HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

DESIGN
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY

Section 5 Group 5
Done by
1 Daniel Destaw ID.NO: ENG/R/ 0365 /06
2 Tofik Kemal ID.NO: ENG/ R/ 1160/06
3 Demeses kassa ID NO:ENG/R/ 0382/06
4 Dagnachewu Daniel ID NO:ENG/R/ 0360/06
Machine Design Project (MEng 3161) Pressure vessel Design
(2008 E.C)

5 Deriba Megersa ID NO:ENG/R/ 0408/06

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definition Pressure Vessel
Tanks, vessel and pipelines that carry, store or receive fluids are called pressure vessel. A pressure
vessel is defined as a container with a pressure differential between inside and outside. The inside
pressure is usually higher than the outside. The fluid inside the vessel may undergo a change in state
as in the case of steam boiler or may combine with other reagent as in the case of chemical reactor.
According to ASME: ”pressure vessels are a containers for the containment of pressure either
external or internal. The pressure may be obtained from an external source ,or by the application of
heat from a direct or indirect source, or any combination thereof” .A Pressure vessel often has a
combination of high pressure together with high temperature and in some cases flammable fluids or
highly radioactive material. Because of such hazards it is imperative that the design be such that no
leakage can occur. In addition vessel has to be design carefully to cope with the operating
temperature and pressure. Pressure vessels are usually spherical or cylindrical with dome end. The
cylindrical vessels are generally preferred because of the present simple manufacturing problem and
make better use of the available space. Boiler, heat exchanger, chemical reactor and so on, are
generally cylindrical.

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1.2 History of pressure vessels

A 10,000 psi (69 MPa) pressure vessel from 1919, wrapped with
high tensile steel banding and steel rods to secure the end caps

Large pressure vessels were invented during the industrial revolution, particularly in
Great Britain, to be used as boilers for making steam to drive steam engines. Design and
testing standards and a system of certification came about as the result of fatal boiler
explosions. In an early effort to design a tank capable of withstanding pressures up to
10,000 psi (69 MPa) , a 6-inch (150 mm) diameter tank was developed in 1919 that was
spirally wound with two layers of high tensile strength steel wire to prevent sidewall
rupture, and the end caps longitudinally reinforced with lengthwise high-tensile rods.

1.3 INDUSTIRAL APPLICATIONS OF PRESSURE

VESSEL
Pressure vessel are used in a number of industries; for example, the power
generation industry for fossil and nuclear power, the petrochemical industry for storing
and processing crude petroleum oil in tank farms as well as storing gasoline in service
station, and the chemical industry. Their use has expanded throughout the world.
Pressure vessel and tank are in fact essential to the chemical, petroleum, petrochemical
and nuclear industry. It is in the class of equipment that the reaction, separation and
storage of raw material occur. In the same word, pressurized equipment is required for
a wide range of industrial plant for storage and manufacturing purpose.

1.4 Types of pressure vessels

1.4.1 Open vessels
Open vessels are commonly used as surge tanks between operations, as vats for
batchoperations where materials be mixed and blended as setting tanks, decanters,
chemical reactors, reservoirs and so on. Obviously, this type of vessels is cheaper than
covered or closed vessel of the same capacity and construction. The decision as to
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whether or not open vessels may be used depends up on the fluid to be handled and the
operation.
1.4.2 Closed vessels
Combustible fluids, emitting toxic or obnoxious fumes and gases must be stored in
closed vessels. Dangerous chemicals, such as acid or caustic, are less hazardous if stored
in closed vessels. The combustible nature of petroleum and its products associates the
use of closed vessels and tanks throughout the petroleum and petrochemical industries.
Tanks used for the storage of crude oils and petroleum products and generally designed
and constructed as per API specification for welded oil storage tanks.
1.4.3 Cylindrical vessels with flat bottoms and conical or domed roofs.
The most economical design for a closed vessel operating at atmospheric pressure is
the vertical cylindrical tank with a conical roof and a flat bottom resting directly on the
bearing soil of a foundation composed of sand, gravel or crushed rock. In cases where it
is desirable to use a gravity feed, the tank is raised above the ground, and columns and
wooden joints or steel beams support the flatbottoms.
1.4.4 Cylindrical Vessels with Formed Ends
Closed cylindrical vessels with formed heads on both ends used where the vapor
pressure of the stored liquid may dictate a stronger design, codes are developed
through the efforts of the American petroleum Institute and the American Society of
Mechanical Engineering to govern the design of such vessels. These vessels are usually
less than 12 feet in diameter. If a large quantity of liquid is to be stored, a battery of
vessels may be used.

1.4.5 Spherical and modified spherical vessels

Storage containers for large volume under moderate pressure are usually
fabricated in the shape of a sphere or spheroid. Capacities and pressures used in these
types of vessel vary greatly for a given mass; the spherical type of tank is more
economical for large volume, lowpressure storage operation.
1.4.6 Vertical and horizontal vessels
In general, functional requirements determine whether the vessel shall be vertical
or horizontal. E.g. Distilling columns, a packed tower, which utilizes gravity, require
vertical installation. Heat exchanges and storage vessels are either horizontal or
vertical. If the vessel to be installed outdoor, wind loads etc, are to be calculated to
prevent overturning, thus horizontal is more economical. However, floor space, ground
area and maintenance requirements should be considered.
1.4.7 Vessels operating at low temperature ranges
Pressure vessels constructed in such a manner that, a sudden change of section
producing a notch effect is present are usually not recommended for low temperature
range operations. The reason is that, they may create a state of stress such that the
material will be incapable of relaxing high-localized stresses by plastic deformation;
therefore, the materials used for low temperature operations are tested for notch

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ductility. Carbon steels can be used down to 60 degree C. Notch ductility is controlled in
such as materials through proper composition steel making practice, fabrication
practice and heat treatment. They have an increased manganese carbon ratio.
Aluminum is usually added to promote fine grain size and improve notch ductility.
Ductility of certain materials including carbon and low alloy steels is considerably
diminished when the operating temperature is reduced below certain critical value is
usually described as the transition temperature, depends upon the material, method of
manufacture, previous treatment and stress system present. Below transition
temperature, fracture may take place in a brittle manner with little or no deformation.
Whereas, at temperatures above the transition temperature, fracture occurs only after
considerable plastic strain ordeformation.
1.4.8 Vessels operating at elevated temperature.
Embitterment of carbon and alloy steel may occur due to service at elevated
temperature. In most instances, brittleness is manifest only when the material is cooled
to low temperature. This inhibited by addition of molybdenum and also improve tensile
and creep properties. Two main criteria in selecting the steel elevated temperature are
metallurgical strength and stability. Carbon steels are reduced in their strength
properties due to rise in temperature and are liable to creep. Therefore, the use of
carbon steel is generally limited to 500℃. The SA-283 steels cannot be used in
applications with temperatures over 340℃. The SA-285 steels cannot be used for
services with temperature over 482℃. However, both SA-285 and SA-285, SA-212
steels have very low allowable stress, at higher temperature.
1.5 Components of Pressure Vessels
The pressure vessel considered here is a single unit when fabricated. However, for
the
Convenience of design, it is divided into the following parts.
1.5.1 Shell
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel
shells are welded together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Most
pressure vessel shells are cylindrical, spherical, or conical In shape. Horizontal drums
have cylindrical shells and are fabricated in a wide range of diameters and lengths.

