MODULE EXERCISE 2.

01

COVERAGE: NUMBER PROBLEMS a=2 c ( 1 )

1. THE AVERAGE OF 90 REAL NUMBERS IS 70. WHEN 100 a+10 b+ c−396=100 c+10 b+ a
TWO NUMBERS ARE REMOVED NAMELY 27 AND 52,
FIND THE NEW AVERAGE. 100 a+10 b+ c−396=100 c+10 b+ a
SOLUTION 99 a−99 c=396 (2)
∑ of numbers =70 a+ b+c=17 (3)
90
SOLVING SIMULTANEOUSLY: SUBSTITUTION
∑ of numbers=70 ( 90 )=6 , 300 (EQUATION 1 TO EQUATION 2)
6300−27−52 99(2c )−99 c =396(2)
=70.7
90−2
99 c=396 (2)
2. A COUNTEY BARN HOUSE CHICKENS AND PIGS. IN
ORDER TO DETERMINE THE EXACT NUMBER OF c=4
EACH KIND OF ANIMALS IN THE BARN THE NEW
FROM EQUATION 1:
BARN THE NEW FARM SUPERVISOR INSTALLS
SENSORS, BUT IT CAN ONLY COUNT THE NUMBER OF a=2 ( 4 )=8
HEAD AND LEGS. IT RECORDS 60 HEADS AND 140
LEGS. HOW MANY CHICKENS ARE THERE? FROM EQUATION 2:

SOLUTION 8+ b+4=17
LET b=5
X = NUMBER OF PIGS ∴ number=854
Y = NUMBER OF CHICKENS

x + y=60 ( 1 )
4 x+2 y=140 (2)
SOLVING SIMULTANEOUSLY: ELIMINATION

−2 y=−100
∴ y=50 chickens

3. THE HUNDRED’S DIGIT OF A NUMBER IS TWICE THE

UNIT’S DIGIT. IF 396 IS SUBSTRACTED FROM THE
NUMBER, THE ORDER OF DIGITS WILL BE REVERSED.
FIND THE NUMBER IF THE SUM OF THE DIGITS IS 17.

SOLUTION

LET

A = HUNDRED’S DIGIT

B = TEN’S DIGIT

C = UNIT’S DIGIT
MODULE EXERCISE 2.02

COVERAGE: MONEY PROBLEMS

1. A PRICE INCREASES BY 10% DUE TO DEMANS AND IS

THEN REDUCED BY 12% FOR A HOLIDAY SALE.
EXPRESS THE FINAL PRICE AS A FUNCTION OF THE
ORIGINAL PRICE P.

SOLUTION

P (1+10% ) (1-2%)=0.968 P

2. RENTING A MOTORCYCLE IN SIARGAO ISLANCD

CHARGES Php 2,800 PER WEEK PLUS TWO PESO PER
KM IN GASOLINE COST. IF YOUR ISLAND TRAVEL
BUDGET IS GOOD FOR A WEEK, HOW MANY KM CAN
YOU TRAVEL WITH Php 3000?

SOLUTION

P (3,000) = P 2,800 + P 2(x)

∴ x=100 km

3. IN WHAT PRICEWILL YOU SELL A CELL,PHONE FOR A

SALE THAT COST Php 6000 IN ORDER THAT YOU MAY
OFFER 20% DISCOUNT ON THE SELLING PRICE AND
STILL MAKE A PROFIT OF 25% ON THE DISCOUNTED
PRICE?

SOLUTION

LET

S = ORIGINAL SELLING PRICE

PROFIT = SELLING PRICE- COST

0.25(1-0.20) S=(1-0.20) S -6000

∴ S=P 10,000
MODULE EXERCISE 2.03

COVERAGE: MOTION PROBLEMS

1. AN AIRPLANE TRAVELS 500 KM AGAINST THE WIND

IN ONE HOUR AND 45 MINUTES. TRAVELLING THE
SAME DISTANCE WITH THE WIND, THE AIRPLANE
CONSUMED ONE HOUR AND 15 MINUTES. FIND THE
VELOCITY OF THE WIND

SOLUTION

LET

X = SPEED OF PLANE

Y = SPEED OF WIND

( x− y )(1.75)=500 ( 1 )
( x + y )( 1.25)=500 ( 2 )
SOLVING SIMULTANEOUSLY: ELIMINATION

(MULTIPLY 1.75/1.25 TO EQUATION 2)

1.75 x−1.75 y=500

−1.75
( 1.25 x +1.25 y=500)
1.25

−3.5 y=−200

∴ y=57.1 kph
2. TWO TRAINS GOING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS
LEAVE AT THE SAME PLACE AND AT THE SAME TIME.
ONE TRAIN TRAVELS 15 MPH FASTER THAN THE
OTHER. IN OTHER 6 HOURS, THE TRAINS ARE 630
MILES APART. FIND THE SPEED OF THE FASTER
TRAIN.

SOLUTION

LET

X = SPEED OF FASTER TRAIN

[ x+ ( x−15 ) ] ( 6 )=630
12 x=720

∴ x=60 mph
3. SLARK CAN WALK 4 KM WITH THE SAME TIME AS
SLARDAR CAN WALK 5 KM. SLARK TAKE 3 MINUTES
MORE THAN IT TAKES SLANDAR TO WALK A
KILOMETER. WHAT IS THE RATE OF SLARK IN KPH?

SOLUTION

LET

X = SPEED OF SLARK

Y = SPEED OF SLANDAR

Distance
Time=
Speed
y=1.25 x (1 )
1km 1 km 3 min
= + (2)
x y 60
SOLVING SIMULTANEOUSLY: SUBSTITUTION

(EQUATION 1 TO EQUATION 2)

1km 1 km 3 min
= +
x 1.25 x 60
1=0.8+0.5 x
∴ x=4 kph
MODULE EXERCISE 2.04 x=9 ( 3 ) =27
COVERAGE: AGE PROBLEMS ∴ ∑ ¿ x+ y =36
1. THE SUM OF AGES OF THE THREE BROTHERS IS 63. IF
THEIR AGES ARE CONSECUTIVE INTEGERS, WHAT IS
THE AGE OF THE ELDEST BROTHER?

SOLUTION

LET

X = AGE OF ELDEST BROTHER

x + ( x−1 ) + ( x−2 )=63

3 x−3=63
∴ x=22
2. IF LUNA WAS FOUR TIMES AS OLD AS LINA EIGHT
YEARS AGO AND IF LUNA WILL BE TWICE AS OLD AS
LINA EIGHT YEARS HENCE, HOW OLD IS LINA NOW?

SOLUTION

PAST PRESENT
( 8 YRS AGO) (8 YRS. AGO)
LUNA 4(x-8) 2(x+8)
LINA x-8 x+8

2 ( x+ 8 )−4 ( x−8 ) =( x+8 )−( x−8)

−2 x=−32
∴ x=16
3. YAKI IS 3 TIMES AS OLD AS SOBA. THREE YEARS AGO,
HE IS FOUR RIMES AS OLD AS SOBA. FIND THE SUM
OF THEIR AGES.

SOLUTION

LET

X = AGE OF YAKI

Y = AGE OF SOBA

x=3 y (1)
( x−3 ) =4 ( y −3 ) (2)
SOLVING SIMULTANEOUSLY: SUBSTITUTION

(EQUATION 1 TO EQAUTION 2)

( 3 y−3 )=4 ( y−3)

y=9
FROM EQUATION 1
MODULE EXERCISE 2.05 SOLVING SIMULATNEOUSLY: SUBSTITUTION

COVERAGE: CLOCK PROBLEMS (EQUATION 2 TO EQUATION 1)

1. AT HOW MANY MINUTES AFTER 5 PM WILL THE 12 x

( 60+ x )−90=
HANDS OF A CLOCK BE PERPENDICULAR TO EACH 11 2
OTHER FOR THE SECOND TIME?
x=41.54
SOLUTION
FROM EQUATION 2
2
t= ( 5 ∙ 30+90 )=43.64 (CONVERTED INTO MINUTES)
11
2. WHAT IS THE ANGLE BETWEEN HOUR AND MINUTES 12 60 mins
θ= ( 60+ x ) ∙
HANDS AT 20 MINUTES PAST 2? 11 360 °
SOLUTION 2
θ= ( 60+41.54 )=18.46 mins
11
2
20= (2 ∙ 30+ θ)
11 ∴ At 2 :18 :27.7
∴ θ=50 °
3. WHAT TIME BETWEEN 2 AND 3 o’ CLOCK WILL THE
ANGLE BETWEEN THE HANDS OF THE CLOCK BE
BISECTED BY THE LINE CONNECTING THE CENTER OF
THE CLOCK AND 3 o’ CLOCK MARK?

SOLUTION

LET

θ=ANGLE ¿ 12 MARK ¿ MINUTE HAND

X = ANGLE BETWEEN HANDS

x
θ−90= ( 1)
2
12
θ= ( 60+ x ) ( 2)
11
MODULE EXERCISE 2.06 ∴ time=2.6 hours
COVERAGE: WORK PROBLEMS

1. IT TAKES ALISON 5 HOURS TO COMPLETE A TASK IF

SHE WORKS ALONE, AND IT TAKES CLAIRE 4 HOURS
ALONE. HOW LONG WILL IT TAKE TO COMPLETE THE
TASK IF THEY WORK TOGETHER?

SOLUTION

1 task
Ralison =
5 hours
1 task
Rclaire =
4 hours
Rate ( Time )=Work

1 1
[ ]( + Time )=1
5 4
∴ Time=2.22 hours
2. A SWIMMING POOL CAN BE FILLED BY AN INLET PIPE
IN 10 HOURS AND EMPTIED BY AN OUTLET PIPE IN
12 HOURS. ONE DAY THE POOL IS EMPTY AND THE
OWNER OPENS THE INLET PIPE TO FILL THE POOL.
BUT HE FORGETS TO CLOSE THE OUTLET. WITH
BOTH PIPES OPEN, HOW LONG WILL IT TAKE TO FILL
THE POOL?

SOLUTION

INSTEAD OF ADDING THE RATES, WE WILL SUBSTRACT

SINCE THE OUTLET PIPE SLOWS THE RATE OF THE INLET
PIPER.

Rate ( Time )=Work

1 pool 1 pool
[ −
10 hours 12 hours ]
( Time )

∴ Time=60 hours
3. MARY, SUW, AND BILL WORK AT A MOTEL. IF EACH
WORKED ALONE, IT WOULD TAKE MARY 10 HOURS,
SUE 8 HOURS, AND BILL 12 HOURS TO CLEAN THE
WHOLE MOTEL. ONE DAY MARY CAME TO WORK
EARLY AND SHE HAD CLEANED FOR 2 HOURS WHEN
SUE AND BILL ARRIVED AND ALL THREE FINISHED
THE JOB. HOW LONG DID THEY TAKE TO FINISH?

SOLUTION

Rate ( Time )=Work

1 1 1 1
10 hours
(2 hours ) + [ + +
10 hours 8 hours 12hours ]
( time )=1
MODULE EXERCISE 2.07

COVERAGE: VARIATION PROBLEMS

1. A GIRL SCOUT TROOP HAS 20 POUNDS OF CANDY

WORTH 80 CENTS PER POUND. IT WISHES TO MIX IT
WITH CANDY WORTH 50 CENTS PER POUND SO
THAT THE TOTAL MIXTURE CAN BE SOLD AT 60
CENTS PER POUND WITHOUT ANY GAIN OR LOSS.
HOW MUCH OF THE 50-CENT CANDY MUST BE
USED?

SOLUTION

LET

X = AMOUNT OF 50 CENTS CANDY

EQUATION OF COST OR PRICE

( 20 lbs )( 80 cents )+ x ( 50 cents )= (20+ x ) ( 60 cents )

∴ x=40 lbs
2. A CHEMIST NEEDS A SOLUTION OF TANNIC ACID
THAT IS 70% PURE. HOW MUCH DISTILLED-WATER
MUST SHE ADD TO 5 GALLONS OF ACID WHICH IS
90% PURE?

SOLUTION

CREATING AN EQUATION BASE ON THE AMOUNT OF

ACID.

( 5 gal )( 0.90 ) + ( x ) ( 0 )=( 5+ x ) (0.70)

x=1.43 gal
3. A CHEMIST HAS 300 GRAMS OF 20% ACID
SOLUTION. HE WISHES TO DRAIN SOME OFF AND
REPLACE IT WITH AN 80% SOLUTION SO AS TO
OBTAIN A 25% SOLUTION. HOW MANY GRAMS
MUST BE DRAIN AND REPLACE WITH 80%
SOLUTION?

SOLUTION

LET

X = AMOUNT TO BE DRAINED/REPLACED

CREATE AN EQUATION BASE ON THE AMOUNT OF ACID:

( 300 grams )( 0.20 )−x ( 0.20 )+ x ( 0.80 ) =(300 grams)(0.25)

∴ x=25 grams
 k
y=
MODULE EXERCISE 2.08 ( w−x )3
COVERAGE: MIXTURE PROBLEMS SOLVE FOR THE CONSTANT OF PROPORTIONALITY, k:

1. ACCORDING TO HOOKE’S LAW, THE FORCE NEEDED k = y ( w−x )2 =6 ( 3−1 )2=24

TO STRETCH THE SPRING IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE
AMOUNT THE SPRING IS STRETCHED. IF 50 POUNDS EQUATION
OF FORCE STRETCHES THE SPRING 5 INCHES, HOW
k 24
MUCH WILL SPRING BE STRETCHED BY A FORCE OF y= =
120 POUNDS? ( w−x ) ( w−x )2
2

SOLUTION

DIRECT VARIATION

F=kd
F1 F
=k = 2
d1 d2
50 lb
120lb
5∈¿= ¿
d2

d 2=12∈¿
2. THE WEIGHT OF A BODY VARIES INVERSELY AS THE
SQUARE OF ITS DISTANCE FROM THE CENTER OF THE
EARTH. IF THE RADIUS OF THE EARTH IS 4000 MILES,
HOW MUCH WOULD A 200 POUND MAN WEIGH
1000 MILES ABOVE THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.

SOLUTION

INVERSE VARIATION

k
W=
d2

W 1 d 12=k W 2 d 22

200 ( 4000 )2 =W 2 ( 4000+1000 )2

W 2 =128lbs
3. GIVEN THAT Y VARIES INVERSELY AS THE SQUARE OF
THE DIFFERENCE OF W, AND X AND THAT Y = 6
WHEN W = 3 AND X = 1, FIND THE EQUATION FOR Y.

SOLUTION

THE DIFFERENCE OF W AND X

w-x
INVERSE VARIATION:
MODULE EXERCISE 2.09

COVERAGE: ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

1. FIND THE SUM OF THE FIRST 50 TERMS OF THE

SEQUENCE 1, 3, 5, 7....

SOLUTION

COMMON DIFFERENCE, d = 3-1 =2

SUM OF AP:

50
Sn = [ 2 ∙ 1+ ( 50−1 ) ( 2 ) ] =2500
2
2. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION HAS 3 AS ITS FIRST
TERM. ALSO, THE SUM OF THE FIRST 8 TERMS IS
TWICE THE SUM OF THE FIRST 5 TERMS. FIND THE
COMMON DIFFERENCE.d

SOLUTION

S8=2∙ S 5

8 5
[ 2 ∙3+ ( 8−1 ) d ] =2 ∙ [2 ∙ 3+ ( 5−1 ) ] d
2 2
∴ d=0.75
3. IF X, Y, Z ARE IN ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION, THEN
2Y = X + Z

SOLUTION

USING COMMON DIFFERENCE, THE VALUE OF Y:

y=x +d
USING COMMON DIFFERENCE THE VALUE OF Z.

z= y +d
SUBSTRACT THE EQUATIONS TO REMOVE d:

y−z =x
MODULE EXERCISE 2.10

COVERAGE: GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

1. FIND THE 7TH TERM OF THE GEOMETRIC

PROGRESSION 2, -6, 18

SOLUTION

COMMON RATIO

−6
r= =−3
2
7TH TERM

a 7=2 (−3 )7−1=1458

2. FIND THE SUM TO INFINITY OF THE GEOMETRIC
PROGRESSION 1, 1/3, 1/9, 1/27….

SOLUTION

COMMON RATIO, R

1/3 1
r= =
1 3

SUM OF INFINITE GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

1
S= =1.5
1−1 /3
3. A GIRL PUT 1 GRAIN OF RICE IN THE FIRST SQUARE
OF A STANDARD CHESS BOARD (8X8). IN THE
SUBSEQUENT SQUARE, SHE PUTS TWICE THAT OF
THE PREVIOUS SQUARE, AND SHE CONTINUES UNTIL
SHE FILLS ALL THE SQUARES. HOW MANY TOTAL
GRAINS DOES SHE NEED?

