WHAT IS CARPENTRY?

A skilled trade in which the primary work performed is the cutting , shaping, and
installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete
form work, etc. Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood and did the rougher work such as
framing, but today many other materials are also used and sometimes the finer trades of cabinet making
and furniture are building are considered.

Welcome to Carpentry!

This Module is an exploratory course which leads you to Carpentry National Certificate Level II (
NC II)1. It covers 5 common competencies that a Grade 7 / Grade 8 Technology and Livelihood Education
(TLE) student like you ought to possess, namely:
 prepare Construction Materials and Tools;
 maintain Tools and Equipment;
 peform Mensurations and Calculations;
 interpret Drawings and Plans; and
 practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures.

These 5 common competencies are covered separately in 5 Lessons. As shown below, each Lesson is
directed to the attainment of one or two learning outcomes.
*Lesson 1 – Prepare Construction Materials and Tools
LO 1 - Identify materials and tools applicable to a specific construction job
LO 2 - Request appropriate materials and tools
LO 3 - Receive and inspect materials

*Lesson 2 – Maintain Tools and Equipment

LO 1 - Check conditions of tools and equipment
LO 2 - Perform basic preventive maintenance
LO 3 - Store tools and equipment Learning Outcomes

*Lesson 3 – Perform Mensurations and Calculations

LO 1 - Select measuring instruments
LO 2 - Carryout measurement and calculations

*Lesson 4 – Interpret Drawings and Plans

LO 1 - Analyze signs, symbols and data
LO 2 - Interpret technical drawings and plans
LO 3 - Apply Freehand Sketching

*Lesson 5 – Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures

LO 1 - Identity hazards and risks
LO 2 - Evaluate hazards and risks.
LO 3 - Control hazards and risks.
LO 4 Maintain occupational health and safety awareness
Lesson 1 :
PREPARE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TOOLS

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following:
LO 1. identify materials and tools applicable to a specific construction job;
LO 2. request appropriate materials and tools; and
LO 3. receive and inspect materials.

Definition of Terms

 Bill – a statement of payment due to goods and services

 Damage – a destruction, injury, or harm to a person or thing
 Job – a piece of work of a definite extent or character for a set of fee
 Material – a stuff upon which a thing is made
 Quantity – a number, amount in size
 Requisition – act of requiring something to be furnished; a written request for something
authorized but not made available automatically
 Tool – a simple implement, as a hammer, saw, and spade chisel etc. used in work
 Work – something made or accomplished
Learning Outcome 1:
Identify materials and tools applicable to a specific construction job

What Do You Already Know?

Pretest LO 1
Let us determine how much you already know about identifying materials and tools applicable to a
specific construction job. Take this test.

Directions: Select the best answer for the choices given. Write your answer on your test notebook.

1. Object used as parts or components of projects.

A. Tools C. Equipment
B. Materials D.Hardware

2. Implements manipulated by the hand to facilitate carpentry works.

A. Tools C.Equipment
B. Materials D.Hardware

3. List 3 familiar carpentry tools in your house.

4. List 3 construction materials used in your house.

5. List 3 hardware used in your house.

What Do You Need To Know?

Read Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing the Self-check 1.1.

Information Sheet 1.1

TYPES AND USES OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TOOLS
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 1.1

Directions: Write opposite the given materials and tools their corresponding uses. Do this on your
answer sheet.

Materials Uses

Lumber
Nails
Screw
G.I wire
Cement
Sand
Gravel
Water
Steel Reinforcement
G. I Sheet
Tools Uses

Saw
Square
Level hose
Level bar
Hammer
Chisel
Plane
Drill bit
Oil stone

What Do You Need To Know?

Read Information Sheet 1.2 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you
learned by doing the Self-check 1.2.