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Fig1.5.1 Model of Shell

1.5.2 Head
All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell
section). Heads are typically curved rather than flat. Curved configurations are stronger
and allow the heads to be thinner, lighter, and less expensive than flat heads. Heads can
also be used inside a vessel.These “intermediate heads” separate sections of the
pressure vessel to permit different design conditions. In each section Heads are usually
categorized by their shapes. Ellipsoidal, hemispherical, torispherical, conical, toriconical
and flat are the common types of heads. Ellipsoidal (2:1) would be the most common
type of heads, which is used during the designing of pressure vessels

Fig 1.5.2 Model of Head

1.5.3 Nozzle
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or
heads of a pressure vessel. The nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow
for the necessary connections and to permit easy disassembly for
maintenance or access. Nozzles are used for the following applications:

 Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel

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 Attach instrument connections, (e.g., level gauges, thermo wells, or

pressure gauges)

 Provide access to the vessel interior at many ways

 Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items, (e.g., a

heat exchanger or mixer) Nozzles are also sometimes extended
into the vessel interior for some
applications, such as for inlet flow distribution or to permit the
entry of thermo wells.
Openings in pressure vessels in the regions of shells or heads are
required to serve the following purposes:

 Man ways for letting personnel in and out of the vessel to perform
routine
maintenance and repair

 Holes for draining or cleaning the vessel

 Hand hole openings for inspecting the vessel from Outside

 Nozzles attached to pipes to convey the working fluid

inside and outside of the vessel

 Instrument nozzles

 Compartment for other equipments

Fig 1.5.3 Model Nozzle

1.5.4 Supports
The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size and
orientation of the pressurevessel. In all cases, the pressure vessel support
must be adequate for The applied weight, wind, and earthquake loads
calculated base loads are used to design of anchorage and foundation for

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the pressure vessels.

Typical kinds of supports are as follow:
a) Skirt
Tall, vertical, cylindrical pressure vessels are typically supported by
skirts. A support skirt is a cylindrical shell section that is welded either to
the lower portion of the vessel shell or to the bottom head (for cylindrical
vessels). Skirts for spherical vessels are welded to the vessel near the mid-
plane of the shell. The skirt is normally long enough to provide enough
flexibility so that radial thermal expansion of the shell does not cause high
thermal stresses at its junction with the skirt.

b) Leg
Small vertical drums are typically sup-ported on legs that are welded
to the lower portion of the shell. The maximum ratio of support leg length
to drum diameter is typically 2:1. The number of legs needed depends on
the drum size and the loads to be carried. Support legs are also typically
used for spherical pressurized storage vessels the support legs for small
vertical drums and spherical pressurized Storage vessels may be made
from structural steel columns or pipe sections, whichever provides a more
efficient design. Cross bracing between the legs, as shown in is typically
used to help absorb wind or earth-quake load

c) Saddle
Horizontal drums are typically sup-ported at two locations by saddle
supports. A saddle support spreads the weight load over a large area of the
shell to prevent an excessive local stress in the shell at the support points.
The width of the saddle, among other design details, is determined by the
specific size and design conditions of the pressure vessel. One saddle
support is normally fixed or anchored to its foundation the other support is
normally free to permit unrestrained longitudinal thermal expansion of the
drum.

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Typical Scheme of Saddle

`
d) Lug
Lugs that are welded to the pressure vessel shell, may also be used to
support
Vertical pressure vessels. The use of lugs is typically limited to vessels of
small to medium
diameter (1 to 10 ft.) and moderate height-to-diameter ratios in the range
Of 2:1 to 5:1. Lug supports are often used for vessels of this size that are
located above grade within structural steel. The lugs are typically bolted to
horizontal structural members to provide stability against overturning
loads; However, the bolt holes are often slotted to permit free radial
thermal expansion of the drum

Typical Scheme of Lug

1.5.5 Flanges
Types of flanges
1.5.5.1 Welding- neck flanges

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A sectional view of a welding - neck flange is shown. Welding neck

flanges differ from other flanges in that, they have a long, tapered hub,
between the flange ring and the welded joint. This hub provides a more
gradual transition from the flange ring thickness fo the pipe –wall
thickness, thereby decreasing the discontinuity stresses and consequently
increasing the strength of the flange. These flanges are recommended for
the handling of costly, flammable or explosive fluids, where failure or
leakage of the flange joint might disastrous consequences.
1.5.5.2 Slip-on flanges
The slip-on types of flanges are widely used because of its greater ease
of aligned in welding assembly and because of its low initial cost. The
strength of this flange as calculated from internal pressure considerations
is approximately 2/3rd that of a corresponding welding- neck type of
flange. The use of this type of flange should be ' limited to moderate
services, where pressure fluctuations, temperature fluctuations, vibrations
and shock are not expected to be severing. The fatigue life of this flange is
approximately l/3rd that of welding - neck flange.
1.5.5.3 Lap joint flanges
Lap joint flanges are usually used with a lap-joint stab. These flanges
have about the same ability to withstand pressure without leakages as the
slip in flange, which is less than that of the welding neck flanges. In
addition, these flanges have the disadvantages of having only about 10% of
the fatigue life of welding neck flanges. For these reasons, these flanges
should not be used for connections where, severe bending stresses exist.
The principal advantage of these flanges is that the bold holes are easily
aligned and this simplifies the erection of vessels of large diameter and
usually stiff piping. Theses flanges are also useful in cases where, frequent
dismantling for cleaning or inspection is required, or where it is necessary
to rotate the pipe by swiveling the flange..
1.5.5.4 Screwed flanges
Screwed flanges can be fastened to the openings by screwing. It can be
connected instantly without welding. The only disadvantage is that
possibility of leakage.

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1.5.5.5 Blind flanges

They are used extensively to blank off pressure vessel openings and
hand holes, block off pipes and valves. In this application, a valve followed
by blind flange is frequently used at the end ofline to permit addition of
line while it is 'on stream'.

1.5.6 manhole
A vertical access shaft from the ground surface to a sewer or
underground utilities ,usually at a junction ,to allow cleaning ,inspection
,connections and repairs.