SOLUTION

TOTAL NUMBER OF TERMS ( 8 X 8 SQUARES) =64

COMMON RATIO = 2

FIRST TERM = 1

SUM OF GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

(1−664 ) 64
S64= =2 −1
1−2
MODULE EXERCISE 3.01 3. ONE ANGLE IS THREE TIMES IT SUPPLEMENT
INCREASED BY 20° . FIND THE MEASURES OF THE
COVERAGE: ANGLE MEASUREMENTS
TWO SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES.
1. THE HANDS OF A CLOCK SHOW 7:10. WHAT IS THE θ=3 (180−θ ) +20
MEASURE, IN RADIANS, OF THE SMALLER ANGLE θ=140
FORMED BETWEEN THE HOUR AND MINUTE
HANDS? 180−θ=40
SOLUTION

SINCE THERE ARE 12 INCREMENTS ON A CLOCK, THE MODULE EXERCISE 3.02

ANGLE BETWEEN EACH HOUR MAKING ON THE CLOCK IS
COVERAGE: TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
2π π 1. AN ANGLE IS A REFLEX ANGLE WHEREIN THE VALUE
= ∨30°
12 6 OF TANGENT OF THAT ANGLE IS 1/3. WHAT IS THE
THEREFORE, THE ANGLE BETWEEN NUMBER 7 AND CORRESPONDING SUM OPF ITS COSINE AND SINE?
NUMBER 2 IS SOLUTION
π 5π FIND THE VALUE OF ANGLE WITH TANGENT OF 1/3
5x =
6 6 FROM 0 TO 360 DEGREES.

( 13 )=18.435 °∧198.435 °
BECAUSE THE MINUTE HAND ROTATED FROM 12 TO 2,
THEREFORE THE HOUR HAND ALSO ROTATED AND IT IS arctan
1/6 OF THE DISTANCE OF AN HOUR, SPECIFICALLY FROM
7 TO 8. SO THE HOUR HAND MOVES. SINCE IT IS A REFLEX ANGLE, CHOOSE THE SCOND
ANSWER.
1 π π
x =
6 6 36 sin 198.435 °+ cos 198.435° =−1.26
THEN. THE TOTAL MEASURE OF THE ANGLE WILL THEN 2. IF COVERSINθ IS 0.256855 THEN θ IS ____
BE.
SOLUTION
5 π π 31 π
+ = =2.705 coversin θ=1−sin θ=0.256855
6 36 36
2. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT TRUE?
θ=48 °

SOLUTION

150 ° ( 180π ° )=2.62rad

π
69 ° (
180° )
=1.20 rad

π
150 ° (
180 ° )
=2.62rad

8 π 180 °
3 ( π )
=480°

π 180 °
3( π )
=60 °
 ( 1−cos x
MODULE EXERCISE 3.03
sin x )
¿
COVERAGE: TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

1. SIMPLIFY THE FUCTION Y=(TAN X + COT C ) SIN X.

1−cos 2 x
SOLUTION sin x
sin x cos x
y= ( cos x sin x )
+ sin x sin2 x
sin x
sin 2 x +cos 2 x
y= ( cos x sin x ) sin x sin x

1
y=
cos x
y=sec x
2. SIMPLIFY EACH EXPRESSION USING THE
FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES.

sin 2 x +cos 2 x
tan x
SOLUTION

1
tan x
cot x
3. SIMPLIFY
sin x cos 2 x −sin x
SOLUTION

sin x cos 2 x −sin x

sin x ¿ ¿

−sin x ¿ ¿

−sin3 x
4. SIMPLIFY

( sin1 x − tan1 x ) ¿
SOLUTION

( sin1 x − tan1 x ) ¿
1 1

( −
sin x sin x
cos x
¿
)
MODULE EXERCISE 3.04

COVERAGE: WAVE CHARACTERISTICS

1. FOR FUNCTION Y = 4 SIN [ 3 ( X + 2 ) ]-1, DETERMINE

THE PHASE SHIFT.

SOLUTION

THE EQUATION CAN BE WRITTEN AS:

y=4 sin [ 3 x+6 ] −1

PHASE SHIFT -6/3 = -2

2. FOR THE FUNCTION Y=1/2 COS (4X), DETERMINE ITS

PERIOD.

SOLUTION

FOR THE PERIOD, EQUATE THE ANGLE TO 2 π AND SOLVE

FOR X.

4 x=2 π
π
x=
2
3. FOR FUNCTION Y=2 SIN (3X), DETERMINE ITS
AMPLITUDE.

SOLUTION

THE AMPLITUDE IS THE NUMERICAL COEFFICIENT OF THE

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION.

Amplitude=2
4. FOR THE FUNCTION Y=4 TAN (3X), DETERMINE THE
EQUATION OF ONE OF THE ASYMPTOTES

SOLUTION

FOR THE ASYMPTOTES, EQUATE THE ANGLE TO 90

DEGREES.

3 x=90
π
x=30 °∨
6
MODULE EXERCISE 4.01  POINT B (10,5 ) AS POINT OF INTEREST = (x1, y1)
 POINT (4, 2 ) AS POINT OF C = (x2, y2)
COVERAGE: DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS AND
DIVISION OF LINE SEGMENT THE RATIO IS:

1. FIND THE COORDINATE OF THE POINT MIDWAY

BETWEEN (-1,3 ) AND ( 6, 5 )
BA 4 parts 4
SOLUTION r= = =
BC 3 parts 3
x 1+ x 2 y 1+ y 2
( 2
,
2 ) FOR X-COORDINATE

x−x 1

( −1+6 3+5
, )
r= ( x 2−x 1 )
2 2

∴(2.5,4)
4 x−10
=
2. A POINT ( 9, 7 ) IS ALONG THE CIRCLE, GETTING THE 3 4−10
DISTANCE TO THE CENTER WILL GIVE US THE
RADIUS. ∴ x=2

SOLUTION FOR Y-COORDINATE

y − y1

radius=d=√ ( 9−6 ) + ( 7−3 )

2 2
r= ( y 2− y 1 )
∴ radius=5
4 x−5
3. A SEGMENT FROM A (A, B) AND B (10, 5 ) IS DIVIDED =
3 2−5
EQUALLY INTO PARTS. POINT (4, 2 ) IS A DIVISION
POINT NEAREST TO POINT A. FIND A (x, y) ∴ y=1
4 PARTS SOLUTION COORDINATE OF POINT a (A, B)
B (10, 5)
3 PARTS ∴(2,1)

(4,2)

A (a, b)

LET

 POINT A (a, b ) AS POINT OF INTEREST = (x, y)

MODULE EXERCISE 4.02 BUT LET’S HAVCE A MANUAL SOLUTION

COVERAGE: AREA OF POLYGON USING COORDINATE 1 x 1 x2 x 3 x 4

METHOD Area= |
2 y1 y2 y3 y 4 |
1. A 4-SIDED POLYGON HAS VERTICES OF (1,1), (4,8), (7,
2), (-3, 5) . FIND THE AREA.

SOLUTION 1
Area= ¿
2
PLOT THE POINTS
1
Area= |(1 ∙ 6+5 ∙2+7 ∙ 2)−(2 ∙5+ 6 ∙7+ 2∙ 1)|
2
(4,8)

(-3, 5) GET THE ABSOLUTE VALUE

∴ Area=12

(1,1) (7,2)

LET POINT (1, 1) AS OUR STARTING POINT AND WE WILL

HAVE OUR ORDER IN A CLOCK-WISE MANNER, YOU MAY USE
THE CONVENTIONAL SOLUTION HAVING A FORMULA OF

1 x 1 x2 x 3 x 4
Area= |
2 y1 y2 y3 y 4 |
YOU MAY ALSO USE THE CALTECH APPROACH

1. GO TO MODE 3-2 ( STAT FUNCTION WITH X AND Y

COLUMNS)
2. INPUT THE VALUES OF X IN THE PROPER ORDER:

x y
1 5-2
-3 8-1
4 2-5
7 1-8
3. PRESS AC, THEN GET THE SUMMATION OF X TIMES
Y. MULTIPLY BY ½ TO GET THE AREA (OBTAIN THE
ABSOLUTE VALUE)
1
∴ A= xy=39.5
2∑
2. FIND THE AREA OF A TRIANGLE WITH VERTICES OF
(1,2), (5, 6) AND (7,2 )

SOLUTION

YOU MATY SOLVE THIS USING CALTECH SOLUTION

MODULE EXERCISE 4.03 2 ( 1 )+ 5 (3 )−11
d=
COVERAGE: EQUATION OF A LINE √22 +52
SITUATION. GIVEN THE POINTS (6,9) AND (13,18) ∴ d=1.11
1. FIND THE EQUATION OF THE LINE 2. FIND THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TWO LINES
5X+7Y=12 AND 5X=7Y-30
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
USING TWO-POINT FORM
CONVERTING TO GENERAL FORM
y 2− y 1 y − y 1
= 5 x+ 7 y−12=0
x 2−x 1 x−x1
18−9 y −9 5 x−7 y +30=0
=
13−6 x−6 THE TWO LINES ARE NOT PARALLEL, THUS THEIR
DISTANCE IS VARYING (NOT CONSTANT) A DISTANCE CAN
9 ( x−6 )=7( y −9) BE CALCULATED IF A SPECIFIC POINT ON EACH LINE IS
9 x +7 y +9=0 GIVEN.

3. FIND THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE GIVEN LINES 4X-

2. FIND THE X-INTERCEPT
3Y-12=0 AND 4X-3Y+8=0
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
TO FIND THE X-INTERCEPT, SET THE VALUE OF Y = 0
8−(−12)
9 x +7 y +9=0 d=
√ 4 2 +(−3)2
9 x +7(0)+9=0 ∴ d=4
∴ x=a=−1
3. FIND THE Y-INTERCEPT

SOLUTION

TO FIND THE Y-INTERCEPT, SET THE VALUE OF X = 0

9 x +7 y +9=0
9(0)+7 y + 9=0
∴ y=b=1.29
MODULE EXERCISE 4.04

COVERAGE: DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A LINE AND

BETWEEN TWO LINES

1. GIVEN A POINT WITH COORDINATES(1,3), FIND ITS

DISTANCE TOWARS THE LINE 2X+5Y=11

SOLUTION

DISTANCE BETWEEN A POINT AND A LINE

Ax+ By+ C
d=
√ A 2 +B 2
MODULE EXERCISE 4.05

COVERAGE: LOCUS POINTS

1. A POINT P (X,Y) MOVES SUCH THAT IT ALWAYS

TWICE AS FAR FROM (-5,-6) AS IT IS FROM (2,-3).
WHAT IS THE EQUATION OF THE LOCUS OF P.

SOLUTION

LOCUS POINTS

LET A = (-5,-6), B = (2,-3) AND P ( X,Y)

PA =2 PB
2 2 2 2
√ ( x+5 ) + ( y+ 6 ) =2 √ ( x−2 ) +( y +3 )
( x 2 +10 x +25+ y 2+12 y +36 ) =4 ( x2−4 x +4 + y 2 +6 y +9 )
( x 2 + y 2+ 10 x +12 y+ 61=4 x 2−16 x+ 4 y 2 +2 y+ 52 )
3 x 2+3 y 2−26 x +12 y−9=0
2. FIND THE LOCUS OF A MOVING PPOINT WHICH
FORMS A TRAINGLE OF AREA 21 SQUARE UNITS
WITH THE POINT (2,-7) AND (-4,-3)

SOLUTION

USING AREA BY COORDINATE METHOD

1 2 −4 x 2
A=21= |
2 −7 3 y −7 |
1
21= [ 2 ( 3 )−4 ( y ) + x (−7 )−(2 ( y ) + x ( 3 )−4 (−7 ) )]
2
42=6−4 y −7 x−2 y−3 x−28
10 x+ 6 y+ 64=0
5 x+ 3 y +32=0
MODULE EXERCISE 4.06 THE SHORTEST DISTANCE OF THE POINT (3,8) IS EQUAL
TO THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ITS DISTANCE FROM THE
COVERAGE: CONIC SECTION CIRCLE
CENTER AND RADIUS
1. THE DIAMETER OF THE CIRLCE DESCRIBED BY 9X2+ 2 2
9Y2= 16. d= √ (−2−3 ) + ( 3−8 ) −5

SOLUTION d=2.07
TRANSFORM TO STANDARD FROM: 3. A CIRCLE PASSES THROUGH THE POINT (5,7) AND
HAS ITS CENTER AT (2,3) FIND ITS EQUATION.
( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2
SOLUTION
2 16 2
x +y = r =√ ¿ ¿
9
2 2 16 ( x−2 )2 + ( y−3 )2=25
( x−0 ) + ( y −0 ) =
9
16
r 2=
9

16 4
r=
√ =
9 3
8
d=2r =
3
2. THE SHORTEST DISTANCE FROM (3,8) TO THE CIRCLE
x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y = 12

SOLUTION

CONVERT TO STANDARD FORM:

( x 2 +4 x ) + ( y 2−6 y )=12
( x 2 +4 x + 4 ) + ( y 2−6 y +9 ) =12+ 4+ 9
( x +2 )2+ ( y−3 )2=25
C (−2,3 ) r =5
MODULE EXERCISE 4.07 USING EQUATION 2:

COVERAGE: CONIC SECTION PARABOLA y 2−16 x +4 y+ 68=0

1. THE LINE PASSING THROUGH THE FOCUS AND y 2+ 4 y +68

PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTRIX OF THE x=
16
PARABOLA. SUBSTITUTE TO EQUATION 1:

AXIS OF THE PARABOLA

x 2+ y 2−8 x+ 4 x−16=0
2. TWO CONIC SECTIONS HAVE THE FOLLOWING 2
y 2+ 4 y +68 y 2 +4 y+ 68
EQUATIONS

2 2
( 16 )
+ y 2−8 ( 16 )
+4 y−16=0
X + y – 8x +4y -16 =0
Y2 - 16x + 4y + 68 = 0 y 1=3.6569
y 2=7.6569
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DEFINES THESE CONICS?

SOLVE FOR THE VALUE OF X

SOLUTION

FIRST EQUATION: x 2+ y 2−8 x+ 4 x−16=0

COEFFICIENT OF x2 and y2 ARE EQUAL, THEREFORE,
IT IS A CIRCLE y 21+ 4 y 1 +68
x 1= =6.0
16
SECOND EQUATION:
ONLY ONE 2ND DEGREE VARIABLE, THEREFORE, IT IS A
y 22+ 4 y 2 +68
PARABOLA x 2= =6.0
16
CIRCLE AND PARABOLA
USING DISTANCE FORMULA TO DETERMINE THE
3. TWO CONIC SECTION HAVE THE FOLLOWING DISTANCE:
EQUATIONS
2 2
d= √( 6−6 ) + (−7.6569−3.6569 )
x2 + y2 – 8x + 4y – 16 = 0
d=11.31
y2 -16x + 4y +68 = 0

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING GIVES THE DISTANCE

BETWEEN THEIR POINTS OF INTERSECTION?

SOLUTION
MODULE EXERCISE 4.08

COVERAGE: CONIC SECTION ELLIPSE

1. THE SEMI-MAHOR AXIS OF AN ELLIPSE IS 4 AND ITS

SEMI-MINOR AXIS IS 3. THE ECCENTRICITY IS

SOLUTION

c
e=
a

a2−b 2
e= √
a

4 2−32
e= √
4
e=0.66
2. AN EARTH SATELLITE HAS AN APOGEE OF 40,000 KM
AND PERIGEE OF 6,600 KM. ASSUMIN THE RADIUS
OF THE EARTH AS 6,400 KM. WHAT WILL VE THE
ECCENTRICITY OF THE ELLIPTICAL PATH DESCRIBED
BY THE SATELLITE WITH THE CENTER IF THE EARTH
AT ONE OF THE FOCI?