Information Sheet 1.2

DESCRIPTION OF TOOLS

Materials:
Lumber -sawn tumber
Nails - made of metal used for fastening woods
Cement - a powdered substance which when mixed with water acts as binder of aggregate
Sand - fine gritty, substance found in the shore and desert
Plywood - thin cross laminated sheet of wood
Gravel - coarse aggregate

Tools:
Pull-push-rule - used for measuring long distances
Claw hammer - used for driving and pulling out nails
Cross-cut-saw - tool used for cutting across the grain
Ripsaw - used for cutting along the grain
Plumb-bob - used for vertical alignment
Try square - used to test the squareness of a stock
Hack saw - fine toothed saw used to cut metals and pipes
Lever bar - tool used in checking vertical and horizontal position

How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 1.2

Directions: Supply what is defined or described. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
_____________1. It is a thin cross laminated sheet of wood.
_____________2. This is made of metal used for fastening.
_____________3. It is a powdered substance mixed with water.
_____________4. It is a fine, dry, gritty substance mixed with water.
_____________5. It is a sawn timber.
_____________6. It is used for measuring long distances.
_____________7. It is used for driving and pulling out nails.
_____________8. It is a tool used for cutting along the grain.
_____________9. It is used for vertical alignment.
_____________10. It is a tool used to test the squareness of a stock.
Learning Outcome 2:
Request appropriate materials and tools

What Do You Already Know?

Pretest LO 2

Directions: Fill up the requisition form. Use another sheet for your answer.

Suggested Project: Bulletin Board DATE

Balance on Hand Quantity Requisition Unit Materials and Description Unit price Total

What Do You Need To Know

Information Sheet 2.1

REQUISITION PROCEDURE:

The information that follows will teach you how to accomplish the form in order to acquire materials
Procedure:
1. State the name of the project and date when you requested for materials.
2. Fill in the classification of the project and its purpose.
3. Write the number of required material.
4. List the unit of materials to be requisitioned.
5. Enumerate the materials with their description.
6. List the cost per unit and the total cost.
7. Write your name as requisitioner.
8. Secure the approval of authorities concerned.
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 2.1
Directions: Accomplish the requisition form. Use another sheet for this activity.

Suggested Project: Bulletin Board DATE

Balance on Hand Quantity Requisition Unit Materials and Description Unit price Total
Fig.1. Receiving Procedure in Matrix Form

Teacher examines and inspects the output by using the following scoring guide.
Criteria for Rating
1. Accuracy 40%
2. Observance of the sequence of steps 30%
3. Readability of Information 20%
4. Neatness of work 10%
100%

What Do You Need To Know?

Information Sheet 2.2

REQUESTED MATERIAL AND TOOLS ACCORDING TO PREPARED LIST

Bill of Materials:
A bill of materials is a list of all things needed in a project together with their description, sizes
and amount or price. All information needed should be in the bill of materials.

Parts of a Bill of Materials

1. Quantity tells the amount of materials to be purchased.
2. Unit gives the measure of materials to be purchased.
3. Description states the detailed name of materials.
4. Unit cost gives the price of each material.
5. Amount is the cost of all materials.
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 2.1

Directions: Complete the following bill of materials with the missing information based on the given
project. Write your answer on a piece of paper.
Given Project: Bulletin Board

Quantity
Unit
Materials and Description

Unit price

Total
1
3⁄4 Plywood

1
Liter
Stain Maple

P110.00

Finishing nail 11/2

P
Sand Paper

P 50.00

QDE Boysen (Green)

P
Liter
Thinner (Lacquer)
1
Paint brush 2

P 20.00

Learning Outcome 3:
Receive and inspect materials

What Do You Need To Know?

Read Information Sheet 3.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you
learned by doing Self-check 3.1.

Information Sheet 3.1

ACQUIRE AND INSPECT MATERIALS/TOOLS
It is important to inspect and check materials and tools for defects and damage before
receiving them so that you can ask for replacements for those that you found defective.
1. Check if the materials and tools are complete in terms of quantity and specification (number of
pieces, length, width, etc.)
2. Check the physical condition of tools, (check tools against the specification, quantity, and
quality,) see to it that parts are complete, cutting edges or tooth free from damages,
3. Check the accessories of each material and tool. See to it that nothing is missing.
4. If any of the materials or tools is found missing or defective, report it immediately to the supply
officer or teacher.
5. Get a replacement for the materials and tools found defective.
6. Sign the requisition form as you receive materials and tools.
7. Store the received materials and tools in a safe area or store room nearest your workplace.
(store materials, in proper order, bulky and heavier materials at the bottom lighter and smaller
items on top of the pile).
8. Always handle the materials and tools carefully. (avoid dropping the tools on the floor, do not
expose tools and materials on sunlight or rains).
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-Check 3.1

Directions: Check the materials and tools that are being received in the checklist. Put X if the materials
and tools are not in good condition and check if in good condition.