1.5.7 Gasket
A gasket is used to create a seal between mating surfaces of machines or
piping assemblies. The seal is necessary to prevent leakage of gas, liquid, or
dust into or out of these assemblies. The gasket must be able to withstand
the pressures applied to it and to be unaffected by the temperature or
materials that it comes in contact with. When a gasket is clamped between
the mating surfaces of a joint it must deform enough to compensate for the
imperfections in the finish of the mating surfaces. It would not be
economical to machine all surfaces to a mirror finish, and the bumps,
scrapes, and corrosion of normal use would soon reduce the quality ofthe
finish. Tool marks are usually evident on the surfaces of most machine
pieces. The clamping pressure applied to these joints does not create
enough distortionin the flanges to effect a seal, so a gasket, placed between
these surfaces, deforms to fill in the valleys and compress on the high
points. The gasket must be soft enough to deform, yet strong enough to
resist being squeezed out by the pressure carried in the machinery. It is
desirable to have some roughness (tool
markings) on most flange surfaces to help grip the gasket and prevent it
from creeping under internal pressure. These tool marks should run the
same way as the lay of the gasket; that is, a circular gasket should have
circular tool marks in
the flange face

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1.6 Objectives
The purpose of this project is to study the implementation and practices
of pressure vessel designs. The objectives of this project are:

 To identify the pressure vessel

 To analyze the safety parameters for allowable working pressure
using PV Elite which comply to ASME VIII standard.
 To fabricate the pressure vessel as per the reference standards

1.7 Scope
To ensure the objective is achieved, some of the important elements must
be consideration. There is:

 Research about pressure vessel

To analyze pressure vessels at wolaita sodo university

This project will be collaborate with our university to provide

the source and place to fabricate the pressure vessel.

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CHAPTER TWO
DESIGN CONSIDERTION
2.1. SPECIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL CODES
AND STANDARDS
In all the major industrialized countries the design and fabrication of
thin-walled pressure vessels is covered by national standards and codes of
practice. In most countries the standards and codes are legally enforceable.
In the United Kingdom all conventional pressure vessels for use in the
chemical and allied industries will invariably be designed and fabricated
according to the British Standard PD 5500 or the European Standard EN
13445; or an equivalent code such as the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers code Section VIII (the ASME code).The current (2003) edition of
PD 5500 covers vessels fabricated in carbon and alloy steels, and
aluminum. The design of vessels constructed from reinforced plastics is
covered by BS 4994. The ASME code covers steels, non-ferrous metals, and
fibrereinforced plastics. Where national codes are not available, the British,
European or American codes would be used.
The national codes and standards dictate the minimum requirements,
and give general
guidance for design and construction; any extension beyond the minimum
code requirement will be determined by agreement between the
manufacturer and customer.
The codes and standards are drawn up by committees of engineers
experienced in
vessel design and manufacturing techniques, and are a blend of theory,
experiment and
experience. They are periodically reviewed, and revisions issued to keep
abreast of developments in design, stress analysis, fabrication and testing.
The latest version of the appropriate national code or standard should
always be consulted before undertaking the design of any pressure vessel.

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2.2 Material specification for pressure vessels

The mechanical design of a pressure vessel can proceed only after the
materials have been specified. The ASME(American society mechanical
engineering) code does state what material is must be used in each
application. It specifies what material may be used for ASME code vessels,
plus rules and limitations on their use. But, it is have the end user to specify
the appropriate materials for each application considering varies material
selection factor in conjunction with ASME code requirements. Typical
materials used: steel, aluminum, other metal, carbon fibers and polymers
Selection of a suitable material must take into account the suitability of
the material for fabrication (particularly welding) as well as the
compatibility of the material with the process environment.
The pressure vessel design codes and standards include lists of acceptable
materials; in accordance with the appropriate material standards.

The general mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and typical

areas of use of some of the materials commonly used in the construction of
pressure vessels are given in this section. The values given are for a typical,
representative, grade of the material or alloy. The multitude of alloys used
in pressure vessels construction is known by a variety of trade names, and
code numbers designated in the various national standards.

 The main factor that influence material selection are:

 Strength

 Corrosion resistance

 Resistance to hydrogen attack

 Fracture toughness

 Fabric ability

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 Cost as well as possible

 Availability

 Strength

Strength is the ability of a material to resist the externally applied

forces without breaking or yielding. The internal resistance offered by a part
to an externally applied force is called stress. Strength determines how
thick a component must be to withstand the imposed loads. The overall
strength of a material is determined by its yield strength, ultimate tensile
strength, creep and rupture strengths. These strength properties depend
on the chemical composition of the material. Creep resistance (a measure
of material strength at elevated temperature) is increased by the addition
of alloying elements such as chromium, molybdenum, and/or nickel to
carbon steel. Therefore, alloy materials are often used in elevated
temperature applications.

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Tensile Design stress at temperature ᵒc (N )

strength
Material
(N/ )

0ᵒ-50ᵒ 100ᵒ 150ᵒ 200ᵒ 250ᵒ 300ᵒ 350ᵒ 400ᵒ 450ᵒ 500ᵒ

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Low alloy steel 550 240 240 240 240 240 235 230 220 190 170
(Ni,Cr,Mo,V)

Stainless steel 510 165 145 130 115 110 105 100 100 95 900
18Cr/8Ni
Unstablished(304)

Stainless steel 540 165 150 140 135 130 130 125 120 120 115
18Cr/8Ni
Ti stablished(321)

Stainless steel 520 175 150 135 120 115 110 105 105 100 95
18Cr/8Ni
(316)

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Table 2.1.Typical design stresses for pressure veseel

 corrosion resistance:

Corrosion is the deterioration of metals by chemical action. A

material’s resistance to corrosion is probably the most important factor
that influences its selection for a specific application. The most common
method that is used to address corrosion in pressure vessels is to specify a
corrosion allowance. A corrosion allowance is supplemental metal
thickness that is added to the minimum thickness this is required to resist
the applied loads. This added thickness compensates for thinning (i.e.,
corrosion) that will take place during service. The corrosion resistance of
carbon steel could be increased through the addition of alloying elements
such as chromium, molybdenum, or nickel. Alloy materials, rather than
carbon steel, are often used in applications where increased corrosion
resistance is required in order to minimize the necessary corrosion
allowance.

 Resistance to hydrogen attack;

At temperature from approximately 300 F to 400F, monatomic

hydrogen diffuses into voids that are normally present in steel. In these
voids, the monatomic hydrogen forms molecular hydrogen, which cannot
diffuse out of the steel. If this hydrogen diffusion continues, pressure, can
build to high level within the steel, and the steel ca crack.

At elevated temperatures, over all approximately 600F,

monatomic hydrogen not only causes cracks to form but also attacks the
steel. Hydrogen attack differs from corrosion in the damage occurs
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throughout the thickness of the component rather than just at its surface
and occurs without any metal loss. In addition, once hydrogen attack has
occurred, the metal cannot be repaired and must be replaced. Thus, it is not
practical to provide a corrosion allowance to allow for hydrogen attack at
the specified design conditions.

Hydrogen attack is a potential design factor at hydrogen partial

pressures above approximately 100psia.Material selection for these
hydrogen service applications is based on API 941, steels for hydrogen
service at elevated temperatures and pressures in petroleum refineries and
petrochemical plants. API 941 contains a family of design curves (the
nelson curves) that are used to select appropriate material based on
hydrogen partial pressure and design temperature.