SOLUTION

APOGEE = FARTHEST DISTANCE OF SATELLITE TO THE

EARTH

PERIGEE = NEARES DISTANCE OF SATELLITE TO THE

EARTH
MODULE EXERCISE 9.01 13. SELECT 1:MIN(X) (THIS WILL RETRIEVE THE LOWEST
VALUE OF THE DATAo)
COVERAGE: STATISTICS OF UNGROUPED DATA
14. PRESS EQUALS
SITUATION
OLYMPUS ES-570ES PLUS
THE EXAM SCORES ARE LISTED BELOW IN RANDOM ORDER.
1. PRESS MODE
66 93 98 99 69 54 56 68 69 61 70 88 99 79 85 2. SELECT 3: STATISTICS
3. THEN PICK 1:1 VAR
1. DETERMINE RANGE. 4. ENCODE ALL DATA ( 66 93 98 99 69 54 56 68 69 61
70 88 99 79 85)
SOLUTION
5. PRESS AC
THE RANGE IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE LOWEST AND 6. PRESS SHIFT-1
HIGHEST VALUES. 7. THEN PRESS DOWN
8. PRESS 6:MIN/MAC
Range=99−54=45 9. SELECT 2:MAX (THIS WILL RETRIEVE THE HIGHES
USING CALCULATOR FUNCTION VALUE OF THE DATA)
10. INPUT MINUS
CANON F-789SGA 11. PRESS SHIFT-1
12. PICK 6: MIN/MAX
1. PRESS MODE
13. SELECT 1:MIN X (THIS WILL RETREIVE THE LOWEST
2. SELECT 3:STAT FUNCTION
VALUE OF THE DATA)
3. THEN PICK 1:SD (1 VARIABLE)
14. PRESS EQUALS
4. ENCODE ALL DATA ( 66 93 98 99 69 54 56 68 69 61
70 88 99 79 85)
5. PRESS AC
6. PRESS APPS 2. DETERMINE THE SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION
7. PICK 6:S-PTS SOLUTION
8. SELECT 2:MAX (THIS WILL RETRIEVE THE HIGHEST
VALUE OF THE DATA)
∑ ( x−x́ )2
9.
10.
11.
INOUT MINUS
PRESS APPS
PICK 6:S PTS
s=
√ ( n−1 )

12. SELECT 1:MINX (THIS WIL;L RETRIEVE THE LOWEST USING CALCULATOR FUNCTION
VALUE OF THE DATA)
13. PRESS EQUALS CANONF-789SGA

1. PRESS AC
MAX X−MIN X =45 2. PRESS APPS
3. SELECT5:S VAR
CASIIO 82EX/350 EX 4. THEN SELECT 4 : xσn−1
1. PRESS MODE 5. PRESS= (EQUAL SIGN)
2. SELECT 2:STATISTICS 4 : xσn−1=15.718
3. THE PICK 1:1-VARIABLE
CASIO 82EX/350EX
4. ENCODE ALL DATA ( ( 66 93 98 99 69 54 56 68 69 61
70 88 99 79 85) 1. PRESS AC
5. PRESS AC 2. PRESS OPTN
6. PRESS OPTN 3. THEN PRESS DOWN
7. THEN PRESS DOWN 4. SELECT 2:VARIABLE
8. PRESS 3:MIN/MAX 5. THEN SELECT SX (SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION
9. SELECT 5:MAX (THIS WILL RETRIEVE THE HIGHEST 6. PRESS = (EQUAL SIGN )
VALUE OF THE DATA)
10. INPUT MINUS
11. PRESS APPS sx=15.718
12. PICK 6:S-PTS
OLYMPUS ES-570ES PLUS (YOU MAY ALSO TEMPORARILY s2 x=247.067
USE CASIO 570 ES PLUS/991 ES PLUS TO FOLLOW THE 4. DETERMINE THE MEAN
SYNTAX)
SOLUTION
1. PRESS AC
2. PRESS SHIFT-1 THE FORMULA FOR THE MEAN AVERAGE)
3. SELCT 4:VAR
4. THEN SELECT SX (SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION x́=
∑x
5. PRESS=(EQUAL SIGN ) n
sx=15.718 USING CALCULATOR FUNCTION

3. DETERMINE THE SAMPLE VARIANCE CANON -789SGA

SOLUTION 1. PRESS AC
2. PRESS APPS
THE FORMULA FOR SAMPLE VARIANCE (SQUARE OF 3. SELECT5:S-VAR
SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION) 4. THEN SELECT 2 :´x (MEAN OR AVERAGE)
5. PRESS = (EQUAL SIGN)
2 ∑ ( x−x́ )2
s=
( n−1) x́=76.933
USING CALCULATOR FUNCTION CASIO 82EX/350 EX
CANON F-789SGA 1. PRESS AC
2. PRESS OPTN
1. PRESS AC
3. THEN PRESS DOWN
2. PRESS APPS
4. SELECT 2: VARIABLE
3. SELECT 5:S-VAR
5. THEN SELECT 1 : x́ (MEAN OR AVERAGE)
4. THEN SELECT 4 : xσn−1(SAMPLE STANDARD
6. PRESS = (EQUAL SIGN)
DEVIATION)
5. SQUARE THE SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION
6. PRESS = (EQUAL SIGN ) x́=76.933

xσn−12 =247.067 OLYMPUS ES-570ES PLUS (YOU MAY ALSO

TEMPORARILY USE CASIO 570 ES PLUS/991 ES PLUS TO
CASIO 82EX/350EX
FOLLOW THE SYNTAX)
1. PRESS AC
1. PRESS AC
2. PRESS OPTN
2. PRESS SHIFT-1
3. THEN PRESS DOWN
3. SELECT 4:VAR
4. SELCECT 2:VARIABLE
4. THEN SELECT 2 : x́ (MEAN OR AVERAGE)
5. THEN SELCET 4:S2X (SAMPLE VARIANCE)
5. PRESS = (EQUAL SIGN )
6. PRESS = (EQUAL SIGN)

x́=76.933
s2 x=247.067
OLYMPUS ES-570ES PLUS (YOPU MAY ALSO 5. DETERMINE THE MEDIAN
TEMPORARILY USE CASIO 570ES PLUS/991 ES PLUS TO
SOLUTION
FOLLOW THE SYNTAX)
THE MEDIAN IS ALSO THE NUMBER THAT IS HALFWAY
1. PRESS AC
INTO THE SET. TO FIND THE MEDIAN, THE DATA SHOULD
2. PRESS SHIFT-1
BE ARRANGED IN ORDER FROM LEAST TO GREATEST.
3. SELECT 4:VAR
4. THEN SELECT SX (SAMPLE VARIANCE) 54 56 61 66 68 69 70 79 85 88 93 98 99 99
5. SQUARE THE SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION
6. PRESS = EQUAL SIGN Median=70
CANON F-789SGA
1. PRESS AC 54 56 61 66 68 69 70 79 85 88 93 98 99 99
2. PRESS APPS
3. SELECT 6:S-PTS Q1=66
4. THEN SELECT 3:MED (MEDIAN)
Q3 IS THE MIDDLE VALUE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE
5. PRESS = (EQUAL SIGN)
DATA SET.

54 56 61 66 68 69 70 79 85 88 93 98 99 99
Median=70 Q 3=93
CASIO 82EX/350 EX
USING CALCULATOR FUNCTION
1. PRESS AC
CANON F-789SGA
2. PRESS OPTN
3. THEN PRESS DOWN 1. PRESS AC
4. SELECT 3: MED (MEDIAN) 2. PRESS APPS
5. THEN SELECT 3:MED (MEDIAN0 3. SELECT 6:S-PTS
6. PRESS = (EQUAL SIGN) 4. THEN SELECT 5:Q1 (THIRD QUARTILE)
5. PRESS =(EQUAL SIGN)

Median=70
Q 1=66
OLYMPUS ES-570ES PLUS (YOU MAY ALSO TEMPORARILY
USE CASIO 570 ES PLUS/991 ES PLUS TO FOLLOW THE
SYNTAX)
1. PRESS APPS
NO FUNCTION 2. SELCT 6:S-PTS
3. THEN SELECT 6:Q3 (THIRD QUARTILE)
6. DETERMINE THE MODE
4. PRESS = EQUAL SIGN)
SOLUTION
Q3=93
THE MODE OF A SET OF DATA VALUES IS THE VALUE
THAT APPEARS MOST OFTEN .
CASIO 82EX/350EX
54 56 61 66 68 69 70 79 85 88 93 98 99 99
1. PRESS AC
Mode=69∧99 2. PRESS OPTN
USING CALCULATOR FUNCTION 3. THEN PRESS DOWN
4. SELECT 3:MIN/MAX
CANON F-789SGA 5. THEN SELCET 2:Q1 (FIRST QUARTILE)
6. PRESS = (EQUAL SIGN)
NO FUNCTION

CASIO 82EX/350EX
Q 1=66
NO FUNCTION

OLMYPUS ES-570ES PLUS ( YOU MAY ALSO 1. PRESS OPTN

TEMPORARILY USE CASIO 570 ES PLUS/991 ES PLUS TO 2. THEN PRESS DOWN
FOLLOW THE SYNTAX) 3. SELECT 3:MIN/MAX
4. THEN SELECT 4:Q3 (THIRD QUARTILE)
NO FUNCTION
5. PRESS =(EQUAL SIGN)
7. DETERMINE THE Q1 AND Q3

SOLUTION Q3=93
Q1 IS THE MIDDLE VALUE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE OLMYPUS ES-570ES PLUS ( YOU MAY ALSO
DATA SET. TEMPORARILY USE CASIO 570 ES PLUS/991 ES PLUS TO
FOLLOW THE SYNTAX)
8. DETERMINE D2 AND P90 10. I HAVE FIVE NUMBERS WHOSE MEAN IS 53, WHOSE
MEDIAN IS 48, AND WHOSE MODE IS 47. WHAT IS
SOLUTION
LARGEST POSSIBLE VALUE OF A NUMBER IN THAT
DECILE DIVIDES THE DATA POINTS INTO A DATA SET IN SET?
10 EQUAL PARTS ON THE NUMBER LINE.
SOLUTION

D i=( N +1 ) ( 10i ) th Data WE HAVE FIVE NUMBERS LET IT BE:

a,b,c ,d,e
THE 2ND DECILE:
MEAN IS 53

D 2=( 15+1 ) ( 102 )=3.2 th term a+b+ c+ d+ e

5
=53
a+ b+c +d +e=265
54 56 61 66 68 69 70 79 85 88 93 98 99 99
MEDIAN IS 48 (SO THE MIDDLE TERM “C” IS 48 )
USING LINEAR INTERPOLATION (3RD TERM=61, 4TH TERM
= 66 ) C=48
3.2 th term=62
PERCENTILE DIVIDES THE DATA POINTS INTO A DATA SET MODE IS 47: (MODE IS THE MOST FREQUENT DATA.
IN 100 EQUAL PARTS ON THE NUMBER LINE. SINCE THERE ARE ONLY 2 NUMBERS BELOW 48,
THEREFORE “A” AND “B” ARE BOTH EQUAL TO 47)
Pi=( N +1 ) ( 10i ) th Data a=47 ,b=47

THE 90TH PERCENTILE ( 47 +47+ 48+d + e )=265→ ( d +e )=123

90
P90=( 15+1 ) ( 100 ) th Data TO MAXIMIZE “E” THE VALUE OF “D” MUST BE
MINIMIZE. THE SMALLEST POSSIBLE WHOLE NUMBER
54 56 61 66 68 69 70 79 85 88 93 98 99 99 FOR D IS 49. (WE CANNOT PUT 48, IT WILL MAKE 48
ALSO A MODE)
NO NEED TO INTERPOLATE (14TH TERM = 99, 15TH TERM =
99) ( 49+ e )=123 →e=74
14.4 th term=99

9. DETERMINE THE INTERQUARTILE RANGE AND

SEMIN-INTERUARTILE RANGE:

SOLUTION

THE INTERQUARTILE RANGE IS ALSO CALLED THE MIDDLE

50%. IT IS THE DIFFERENCE OF Q3 AND Q1

Interquartile Range=Q 3 −Q1=93−66=27

THE SEMI-INTERQUARTILE RANGE IS HALF OF
INTERQUARTILE RANGE

27
Semi−interquartile Range= =13.5
2
MODULE EXERCISE 9.02 ( 10 ) ( 10 ) (10 )( 10 ) =10,000 ways
COVERAGE: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING 4. HOW MANY TELEPHONE NUMBERS IF THERE’S NO
REPETITION OF DIGITS?
1. IF REPETITION IS NOT PERMITTED, HOW MANY 3-
DIGIT NUMBERS CAN BE FORMED FROM SIX DIGITS SOLUTION
2, 3, 5, 6, 7, AND 9.
THE TELEPHONE NUMBER:
SOLUTION
3 5 0 ( 4 th Digit ) (5 th Digit )(6 th Digit )(7 th Digit )
❑6 P3 =120
THERE ARE 10 NUMBERS AVAILABLE TO USED AS A DIGIT
SITUATION (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 , 9)
IN A CERTAIN CITY IN PHILIPPINES, ALL SEVEN-DIGIT IF NO REPETITION OF DIGITS (3, 5, 0 MUST NOT APPERAR
TELEPHONE NUMBERS BEGIN WITH 350. IN THE LAST FOUR DIGITS). WE HAVE
2. HOW MANY TELEPHONE NUMBERS MAYBE 4 th Digit−7 ways ¿ pick ( no more 3 , 5 ,0 )
ASSIGNED TO THAT CITY IF THE LAST FOUR DIGITS
SHOULS NOT BEGIN OR END IN ZERO? 5 th Digit−6 ways ¿ pick
SOLUTION 6 th Digit −5 ways ¿ pick
THE TELEPHONE NUMBER: 7 th Digit−4 ways ¿ pick
3 5 0 ( 4 th Digit ) (5 th Digit )(6 th Digit )(7 th Digit ) ( 7 ) ( 6 ) ( 5 ) ( 4 )=840 ways
THERE ARE 10 NUMBERS AVAILABLE TO USED AS A DIGIT 5. IN HOW MANY WAYS CAN 3 BOYS AND 2 GIRLS SIT
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 , 9) IN A ROW IF THE BOYS AND GIRLS ARE EACH TO SIT
SINCE THE 4TH AND LAST DIGIT MUST NOT BE 0, WE HAVE TOGETHER?

SOLUTION
4 th Digit−9 ways ¿ pick ( all number except 0 )
THE SEATING ARRANGEMENT
5 th Digit−10 ways¿ pick
BBBGG
6 th Digit −10 ways ¿ pick
(¿3 P3 )( ¿2 P2 )=12 ¿ ¿
7 th Digit−9 ways ¿ pick ( all number except 0 )
BUT IT CAN ALSO BE:
( 9 ) ( 10 ) ( 10 )( 9 )=8100 ways
GGBBB
3. HOW MANY TELEPHONE NUMBERS IF THERE’S NO
RESTRICTION? (¿2 P2)(¿ 3 P3 )=12 ¿ ¿
SOLUTION NUMBER OF WAYS:
THE TELEPHONE NUMBER 12+12=24
3 5 0 ( 4 th Digit ) (5 th Digit )(6 th Digit )(7 th Digit ) 6. HOW MANY PERMUTATIONS ARE THERE IN A WORD
ASSASINATE?
THERE ARE 10 NUMBERS AVAILABLE TO USED AS A DIGIT
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 , 9) SOLUTION

IF NO RESTRICTIONS, WE HAVE THERE ARE 10 LETTERS: 3 LETTER A, 3 LETTER S, 1 LETTER

I, 1 LETTER N, 1 LETTER T AND 1 LETTER E.
4 th Digit−10 ways ¿ pick
SINCE THIS IS PERMUTATION, WE HAVE 3
5 th Digit−10 ways¿ pick INTERCHANGEABLE A’S AND 3 INTERCHANGEABLE S’s
6 th Digit −10 ways ¿ pick MUTINOMIAL COEFFICIENT
7 th Digit−10 ways ¿ pick
 10 !
=100,800
(3 !)(3 !)(1 !)(1!)(1 !)(1 !)
 7. IT IS REQUIRED TO SEAT 5 MEN AND 4 WOMEN IN A
ROW SO THAT THE WOMEN OCCUPY THE EVEN
PLACES. HOW MANY SUCH ARRANGMENTS ARE
POSSIBLE?