Tools and Materials Remarks

GOOD REJECT

1. 1 piece 3⁄4 plywood

2. 1 liter satin maple

3. 1 kilo finishing #11⁄2

4. 1 foot sand paper

5. 1 liter qde boysen (green)

6. 1 liter thinner (lacquer)

7. 1 piece paint brush

Lesson 4:
MAINTAIN TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following:
LO 1. check condition of tools and equipment
LO 2. perform basic preventive maintenance; and
LO 3. store tools and equipment.

Definition of Terms

 Finishing materials – chemical or substance applied in finishing carpentry

 Hardware – metal supplies used in furniture
 Inventory – the accounting of tools and materials
 Label – refers to the indicated name of tools and equipment
 Lubricants – oils or grease which is use to help the machine to run smoothly
 Mensuration – the act or art of measuring
 Perimeter – the bounding line or curve of a plain area
 Power tools – handy machines operated by current/electricity
 Scaler – marked for use in measurement
 Segregate – set aside things from the others
 Standard – serves as a measure of reference
 Stock – refers to a lumber for a certain carpentry job
 Store – to put tools and materials in their proper places
 Substrate – wood to be cut in a cutting machine
Learning Outcome 1:
Check condition of tools and equipment

What Do You Already Know?

Let us determine how much you already know about checking condition of tools and equipment. Take
this test.

Pretest LO 1

A. Classifythedifferenttypesoftoolsandmaterials.
1. Claw hammer
2. Bar Clamp
3. Spoke Shave
4. Steel Square 5. Back Saw
6. Pull Push Rule 7. Compass
8. Triangular File 9. Varnish
10. Hinge

B. Identify the different tools and materials that are described in each item.
1. Tool used for smoothing curve surfaces.
3. Tool used for drawing arcs and circles.
4. Tool used for testing the squareness of large stocks. 6. Tool used to hold bits when boring.
7. Materials used to lubricate movable parts.
9. Tool used to cut stock along the grain.
10. Tool used for sharpening saws.

What Do You Need To Know?

Read Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you
learned by doing the Self-check 1.1.

Information Sheet 1.1

CHECK CONDITION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Classification of Handtools
A. Measuring Tools

1. Pull-Push Rule - flexible tape that slides into a material case and it is used to measure irregular
and regular shapes.
2. Ruler - 12-inch or one foot rule and it is used to take/make simple measurements.
3. Meter Stick - used to measure a work piece.
4. Try Square - squaring, measuring and testing tool used to check adjacent surfaces for
squareness.
5. Caliper - used to transfer measurements from the rule to the work.

B. Marking Lining Tools

1. Pencil - used to layout or mark cutting lines.

2. Marking Gauge - wood or metal tool consisting of a beam, head and a point used to mark a line
parallel to the grain of the wood.
3. Chalk Line - used to establish a straight line on a surface.
4. Divider - tool with two metal legs used to lay-out an arc circle or step off division on a line.
5. Compass - used to scribe arcs and circle in a metal wood.

C. Testing Tools
 1. Try Square - tool used in squaring, measuring and testing the squareness of a wood.
2. Steel Square - framing square used to mark out the work for squaring and checking of angles
and is used in the construction of roof framing and large furniture.
3. Spirit Level - tool used for testing vertical and horizontal surfaces.
4. Plumb bob - tool used to test the vertical and horizontal surfaces.

D. Edge Cutting Tools

1. Chisel - tool used to trim and shape wood.

2. Plane - used to obtain a smooth and flat surface.
3. Spoke shave - small plane like tool from irregularly shaped objects.
4. Cabinet scraper - rectangular piece of steel with two cutting edges used for working flat and
curved shapes.