 Fracture toughness

Fracture toughness refers to the ability of a material to with stand

conditions that could cause a brittle fracture. The fracture toughness of a
material can be determined by the magnitude of the impact energy that is
required to fracture a specimen using charpy V-notch test. Generally
speaking, the fracture toughness of a material decreases as the
temperature decreases (i.e., it behaves more like glass).The fracture
toughness at a given temperature varies with different steel and with
different manufacturing and fabrication processes. Material selection must
confirm that the material has adequate fracture toughness at the lowest
expected metal temperature. It is especially important for material
selection to eliminate the risk of brittle fracture since a brittle fracture is
catastrophic in nature. It occurs without warning the first time the
necessary combination of critical size defect, low enough temperature, and
high enough stress occurs.

 Fabric ability

• Ease of construction

• Any required special fabrication practices

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• Material must be weldable

 Cost

The important materials generally accepted for construction of

pressure vessels are indicated here. Metals used are generally
divided into three groups as.
1. Low cost- Cast iron, Cast carbon and low alloy steel, wrought
carbon and low alloy steel.
2. Medium cost - High alloy steel (12%chromium and above),
Aluminum, Nickel, Copper and their alloys, Lead.
3. High cost - platinum, Tantalum, Zirconium, Titanium silver.
 Availability
 According to above listed factor and given service temperature of
pressure vessel, it is preferred to select low-alloy steel(Ni,Cr,Mo,V)

Alloy Steels
Although plain carbon steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with small
amounts of manganese, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus, the term alloy
steel is applied when one or more elements other than carbon are
introduced in sufficient quantities to modify its properties
substantially.

Low-alloy steels

Low-alloy steel constitute a category of ferrous materials that

exhibit mechanical properties superior to plain carbon steels as the
result of addition of alloying elements such as nickel, chromium, and
molybdenum. Total alloy can range from 2.07% up to levels just
below that of stainless steels, which contain a minimum of 10% cr.

For many low- alloy steels, the primary function of the alloying
elements is to increase hardenability in order to optimize mechanical
properties and toughness after heat treatment. In some cases, however,
alloy additions are used to reduce environmental degradation under a
certain specified service conditions.

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 As with steels in general, low-alloy steels can be classified

according to:
 Chemical composition, such as nickel steels, nickel-chromium
steels, molybdenum steels, chromium-molybdenum steels,
vanadium steels, etc.
 Heat treatment, such as quenched and tempered, normalized and
tempered, annealed, etc.

In general low-alloy steels have the following suitable properties:

 It have high tensile and allowable strength listed in above

table
 It has low cost relative to other types of steel.
 The corrosion resistance of low- alloy steel could be
increased through the addition of alloying elements such as
chromium, molybdenum, or nickel.
 At high temperatures it can resist hydrogen attack
 The fracture toughness of a material decreases as the
temperature decreases
 It can be easily fabricated and etc,

2.3 Types of welding

There are many different types of welding. Some of these are listed below,

FUSION WELDING
It is the most widely used method of fabrication for the construction of steel vessels.
This method of construction is virtually unlimited with regard to size and is extensively
used for the fabrication and erection of large size product equipment in the field. There
are two types of fusion welding that are extensively used for fabrication of welds. These
are,
1. The gas welding process in which a combustible, mixture of acetylene and oxygen
supply the necessary heat for fusion
2. The electric arc welding process, in which the heat of fusion is supplied by an electric
arc. Arc welding is preferred because of the reduction of heat in the weld material,
reduces the oxidation and better control of deposited weld metal.

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Thermit Welding
In thermit welding, a mixture of iron oxide and aluminum called thermit is ignited
and the iron
oxide is reduced to molten iron. The molten iron is poured into a mould made around
the joint and
fuses with the parts to be welded. A major advantage of the thermit welding is that all
parts of weld
section are molten at the same time and the weld cools almost uniformly. This results in
a minimum
problem with residual stresses. It is fundamentally a melting and casting process.
The thermit welding is often used in joining iron and steel parts that are too large to be
manufactured in one piece, such as rails, truck frames, locomotive frames, other large
sections used on steam
and rail roads, for stern frames, rudder frames etc. In steel mills, thermit electric
welding is employed
to replace broken gear teeth, to weld new necks on rolls and pinions, and to repair
broken shears.
Gas Welding
A gas welding is made by applying the flame of an oxy-acetylene or hydrogen gas
from a
welding torch upon the surfaces of the prepared joint. The intense heat at the white
cone of the flame
heats up the local surfaces to fusion point while the operator manipulates a welding rod
to supply the
metal for the weld. A flux is being used to remove the slag. Since the heating rate in gas
welding is
slow, therefore it can be used on thinner materials.

Electric Arc Welding

In electric arc welding, the work is prepared in the same manner as for gas welding.
In this case
the filler metal is supplied by metal welding electrode. The operator, with his eyes and
face protected,
strikes an arc by touching the work of base metal with the electrode. The base metal in
the path of the
arc stream is melted, forming a pool of molten metal, which seems to be forced out of
the pool by the
blast from the arc. A small depression is formed in the base metal and the molten metal
is deposited around the edge of this depression, which is called the arc crater. The slag
is brushed off after the joint has cooled. The arc welding does not require the metal to
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be preheated and since the temperature of the

arc is quite high, therefore the fusion of the metal is almost instantaneous. There are
two kinds of arc welding depending upon the type of electrode.
1.Un-shielded arc welding, and
2.Shielded arc welding.
Forge Welding
In forge welding, the parts to be jointed are first heated to a proper temperature in a
furnace or Shielded electric arc welding. Electrode Extruded coating Gaseous shield Arc
stream Base metal Molten pool Slag Deposited metal forge and then hammered. This
method of welding
is rarely used now-a-days. An electric-resistance welding is an example of forge
welding.

2.4 Welding of pressure vessel

Two important considerations in producing weld joints in the steels are:

1) Preservation of corrosion resistance and

2) Avoidance of cracking.
Weld metal with a fully austenitic structure is more susceptible to
cracking during the welding operation. For this reason, Types 321, 347 and
348 alloys are designed to solidify with a small amount of ferrite to
minimize cracking susceptibility. Columbium stabilized stainless steels are
more prone to hot cracking than titanium stabilized stainless steels.
Matching filler metals are available for welding Types 321 and 347
stabilized stainless steels. The Type 347 filler metal is sometimes used to
weld the Type 321 alloy as well as the Type 348 alloy. These stabilized
alloys may be joined to other stainless steels or carbon steel. Type 309
(23% Cr-13.5% Ni) or nickel-base filler metals have been used for this
purpose.
2.4.1 TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS
A variety of welded joints are used in the fabrication of vessels. The
selection of the type of joint depends upon the service, the thickness of the
metal fabrication procedure and code requirements. From the API-ASME
code for unified pressure vessels which illustrates some of the types of
welded joints used in the welding of steel plates for the fabrication of

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pressure vessels.
2.4.2 JOINT EFFICIENCIES AND CORROSION
ALLOWANCES
In vessels for paraffin oil storage, the welded joints are seldom stress
relieved or radio graphed. The welded seams may not be as strong as the
adjacent rolled steel plate the shell. It has been found from experience that,
an allowance may be made for such Weakness by introducing a "joint
efficiency factor E" in the equations. This factor is construction in the
previous codes. The thickness of the metal, C allowed for any anticipated
corrosion is then added to the calculated required thickness, and the final
thickness value rounded off to the nearest nominal plate size of equal or
greater thickness. For carbon and low-alloy steels, where severe corrosion
is not expected, a minimum
allowance of 2.0 mm should be used; where more severe conditions are
anticipated this should be increased to 4.0 mm. Most design codes and
standards specify a minimum allowance of 1.0 mm.