SOLUTION

THE SEATING ARRANGEMENT

BG B G B G B G B
TO SEAT THE MEN, WE HAVE

B¿
(¿5 P5 )=120 ways ¿
TO SEAT THE WOMEN, WE HAVE

_ 𝐺 _ 𝐺 _ 𝐺 _ 𝐺 _)=24 𝑤𝑎𝑦

¿
MODULE EXERCISE 9.03 SAUCES ( STANDARD, A NEW SAUCE WITH MORE
GARLIC, AND NEW SAUCE WITH FRESH BASIL). WHAT
COVERAGE: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PROBABILITY
IS THE PROBABILITY THAT A JUDGE WILL GET A
SITUATION PLAIN THIN CRUST WITH A STANDARD SAUCE FOR
HIS FIRST TASTE TEST?
IN THE BOARD EXAM 70% OF TAKER IS FROM LUZON, 20%
FROM VISAYAS, AND 10% FROM MINDANAO. IF 50% OF SOLUTION
FROM LUZON PASSED, 40% FROM VISAYAS PASSED, AND 50%
LET
FROM MINDANAO PASSED.
P A = probability that thin crust is chosen
1. DETERMINE THE PROBABILITY THAT A RANDOM
EXAMINEE CAME FROM LUZON AND PASSED PB = probability that thin crust with garlic is chosen
SOLUTION
PC = probability that thincrust with oregano ischosen
p=0.70 ( 0.50 )
P1= probability that standard sauce is used
7
p= ∨0.35 P2= probability that new sauce with more garlic isused
5
2. DETERMONE THE PROBABILITY THAT A RANDOM P3= probability that new sauce with fresh basil is used
EXAMINEE PASSED.
p=P A ( P 1)
SOLUTION
1 1
p=0.70 ( 0.50 )+ 0.20 ( 0.40 ) +0.10 ( 0.50 ) p=
3 3 ()
12
p= ∨0.48 1
25 p=
9
3. TWO NUMBERS ARE CHOSEN AT RANDOM FROM
5. FROM 20 TICKETS MARKED WITH THE FIRST 20
AMONG THE NUMBERS 1 TO 10 WITHOUT
NUMERALS, ONE IS DRAWN AT RANDOM. WHAT IS
REPLACEMENT. FIND THE PROBABILITY THAT THE
THE CHANCE THAT IT WILL BE A MULTIPLE OF 3 OR
SECOND NUMBER CHOSEN IS 5.
OF 7?
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
THE REMAINING NUMBERS 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, AND 10
OUT OF 20 NUMERALS, THERE ARE 6 NUMBERS THAT
ARE THE ONLY OPTIONS/CHOICES IN THE FIRST PICK OUT
ARE MULTIPLIES OF 3 (THAT IS 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, AND 18)
OF TOTAL NUMBERS.
AND 2 NUMBER THAT ARE MULTIPLES OF 7 (7 AND 14)
IN THE SECOND PICK, THE NUMBER 5 SHOULD BE
6 2
CHOSEN OUT OF THE 9 REMAINING NUMBERS SINCE THE p= +
FIRSTNUMBER IS ALREADY CHOSEN DURING THE FIRST 20 20
PICK. THUS, WE CAN GENERATE,
p=2.5∨0.40
9 1
p= ()
10 9
6. A GROUP OF 3 PEOPLE ENTER A THEATER AFTER THE
LIGHTS HAD DIMMED. THEY ARE SHOWN TO THE
CORRECT GROUP OF 3 SEATS BY THE USHER. EACH
FINALLY,
PERSON HOLDS A NUMBER STUB. WHAT IS THE
p=0.10∨10 % PROBABILITY THAT EACH IS IN THE CORRECT SEAT
ACCORDING TO THE NUMBERS ON SEAT AND STUB?
4. DOM’S PIZZA COMPANY USE TASTE TESTING AND
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DATA PRIOR TO SOLUTION
MARKETING ANY NEW PRODUCT. CONSIDER A ON THE FIRST SEAT, ONLY ONE STUB NUMBER IS
STUDY INVOLVING THREE TYPES OF CRUST ( THIN, CORRECT OUT OF THE THREE STUBS. FOR THE SECOND
THIN WITH GARLIC AND OREGANO, AND THIN WITH SEAT, AGAIN, ONLY ON STUB IS CORRECT OUT OF THE
BITS OF CHEESE). DOM’S IS ALSO STUDYING THREE TWO REMAINING STUB, AND SO ON. THUS,
 1 1 1 8. IF ALL THE TEAMS ARE EVENLY MATCHED, WHAT IS
p=
3 2 ( )( )
1 THE CHANCE THAT TNC AND WINGS MEET IN A
MATCH DURING THE TOURNAMENT?
1
p= SOLUTION
6
NOTE THAT ALL TEAMS WILL HAVE EQUAL CHNACE (50%)
SITUATION OF WINNING EACH GAME.
7. IN 2017, A SINGLE-ELIMINATION DOTA WE FIRST PUT ONE OF THE TEAMS (SAY WINGS) TO ONE
TOURNAMENT HAS 8 TEAMS, NAMELY: TNC, OG, OF THE POSITION IN THE BRACKETS, SAY POSITION 7
NAVI, ALLIANCE, EVIL GENIUSES, ECTN, WINGS AND
C9. EACH TEAM HAVETO DRAW A NUMBER TO
DETERMINE THEIR POSITION IN THE BRACKET, THE
FIGURE BELOW SHOWS A SAMPLE (POSSIBLE)
BRACKETING.

THERE ARE A TOTAL OF 8 POSSIBLE POSITIONS FOR

WINGS GAMING, THEREFORE THE CORRESPONDING
PROBABILITY FOR THIS FIRST STEP IS 1.0

TO EXPLAIN FURTHER, THIS IS BECAUSE EACH TEAM WILL

SUPPOSE THAT THE TEAM EVIL GENIUSES IS THE HAVE A 1/8 CHANCE OF BEING ON A CERTAIN POSITION.
CURRENT BEST TEAM FOLLOWED BY TNC AND FOR EACH
GAME, LET’S ASSUME THAT THE BETTER TEAM WILL THERE ARE A TOTAL OF 8 POSITIONS IN THE BRACKET
ALWAYS WIN. WHAT ARE THE ODDS THAT TNC WILL BE THEREFORE, P = 8(1/8) = 1.0
IN THE FINALS?
THIS IS THE SAME TECHNIQUE USED IN THE PREVIOUS
SOLUTION ITEM.

NOTE: THE ASSUMPTION HERE IS THAT THE BETTER CASE 1: TNC PICKED POSITION 8, THEY MEET
TEAM WILL ALWAYS WIN IMMEDIATELY

FIRST, POSITION THE CURRENT BEST TEAM ( EVIL 1

P 1=
GENIUSES ) TO ANY OF THE TOURNAMENT SLOT. 7
SINCE EACH TEAM IS EQUALLY LIKELY TO BE POSITIONED IF WINGS ALREADY OCCUPIED, SAY, POSITION 7, TNC
IN ALL 8 SLOTS, FOR ANY POSITION OF TEAM EG, THERE WILL HAVE A 1/7 CHANCE OF PCIKING POSITION 8.
ARE ALWAYS FOUR SLOTS WHERE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO
MEET THEM BEFORE FINALS I.E. SLOTS AT THE OPPOSITE NOTICE THAT THE SAME RESULT WILL BE OBTAINED
BRACKET. THE OTHER THREE SLOTS, WHEN CHOSEN, REGARDLESS OF THE INITIAL POSITION OF WINGS.
WILL ONLY BRING TNC TO THE SEMI FINALS, AT BEST. CASE 2: TNC PICKED POSITION 6
SO, 4 SLOTS WHERE YOU CAN POSITION TNC FOR THEM THE ONLY WAY THEY WILL MEET IS IF BOTH TNC AND
TO NOT MEET EG BEFORE THE GRAND FINAL. THEN 7 WINGS WINS THEIR FIRST MATCH
TOTAL AVAILABLE SLOTS, SINC EG WILL HAVE TO OCCUPY
1 FIRST 1
4
P 2= ()
7
( 0.5 ) (0.5)

7 CASE 3: TNC PICKED POSITION 5

SAME WITH CASE 2

P 3= ( 17 ) ( 0.5) (0.5)
CASE 4: TNC PICKED POSITION 4

FOR THEM TO MEET, BOTH TEAMS MUST REACH THE

FINALS. HENCE,

P4 = ( 17 )( 0.5 )(0.5)( 0.5) (0.5)

CASE 5: TNC PICKED POSITION 3

P 5= ( 17 ) ( 0.5) (0.5) ( 0.5) (0.5)

CASE 6: TNC PICKED POSITION 2

P 6= ( 17 ) ( 0.5) (0.5) ( 0.5) (0.5)

CASE 7: TNC PICKED POSITION 1

1
P 7= ()
7
( 0.5 ) (0.5) ( 0.5 ) (0.5)

ADDING ALL THE CASES,

P=P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 + P6 + P7

1
P= =0.25
4
NOTE: THE POSITION REPEATEDLY STATED ABOVE DOES
NOT MEAN HARD CARRY, MID, OFFLANE, ETC
MODULE EXERCISE 9.04 LET

COVERAGE: CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY P ( A )= probability that flight departs on time

1. WE ARE GIVEN THREE URNS AS FOLLOWS: URN A P ( B )= probability that flight arrives ontime
CONTAINS 3 RED AND 5 WHITE MARBLES. URN B
CONTAINS 2 RED AND 1 WHITE MARBLE. URN C P ( A ⋂ B )= probability that flight departs∧arrives on time
CONTAINS 2 RED AND 3 WHITE MARBLES. AN URN IS
SELECTED AT RANDOM AND A MARBLE IS DRAWN P (A ⋂ B)
P ( A / B )=
FROM THE URN. IF THE MARBLE IS RED, WHAT IS P(B)
THE PROBABILITY THAT IT CAME FROM URN A.
0.78
SOLUTION P ( A /B )=
0.82
P ( A /B )=0.95
3. IN A CERTAIN COLLEGE, 4% OF THE MEN AND 1% OF
THE WOMEN ARE TALLER THAN 6 FEET.
FUTHERMORE, 60% OF THE STUDENTS ARE WOMEN.
NOW IF A STUDENT IS SELECTED AT RANDOM AND IS
TALLER THAN 6 FEET, WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY
THAT THE STUDENT IS A WOMAN?

SOLUTION

0.01(0.60)
p=
0.01 ( 0.60 ) +0.04 (0.40)
3
3 p=
11
8
p= 4. BOX A CONTAINS NINE CARDS NUMBERED 1
3 2 2
8 ( )( )( )
+ +
3 5
THROUGH 9, AND BOX B CONTAINS FIVE CARDS
NUMBERED 1 THROUGH 5. A BOX IS CHOSEN AT
RANDOM AND A CARD IS DRAWN. IF THE NUMBER IS
p=0.2601∨26.01 %
EVEN, FIND THE PROBABILITY THAT THE CARD CAME
2. THE PROBABILITY THAT A REGULARLY SCHEDULED FROM BOX A.
FLIGHT DEPARTS ON TIME IS 0.83; THE PROBABILITY
SOLUTION
THAT IT ARRIVES ON TIME 0.82; AND THE
PROBABILITY THAT IT DEPARTS AND ARRIVES ON
TIME IS 0.78. FIND THE PROBABILITY THAT A PLANE
DEPARTED ON TIME, GIVEN THAT IT HAS ARRIVED
ON TIME.

SOLUTION
 SOLUTION

2
9
p=
( 29 )+( 15 )
10
p=
19
SITUATION 0.015
p=
A COMPANY PRODUCING ELECTRIC RELAYS HAS THREE
0.027
MANUFACTURING PLANTS PRODUCING 50, 30, AND 20 p=0.556
PERCENT, RESPECTIVELY, OF ITS PRODUCT. SUPPOSE
THAT THE PROBABILITIES, THAT A RELAY
MANUFACTURED BY THESE PLANTS IS DEFCTIVE, ARE
0.02, 0.05, AND 0.01 RESPECTIVELY.

5. IF A RELAY IS SELCTED AT RANDOM FROM THE

OUTPUT OF THE COMPANY, WHAT IS THE
PROABILITY THAT IT IS DEFECTIVE?

SOLUTION

p=0.01+ 0.015+0.002
p=0.027
6. IF A RELAY SELECTED AT RANDOM IS FOUND TO BE
DEFECTIVE, WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT IT WAS
MANUFACTURED BY PLANT B?
MODULE EXERCISE 9.05

COVERAGE: BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION MODULE EXERCISE 9.07

1. A COIN IS TOSSED 10 TIMES. WHAT IS THE COVERAGE: GEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION

PROBABILITY OF GETTING EXACTLY 6 HEADS?
1. YOU PLAY A GAME OF CHANCE THAT YOU CAN
SOLUTION EITHER WIN OR LOSE ( THERE ARE NO
RESPONSIBILITIES) UNTIL YOU LOSE. YOUR
P=(¿10 C6 ) ( 0.5 )6 ( 0.5 )4=0.205 ¿ PROBABILITY OF LOSING IF 0.57. WHAT IS THE
PROBABILITY THAT IT TAKES FIVE GAMES UNTIL YOU
2. 80% OF PEOPLE WHO PURCHASE PET INSURANCE
LOSE?
ARE WOMEN. IF 9 PET INSURANCE OWNERS ARE
RANDOMLY SELECTED, FIND THE PROBABILITY THAT SOLUTION
EXACTLY 6 ARE WOMEN.
P=0.43 ( 0.43 )( 0.43 )( 0.43 ) ( 0.57 ) =0.0195
SOLUTION
2. PRODUCT PRODUCED BY A MACHINE HAS A 3%
P=(¿9 C 6) ( 0.8 )6 ( 0.2 )3=0.176 ¿ DEFECTIVE RATE. HWAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT
THE FIRST DEFECTIVE OCCURS IN THE FIFTH ITEM
3. 60% OF PEOPLE WHO PURCHASE SPORTS CARS ARE INSPECTED?
MEN. IF 10 SPORTS CAR OWNERS ARE RANDOMLY
SELECTED, FIND THE PROBABILITY THAT ATLEAST 7 SOLUTION
ARE MEN.
P=0.974 (0.03)=0.0266
SOLUTION
MODULE EXERCISE 9.08
10
x 10−x
P=∑ (¿ 10 C x ) ( 0.6 ) ( 0.4 ) =0.382 ¿ COVERAGE: MULTINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
x=7
1. SUPPOSE WE HAVE A BOWL WITH 10 MARBLES (2
MODULE EXERCISE 9.06 RED, 3 GREEN, 5 BLUE). WE RANDOMLY SELECT 4
MARBLES FROM THE BOWL WITH REPLACEMENT.
COVERAGE: NEGATIVE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY OF SELECTING 2 GREEN
1. ROBERT IS A FOOTBALL PLAYER. HIS SUCCES RATE OF MARBLES AND 2 BLUE MARBLES?
GOAL HITTING IS 70%. WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY
SOLUTION
THAT ROBERT HIT HIS THIRD GOAL ON HIS FIFTH
ATTEMPT? 0 2
4! 2 5 3 2
SOLUTION
P= ( )( )( )
2 ! 2! 0! 10 10 10
=0.135

P=(¿ 4 C 2) ( 0.7 )2 ( 0.3 )2 (0.7)=0.1852¿ 2. SUPPOSE A CARD IS DRAWN RANDOMLY FROM AN

ORDINARY DECK OF PLAYING CARDS, AN THEN PUT
2. IN NBA CHAMPIONSHIP SERIES, THE TEAM THAT BACK IN THE DECK. THIS EXERCISE IS REPEATED FIVE
WINS FOUR GAMES OUT OF SEVEN IS THE WINNER. TIMES. WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY OF DRAWING 1
SUPPOSE THAT TEAMS A AND B FACE EACH OTHER SPADE, 1 HEART, 1 DIAMOND AND 2 CLUBS?
IN THE CHAMPIONSHIP GAMES AND THAT TEAM A
HAS PROBABILITY OF 0.55 OF WINNING A GAME SOLUTION
OVER TEAM B, WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT
5! 13 1 13 1 13 1 13 2
TEAM A WILL WIN THE SERIES IN 6 GAMES. P= x ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 ! 1! 1 ! 2! 52
x
52
x
52
x
52
=0.0856
SOLUTION

P=(¿5 C3 ) ( 0.55 )3 ( 0.45 )2 (0.55)=0.1853 ¿

MODULE EXERCISE 9.09 2. GIVEN A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF VALUES FOR
WHICH THE MEAN IS 70 AND THE STANDARD
COVERAGE: HYPERGEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION
DEVIATION IS 4.5. FIND THE PROBABILITY THAT A
1. A BATCH OF 10 ROCKER COVER GASKETS CONTAINS VALUE IS BETWEEN 65 AND 80 INCLSUSIVE.
4 DEFECTIVE GASKETS. IF WE DRAW SAMPLES OF
SOLUTION
SIZE 3 WITHOUT REPLACEMENT, FROM THE BATCH
OF 10, FIND THE PROBABILITY THAT A SAMPLE 65−70
z 1= =−1.11
CONATAINS 2 DEFECTIVE GASKETS. 4.5
SOLUTION 80−70
z 2= =2.22
( ¿4 C 2 ) 4.5
P=(¿6 C1 ) =0.3 ¿ ¿
10 C3 P=P ( 2.22 )−P (−1.11 )=85 %
2. SUPPOSE WE RANDOMLY SELCT 5 CARDS WITHOUT
3. THE LIFETIME OF A BATTERY IS NORMALLY
REPLACEMENT FROM AN ORDINARY DECK OF
DISTRIBUTED WITH A MEAN LIFE OF 40 HOURS AND
PLAYING CARDS. WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY OF
A STANDARD DEVIATION OF 1.2 HOURS. FIND THE
GETTING EXACTLY 2 RED CARDS?
PROBABILITY THAT A RANDOMLY SELECTED BATTERY
SOLUTION LASTS LONGER THAN 42 HOURS.

( ¿26 C 2) SOLUTION
P=(¿26 C3 ) ¿¿
(¿52 C 5)=0.3251¿ 42−40
z= =1.67
3. SUPPOSE WE SELCT 5 CARDS FROM AN ORDINARY 1.2
DECK OF PLAYING CARDS, WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY P=1−P (1.67 )=4.8 %
OF OBTAINING 2 OR FEWER HEARTS?

3
MODULE EXERCISE 9.11
(¿ C )
P=∑ (¿13 C x ) 39 5−x =0.9072¿ ¿ ¿ COVERAGE:POISSON DISTRIBUTION
0 ( ¿52 C 5)
1. SUPPOSE THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF LIONS SEEN ON
MODULE EXERCISE 9.10
A 1-DAY SAFARI IS 5, WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY
COVERAGE:NORMAL DISTRIBUTION THAT TOURISTS WILL SEE FEWER THAN FOUR LIONS
ON THE NEXT 1-DAY SAFARI?
1. 95% OF STUDENTS AT SCHOOL ARE BETWEEN 1.1 M
AND 1.7 TALL. ASSUMING DATA IS NORMALLY SOLUTION
DISTRIBUTED, DETERMINE THE VALUE OF THE 3
STANDARD DEVIATION. 5 x e−5
P=∑ =0.2650
0 x!
SOLUTION
2. A LIFE INSURANCE SALESMAN SELLS ON THE
DETERMINE THE “Z” SCORE
AVERAGE 3 LIFE INSURANCE POLICIES PER WEEK.
1.1+ 1.7 DETERMINE THE PROBABILITY THAT IN A GIVEN
x́= =1.4 m WEEK, HE WILL SELL SOME POLICIES.
2
SOLUTION
95 %
Q ( z) =
2 SOME POLICIES MEANS 1 OR MORE POLICIES. WE CAN
WORK THIS OUT BY FINDING 1 MINUS THE ZERO
USING TRIAL AND ERROR POLICIES PROBABILITY
z=2
3 0 e−3
P=1− =0.9502
1.7−1.4 0!
2=
SD
SD=0.15
 2(1994−1988)
MODULE EXERCISE 10.01 0.24
COVERAGE: SIMPLE INTEREST
F=245,000 1+ ( 2 )
1. A PRICE TAG OF P1,200 IS PAYABLE IN 60 DAYS BUT F=954,514.12
IF PAID WITHIN 30 DAYS IT WILL HAVE A 3%
3. BY THE CONDITION OF A WILL THE SUM OF P100,000
DISCOUNT. FIND THE RATE OF INTEREST.
IS LEFT TO A GIRL TO BE HELD IN TRUST FUND BY
SOLUTION HER GUARDIAN UNTIL IT AMOUNTS TO P500,000.
WHEN WILL THE GIRL RECEIVE THE MONEY IF THE
FUND IS INVESTED AT 10% COMPUTED QUARTERLY?

