression
Dr. Ali Javed
 Object Recognition
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q Recognition is the process that assigns a label to an object based on its descriptors

q A pattern is an arrangement of descriptors also known as features

q A pattern class is a family of patterns that share some common properties

q Pattern recognition by machine involves techniques for assigning patterns to their

respective classes automatically and with as little human intervention as possible

Dr. Ali Javed

 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
49

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Representation
Image
&
Acquisition Description

Problem Domain Object

Recognition
Color Image Image
Processing Compression
Dr. Ali Javed
 Image Compression
50

q Image compression is minimizing the size in bytes of a graphics file without

degrading the quality of the image to an unacceptable level.

q The reduction in file size allows more images to be stored in a given amount of disk
or memory space. It also reduces the time required for images to be sent over the
Internet or downloaded from Web pages.

q Image Compression methods can be based on either:

ü Lossy Compression methods

ü Lossless Compression methods

Dr. Ali Javed

 Image Compression
51

Dr. Ali Javed

 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
52

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Representation
Image &
Acquisition Description

Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Color Image Image
Processing Compression
Dr. Ali Javed
 53 Image Processing Components

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 Image Processing Components
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q Image Sensing device

q Storage Media

q Processing Systems

q Displays [5]

q Communication Media

q Hardcopy devices (e.g Printer)

q Frame Grabber

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 Camera
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q Lens

q Mount System (CMount, CSMount, F-Mount, T-Mount, S-Mount) [3-4,11]

q Optical Filter (Selectivity in EM waves)

q Imaging Sensor (CCD Sensor ,CMOS Sensor)[6]

q Pixel count

q Optical vs Digital Zoom

q Flash (Used for lighting/Illumination)

ü Front Illumination
ü Back Illumination
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 Camera Lens
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q The function of the lens in the camera is to direct the light source to the camera
sensor to help focusing the image.

q The main difference of the different lens brands will be the coating that they use.

q Different lens coating will give varying results from sharpness to color
reproduction.

q Some "legendary" brands of camera/lens are Carl Zeiss, Leica, Schneider

Kreuchnach, etc

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 Camera Filter/Optical Filter
57

q Camera filters alter the properties of light entering the camera lens for the purpose of
improving the image being recorded.

q The filter can be a square or oblong shape mounted in a holder accessory, or, more commonly,
a glass or plastic disk with a metal or plastic ring frame, which can be placed in front of the
lens

q Filters can affect contrast, sharpness, color, and light intensity, either individually, or in various
combinations.

q The negative aspects of using filters, though often negligible, include the possibility of loss of
image definition if using dirty or scratched filters

Dr. Ali Javed

 Pixel count [6]
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q Gross Pixel count

ü The gross count refers to the total number of pixels on the sensor

q Effective Pixel count

ü Effective count tells you how many pixels will be used when taking
video or still photos

q For example, a camera that is 2.1 gross/2.0 effective means that the
CCD is comprised of a total of 2.1 million pixels, but the image it captures is
actually using only 2.0 million pixels to create the photo.

Dr. Ali Javed

 Optical vs Digital Zoom [7]
59

q Optical Zoom

ü Optical zoom is when the lens actually moves in and out and gets you
closer to the object. An optical zoom is a “real zoom”.

q Digital Zoom

ü Digital pictures are made up of tons of tiny dots called pixels. A

digital zoom just takes those small pixels and enlarges them internally.

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 Processing Systems
60

q PC based
ü General purpose PCs
ü Servers
ü Industrial PCs

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 Processing Systems
61

q Embedded System based

ü DSP processor based
ü FPGA based
ü System on chip (SoC)

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 Frame Grabber
62

q A component of a computer vision system, in which video frames are captured in digital form and
then displayed, stored or transmitted in raw or compressed digital form.

q Frame Grabber can be Analog as well as Digital

q Early frame grabbers had only enough memory to acquire (i.e., "grab") and store a single
digitized video frame

q Modern frame grabbers are typically able to store multiple frames and compress the frames in
real time using algorithms such as MPEG2 & JPEG

q Frame Grabber Types

ü Active Frame Grabber

§ Frame grabbers that perform compression on the video frames are referred to as Active Frame Grabbers.

ü Passive Frame Grabber

§ Frame grabbers that simply capture the raw video data are referred to as Passive Frame Grabbers.

Dr. Ali Javed

 References
63

1. DIP by Gonzalez and Woods

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlane_cable_picture_transmission_system
3. http://www.ikegami.com/cb/products/pdf/tech/lensmount.pdf
4. http://www.securityideas.com/corcsmount.html
5. http://compreviews.about.com/od/multimedia/a/CRTvsLCD.htm
6. http://camcorders.about.com/od/camcorders101/a/cmos_vs_ccd.htm
7. http://camcorders.about.com/od/camcorder101/a/optialvsdigital.htm
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_transition_detection
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolve_(filmmaking)
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipe_(transition)
11. https://www.stemmer-imaging.com/en/knowledge-base/lens-mounts/

Dr. Ali Javed

 For any query Feel Free to ask
64

Dr. Ali Javed