2.4.3 CONCLUTION ABOUT WELDING

I select butt joint for the shell and head . And its radiographic
examination (full), joint efficiency is (E=1). And also I use fusion welding
type.

JOINT EFFICIENCY, E

TYPES of weld joint When the joint;

a. Fully b. Spot c. Not

Radiographed Examined Examined

Butt joint as attained by double-

Welding or by other means
1 1.00 0.85 0.75
which will obtain the same
quality of deposited weld metal
on the inside and outside weld
surface.

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2 Single-welded butt joint with 0.9 0.80 0.65

backing strip which remains in
place after welding

3 Single-welded butt joint without ___ ___ 0.60

use of backing strip

4 Double-full fillet lap joint ____ ___ 0.55

5 Single-full fillet lap joint with ___ ___ 0.50

plug welds

6 Single full fillet lap joint without ___ ___ 0.45

plug welds

2.5 SELECTION OF THE TYPE OF VESSEL

The first step in the design of any vessel is the selection of the type best
suited for the particular service in question. The primary factors
influencing this choice are,
i. The operating temperature and pressure.
ii. Function and location of the vessel.
iii. Nature of fluid.
iv. Necessary volume for storage or capacity for processing.
It is possible to indicate some generalities in the existing uses of the
common types of vessels. For storage of fluids at atmospheric pressure,
cylindrical tanks with flat bottoms and conical roofs commonly used.
Spheres or spheroids are employed for pressure storage where the volume

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required is large. For smaller volume under pressure, cylindrical tanks

with formed heads are more economical.

CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN ANAYSIS
3.1 DESIGN SHEEL
Material Selection for shell
It is necessary to select the suitable material for the shell which can
with stand all the external loads. The best material which I select for the
shell is stainless steel type 321.

Length and diameter of vessel calculation.

We can calculate length & diameter of vessels by using nominal vessel
volume for typical ratio of length to diameter is given by table as follows
.Therefore volume of pressure vessels is as follows.

K is depend on given internal pressure see the table below,

Internal pressure

Psi MPa

3 0-250 0.000-1.724

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4 250-500 1.724-3.448

5 ˃500 ˃3.448

Then by using the above table we can get values of L and D by inserting in
the equation of shell volume and head volume.

Vs ……………...shell volume

Vh ………head volume of hemispher

Vt =Vs +2Vh ……equation (2.3)

Where; L=length of shell

D=shell diameter

Vt =total of vessels

When we calculate the value because k=5

So, L=5D substitute on the above equation;

Vt =Vs +2Vh = + but L=5D

Vt=2.5

( )
2.5 = + = =

2.5 =

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D=0.8m

R=0.4m

L=5D=5(0.8) L=4m

Calculate of sheel thickness for internal pressure vessel

For cylindrical shell thickness required to resist internal pressure can be
determined from the formula.

a) According to circumferential stress(longitudinal joints)

For this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 0.385SE .In which case
we shall use the following formula for thickness of shell is,
PR
t  CA
SE  0.6P

Where
E = joint efficiency
P = inner service pressure,(MPa)
S = allowable stress (design stress)
t = wall thickness(shell thickness), mm
D = inside diameter, mm,
CA = corrosion allowance, inch or mm

Given Required
P=20MPa t=?

S=220

CA=2mm for stainless steel

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E=1mm

R=0.4m=400mm

Solution
PR
t  CA
SE  0.6 P
20 N / mm 2  400mm
t  2mm
 
220 N / mm 2 (1mm)  0.6 20 N / mm 2
8000
t mm  2mm
208
 t  38.5mm  2mm  40.5mm
t  40.5mm

b) According to longitudinal stress(circumferential joint)

For this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 1.25SE .In which
case we use the formula for thickness is,
PR
t  CA
2SE  0.4P

Given Require
P=20MPa t=?
S=120
CA=2mm for stainless steel
E=1mm
R=0.4m=400mm
Solution

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PR
t  CA
2 SE  0.4 P
20 N / mm 2  400mm
t  2mm
 
2  220 N / mm 2 (1mm)  0.4 20 N / mm 2
8000
t mm  2mm
448
 t 17.86mm  2mm  19.86mm
t  20mm

 We take the larger shell thickness

Therefore, t=40.5mm
Calculate the volume of shell
Vs ……………...shell volume
Vs

Check the stress on the shell

The longitudinal and circumferential stresses due to internal
pressure given by:
a) Longitudinal stress
PD
L 
4t
20  800
L 
4  40.5
 L  98.76mpa
b)Circumferential stress
PD
c 
2t

20  800
c 
2  40.5
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c 197.5mpa

Induced longitudinal and circumferential stress is less than allowable

(design) stress, so the design is safe

3.2 DESIGN OF END CLOSURE HEAD

Types of head
All pressure vessel shell must be closed at the end by heads.
The ends of cylindrical vessel are closed by head various shapes.
This are:-
 Flanged head
 Hemispherical head
 Ellipsoidal head
 Torisperical head
 Conical
 Toriconical

 Flanged head
Formed domed heads are made with a short straight
cylindrical section, called a flange or skirt. This ensures that the
weld line is away from the point of discontinuity between the
head and the cylindrical section of the vessel.

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 Hemispherical head
A hemispherical head is the strongest shape; capable of resisting
about twice the pressure of a torispherical head of the same
thickness. The cost of forming a hemispherical head will,
however, be higher than that for a shallow torispherical head.
Hemispherical heads are used for high pressures.
 Ellipsoidal heads
Most standard ellipsoidal heads are manufactured with a major
and minor axis ratio of 2: 1. Above 15 bar an ellipsoidal head will
usually prove to be the most economical closure to use.
 Torispherical heads
A torispherical shape, which is often used as the end closure of
cylindrical vessels, is formed from part of a torus and part of a
sphere. The shape is close to that of an ellipse but is easier and
cheaper to fabricate. Standard torispherical heads (dished ends)
are the most commonly used end closure for vessels up to
operating pressures of 15 bar. They can be used for higher
pressures, but above 10 bar their cost should be compared with
that of an equivalent ellipsoidal head.

 Conical end closures head

Conical ends are used to facilitate the smooth flow and removal
of solids from process equipment; such as, hoppers, spray-dryers
and crystallisers.
 Toriconical head

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A toriconical head is a blend of conical and torispherical heads.