SOLUTION
mn
r
F=P(1+rt ) F=P 1+ ( ) m
( 60−30 )
1200=1164 1+ r ( 30 ) 500,000=100,000 1+ ( 0.10
4
4n

)
r =0.3711
n=16.3 years
2. USING SIMPLE INTEREST HOW MANY DAYS MUST A
4. MONEY WAS INVESTED AT x% COMPOUNDED
P 50,000 VALUE BEARING 5% ACCUMULATE AN
QUARTERLY. IF IT TAKES THE MONEY INTO
INTEREST OF P 3,000?
QUADRUPLE IN 17.5 YEARS, FIND THE VALUE OF X.
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
I =Prt mn
r
x ( )
F=P 1+
m
3,000=50,000 ( 0.05 ) ( )
360
x 4 (1.7 .5)
4 P=P ( 1+ )
x=432days 4
MODULE EXERCISE 10.02 x=0.08
COVERAGE: COMPOUND INTEREST

1. A COUPLE BORROWED P 4,000 FROM A LENDING

COMPANY FOR 6 YEARS AT 12%. AT THE END OF 6
YEARS, IT RENEWS THE LOAN FOR THE AMOUNT
DUE PLUS P4,000 MORE FOR 3 YEARS AT 12%. WHAT
IS THE LUMP SUM DUE?

SOLUTION

F=4000 ( 1.129−0 ) + 4000 ( 1.129−6 )

F=16,712.03
2. 245,000 WAS DEPOSITED ON JAN. 1, 1998 AT AN
INTEREST RATE OF 24% COMPOUNDED SEMI
ANNUALLY. HOW MUCH WOULD BE THE SUM ON
JAN. 1, 1994

SOLUTION
mn
r
F=P 1+ ( ) m
MODULE EXERCISE 14.01 30 miles 1 km
x =48.28 kph
COVERAGE: FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC FLOW AND SPACE
hr 0.621 mile
MEAN SPEED TRAFFIC FLOW
1. FIVE VEHICLE PASS A SECTION A AT INTERVALS OF q=kv
3,4,3 AND 5 SEC. RESPECTIVELY. THE VEHICLES
SPEEDS ARE 50,45, 40, 35 AND 30 KPH q=14 ( 48.28 )
RESPECTIVELY. DETERMINE THE TIME MEAN SPEED.
veh
SOLUTION q=676
hr
50+45+ 40+35+30
v t= =40 kph
5
2. FIVE VEHICLE PASS A SECTION A AT INTERVALS OF
3,4,3 AND 5 SEC. RESPECTIVELY. THE VEHICLES
SPEEDS ARE 50,45, 40, 35 AND 30 KPH
RESPECTIVELY. DETERMINE THE SPACE MEAN SPEED.
5
v s= =38.72 kph
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
50 45 40 35 30

MODULE EXERCISE 14.02

COVERAGE: SPEED DENSITY AND FLOW RELATIONSHIP

1. DURING PEAK HOURS, 3800 VEHICLES PASS A

CERTAIN HIGHWAY FROM 9:00 AM TO 11:00AM
WITH A SPACE MEAN SPEED OF 20 KPH. WHAT IS
THE TRAFFIC DENSITY IN VEHICLES PER KM ?

SOLUTION

TRAFFIC FLOW:

3800 vehicles veh

q= =1900
2 hours hr

TRAFFIC DENSITY

q=kv
1900=20 k
veh
k =95
km
2. COMPUTE THE RATE OF FLOW IN VEHICLES PER
HOUR IF THE SPACE MEAN SPEED IS 30 MPH AND
THE DENSITY IS 14 VEH/KM

SOLUTION

CONVERT THE SPPED TO KPH

MODULE EXERCISE 14.03

COVERAGE: JAM DENSITY AND FREE FLOW SPEED veh

k =88
1. A SECTION OF THE EXTENSION OF THE NLEX
km
CONNNECTING PAMPANGA AND TARLAC IS KNOWN
TO HAVE A FREE FLOW OF SPEED OF 50 KPH AND A
CAPACITY OF 320 VEHICLES PER HOUR. IN AGIVEN
HOUR, 2000 VEHICLES WERE COUNTED AT A
SPECIFIC POINT ALONG THIS HIGHWAY SECTION.
COMPUTE THE JAM DENSITY IN VEH/KM.

SOLUTION

v f kJ
q cap=
4
50 k J
3200=
4
veh
k J =256
km
2. A PORTION OF THE EXTENSION OF SLEX HAS A FREE
FLOW SPEED OF 60 KPH AND A CAPACITY OF 3600
VEH/HR. IF IN A GIVEN HOUR, 3344 VEHICLES WERE
COUNTERED AT A SPECIFIED POINT ALONG THIS
HIGHWAY, DETERMINE THE TRAFFIC DENSITY OF
THESE 3344 VEHICLES.

SOLUTION

v f kJ
q cap=
4
60 k J
3600=
4
veh
k J =240
km
DETERMINE THE TRAFFIC DENSITY

v=v f 1− ( kk ) j

q=kv
k
q=k (v f ) 1−( kj )
k
q=k (60) 1− ( 240 )
k
3344=k (60) 1− ( 240 )
MODULE EXERCISE 14.04 LET T = TIME AFTER 6:00 AM THE QUEUE WILL DISSIPATE

COVERAGE: QUEING THEORY: D/D/1, M/D/1, AND M/M/1 λ 1=8 veh /min
QUEUEING
λ 2=2 veh/min
1. VEHICLES ARRIVE AT THE ENTRANCE OF THE NEW
EXTENSION OF NLEX. THERE IS A SINGLE TOLL GATE 1 veh
AT WHICH ALL VEHICLES MUST STOP WHERE A TOLL μ= =4 veh/min
15 sec
ATTENDANT DISTRIBUTE A TRIP TICKET. THE TOLL
OPENS AT 6:00 AM AT WHICH VEHICLES BEGIN TO
ARRIVE AT THE RATE OF 8 VEHICLES PER MINUTE.
THE QUEUE WILL DISSIPATE WHEN THE NUMBER OF
AFTER 20 MINUTES, THE ARRIVAL FLOW RATE
VEHICLES SERVED AND ARRIVED ARE EQUAL.
DECLINES TO 2 VEHICLES PER MINUTE AND IT
CONTINUES AT THE LEVEL FOR THE REMAINDER OF ve h served=ve h arrived
THE DAY. IF THE TIME REQUIRED TO DISTRIBUTE THE
TRIP TICKET IS 15 SECONDS, DETERMINE THE TIME 8 ( 20 ) +2 ( t−20 )=4 t
THE QUEUE DISSIPATES.
t=60 mins
SOLUTION
THE NUMBER OF VEHICLES ARRIVED WILL BE
LET T = TIME AFTER 6:00 AM THE QUEUE WILL DISSIPATE
n=8 ( 20 ) +2 ( 60−20 )
λ 1=8 veh /min
n=240 vehicles
λ 2=2 veh/min
3. VEHICLES ARRIVE AT THE ENTRANCE OF THE NEW
1 veh EXTENSION OF NLEX. THERE IS A SINGLE TOLL GATE
μ= =4 veh/min
15 sec AT WHICH ALL VEHICLES MUST STOP WHERE A TOLL
ATTENDANT DISTRIBUTE A TRIP TICKET. THE TOLL
OPENS AT 6:00 AM AT WHICH VEHICLES BEGIN TO
THE QUEUE WILL DISSIPATE WHEN THE NUMBER OF ARRIVE AT THE RATE OF 8 VEHICLES PER MINUTE.
VEHICLES SERVED AND ARRIVED ARE EQUAL. AFTER 20 MINUTES, THE ARRIVAL FLOW RATE
DECLINES TO 2 VEHICLES PER MINUTE AND IT
ve h served=ve h arrived CONTINUES AT THE LEVEL FOR THE REMAINDER OF
THE DAY. IF THE TIME REQUIRED TO DISTRIBUTE THE
8 ( 20 ) +2 ( t−20 )=4 t TRIP TICKET IS 15 SECONDS, DETERMINE THE
LONGEST QUEUE.
t=60 mins
SOLUTION
QUEUE WILL DISSIPATE 60 MINS AFTER 6:00 AM.
THEREFORE IT WILL BE 7:00 AM LET T = TIME AFTER 6:00 AM THE QUEUE WILL DISSIPATE

2. VEHICLES ARRIVE AT THE ENTRANCE OF THE NEW λ 1=8 veh /min

EXTENSION OF NLEX. THERE IS A SINGLE TOLL GATE
AT WHICH ALL VEHICLES MUST STOP WHERE A TOLL λ 2=2 veh/min
ATTENDANT DISTRIBUTE A TRIP TICKET. THE TOLL
1 veh
OPENS AT 6:00 AM AT WHICH VEHICLES BEGIN TO μ= =4 veh/min
ARRIVE AT THE RATE OF 8 VEHICLES PER MINUTE. 15 sec
AFTER 20 MINUTES, THE ARRIVAL FLOW RATE
THE LONGEST QUEUE WILL FORM RIGHT BEFORE THE
DECLINES TO 2 VEHICLES PER MINUTE AND IT
ARRIVAL RATE REDUCED TO 2 VEH/MIN ( 20 MINS AFTER
CONTINUES AT THE LEVEL FOR THE REMAINDER OF
6:00 AM
THE DAY. IF THE TIME REQUIRED TO DISTRIBUTE THE
TRIP TICKET IS 15 SECONDS, DETERMINE THE TOTAL NO. OF VEHICLES ARRIVED:
NUMBER OF VEHICLES THAT HAVE ARRIVED AND
DEPARTYED UNTIL NO MORE QEUED EXIST. 8 ( 20 ) =160 veh

SOLUTION NO. OF VEHICLES SERVED:

 4 ( 20 )=80 veh THE TOTAL REVENUE WILL BE THE PRODUCT OF THE
COST AND THE NUMBER OF VEHICLES ENTERING THE
QUEUE TOLL.
l=160−80=80 veh R=( 1.5+ 0.25 x ) ( 5000−500 x )

R=7500+ 500 x −125 x 2

MODULE EXERCISE 14.05
dR
=500−125 x (2)
COVERAGE: SERVICE RATES AND DEMAND IN HIGHWAYS dx
1. VEHICLES ARRIVE AT THE ENTRANCE OF THE NEW LET dR/dx =0
EXTENSION OF NLEX. THERE US A SINGLE TOLLGATE
AT WHICH ALL VEHICLES MUST STOP WHERE A TOLL 0=500−250 x
ATTENDANT DISTRIBUTE A TRIP TICKET. THE TOLL
x=2
OPENS AT 6 AM AT WHICH TIME VEHICLES BEGINS
TO ARRIVE AT THE RATE OF 8 VEHICLES PER MINUTE. THEREFORE THE TOLL INCREASE WILL BE
AFTER 20 MINUTES, THE ARRIVAL FLOW RATE
DECLINES TO 2 VEHICLES PER MINUTE AND IT C=1.50+0.25 ( 2 )=2 Php
CONTINUES AT THAT LEVEL FOR THE REMAINDER OF
3. A TOLL BRIDGE FROM MANDAUE TO LAPU-LAPU
THE DAY. IF THE TIME REQUIRED TO DISTRIBUTE THE
CITY CARRIES 5000 VEHICLES PER DAY. THE PRESENT
TRIP TICKET IS 15 SECONDS, DETERMINE THE TOTAL
COST FEE IS P1.50. WHEN THE TOLL FEE IS
NUMBER OF VEHICLES THAT HAVE ARRIVED AND
INCREASED BY P0.25, TRAFFIC VOLUME WILL
DEPARTED UNTIL NO MORE QUEUE EXIST.
DECREASE BY 500 VEHICLES PER DAY. IT IS DESIRED
SOLUTION TO INCREASE THE TOLL FEE TO A POINT WHERE THE
REVENUE WILL BE MAXIMIZED. DETERMINE THE
LET T = TIME TO DISSIPATE THE QUEUE TOTAL REVENUE.
SERVICE RATE: SOLUTION
60
=4 vehicles per minute LET X = NUMBER OF TIMES P0.25 BE ADDED TO THE
15 COST

8 ( 20 ) +2 ( t−20 )=4 t THE TOTAL REVENUE WILL BE THE PRODUCT OF THE

COST AND THE NUMBER OF VEHICLES ENTERING THE
t=60 mins TOLL.
WE CAN CONCLUDE THAT THE QUEUE WILL LAST FOR 60 R=( 1.5+ 0.25 x ) ( 5000−500 x )
MINS, THEREFORE THE NUMBER OF VEHICLES WILL BE
R=7500+ 500 x −125 x 2
n=60(4)=240 vehicles
dR
2. A TOLL BRIDGE FROM MANDAUE TO LAPU-LAPU =500−125 x (2)
CITY CARRIES 5000 VEHICLES PER DAY. THE PRESENT dx
COST FEE IS P1.50. WHEN THE TOLL FEE IS LET dR/dx =0
INCREASED BY P0.25, TRAFFIC VOLUME WILL
DECREASE BY 500 VEHICLES PER DAY. IT IS DESIRED 0=500−250 x
TO INCREASE THE TOLL FEE TO A POINT WHERE THE
REVENUE WILL BE MAXIMIZED. DETERMINE THE x=2
TOLL CHARGE TO MAXIMIZE REVENUE. THEREFORE THE TOLL INCREASE WILL BE
SOLUTION
C=1.50+0.25 ( 2 )=2 Php
LET X = NUMBER OF TIMES P0.25 BE ADDED TO THE
THE TOTAL REVENUE WILL BE
COST
R=( 1.5+0.25 ( 2 ) ) (5000−500 ( 2 ) )

R=8000 Php
MODULE EXERCISE 14.06

COVERAGE: PEAK HOUR VOLUME

1. DETERMINE THE PEAK HOUR VOLUME.

SOLUTION

PHV =375+380+412+390=1557

2. DETERMINE THE PEAK HOUR FACTOR

SOLUTION

PHV =375+380+412+390=1557
1557
PHF= =0.945
4 (412)
3. DETERMINE THE DEISGN HOURLY VOLUME.

SOLUTION

DHV =412 ( 4 )=1648

MODULE EXERCISE 14.07

COVERAGE: ACCIDENT ANALYSIS

1. THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL n = 0.422 – 36x +1000

APPROXIMATES THE NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS, N, PER
50 MILLION MILES DRIVEN, FOR DRIVERS WHO ARE X
YEARS OLD. THE FORMULA APPLIES TO DRIVERS’
AGES 15 THOUGH 70 INCLUSIVE. DETERMINE THE
NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS PER 50 MILLION MILES
DRIVEN ARE THERE FOR 20 YEARS OLD DRIVERS.

SOLUTION
2
N=0.40 (20 ) −36 ( 20 ) +1000=440
2. BASED ON THE RECORD OF ROAD ACCIDENTS, FIND
THE NUMBER OF FATAL ACCIDENTS IN 1996 IF THE
SEVERITY RATION IS 0.24863. DETERMINE THE
VALEU OF X.

SOLUTION

Total property damge=205+178+152+ 190+236=961

Total injury =56+48+ 41+60+88=293
Total fatal=2+3+3+5+ x=13+ x
( 13+ x ) +(293)
SR= =0.24863
( 13+ x ) +293+961
3. A FREEWAY IS TO BE DESIGNED AS A PASSENGER-
CAR-ONLY FACILITY FOR AN AADT OF 35000
VEHICLES PER DAY. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT THE
FREEWAY WILL HAVE A FREE FLOW SPEED OF 70
MPH. THE DESIGN WILL BE FOR COMMUTERS AND
THE PEAK HOUR FACTOR IS ESTIAMTED WITH 65 %
OF THE PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC TRAVELLING IN THE
PEAK DIRECTION. IF THE K-FACTOR FOR THIS
FREEWAY IS 0.148, DETERMINE THE DIRECTIONAL
DESOIGN HOURLY VOLUME.