E. Tooth-Cutting Tools

1. Cross Cut Saw - handsaw used to cut the wood across the grain.
2. Rip-saw - hand saw used to cut the wood along the grain.
3. Back Saw - handsaw with a metal back and plywood and joinery.
4. Compass Saw - used to cut irregular shape either in large or small board.
5. Turning Saw - used to rip, cross and cut curves in lumber.
6. Coping Saw - u-shaped saw used for cutting irregular shape in small board.
7. Dovetail Saw - small back saw with a straight chisel type handle used to cut very fine joints.

F. Boring Tools
 1. Auger bit - tool used to make hole in woods.
2. Expansive bit - tool used to drill holes of various sizes in woods.
3. Drill Bit - tool used for boring holes either in metals, woods or plastics.

G. Holding Tools

1. C-Clamp - used for holding together pieces of lumber while working.

2. Bench Vise - used to hold any materials or tools in place. 3. Bar Clamp - used to hold large
boards or frames together while assembling or gluing.

H. Miscellaneous Tools

1. Oil Stone - used for sharpening edge cutting tools such as chisel.
2. Files - used to smoothen metal and wood surfaces.
3. Paint Brush - used to apply paint or varnish on wood surfaces
4. Nail Set - used to drive the head of nails lower than surface of wood.
5. Saw Set - used to bend the upper half of each tooth to one side or the other to form a set.
 I. Portable Powertools

1. Sander - portable power tool used for sanding furniture pieces.

2. Router - used for shaping surfaces and edges of furniture parts.
3. Jigsaw - power tool used primarily for cutting curved or irregular shapes of wood surfaces.
4. Circular saw - power saw used for many types of cutting, particularly on large panel stock.
5. Electric Drill - power drill which is used to drill holes in various materials to perform a multitude
of tasks.

J. PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

1. Goggles - used to protect the eyes against flying debris and harmful liquids.
2. Ear Protector - used to protect the ears against high frequency noise.
3. Face Mask - used to prevent the inhalation of sprayed paint fumes.
4. Gloves - used to protect the hands while working.
5. Apron - used to protect the worker against flying debris.
K. Driving Tools

1. Claw Hammer - used to drive and pull out nails on wooden surfaces.
2. Mallet - made out of wood or rubber used to drive other tools like chisel.
3. Nail Set - used in setting the head of a finishing nail below the surface of the wood.
4. Screw Driver - used to drive and loose screws.

How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 1.1

A. Classifythedifferenttypesoftools.
1. Claw hammer 2. Bar Clamp
3. Spoke Shave 4. Steel Square 5. Back Saw
6. Pull Push Rule 7. Compass
8. Triangular File 9. Varnish
10. Hinge

B. Identify the different tools that are described in each item.

1. Tool used for smoothing curve surfaces.
2. Finishing materials used to seal the pores of wood.
3. Tool used for drawing arcs and circles.
4. Tool used for testing the squareness of large stocks.
5. Tool used to hold bits when boring.
6. Finishing material which makes wood shiny.
7. Tool used to cut stock along the grain.
8. Tool used for sharpening saws.

Learning Outcome 2:
Perform basic preventive maintenance

What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how
much you learned by doing the Self-check 2.1.

Information Sheet 2.1

LUBRICATING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

1. Read and analyze the use of preventive Maintenance Schedule form.

2. Determine the types of tools and machine needed to be lubricated.
3. Fill out a requisition slip form in releasing the lubricants needed.
4. Secure a borrower’s slip from your teacher.
5. Fill out the slip form correctly intended for the needed tools.
6. Perform the task according to the prescribed schedule and the assigned machine.
7. Perform lubricating procedure.
8. Determine the parts of the machine needed to be lubricated.
9. Apply thin coat of oil on the parts for a long period of time.
10. Open the bearing cover and apply grease.
11. Apply grease on sealed bearing with the use of a grease gun.

How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 2.1

Directions: Copy the table on a separate sheet of paper then check the appropriate box
whether you performed each indicator.