Accordingly, the thickness in the cone region is calculated using
conical head equations and that in the head
3.2.1 Material selection for the head
Best material which I select for the hemispherical head is low
alloy steel (Ni,Cr,Mo,V).The selection of this type of material based
on its property that described in the previous chapter.
3.2.2 Selection of head types
 For my pressure vessel design I can select hemispherical head
at the left and right end because it is stronger than other
types of head.

Hemispherical head

To calculate thickness of head

PR
t  CA
2SE  0.2P

Given Required

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P=20MPa t=?

S=120

C2mm for stainless steel

E=1mm

R=0.4m=400mm

solution
PR
t  CA
2 SE  0.2 P
20 N / mm 2  400mm
t  2mm
 
2  220 N / mm 2  0.2 20 N / mm 2
8000
t mm  2mm  35.9mm
436
t  18.35mm

Calculate hemispherical head volume

Where; D=Internal diameter

( )
V= =

V=0.

 v=0.26 is for one head but for both bottom and top head the
volume is twice of the individual head that means. vh=2v

Total of head is vh=2(0.26 ) = 0.52

vh = 0.52

3.3 DE SIGN OF HEAD TO SHELL TRANSITIONS

Heads to shells attachment by butt welded joints of plates of unequal
thickness.Joining plates of unequal thicknesses with butt weld.
The thicker plate shall be tapered if the difference in thickness is thickness

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is more than 1/8 in or one –fourth of the thinner-plate. The length of the
tapered transition shall be minimum 3 times the offset between the adjacent
surfaces. The weld may
be partly or entirely in the tapered section or adjacent to it. The shell plate
center line may be on either side of the head plate center line.

3.4 SELECTION OF FLANGE BASED ON THE

TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE RATING R [2]
The flange rating establishes acceptable temperature/pressure
combinations and is based on ASME B16.5 .Pressure-temperature ratings are
maximum allowable working gage pressures in bar units at the temperatures
in degrees Fahrenheit shown in appendix B through the applicable material
and class designation. For intermediate temperatures, linear interpolation is
permitted. Interpolation between class designations is not permitted. There
are seven classes (150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1,500, 2,500). Flange strength
increases with increase class number.
High Temperature
Flanged joints subjected to thermal gradients may likewise be subject to
decreasing bolt loads. Decreased bolt loads diminish the capacity of the
flanged joint to sustain loads effectively without leakage. At temperatures
above 200°C (400°F) for Class 150 and above 400°C (750°F) for other class
designations, flanged joints may develop leakage problems unless care is
taken to avoid imposing severe external loads, severe thermal gradients, or
both.

For selecting the standard dimension and material for the flange by
applying the American National Standard ANSI B16.5-1981 of temperature
and pressure rating. The given temperature is 400ᵒC (750ᵒF) and pressure is
20MPa (2901PSi).So I can select class 900lb flange, because my given service
pressure is approximate to Hydrostatic test/design
pressure 23MPa(3350PSi),all data see in appendix B

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Class 900lb

Hydrostatic test/design 23Mpa(3350Psi)

pressure MPa (PSi)

Temperature ,ᵒC(ᵒF) 400ᵒC(750ᵒF)

Maximum allowable non-shock 10.4Mpa(1510Psi)

pressure, MPa(PSi)

We know that the flange is class 900lb and the material is Forged steel SA
105 and also available in stainless steel, low alloy steel non-ferrous metal R
[2]. Material and design temperature combinations without pressure
indicated not acceptable. I select Welding-neck flanges, because have a long
tapered hub between the flange ring and the welded joint. This gradual
transition of the section reduces the discontinuity stresses between the flange
and branch, and increases the strength of the flange assembly. Welding-neck
flanges are suitable for extreme service conditions; where the flange is likely
to be subjected to temperature, shear and vibration loads. They will normally
be specified for the connections and nozzles on process vessels and process
equipment. R [1]

There are 7 flange that I used for my pressure vessel their value is
shown blow.
 Two longitudinal pipe with D=40mm(1.6in) .
 One lateral pipe with D=40mm(1.6in) .
 One bottom discharge D=150mm (6in)
 One sample opening D=25mm(1in)
 Temperature gage D=25mm(1in)
 Safety valve D=25mm(1in)

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Fig, welding neck flange

Table 3.3. 900lb. Flanges standard ANSI B16.5 R[2]

Nomin Diamete Length Diamet Diamete Outside Thickne Outside boltin

al pipe r of the through er of r of the diamete ss of the diamete g
size, bore, the hub the hub at r flange flange r the
mm(in) mm(in) [C] hub at the [H] [J] raised
[A] the base face [K]
point [G]
of
weldin
g
[E]
25 26.67 73.025 33.53 52.32 149.2 28.57 50.8 M10
(1) (1.05) (2.875) (1.32) (2.06) (5.875) (1.125) (2)

40 52.578 101.6 60.45 104.8 215.9 38 92.075 M12

(1.6) (2.07) (4) (2.38) (4.125) (8.5) (1.5) (3.625)
150 154.2 139.7 168.4 234.95 381 55.56 215.9 M16
(6) (6.07) (5.5) (6.63) (9.25) (15) (2.1875) (8.5)

3.5 FLANGE AND GASKAT DESGIN R [1]

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3.5.1 Gaskets Design

Gaskets are used to make a leak-tight joint between two
surfaces. It is impractical to machine flanges to the degree of surface finish
that would be required to make a satisfactory seal under pressure without a
gasket. Gaskets are made from “semi-plastic” materials; which will deform
and flow under load to fill the surface irregularities between the flange faces,
yet retain.

Gasket Minimu Minimu

factor(m m design m
Gasket material sketch
) seatting gasket
stress width

Y( (mm)
)

Spiral- Carbon 2.50 20.0

wound
Stainless 3.00 31.0 10
metal,
or
asbestos
filled Monel

Soft 2.50 20.0

aluminu
Corrugate 2.75 25.5 10
m
d metal,
asbestos Soft
inserted copper
brass

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3.5.2 FLANGE APPLIED LODE AND FALNGE MOMEANT

The design procedures given in the codes and standards can be illustrated by
considering
the forces and moments which act on an integral flange, Figure 13.ff

Fig, force acting on an integral flange

The total moment Mop acting on the flange is given by:

Mop = Hd hd + Ht ht +Hg hg
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Where Hg= gasket reaction (pressure force), = G(2b)mPi

Ht= pressure force on the flange face = H - Hd,
H= total pressure force = (π/4) Pi,
Hd = pressure force on the area inside the flange = (π/4) Pi,
B = inside diameter of the flange,
2b = effective gasket pressure width,
b = effective gasket sealing width,
hd, hg and ht are defined in Figure
Let’s calculate the lode and moment
 There gasket factor , width and internal pressure for the flange are
the same
m=2.50, b=10mm and Pi=10.4MPa where, m= gasket factor
( – )
hd= b=effective gasket
width
Pi= internal
pressure for the flange
( )
For D= 25mm, hd =
hd=33.6mm
( )
For D=40mm, hd =
hd = 49.95mm
( )
For D=150mm, hd =
hd =67.78mm
( )
hg
( )
For D= 25mm, hg= =24.22mm
( )
For D= 40mm, hg= =27.775mm
( )
For D= 150mm, hg= =36.51mm
( )
ht=
( )
For D= 25mm, ht= =50.38mm
( )
For D= 40mm, ht= =80.175mm