SOLUTION

DDHV =0.148 ( 0.65 ) ( 35000 )=3367

MODULE EXERCISE 15.01 5. DENSITY

COVERAGE: FLUID PROPERTIES SOLUTION

SITUATION Mass Unit weight

ρ= =
AN OIL OF 6 M3 WEIGHS 47 KN. DETERMINE THE FOLLOWING.
Volume Acc Gravity
lb
1. SPECIFIC (OR UNIT WEIGHT 52
ft 3 slug
SOLUTION ρ= =1.615 3
ft ft
32.2 2
Weight s
γ=
Volume
6. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
47 kN kN 1000 N
γ= =7.833 3 ∙ SOLUTION
6m 3
m kN
γ ρ
N SG= =
γ =7833 3 γ water ρwater
m
lb
2. DENSITY 52
ft 3
SG= =0.833
SOLUTION ft
62.4 2
Mass Unit weight s
ρ= =
Volume Acc Gravity 7. AIR KEPT AT A PRESSURE OF 200 KPA AND A
TEMPERATURE OF 30˚C IN A 500- l CONATAINER.
N
7833 WHAT IS THE MASS OF THE AIR?
m3 kg
ρ= =798.50 3 SOLUTION
m m
9.81 2
s IDEAL GAS LAW

3. SPECIFIC GRAVITY PV =nRT

SOLUTION MAKE SURE THE UNITS ARE COMPATIBLE

γ ρ  ABSOLUTE PRESSURE KPA MEANS ABSOLUTE

SG= =
γ water ρwater PRESSURE IN KPA
P=200 kPa=200,000 Pa
789.50  VOLUME
SG= =0.790
1000 V =500 L=0.50 m3
SITUATION  GAS CONSTANT

IF 180 FT3 OF OIL WEIGHS 93650 LB, CALCULATE THE

FOLLOWING
(287 kg ∙J˚ K )
 ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE
4. SPECIFFIC WEIGHT T =( 30+273 ) K=333 K
SOLUTION
J
γ=
Weight (
( 200,000 Pa ) ( 0.50 m 3 )=n 287 )
kg ∙ ˚ K
( 30+273 ) K
Volume n=1.15 kg
8. THE TANK OF A LEAKY AIR COMPRESSOR ORIINALLY
9360 lb
γ= HOLDS 90 L OF AIR AT 33˚C AND 225 kPaa. DURING A
180 ft 3 COMPRESSION PROCESS, 4 GRAMS OF AIR IS LOST,
THE REMAINING AIR OCCUPIES 42 L AT 550 kPaa.
lbs
γ =52 WHAT IS THE TEMPERATURE OF THE REMAINING
f t3 AIR?
SOLUTION

IDEAL GAS LAW

PV =nRT
OBTAIN THE AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE, N, IN THE FIRST
SCENARIO

J
(
( 225,000 Pa )( 0.90 m )=( n kg ) 287
kg ∙ ° K)( 30+273 ) K

n=0.23058 kg → A
USING THIS VALUE, SOLVE FOR THE TEMPERATURE IN
THE SECOND SCENARIO

J
(
( 550,000 Pa ) ( 0.042 m 3 )=( a−0.004 kg ) 287
kg ∙ ° K)( T +273 ) K

T =82.23 ° C
MODULE EXERCISE 15.02 NO TEMPERATURE WAS GIVEN, SO THE NORMAL

COVERAGE: SURFACE TENSION

N
ASSUMPTION IS AT 20°C ((σ =0.0728 ). CLEAN
m
1. A NEEDLE WAS PLACE ON A WATER SURFACE AT GLASS WATER INTERFACE IS NORMALLY ASSUME TO
20°C. IF THE WEIGHT OF THE NEEDLE IS 4.368 x 10-3 HAVE ZERO DEGREE CONTACT ANGLE.
N, WHAT MINIMUM LENGTH OF NEEDLE IS NEEDED
FOR IT TO REST ON THE SURFACE? 4 σ cos θ
h=
γD
SOLUTION
N
NORMAL SSUMPTION FOR THIS PROBLEM IS TO IGNORE
THE LENGTH AT BOTH ENDS OF THE NEEDLE. ( ALSO NO h=
(
4 0.0728
m)cos 0
∙1000
mm
m
DIAMETER AT THE TIPS WAS GIVEN SO THIS IS THE
LOGICAL ASSUMPTION) (9810 mN )( 0.002 m )
3

SURFACE TENSION ( AT 20°C IS 0.0728 N/m)

h=14.82mm → A
F
σ= TRUE STATIC HEIGHT:
L
True Static Height +Capillary Rise=35 mm
N 4.368∙ 10−3 N
0.0728 = True Static Height=35 mm− A
m 2x
x=30 mm True Static Height=20.16 mm

2. DETERMINE THE CAPILLARY ACTION (RISE OR FALL 4. TWO CLEAN GLASS PLATES PARALLEL TO EACH
OF MERCURY IN A CAPILLARY TUBE OF DIAMETER OTHER ARE DIPPED IN A WATER SURFACE. THE
1.5 MM. SURFACE TENSION IS 0.514 N/m AND DISTANCE BETWEEN THE GLASS PLATES IS 1.5 MM.
CONTACT ANGLE IS 140°. HOW FAR DOES THE WATER RISE DUE TO CAPILLARY
ACTION? (USE SURFACE TENSION = 0.0730 N/m)
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
CAPILLARY RISE ( OR FALL)
CAPILLARY RISE IN 2 PARALLEL PLATES
4 σ cos θ
h= 2 σ cos θ
γD h=
2d
THE SG OF MERCURY WHEN NOT GIVEN IS ASSUMED TO
BE 13.6: CONATACT ANGLE BETWEEN GLASS AND WATER IS ZERO
DEGREES (UNLESS STATED OTHERWISE)
N
h=
(
4 0.514
m )
cos 140
∙1000
mm (
2 0.0730
N
m )
cos 0
m mm
N h= ∙ 1000
( m )
13.6 9810 3 ( 0.0015 m )
(9810 mN )( 0.0015 m )
3
m

h=−7.87 mm
h=9.92 mm
3. WATER STANDS IN A CLEAN GLASS TUBE OF 2-MM
DIAMETER AT A HEIGHT OF 35 MM. WHAT IS THE 5. RIGHT AFTER DIVING IN THE POOL, YOU FARTED
TRU STATIC HEIGHT? WHICH CREATED BUBBLES. ONE OF THE FART
BUBBLES HAS EXCESS PRESSURE OF 58.24 Pa. WHAT
SOLUTION IS THE RADIUS OF THAT PARTICULAR BUBBLE?
SINCE THE QUESTION IS ASKING FOR THE TRUE STATIC SOLUTION
HEIGHT, IT IS IMPLIED THAT THE EFFECT OF CAPILLARY
RISE IS ALREADY ADDED TO THE 35 MM. EXCESS PRESSURE IN AIR BUBBLE

4σ
∆ P=
D
 SINCE RAIDUS WAS ASK (D=2r) KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

N υ

58.24 Pa=
(
4 0.0728
m ) υ=
ρ
2r lb∙ s
2.11 ∙10−5
r =0.0025 m=2.5 mm f t2 f t2
υ= =1.09 ∙ 10−5
lb s
62.4 3
MODULE EXERCISE 15.03

COVERAGE: VISCOSITY

SITUATION
( ) ft
ft
32.2 2
s

3. A 35 CM BY 55 CM BLOCK SLIDES ON OIL

IF THE VISCOSITY OF WATER AT A CERTAIN TEMPERATURE IS ( μ=0.81 Pa−S) OVER A LARGE PLANE SURFACE.
0.01008 POISE (USE G= 9.81 m/s2) WHAT FORCE IS REQUIRED TO DRAG THE BLOCK AT
3 M/S, IF THE SEPEARTING OIL FILM IS 0.6 MM
1. DETERMINE THE ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY IN POUNDS-
THICK?
SECOND PER SQUARE FOOT
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
τ
1 Dyne ∙ s μ=
1 Poise = U
c m2 y
 NEWTON TO DYNE: SHEAR STRESS
1 N =100,000 Dyne
CONVERT TO SI UNIT
τ =μ ( Uy )
2
1 Dyne ∙ s 1N 100 cm 1 N∙s m
( = )[ ] 3

( )
2
cm 100,000 Dyne 1m 10 m 2 s
τ =( 0.81 Pa ∙ s )
0.6 mm
 NEWTON TO POUNDS
mm
1000
m
1 N =0.2247 lbs
τ =4050 Pa
 METERS TO FEET
1 m=3.2808 ft SHEAR FORCE

CONVERT TO SI UNIT F=τ ∙ A=( 4050 Pa ) ( 0.35 m∙ 0.55 m )

2
1 N ∙ s 0.247lb 1 ft lb ∙ s F=779.625 N
10 m2 ( 1N )[ 3.208 ft ]
=0.00209 2
ft
lb∙ s
1 Poise =0.00209
f t2

lb∙ s

0.01008 Poise ( 0.00209

1 Poise
f t2
) lb∙ s
=2.11 ∙ 10−5 2
ft
2. COMPUTE ITS KINEMATIC VISCOSITY IN SQUARE
FEET PER SECOND

SOLUTION
MODULE EXERCISE 15.04

COVERAGE:MANOMETRY AND PASCAL LAWS

1. ESTIMATE THE PRESSURE IN THE WATER PIPE

BELOW. THE MANOMETER IS OPEN TO THE
ATMOSTPHERE.

SOLUTION

POINT 1 = LOCATED AT THE LIQUID SURFACE OPEN TO

THE ATMOSPHERE

POINT 2 = LOCATED AT THE WATER PIPE

P2=P1 + ∆ P

P2=0+ ( 30 )( 0.30 )−( 9.81 ) ( 0.1 )=8.0 kPa

2. IF THE PRESSURE IN THE AIR SHOWN BELOW IS
INCREASED BY 10 kPa, FIND THE MAGNITUDE OF H
(INITIALLY H = 16 CM)

SOLUTION

POINT 1 = LOCATED AT THE SURFACE OF MERCURY OPEN

TO THE ATMOSPHERE

POINT 2 = LOCATED AT THE AIR INSIDE THE CONTAINER

INITIAL PRESSURE OF AIR INSIDED THE CONTAINER

P2=P1 + ∆ P

P2=0+ ( 13.6 ) ( 9.81 )(−0.16 )=−21.35 kPa

THE PRESSURE OF THE AIR INSIDE THE CONTAINER IS
INCREASED BY 10 kPa

P2 new =−21.35+10=−11.35 kPa

USING THE NEW PRESSURE OF THE AIR INSIDE THE

CONTAINER, SOLVE FOR H: (THE PRESSURE (GAUGE) AT
POINT 1 IS STILL ZERO SINCE IT IS OPEN TO THE
ATMOSPHERE)

P2 new =P1 +∆ Pnew

−11.35=0+ ( 13,6 )( 9.81 ) (−H )

H=0.085m=8.5 cm
3. THE PRESSURE IN THE FOOTHILLS OF THE
ROCKIES NEAR BOULDER, COLORADO IS 84 kPa.
THE PRESSURE, ASSUMING A CONSTANT
DENSITY OF 1.00 kg/m3, AT THE TOP OF A
NEARBY 4000-m HIGH MOUNTAIN IS CLOSET
TO____

SOLUTION

POINT 1 = LOCATED AT THE FOOTHILLS OF ROCKIES

POINT 2 = LOCATED AT THE TOP OF THE NEARBY

MOUNTAIN

P2=P1 + ∆ P

P2=84,000 Pa−(1.0)(9.81)( 4000)

P2=44,760 Pa=44.760 kPa
MODULE EXERCISE 15.05

COVERAGE: GAS LAWS

1. A SAMPLE OF GAS OCCUPIES 24 M3 AT 100 K.

DETERMINE ITS VOLUME AT 400 K.

SOLUTION

CHARLE’S LAW

V1 V2
=
T 1 T2

24 V2
=
100 400

V 2=96 m3
2. IF THE PRESSURE OF A 2.5 M3 SAMPLE OF GAS IS
1.50 ATM, WHAT VOLUME WILL THE GAS OCCUPY IF
THE PRESSURE IS CHARGED TO 7.50 ATM?

SOLUTION

P1 V 1=P2 V 2

1.50 ( 2.5 )=7.50 ( V 2 )

V 2=0.50m3
3. THE PRESSURE OF A GAS IN A TANK IS 324.24 kPaa at
295 K. DETERMINE THE GAS PRESSURE IF THE
TEMPERATURE IS RAISED TO 333 K.

SOLUTION

GAS-LUSSAC’S LAW

P 1 P2
=
T1 T 2

324.24 P2
=
295 333
P2=366 kPaa
MODULE EXERCISE 15.06 V 2−V 1 A ( L2− L1 ) ( L2−L1 )
= =
COVERAGE: COMPRESSIBILITY AND BULK MODULUS OF V1 A ( L1 ) ( L1 )
ELASTICITY
SOLVE FOR L2
1. AT STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE,
APPROXIMATELY WHAT PRESSURE IN MPA MUST BE −∆ P
E=
APPLIED TO WATER TO REDUCE ITS VOLUME BY 3%? ∆V
(E=2.34 GPA) ( )
VO
SOLUTION
−( 11.318−0 )
2,210 MPa=
STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE = 1 ATM = 101.325 L2 −500
kPa = 0.101325 MPa
500
−∆ P
E= L2=497.44 mm
∆V
( )
VO

−Pnew −0.101325 MPa

2340 MPa=
−0.33
Pnew =70.301 MPa
2. A RIGID CYLINDER, INSIDE DIAMETER 15 MM,
CONTAINS A COLUMN OF WATER 500 MM LONG.
WHAT WILL THE COLUMN LENGTH BE IF A FORCE OF
2 KN IS APPLIED TO ITS END BY A FRICTIONLESS
PLUNGER? (ASSUME NO LEAKAGEAND USE E=2210
MPa)

SOLUTION

INITIAL PRESSURE (P1) IS 0:

Force 2,000 N
P 2= = =11.318 MPa
Area π ( 15 )2
4
SINCE THE TUBE IS RIGID, THE AREA IS CONSTANT
MODULE EXERCISE 16.01

COVERAGE: HYDROSTATIC FORCES MODULE EXERCISE 16.02

1. A VERTICAL RECTANGULAR GATE 2M WIDE AND 3M COVERAGE: STABILITY ANALYSIS OF DAMS

HIGH HINGED AT THE TOP, HAS WATER ON ONE
SIDE. WHAT FORCE APPLIED AT THE BOTTOM OF 1. IN THE FIGURE SHOWN, FIND THE WIDTH B OF THE
THE GATE AT AN ANGLE OF 45 WITH THE VERTICAL CONCRETE DAM NECESSARY TO PREVENT THE DAM
IS REQUIRED TO OPEN THE GATE WHEN THE WATER FROM SLIDING. THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CONCRETE
SURFACE IS 1.5 M ABOVE THE TOP THE GATE? IS 2.4 AND THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION BETWEEN
THE BASE OF THE DAM AND THE FOUBDATION IS
SOLUTION 0.4. USE 1.5 AS THE FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST
SLIDING.

SOLITION

F w =γ w h́ A=9.81 ( 3 ) ( 3∗2 )=176.58 kN

3
Ig b d3 2( 3 )
e= ; I g= = =4.5
A ý 12 12
A=3∗2=6
ý= h́=3 m
4.5
e= =0.25
6 ( 3) W c =γ c V c

[ ∑ M HINGE−0 =0 ] cw+ F cos 45−F w ( 1.5+e )=0 W c =γ ( 2.4 ) [ b ( 6 )( 1 ) ]

F cos 45 ( 3 )−176.58 ( 1.75 )=0 W c =14.4 b γ

F=145 , .67 kN F=γ h́ A

F=γ ( 2.25 ) [ ( 4.5 )( 1 ) ]
F=10.125 γ
R x =F=10.125 γ

R y =W c

R y =14.4 b γ
 μ Ry
F S s=
Rx

0.4 (14.4 b γ )
1.5=
10.125 γ
b=2.637 m
MODULE EXERCISE 16.03

COVERAGE: BUOYANCY

1. A BLOCK OF WOOD 0.2 M THICK IS FLOATING IUN

SEAWATER. THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF WOOD IS 0.65
WHILE THAT IF SEAWATER IS 1.03. FIND THE
MINIMUM AREA OF A BLOCK THAT WILL SUPPORT A
MAN WEIGHING 80 KG.