INDICATORS YES NO

1. Utilized the Preventive Maintenance Schedule.

2. Determined the types of tools and machine needed to be lubricated.

3. Filled out the requisition slip form in releasing the lubricants needed.

4. Secured the borrower’s slip from your teacher?

5. Filled out the slip form correctly intended for the needed tools.
6. Performed the task according to the prescribed schedule and the assigned machine.
7. Performed the lubricating procedures.

8. Determined the parts of the machine needed to be lubricated.

9. Applied the thin coat of oil on the parts that are used for a long period of time.

10. Applied the grease on sealed bearing with the use of a grease gun.
LESSON 3
Perform Mensuration and Calculation

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following:
LO 1. select measuring instruments; and
LO 2. carry out measurement and calculations.

Definition of Terms

Area – extent of part of a surface enclosed within a boundary.

Calculation – the act or process of or result of calculating.
Circumference – distance around the circle.
Classification – group or category within an organized system.
Decimal – number expressed in a counting system that uses units of 10, especially a decimal fraction.
Dimension – measurable extent such as length, thickness and width.
Fraction – number expressed as a quotient of two other numbers.
Geometric Shapes – characterized by straight line, regular curves and angles.
Graduation – scale of a measuring tool .
Mensuration – act or art of measuring.
Perimeter – bounding line or curve of a plain area.
Standard – serves as a measure of reference.
Stock – refers to a lumber for a certain furniture job.
Substrate – wood to be cut in a cutting machine.
Volume – space inside a solid figure.
What Do You Already Know?
Pretest LO 1
Let us determine how much you already know about selecting measuring instruments. Take this test.

Directions: Identify the different measuring tools

1.

2.

3.

4.
Learning Outcome 1:
Select measuring equipment

What Do You Need To Know?

Read Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you
learned by doing the Self-check 1.1.

Information Sheet 1.1

TYPES OF MEASURING TOOLS

Pull push rule

1. Pull-push rule – used for measuring long pieces of stock.

Zig zag rule

2. Zig Zag Rule – a folded measuring tool.

Ruler
3. Ruler – used for measuring short pieces of stock.
Caliper
4. Caliper – used for measuring diameter.

Try square
5. Try Square – used for checking flatness and squareness.

Meter Stick
6. Meter Stick – a measuring device which is one (1) meter in length.

Divider
7. Divider – used for dividing distances
Compas
8. Compass – used for scribing arcs and circles.

Protractor
8. Protractor – used for laying out angles.

HANDLING OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS / TOOLS

A. DO’S
1. Wipe measuring tools/instruments before returning them to the storage room.
2. Oil the movable parts of the measuring tools such as zigzag rules, calipers, dividers and
compasses to avoid stock-up.
3. Make sure that grits like sand do not get inside the housing or case of a pull-push rule to
avoid wearing off of the graduations.
4. Check the lock of a pull-push rule if it is working.
 B. DON’T’S
1. Do not wipe off edges of the steel tape of pull-push rule with bare hands to avoid injury.
2. Do not pull the steel tape of pull-push rule too much to avoid the coil spring from damage.
3. Do not use the caliper as tongs.

LINEAR MEASUREMENTS FOR THE 6 FACES OF LUMBER

Hence; the linear measurements obtained are:

1. End 1 to end 2 or A B = Length (L )

2. Edge 1 to Edge 2 or C D = Width ( W )
3. Surface 1 to surface 2 or E F = Thickness / Height ( T / H )

How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 1.1

I. List down nine measuring tools on your quiz notebook.

1. ______________________

2. ______________________

3. ______________________
4. ______________________

5. ______________________

6. ______________________

7. ______________________

8. ______________________

9. ______________________

II. List down some DO’s and DON’T’s in handling measuring instrument/ tools

A. DO’S
1.
2.
3.
4.

B. DON’T’S
1.
2.
3.

III. Enumerate the 6 faces of a lumber and the 3 linear measurements obtained.

A. 6 Faces of A lumber
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

B. 3 Linear measurements obtain from the 6 faces of a lumber

1.
2.
3.
Learning Outcome 2:
Carry out measurement and calculations

What Do You Already Know?

Let us determine how much you already know about carrying out measurement and calculations. Take
this test.

Pretest LO 2

Directions: Enumerate the following

1-2 – What are the 2 systems of measurements?