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( )
For D=150mm, ht= =153.98mm

 thickness of flange(tf) given in above standard table,

For D=25mm, tf =28.57mm
For D= 40mm, tf =38mm
For D=150mm, tf=55.56mm
 Inside diameter of a flange for each pipe(B)
B=A/2
Where, A =flange O.D., in.
For D=25mm, B= =13.335mm
For D= 40mm, B= =26.23mm
For D= 150mm, B= =77.1mm
G’=B + (ht - hg)
Where, G = mean diameter at gasket load
reaction, in.
For D= 25mm, G’ =13.335mm + (50.38-24.22) mm=39.495mm
For D= 40mm, G’ =26.23mm + (80.175-27.775) mm=78.63mm
For D=150mm, G’=77.1mm + (153.98-36.51) mm= 194.57mm
H = ( )G’2Pi
Where, H=total pressure force
For D= 25mm, H = ( )(39.495mm)2×10.4MPa=645.2N
For D= 40mm, H = ( )(78.63mm)2×10.4MPa=1284.52N
For D=150mm, H = ( )(194.57mm)2×10.4MPa=3178.55N
Hd= ( ) B×2Pi
Where, Hd=pressure force of area inside the flange
For D= 25mm, Hd= ( )(13.335mm)×2×10.4MPa=218.1N
For D= 40mm, Hd = ( )(26.23mm)×2×10.4MPa=428.5N
For D= 150mm, Hd= ( )(77.1mm)×2×10.4MPa=1259.5N
Ht =H-Hd

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Where, Ht=pressure force for a flange face

For 25mm= (645.2-218.1)N=427.1N
For 40mm= (1284.52-428.5)N=856.02N
For 150mm= (3178.55-1259.5)N=1919.05N
Hg=πG’ (2b)mPi
Where, Hg=gasket reaction forces (pressure forces)
m=2.50mm (aluminum material)
b=10mm
For D= 25mm Hg =π
(39.495mm)(2×10mm)2.50×10.4MPa=64520.14N
For D=40mm
Hg=π(78.63mm)(2×10mm)2.50×10.4MPa=128452.18N
For D= 150mm
Hg=π(194.57mm)(2×10mm)2.50×10.4MPa=317855.03N
 The total moment Mop acting on the flange is,
Mop=Hdhd + Htht + Hghg
For 25mm pipe,

Mop=(218.1N)(33.6mm)+(427.1N)(50.38mm)+(64520.1N)(24.22mm)
=1591522.3Nmm
=1591Nm
For 40mm pipe

Mop=(428.5N)(49.95mm)+(856.02N)(80.175mm)+(128452.18N)(27.7
75mm)
= 4779824.07 Nmm
=4779.82Nm
For 150mm pipe
Mop=
(1259.5N)(67.78mm)+(1919.05N)(153.98mm)+(317855.03N)(36.51
mm)
=11985751.3Nmm
=11985.75Nm

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 The minimum load required bolt load under the operating condition
given by
Wm1=H + Hg
Wm1, 25mm =645.2N + 64520.1N=65.16kN
Wm1, 40mm =1284.52N + 128452.18N=129.736kN
Wm1, 150mm =3178.55N + 317855.03N=321.03kN
 The force and the momentum must be checked under the bolting up
conditions. The moment is given by
Matm=Wm2×hg
Where Wm2 is the bolt load required to sat the gasket, given
by
Wm2=yπG’b
y=gasket sating pressure (stress) =20MPa
Wm2, 25mm =20π39.495mm×10mm=24815.44N=24.8KN
Matm, 25mm
=24815.44N×24.22mm=601029.96Nmm=601.03Nm
Wm2, 40mm =20π78.63mm×10mm =49404.68N=49.4KN
Matm, 40mm =49404.68N×22.62mm
=1117533.86Nmm=1117.5Nm
Wm2, 150mm =20π194.57mm×10mm=122251.9N=122.25KN
Matm, 150mm =122251.9N×25.4mm=3105199.2Nmm=3105.2Nm

3.6 Deseign of Nozzle

3.6.1Standard wall thickness of the nozzle

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Nominal wall thickness for seamless and welded steel pipes according ANSI

Outside Wall
Thickness(in)
NPS(Nomin Diameter STD(Standar) Wall
al pipe Thickness(in) XXS(double
mm(in)
size) Extra strong)
XS(Extra strong)
mm(in)

0.5 0.840 0.109 0.147 0.219

25( 1) 1.315 0.133 0.179 0.250

1.900 0.145 0.200 0.281

1.5

40( 2) 2.375 0.154 0.218 0.344

2.5 2.875 0.203 0.276 0.375

3 3.500 0.216 0.300 0.438

3.5 4.000 0.226 0.318 -----

4 4.5 0.237 0.337 0.531

6 6.625 0.280 0.432 0.719

B36.10:

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Diameter (nominal size of pipe) standard wall

thickness
D=25mm (1in) t=3.378mm
(0.133in)

D= 40mm (2in) t=3.91mm

(0.154in)

D= 150mm (6in) t=7.112mm

(0.280in)

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3.6 Reinforcement Required for Opening

The “equal area method” is the simplest method used for calculating the
amount of reinforcement required, and is allowed in most design codes and
standards. The principle
used is to provide reinforcement local to the opening, equal in cross-
sectional area to the area removed in forming the opening. If the actual
thickness of the vessel wall is greater than the minimum required to resist
the loading, the excess thickness can be taken into account when
estimating the area of reinforcement required. Similarly with a branch
connection, if the wall thickness of the branch or nozzle is greater than the
minimum required, the excess material in the branch can be taken into
account. Any corrosion allowance must be deducted when determining the
excess thickness available as compensation. The standards and codes differ
in the areas of the branch and shell considered to be effective for

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reinforcement, and should be consulted to determine

the actual area allowed and the disposition of the various types of
reinforcement. For branch connections of small diameter the
reinforcement area can usually be provided by increasing the wall
thickness of the branch pipe. Some design codes and standards
do not require compensation for connections below 89 mm (3 in.)
diameter. If anything, the equal area method tends to overestimate the
compensation required and in some instances the additional material can
reduce the fatigue life of the vessel. More
sophisticated methods for determining the compensation required have
been introduced into the latest editions of the codes and standards. The
equal-area method is generally used for estimating the increase in
thickness required to compensate for
multiple openings. R [1]

 First calculate the reinforcement area R [3]

A=D×t×F

tr= (( ) ) Where, tr-shell thickness

F-correction factor=1
D-diameter of the pipe
tn- nozzle material
thickness
E-joint efficiency=1
t- Shell material
thickness= (for shell

40.5mm or for head

18.35mm)

For D=25mm, tr= (( ) )

= 7.83mm

For D=40mm, tr= (( ) )

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=10.48mm

For D=150mm tr= (( ) )