SOLUTION

W WOOD =( 1000 x 0.5 ) ( 0.1 x 0.3 x 1.2 )

W WOOD =18 kg

W STEEL=5 kg
[ ∑ F v =0 ] B F WOOD=1000 ( 0.1 x 0.3 x d )
BF=W MAN +W WOOD B F WOOD=30 d
γ sw V WOOD=W MAN +γ WOOD V WOOD B F STEEL =1000 V STEEL
( 1000 X 1.03 ) V WOOD =80+ ( 1000 X 0.65 ) V WOOD W STEEL=( 1000∗7.85 ) V STEEL
V WOOD=0.2105 m3 =Area x 0.2 5=( 1000∗7.85 ) V STEEL
Area=1.05 m2 V STEEL =0.000637 m3
2. IF A 5-KG STEEL PLATE IS ATTACHED TO ONE END OF
B F STEEL =0.637 kg
A 0.1 M X 0.3 M X 1.2 M WOODEN POLE, WHAT IS
THE LENGTH OF THE POLE ABOVE WATER? USE W WOOD +W STEEL =B F STEEL + B F WOOD
SP.GR OF WOOD OF 0.50 AND THAT OF STEEL 7.85

SOLUTION
18+5=0.637+30 d
d=0.745 m
x=1.2−d
x=0.455 m
 Since M B o >G Bo M is above G

The body is stable

MODULE EXERCISE 16.04 2. A SOLID WOOD CYLINDER OF SPECIFC GRAVITY 0.6 IS
COVERAGE: STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES 600 MM IN DIAMETER AND 1200 MM HIGH. IF
PLACED VERTICALLY IN OIL. ( SP. GR = 0.85) WOULD
1. A PLASTIC CUBE OF SIDE L AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF IT BE STABLE?
0.82 IS PLACED VERTICALLY IN WATER. IS THE CUBE
STABLE? SOLUTION

SOLUTION

LET A = WATERLINE CROSS SECTION (CIRCLE)

W =BF
γ wood∗A ( H )=γ w ∗A ( D )

0.60
D= ( 1.2m )=0.847 m
0.85
1
M Bo =
THE BODY IS STABLE IF M IS ABOVE G V DF cos θ
CALCULATING THE DRAFT, D π
( 0.30 )4
W =BF 4
M Bo = 2
=0.02656 m
π ( 0.3 ) ( 0.847 )∗cos ( 0 )
γ plastic∗V plastic =γ water∗V DF
1
9.81 ( 0.82 ) ( L3) =9.81 ( L2 ) ( D ) G B o=0.6− ( 0.847 )
2
D=0.82 L G B o=0.1765 m
L ( L3 ) L2 Since M B o <G Bo the metacenter is below G
1 12 12
M Bo = = = =0.102 L Therefore , the body isunstable
V DF cos θ L2 ( D )∗cos ( 0 ) ( 0.82 L )

L D L 0.82 L
G B o= − = − =0.09 L
2 2 2 2
MODULE EXERCISE 17.01

COVERAGE: RELATIVE EQULIBRIUM OF FLUID -RECTILINEAR

MOTION

SITUATION
m
AN OPEN TANK 3 M BY 3 M IN HORIZONTAL SECTION WEIGHS a ' =1.71+ 4=5.71
3.6 KN AND CONTAINS WATER TO A DEPTH OF 1 M. IT IS s2
ACTED BY AN UNBALANCED FORCE OF 16 KN PARALLEL TO A
a ' 5.71
PAIR OF SIDES. tanθ '= =
g 9.81
1. DETERMINE THE ACCELERATION OF THE TANK
θ' =30.202 °
SOLUTION
1.261
REF=ma tanθ ' =
x
3,600
16,000= [ 9.81
+1000 ( 3 ) ( 3 )( 1 ) ] x=
1261
tan 30.202
=2.166<3 m , okay !

m
a=1.71 CALCULATE FIRST THE INITIAL VOLUME OF WATER, VwI
s2 AND THE FINAL VOLUME OF WATER Vwf

2. WHAT MYST BE THE HEIGHT OF THE TANK SO THAT V wi =1 (3 )( 3 )=9 m3

NO WATER WILL SPILL OUT?
1
SOLUTION V wf = ( 1.216 ) ( 2.166 ) ( 3 )=4.10 m3
2
FINALLY, VOLUME OF WATER SPILLED IS THE DIFFERENCE
OF THE INITIAL AND FINAL VOLUME OF WATER

V spill =9−4.10=4.90 m 3

4. A CLOSED RECTANGULAR TANK 4 M LONG 2 M

WIDE, AND 2 M HIGH IS FILLED WATER TO A DEPTH
OF 1.8 M. IF THE ALLOWABLE FORCE AT THE REAR
a 1.71 WALL OF THE TANK IS 200KN, HOW FAST CAN IT BE
tanθ= =
g 9.81 ACCELERATED HORIZONTALLY?

θ=9.877 ° SOLUTION

SINCE THERE IS NO WATER SPILLED, WE HAVE

y
tanθ=
x
y=150 tan 9.877=0.261m
h=1+0.261=1.261 m
3. IF THE ACCELERATION IS INCREASED BY 4 M/S2,
HOW MUCH WATER WILL BE SPILLED OUT?

SOLUTION
F= yhA
200=9.81(h)(2)(2)
h=5.097 m
IF THE ALLOWABLE FORCE AT THE REAR IS 200 KN, h
=5.907 m, THUS THE WATER LEVEL AT THE REAR
EXCEEDS THE TANK AS SHOWN.

4.097 y 4.097
tanθ= = ⟶ y= ⟶ Eq . 1
4−x x 4−x
THE TANK IS CLOSED, SO THERE IS NO WATERSPILLED

V air−i=V air−f

1
0.2 ( 4 )( 2 ) = xy ( 2 )
2

160= x ( 4.097 x
4− x )
⟶ x=1.0697 m

CALCULATING ANGLE FROM EQ. 1

4.097
tanθ= ⟶ θ=54.27 °
4−1.0697
a
tanθ=
g
m
a=9.81 tan 54.27 °=13.72
s2
MODULE EXERCISE 17.02

COVERAGE: RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF FLUIDS ROTATIONAL

MOTION

1. COMPUTE THE SPEED IN RPM OF A 1M DIAMETER

AND 3 M HIGH CYLINDER FULL OF WATER WHICH IS
ROTATED ABOUT ITS VERTICAL AXIS UNTIL 75 % OF
ITS VOLUME IS SPILLED OUT.

SOLUTION

BY SQUARE PROPERTY OF PARABOLA,

2
r 1 0.502 2 0.50
2
= ⟶ r 1= ( Eq .1 )
V water =π ( 0.52 ) ( 0.3 )=2.356 m3 y 1 3+ y 1 3+ y 1

V air =0.75 (2.356)=1.767 m 3 V air =V p −big−V p −small

LET’S ASSUME THAT THE VORTEX OF THE PARABOLOID IS 1 1

1.767= π ( 0.52 ) ( y 1 +3 ) − π r 21 ( y 1 )
ABOVE THE BASE OF THE CYLINDER. 2 2
SUBSTITUTING EQ. 1 TO THE EQUATION ABOVE,
2
1 1 0.50 y 1
1.767= π ( 0.52 ) ( y 1 +3 ) − π
2 2 (
3+ y 1
( y1 ) )
y 1=3 m , h=6 m
FINALLY,

1 w2 r 2
V air =V paraboloid = π ( 0.52 h )−1.767 h=
2 2g
h=4.5 m<3 m, assumption invalid w2 ( 0.502 )
6=
NOW, LET’S ASSUME THE VORTEX TO BE BELOW THE 2 ( 9.81 )
BASE,
rad 30
w=21.70
s π ( )
=207.22 rpm

2.
MODULE EXERCISE 19.01 m
v=4.51
COVERAGE: UNIFORM FLOW
s

SITUATION 2. CALCULATE THE FLOW RATE IN THE OPEN CHANNEL

SOLUTION
A 9M DIAMETER CONCRETE CULVERT CARRIES 3M DEPTH OF
WATER. THE CULVERT HAS ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT N = Q= Av
0.014 AND LAID ON A SLOPE OF 1 M PER 500 M.
m
1. CALCULATE THE VELOCITY OF FLOW IN THE CULVERT
(
Q=18.563 m 2 4.51
s )
SOLUTION
m3
Q=83.719
s
3. DETERMINE THE BOUNDARY SHEAR STRESS

SOLUTION

τ =γRs

N 18.563 m2
τ =9810 ( )(
m3 11.079 m )( 5001 )
τ =32.875 Pa

2 1
1
v= R 3 s 2
n
A
R=
P
θ 1.5
cos =
2 4.5
θ=141.06

π ( 4.5 )2 (141.06) 1
A= − ( 4.5 )2 sin ( 141.06 )
360 2

A=18.563 m2

2 π ( 4.5 )2 ( 141.06 )
P= =11.079 m
360
2 1
1
v= R 3 s 2
n
2 1
1 18.563 1
v= (
0.014 11.079 )( )3
500
2
MODULE EXERCISE 19.02 m
v=3.50
COVERAGE: CRITICAL FLOW
s

SITUATION 3.502
E= + 2.5
2 ( 9.81 )
A TRIANGULAR CHANNEL IS TO CARRY A MAXIMUM
DISCHARGE OF 10 M3/S. IF SIDES OF THE TRIANGULAR E=3.125 m
CHANNEL HAVE THE SAME SIDE SLOPE AND THE CRITICAL
DEPTH THAT CORRESPONDS TO THE MAXIMUM DISCHARGE 3. CALCULATE THE CRITICAL SLOPE IF N=0.013
IS 2.5.
SOLUTION
1. DETERMINE THE VERTEX ANGLE OF THE CHANNEL.
m
v=3.50
SOLUTION s
2 1
1
v= R 3 s 2
n
1
A= ( 2.285 )( 2.5 ) =2.856 m 2
2

2.285 2
P=2
√( 2 ) +2.52 =5.497 m

2 1
1 2.856 3 2
Q A
g
=
B
2 3 3.50=
0.013 5.497 [
(s ) ]
3
s=0.00496
1
10 2
=
2 [
( B ) ( dc ) ] 4.

9.81 B
3
1
10 2
=
2 [
( B ) ( 2.5 ) ]
9.81 B
B=2.285 m
θ B 1.1425
tan ()
2
= =
2 2.5
dc
θ=49.12 °
2. CALCULATE THE MINIMUM SPECIFIC ENERGY

SOLUTION

v2
E= +d
2g C
Q 10
v= =
A 1
(2.285)( 2.5)
2
MODULE EXERCISE 19.03
Q2 B
COVERAGE: FROUDE NUMBER

SITUATION
FN =
√ A3 g

( 54.91 )2 (7)
A CONCRETE CANAL WITH N=0.014 IS LAID ON A SLOPE OF
0.0005. CONSIDERING THE FIGURE SHOWING THE SECTION
FN =
√ ( 24 )3 (9.81)
CANAL. FN=0.395<1.0 (subcritical flow )
MODULE EXERCISE 19.04

COVERAGE: HYDRAULIC JUMP

SITUATION

WATER FLOWING IN A RECTANGULAR CHANNEL UNDERGOES

A HYDRAULIC JUMP. IF THE DEPTH AFTER THE JUMP IS TWICE
THE DEPTH BEFORE THE JUMP AND THE HEAD LOST IS 0.25 M

1. DETERMINE THE DEPTH BEFORE THE JUMP

SOLUTION
1. CALCULATE THE FLOW CAPCITY IN M3/S.
q2 d 1 d2 (d1 + d2 )
SOLUTION =
g 2
2 1
A q2 d 1 (2 d 1)(d 1 +2 d 1)
Q= R 3 s 2 =
3
=3 d 1
n g 2

A=( 3 x 7 ) + ( 12 x 4 x 1.5)=24 m 2
h
l
v2
( v2
)(
= 1 + d 1 − 2 +d 2
2g 2g )
P=3 ( 3 )+2 √ 1.52 +22=14 m q q
v1 = v 2=
24 24 2 1 d1 d2
Q=
0.014 14 ( ) 3
( 0.0005 )2
q 2 q 2

Q=54.91
m3
s
h
l
= ( ( ) ) (( ) )
d1
2g
+d 1 −
d2
2g
+d 2

2. CALCULATE THE SPECIFIC ENERGY.

q2 q2
0.25= +d 1 − +d 2
SOLUTION 2 g d 21 2 g d 22
v2 3 d 31 3 d 31
E= +d 0.25=
2g C 2
+d 1 − 2
+d 1
2 g d1 2 g d1
Q 54 m
v= = =2.29 1
A 24 s d =0.25
8 1
2.292
E= + 4.5 d 1=2 m
2 ( 9.81 )
2. DETERMINE THE UNIT DISCHARGE IN THE
E=4.77 m RECTANGULAR CHANNEL
3. CALCULATE THE FROUDE NUMBER SOLUTION
SOLUTION
 q2 3 d=1.268m
=3 d 1
g b=2.535 m
3
q=√ 3 d (g)1 2. A TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL HAS N=0.20 AND
S=0.0004 AND IS MADE IN THE SHAPE OF A
q=√ 3 ( 23 ) (9.81) TRAPEZOID FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY. FOR WHAT
LENGTH OF SIDE WILL THE CHANNEL CARRY 250
m3 FT3/S OF WATER?
s
q=15.34 SOLUTION
m
3. DETERMINE THE FROUDE NUMBER AFTER THE JUMP

SOLUTION

v
FN =
√ gd
q

FN =
( ) d2
√ g d2
2 1
15.34 1.486 A 3 2
FN =
( 4 ) =0.612 Q=
n
R s

√ 9.81(4 ) y +2 y
A= ¿
MODULE EXERCISE 19.05 2
COVERAGE: MOST EFFICIENT SECTIONS 250=(1.486)¿ ¿
1. DETERMINE THE DEPTH OF THE MOST EFFICIENT y=7.64 ft
RECTANGULAR CHANNEL (N=0.015 IF IT IS TO CARRY
5M3/S OF WATER IN UNIFROM FLOW WITH S
=0.001 ?
3. IN ORDER TO PROVIDE WATER FROM A NEARBY
SOLUTION SPRING, A TRIANGULAR FLUME OF EFFICIENT CROSS
SECTION WAS PROVIDED ON A SLOPE OF 0.15
PERCENT. ASSUMING THE ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT
OF THE CHANNEL EQUAL TO 0.020, OBTAIN THE
DEPTH OF FLOW IN METER(S) OF THE WATER IN THE
FLUME IF IT IS DISCHARGING AT THE RATE OF 2
CU.M/SEC

2 1
A 3 2
Q= R s
n
d
A=2 d2 P=4 d R=
2
1
2d 2 d 2
5=
0.015 2 ( ) ( 0.001)
3 2
 SOLUTION BY THE JET ON THE VANE IF THE VANE IS MOVING 10
M/S ALONG (AWAY FROM) THE HORIZONTAL JET.
1 A d2 d
A= ( d )( 2 d )=d2 P=2 d √ 2 R= = = SOLUTION
2 P 2 d √2 2 √2
2 1
A 3 2
Q= R s
n

1
d2 2
d
2= ( )
0.020 2 √2
3
( 0.0015 ) 2

∆ F=ρQ ∆ v
d=1.313m
MODULE EXERCISE 19.06
F HD =ρQ ' ∆ υ

COVERAGE: FORCES ON VANES F HD =ρQ ' (υ1 −υ2 )

1. A SMALL GOLD INGOT AND PLATFORM REST ON A
STEADY WATER JET RISING VERTICALLY UPWARD. IF
THE TOTAL WEIGHT (GOLD INGOT + PLATFORM) IS
825 N, WHAT IS THE JET VELOCITY RIGHT BEFORE
F HD =( 1000 )( 0.8 ) ( π4 )( 0.10 ) ( 10−10 ) ( 10−(−10) )=0 kN
2

IMPACT IF IT HAS A DIAMETER OF 60 MM?

SOLUTION
MODULE EXERCISE 19.07

COVERAGE: FORCES ON PRESSURIZED PIPES

1. WATER UNDER A PRESSURE OF 450 KPA ABSOLUTE,

FLOW WITH A VELOCITY OF 3M/S THROUGH A
RIGHT-ANGLE BEND HAVING A UNIFORM DIAMETER
OF 300 MM. THE BEND LIES A HORIZONTAL PLANE,
WATER ENTERS FROM THE WEST AND LEAVES
TOWARDS THE NORTH. CONSIDER THE
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS 101.3 KPA. ASSUMING
NO DROP IN PRESSURE, DETERMINE THE RESULTANT
FORCE ACTING UPON THE BLEND.

SOLUTION
∆ F=ρQ ∆ v
∆ F=ρQ ∆ υ
F HD =ρQ (υ1 −υ2 )
HYDROSTATIC FORCES
SINCE THE GOLD INGOT AND PLATFORM SHOULD BE

( π4 ) ( 0.30 ) =24.648 kN
PREVENTED FROM FALLING DOWN, THE FORCE EXERTED 2
BY THE JET SHOULD COUNTERACT THE WEIGHT. F 1=F2= pA=( 450−101.3 )

825−( 1000 ) ( π4 )( 0.06 ) (υ ) (υ −0)

2
1 1

m
υ 1=17.08
s
2. A HORIZONTAL JET OF OIL (S=0) HAVING A
DIAMETER OF 100 MM AND A VELOCITY OF 10 M/S
IS DEFLECTED THROUGHT AN ANGLE OF 180
DEGREES BY VANE. DETERMINE THE FORCE EXERTED
MODULE EXERCISE 20.01

COVERAGE: SOIL PARTICLE SIZE CLASSIFICATION

SITUATION

A SAMPLE OF 250 G OF DRY COARSE-GRAINED MATERIAL

WAS SHAKEN THROUGH A SET OF SIEVES. THE FOLLOWING
61.4
DATA ARE OBTAINED. % passin g 100 = ∗100 %=24.56 %
250
5. CALCULATE D10

SOLUTION

D10=10 ^x =0.08925 mm
6. CALCULATE Cc

SOLUTION
1. CALCULATE THE CMR OF SIEVE 20
MODE 3:4
SOLUTION
D 10=0.08925 mm
CALCULATING D30 AND D60, WE OBATAINED

D30=0.19274 mm

D60=0.69606 mm
2
CM R20=25.5+ 36.8+24.7=87 g ( D30 )
C c= =0.598
2. CALCULATE THE CMP OF SIEVE NO. 200 D60 D10

SOLUTION 7. CALCULATING Cu

SOLUTION

MODE 3:4

D10=0.08925 mm

D30=0.19274 mm
CM R200 =250−25.5−36.8−24.7−45.1−56.5−48.6=CM PD100 −48.6=12.8
=0.69606 mmg
60
3. CALCULATE THE PERCENT PASSING OF SIEVE NO. 10
D60
C u= =7.80
SOLUTION D10
SITUATION

187.7
% passin g 10= ∗100 %=75.08 %
250
4. CALCULATE THE PERCENT FINER OF SIEVE NO.100

SOLUTION
A SEDIMENTATION TEST IS PERFORMED TO KNOW THE
PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FINE GRAINED SOILS.