3-5 - Give at least 3 units of linear measurements in the English system.
6-9 – Give at least 3 units of linear measurements in the Metric System.

What Do You Need To Know?

Show that you learned something by doing this activity.

Information Sheet 2.1

SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENTS
The two (2) systems of measurements are: the English and the Metric System. The English
system originated in England also known as the U.S. customary system of measurement while the Metric
System was developed in France and also known as the S. I. (International Standard).

I. (UNIT OF MEASURES) - LINEAR MEASUREMENT

ENGLISH
Yard ( yd )
meter Foot ( ft ) / („ )
decimeter 1/10

METRIC
meter
decimeter 1/10 meter
centimeter 1/ 100 meter
millimeter 1 /1000 meter
II. READING OF MEASUREMENTS

A. Reading the inch

The inch is divided into segments called graduations. Each graduation represents a
measurement in form of a proper fraction. The inch can be divided into 16, 8, 4 and 2, equal parts.

Note: The illustration is not the actual lengh of an inch.

B. Reading the centimeter and milimeter

III. CONVERTING FRACTION TO DECIMAL

In converting fractions to decimals, divide the numerator by its denominator whether it is
proper, improper or mixed fraction.
IV. CONVERTING UNITS OF MEASURE

Sample Solutions in Conversion

V. TAKING DIMENSIONS

Ways of taking dimension

1. Measure end to end of stock with a tool

2. Measure edge to edge with a tool

3. Measure outside diameter of a cylindrical object using a caliper

4. Measure inside diameter with a calip

5. Lay-out width

CALCULATING BOARDFOOT OF LUMBER

Although the International System (SI) or Metric System had already superseded the English
System of measure, the board foot as a unit of measure for determining the volume of lumber is still
being used by the furniture & cabinet maker and construction industry. This is because lumbers are sold
in terms of board foot.
A board foot is actually one square foot of lumber of one inch thick
The formula used in computing board foot is:

Board foot (Bd. Ft.) = T x W x L 12

Where:

T = Thickness in inches
W= Width in inches
L = Length in feet

Note: This formula is being used for sawed wood of commercial dimension.

Example: Compute the board foot of lumber whose dimension is 2” x 4 “x 12”

Steps 1. Identify the given data

Given.
T = 2”
W = 4”
L = 12‟

Step 2. Determine what is being asked

Find the Bd. Ft. = ?

Step 3. State the formula

Formula: Bd. Ft. = T x W x L

12

Step 4. Substitute the given data in the formula, then solve.

Solution:

Bd. Ft. = T x W x L
12

= 2” x 4” x 12 “ 12
= 96/12
= 8 Bd. Ft

How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 2.1

I.Enumerate the following.

1-2 – What are the two 2 systems of measurements
3-5 - Give at least 3 units of linear measurements in the English system
6-9 – Give at least 3 units of linear measurements in the Metric System

II. Read the following measurements

1. ___________
2. ___________
3. ___________
4. ___________
5. ___________
6. ___________ cm
7. ___________ mm
8. ___________ mm
9. ___________ mm
10. ___________ cm

III. Convert the following fractions to decimals.

1. 1/4
2. 3/4
3. 5/8
4. 7/8
5. 9/16
6. 11/5
7. 13/4
8. 9/5
9. 6 3/5
10. 3 2/3

IV. Convert the following measurement to their unit equivalents .

1. 4 meters = ____________ cm.
2. 4 meters = ____________ ft.
3. 8 feet = _______________ inches
4. 20 inches = __________ cm
5. 236.22 inches = _______meters

V. Identifythedifferentwaysoftakingdimensions.

1.
2.

3.

4.
5.

Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest and relax a while then move on to the next lesson. Good luck!

REFERENCES

 Barba, Joshua A., Carpentry, ConvergeLink Books Corp., Philippines, 2006.

 Better Homes and Gardens FCM, Meredith Books Desmoines, Iowa, 2003
 John L. Feirer, Cabinet Making and Millwork, Second Edition
 B. Fred W. Zimmerman and Larry J. Mc Ward, Exploring Woodworking,