 =26.74mm
A=D×t×F
A25mm=25m×40.5mm×1=1012.5
A =40mm×18.35mm×1=735.2
40mm

A 150mm =150mm×40.5mm×1=6075

 By taking A1 as the largest of the A11 or A12 calculating the

reinforcement area of the vessel
A11= (Et-F*tr) D and A12=2(E*t-F*tr)*(t + tn)
A11, 25mm= (1*9mm-1*5.33mm) 25mm=92mm2
A12, 25mm=2(1*9mm-1*5.33mm) (9mm+6.7mm) =115.24mm2
A11, 65mm = (1*6mm-1*2.32mm) 65mm=239.2mm2
A12, 65mm =2(1*6mm-1*2.32mm) (6mm+10.5mm) =121.44mm2
A11, 125mm = (1*9mm-1*2.12mm) 125mm=860mm2
A12, 125mm =2(1*9mm-1*2.12mm) (9mm+19mm) =385.28mm
 There for A1 (reinforcement in shell) will be the largest value of
(A11 or A12)
A1, 25mm=115.24mm2
A1, 65mm=239.2mm2
A1, 125mm=860mm2

 By taking A2 as the smaller of A11 or A22 and calculate the available

nozzle wall.
A21= (tn-trn)5t and A22=2(tn-trn)(2.5tn-te) , te=0(no pad)
A21, 25mm=(6.7mm-1.126mm)5*9mm=250.83mm2
A22, 25mm=2(6.7mm-1.126mm)(2.5*6.7mm-0)=186.73mm2
A21, 65mm=(10.5mm-1.326mm)5*6mm=276.22mm2
A22, 65mm=2(10.5mm-1.326m)(2.5*10.5mm-0)=481.6mm2
A21, 125mm=(19mm-1.87mm)5*19mm=1627.25mm
A22, 125mm=2(19mm-1.87mm)(2.5*19mm-0)=1627.35mm2
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A2 will be:
A2, 25mm=186.73mm2
A2, 65mm=276.22mm2
A2, 125mm=1627.35mm2
Atotal=A1+A2
A25mm, total = (115.24+186.73) mm2=301.97mm2
A40mm, total = (239.2+276.25) mm2=515.45mm2
A150mm, total = (860+1627.35) mm2=2487.35mm2
Nominal Dia.(mm) Atotal(mm2) A(mm2)
 Atotal > A it is adequately reinforced.e can tabulate the other
parameters.

3.7 DESIGN OF MANHOLE OR INSPECTION

All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subject to
internal corrosion, erosion or mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with
suitable manhole, hand hole, or other inspection openings for examination
and cleaning. The required inspection openings shown in the table below are
selected from the alternatives allowed by the Code, UG46, as Pressure they
are considered to be the most economical. The inside diameter of my pressure
vessel is 1.512=1512mmm. According to the diameter its manhole
recommended is 381mm(15in).

3.8 Design of support

3.8.1 Design of saddle support
The saddles are subjected to compression load impacted by the total weight
of the vessel with its components and with its contents. Therefore it must be
designed resist with stand this load satisfactorily.

Material for saddle

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They are constructed from concrete or bike or are fabricated from steel plate
the contact angle should not be less than 120 degree and will note normally
be greater than 150 degree wear plates are often welded to the shell wall to
rain forcemeat the wall over the area of contact of contact with saddle.

Total weight of the pressure vessel (dead weight)

The major sources of dead weight loads are:

1. The vessel shell.

2. The vessel fittings: manways, nozzles.

3. Internal fittings: plates (plus the fluid on the plates); heating and
cooling coils.

4. External fittings: ladders, platforms, piping.

5. Auxiliary equipment which is not self-supported; condensers, agitators.

6. Insulation.

7. The weight of liquid to fill the vessel.

For preliminary calculations the approximate weight of a cylindrical

vessel with domed ends, and uniform wall thickness, can be estimated from
the following equation of steel vessels:

WS  240 CV Dm HV  0.8Dm t..............................................(3.5.1)

Where WS = total weight of the shell, excluding internal fittings, such as

plates, N,

CV = a factor to account for the weight of nozzles, manways, internal

supports,

etc; which can be taken as

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1.08 = for vessels with only a few internal fittings,

1.15 = For distillation columns, or similar vessels, with several

manways,

Hv Height, or length, between tangent lines (the length of the

cylindrical section)

t= Wall thickness, mm

Dm = Mean diameter of vessel

 Di  t  10 3 m

Dm  0.53m  0.000028m
 0.530028m

Thus WS  240  1.15  0.53m1.58 m  0.8  0.53m 0.0028 m

 WS  0.82 N

To find the weight of fluid which score the maximum weight?

The density of ammonia from the table we see

WF  m f g
 vf  f g

vf 
Where the volume of fluid in the vessel
f 
The maximum density of paraffin oil
WF  Weight of fluid

  f  604kg / m3

WF  0.4m3  ........kg / m3  9.81m / s 2

Thus,
 WF  .25.........N

To find the total weight of the system will be

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W WS  WF
 0.82 N  25N

W  25.82 N

I choose round bar as support that is skirt support is preferable to

o
vertical position. The three skirt support is welded at 120 c the cylindrical
part of the shell.

Therefore weight each support carries of load.

Wtotal
Weach  P  25.82 N
Let 3 P  8.3N
3

b) Seismicforce(earth quake) is:

FL=ChWo where Ch=seismic factor depending

onselected zone

=0.367*35KN Ch=0.367

=12.845KN Wo=maximum weight of the

vessel it is

given in the table above

c) wind load where:

FL=AF*CF*G*qz AF=PR0JECT AREA OF VESSEL P

CF=shape factor

G=guest factor

Qz=wind pressure

AF= De/4

=3.14*(1.5D)/4

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=3.2m2

qz=0.0256*kz*V2*I KZ=0.85 from table

i=1.25 importance factor

v=basic wind speed 70-100Mpa

v=100Mpa=160.9kg/h

qz=0.0256*0.85* (160.9)2 *1.25

=704

FL=AF*CF*G*qz

= 3.2*0.55*0.095*704=117.7N diameter is 0.376=0.6 in standard table

approximately

Appendix A

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Appendix B

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REFARANCES
R [1]-Coulson and Richardson’s, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,
Volume 6
R [2]-PREESURE VESSL HANDBOOK, 11th Edition
R [3]-PRESSURE VESLL DESIGN MANUAL,3rd Edition, BY
Dennis Moss
R [4]-CHEMICAL ENGNEER’S HANDBOOK, Robert H.Berry
and Don
W.Geern
R [5]-Material science and Engineering, 7th Edition, By William
D.callister Jr.
R [6]-STANDARED HANDBOOK OF MACHINE DESIGN,
by (Joseph
E.shigey, Charles R.mischke and Thomass H.brown)
R [7]-PRESSURE VSSLE DESIGNE AND PRACTICE
R [8]-TEXTBOOK OF MASIHN DESIGN
R [9]-PREESURE VESSLE HANDBOOK, 10th Edition
R(10)-PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN DOUNLOADED FROM
INTERNET.

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