BY USDA,

GRAVEL (>2mm) = 0%

SAND (2 – 0.05 mm) = 100-91.626 = 8.374 %

SILT (0.05 – 0.002 mm) = 91.626 – 41.584 = 50.042 %

CLAY (<0.002 mm) = 41.584 %

8. DETERMINE THE PERCENTAGE OF GRAVEL, SAND
AND SILT, AND CLAY USING AASHTO.
MODULE EXERCISE 20.02
SOLUTION
COVERAGE: WEIGHT-VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS

1. THE POROSITY OF A SOIL IS 0.35 AND Gs=2.69.

DETERMINE THE SATURATED UNIT WEIGHT.

SOLUTION
BY AASHTO,
e
n=
GRAVEL (76.2 – 2 mm) = 0% 1+ e
SAND (2 – 0.075 mm) = 100-93.212 = 6.788% e
0.35=
SILT (0.075 – 0.002 mm) = 93.212 – 41.584 = 51.628 % 1+ e

CLAY (<0.002 mm) = 41.584 % e=0.54

9. DETERMINE THE PERCENTAGE OF GRAVEL, SAND Gs + e
γ sat = γ
SILT AND CLAY USING USCS 1+ e w
SOLUTION 2.69+0.54
γ sat = (9.81)
1+0.54
3
γ sat =20.58 kN /m
2. THE POROSITY OF A SOIL IS 0.35 AND Gs=2.69.
DETERMINE THE BUOYANT UNIT WEIGHT.

SOLUTION

BY USCS, γ =γ sat −γ water

GRAVEL (76.2 – 4.75 mm) = 0% γ =20.58−9.81=10.77 kN /m3
SAND (4.75 – 0.075 mm) = 100-93.212 = 6.788% 3. THE POROSITY OF A SOIL IS 0.35 AND GS=2.69.
DETERMINE THE MOISTURE CONTENT WHEN THE
FINE (<0.075 mm) = 93.212 %
MOIST UNIT WEIGHT IS 17.5 KN/M3
10. DETERMINE THE PERCENTAGE OF GRAVEL, SAND
SOLUTION
SILT AND CLAY USING USCS
γ
SOLUTION γ dry =
1+ ω
 G s γ ω 2.69∗9.81 1736∗9.81
γ dry = = =17.14 γ wet = =17.03 kN /m 3
1+ e 1+0.54 1000

17.5 γ wet 17.03 3

17.14= γ dry = = =13.1 kN /m
1+ ω 1+ ω 1+ 0.30
ω=0.021∨21% 8. A DRY SOIL IS MIXED WITH 30% BY MASS WITH
WATER AND COMPACTED. VOLUME OF WET SOIL IS
4. THE FIELD WEIGHT OF SOIL SAMPLE IS 1900 KG/M 3 0.00144 CUBIC METER HAS A MASS OF 2.5 KG. IF
AND THE UNIT WEIGHT OF THE SOIL PARTICLE IS THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL IS 2.70, COMPUTE ITS
2600 KG/M3. COMPUTE THE DRY UNIT WEIGHT IF VOID RATIO.
THE MOISTURE CONTENT IS 11.5 %
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
G S γω
γ moist 1900 3 γ dry =
γ dry = = =1704 kg/m 1+e
1+ ω 1+ 0.115
2.7(9.81)
5. THE FIELD WEIGHT OF SOIL SAMPLE IS 1900 KG/M 3 13.1= ; e=1.02
AND THE UNIT WEIGHT OF THE SOIL PARTICLE IS
1+e
2600 KG/M3. COMPUTE THE VOID RATIO. 9. A DRY SOIL IS MIXED WITH 30% BY MASS WITH
WATER AND COMPACTED. VOLUME OF WET SOIL IS
SOLUTION
0.00144 CUBIC METER HAS A MASS OF 2.5 KG. IF
γS 2600 THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL IS 2.70, COMPUTE ITS
GS = = =2.6 DEGREE OF SATURATION.
1000 1000
SOLUTION
1704∗9.81
γ dry = =16.72 kN /m3
1000 ωG S 0.30(2.7)
S= = =79.4 %
G S γω e 1.02
γ dry =
1+e 10. THE RATIO OF THE WIEGHT OF GIVEN VOLUME OF
SOIL SOLIDS TO WEIGHT OF AN EQUAL VOLUME OF
2.6∗9.81
16.72= ; e=0.525 DISTILLED WATER AT THE GIVEN TEMPERATURE, IS
1+e KNOWN AS.
6. THE FIELD WEIGHT OF SOIL SAMPLE IS 1900 KG/M3
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
AND THE UNIT WEIGHT OF THE SOIL PARTICLE IS
2600 KG/M3. COMPUTE THE RATIO OF WATER
VOLUME TO VOID VOLUME.

SOLUTION

Vw/Vv IS BASICALLY THE DEGREE OF SATURATION, S.

ω G S 11.5∗2.6
S= = =57 %
e 0.525
7. A DRY SOIL IS MIXED WITH 30% BY MASS WITH
WATER AND COMPACTED. VOLUME OF WET SOIL IS
0.00144 CUBIC METER HAS A MASS OF 2.5 KG. IF
THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL IS 2.70, COMPUTE ITS
DRY UNIT WEIGHT.

SOLUTION

M 2.5
ρwet = = =1736 kg/m 3
V 0.00144
MODULE EXERCISE 21.01 WATER CONTENT @ TEST 2

COVERAGE: ATTERBERG LIMITS AND SOIL INDICES 21.84−20.19

w= =0.23538
SITUATION
20.19−13.18
23.129+ 23.538
THE FOLLOWING DATE SHOWS THE LIQUID LIMIT AND PL= =23.33 %
PLASTIC LIMIT 2
PI =¿−PL=43.23−23.33=19.9 %
3. CALCULATE THE LIQUIDITY INDEX

SOLUTION

WATER CONTENT @ TEST 1

17.53−14.84
w= =0.38429
14.84−7.84
WATER CONTENT @ TEST 2

16.97−14.36
w= =0.38047
14.36−7.50
38.429+ 38.047
w ave = =38.24 %
2
w−PL
LI = =0.75
¿−PL
4. THE WATER CONTENT TO WHICH THE CONSISTENCY
1. CALCULATE THE LIQUID LIMIT OF THE SOIL.
OF THE SOIL REACHES THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN
SOLUTION THE PLASTIC STATE AND THE SEMI SOLID STATE.

WATER CONTENT @ TEST 1, NO. OF BLOWS = 39 PLASTIC LIMIT

22.34−19.44
w= =0.41791
19.44−12.74
WATER CONTENT @ TEST 2, NO. OF BLOWS = 23

21.19−18.78
w= =0.43502
18.78−13.24
MODE3:4

X Y
39 41.791
23

25 ^y =43.23 %=¿
2. CALCULATE THE PLASTICITY INDEX

SOLUTION

WATER CONTENT @ TEST 1

22.12−20.42
w= =0.23129
20.42−13.07
MODULE EXERCISE 21.02 SR
2.60=
COVERAGE: ATTERBERG LIMITS AND SOIL INDICES
1−0.15 SR

1. THE MOISTURE CONTENT TO WHICH NO FURTHER m1

SR=1.871= ⟶ m2 =1.871V 2
CHANGE IN THE VOLUME OF THE OSIL OCCURS AS V 2 ( 1)
THE WATER CONTENT IS FURTHER DECREASED
m1 −m 2 ( V 1−V 2 ) ( 1 )
SHRINKAGE LIMIT SL= −
m2 m2
SITUATION
150−V 2
A LABORATORY TEST WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE
0.15=0.25− (1)
( 1.871 V 2 )
SHRINKAGE LIMIT OF A SOIL SAMPLE. THE FOLLOWING DATA
WERE OBTAINED V 2=126.36 c m3
MASS OF DISH = 13.5 G

MASS OF DISH PLUS WET SOPIL = 38.75 G

MASS OF DISH PLUS OVEN DRIED SOIL = 33.17 G

VOLUME OF SHRINKAGE DISH = 13.25 CC

VOLUME OF OVEN DRIED SOIL PAT = 11.90 CC

2. CALCULATE THE SHRINKAGE LIMIT

SOLUTION

m 1=38.75−13.35=25.40 g

m 2=33.17−13.35=19.82 g

m1 −m 2 V 1−V 2
SL= − ρw
m2 m2
SL=0.21342
3. CALCULATE THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE SOIL

SOLUTION

m2
SR= =1.666
V 2 ρw
SR
GS= =2.58
1−SRSL
4. A SATURATED 150 CM3 CLAY SAMPLE HAS NATURAL
WATER CONTENT OF 25%. IT IS FOUND THAT THE
SHRINKAGE LIMI OCCURS WHEN THE WATER
CONTENT IS 15%. IF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL
IS 2.6

SOLUTION

SR
GS=
1−SRSL
MODULE EXAM 1 CHARGES $10 PLUS $8.50 PER HOUR TO RENT THE
ROTOTILLER. FOR WHICH RENTAL PERIOD (IN
1. WHAT IS THE DOMAIN OF THE FUNCTION?
HOURS) IS IT CHEAPER TO RENT FROM AGENCY R?
1
f ( x )= SOLUTION
√ x 2+ 4
LET X = NUMBER OF HOURS
SOLUTION

TO GET REAL VALUES OF Y, THE TERM IN THE R=12.50+ 8 x

DENOMINATOR SHOUKLD NOT BE EQUAL TO ZERO. S=10+ 8.5 x
THUS, NUMBER OF HOURS SUCH THAT RENTING AGENCY R IS
2 CHEAPER THAN S
x +4
THE SOLUTION SET IN THIS INEQUALITY ARE ALL REAL
R< S
NUMBERS OR (-∞,+∞) 12.50+8 x <10+8.5 x
∴ ALL REAL NUMBERS 2.50<0.5 x
3 2
2. DETERMINE THE TERM INVOLVING y z IN THE
x >5 days
EXPANSION (3x2+2y+z2)4
∴ 6 days
SOLUTION

TO GET THE TERM INVOLVING y3z2, THE TERM MUST

HAVE

y 3 z2 =(2 y)(2 y )(2 y)( z 2)

THUS, TO GET THE COEFFICENT

4! 0
( 2 y )3 ( z ) ( 3 x 2 ) =32 y 3 z
3! 10 !
∴ 32
3. KERRY MAKES $11.00 PER HOUR WORKING IN A
FAST-FOOD RESTAURANT. HE ALSO DOES LAWN
JOBS THAT NET HIM $175 PER WEEK. FIND THE
MINIMUM NUMBER OF HOURS HE MUST WORK IN
THE RESTAURANT IN ORDER TO EARN ENOUGH TO
PAY HIS CAR INSURANCE PREMIUM OF $1,128.00.
THE PREMIUM IS DUE IN THREE WEEKS AND HE HAS
SAVED NOTHING TO DATE.

SOLUTION

TO PAY HIS CAR INSURANCE, HE MUST HAVE AN INCOME

OF $1,128

LET X = NUJMBER OF HOURS HE MUST WORK.

Income=11 x+175 ( 3 )
11 x+ 175 (3 ) ≥ 1218
x ≥ 63 hours
4. RENTAL AGENCY R CHARGES $12.50 PLUS $8 PER
HOUR TO RENT A ROTOILLER. RENTAL AGENCY S
MODULE EXERCISE 41.01

COVERAGE: WORKING STRESS DESIGN PRINCIPLES

1. SITUATION
GIVEN A SIMPLE BEAM WITH SECTION SHOWN IS
REINFORCED WITH 4-25 MM DIAMETER BARS AT
THE BOTTOM AND HAS A SIMPLE SPAN OF 6 M. IT
CARRIES A UNIFORM LOAD OF 10 KN/M AND A
CONCENTRATED LOAD OF 20 KN AT THE MIDSPAN.
TAKE UNIT WEIGHT OF CONCRETE TO BE 24 KN/M^3

F’c = 28 MPa
Fy=278 MPa 200000
n= =8
4700 √28
Q C =QT

1 5 kd π
( ) ( )
2 8
kd ( kd )
3
=8 ( 4 )
4 ()
(25 )2 ( 720−kd )

kd =373.76 mm
2. SITUATION
GIVEN A SIMPLE BEAM WITH SECTION SHOWN IS
REINFORCED WITH 4-25 MM DIAMETER BARS AT
THE BOTTOM AND HAS A SIMPLE SPAN OF 6 M. IT
CARRIES A UNIFORM LOAD OF 10 KN/M AND A
CONCENTRATED LOAD OF 20 KN AT THE MIDSPAN.
SOLUTION TAKE UNIT WEIGHT OF CONCRETE TO BE 24 KN/M^3

F’c = 28 MPa
Fy=278 MPa

USING RATIO AND PROPORTION

500 B
=
800 kd
DETERMINE THE CRACKED MOMENT OF INERTIA IN
5 ( kd )
B= X 106 MM4.
8
SOLUTION
I cr =I C + I T
 5
I =
( 8
( 373.76 ) ) (373.76 )
3

π
+8 ( 4 ) ( ) ( 25 ) ( 720−373.76 )
2 2
cr
12 4
I cr =2899.52 X 106 m m 4
3. SITUATION
GIVEN A SIMPLE BEAM WITH SECTION SHOWN IS
REINFORCED WITH 4-25 MM DIAMETER BARS AT
THE BOTTOM AND HAS A SIMPLE SPAN OF 6 M. IT
CARRIES A UNIFORM LOAD OF 10 KN/M AND A
CONCENTRATED LOAD OF 20 KN AT THE MIDSPAN.
TAKE UNIT WEIGHT OF CONCRETE TO BE 24 KN/M^3

F’c = 28 MPa DETERMINE THE ACTUAL STRESS OF CONCRETE IN

Fy=278 MPa MPa.
SOLUTION
1 kN
w b= ( 0.5 ) ( 0.8 ) ( 24 ) =4.8
2 m
2
( 10+4.8 )( 6 ) 20 ( 6 )
M= + =96.6 kNm
8 4
96.6 x 106 (373.76)
f c=
2899.52 X 106
f c =12.45 MPa
5. REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM SECTIONS IN WHICH
THE TENSION STEEL AND CONCRETE REACHES
FAILURE STRAIN SIMULTANEOUSLY.

DETERMINE THE ACTUAL STRESS OF STEEL IN MPA.

BALANCED CONDITION

SOLUTION SITUATION
1 kN
w b= ( 0.5 ) ( 0.8 ) ( 24 ) =4.8 THE BEAM HAS A SIMPLE SPAN OF 4 METERS AND CARRIES A
2 m SUPPER IMPOSED LOAD 25 KN/M. USE fc=9 MPa, fs=124
2
( 10+4.8 )( 6 ) 20 ( 6 ) MPa, n=10
M= + =96.6 kNm
8 4
6
fs 96.6 X 10 (720−373.76)
=
8 2899.52 X 106
f s=92.28 MPa

4. SITUATION
GIVEN A SIMPLE BEAM WITH SECTION SHOWN IS
REINFORCED WITH 4-25 MM DIAMETER BARS AT
THE BOTTOM AND HAS A SIMPLE SPAN OF 6 M. IT
CARRIES A UNIFORM LOAD OF 10 KN/M AND A
CONCENTRATED LOAD OF 20 KN AT THE MIDSPAN.
TAKE UNIT WEIGHT OF CONCRETE TO BE 24 KN/M^3

F’c = 28 MPa
Fy=278 MPa
6. DETERMINE THE MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE
COMPOSITE SECTION
 SOLUTION
kd π π
200 ( kd )
2 ()
+ ( 2 ( 10 )−1 ) ( 2 )
4 ()
( 20 )2 ( kd −60 )=10 ( 2 )
4
( 32 )2 ( 390−kd )
kd =159.09 mm
200 ( kd )3 π π
I cr =
3 ()
+ ( 2 ( 10 )−1 ) ( 2 )
4 ()
( 20 )2 ( kd−60 )2+ 10 ( 2 )
4
( 32 )2 ( 390−kd )2

I cr =1243.29 x 106 mm 4
7. DETERMINE THE MOMENT CAPACITY OF THE
CONCRETE.

SOLUTION
M c (159.09)
9=
1243.29 x 10 6

M c =70.33 kNm
8. DETERMINE THE MOMENT CAPACITY OF THE
COMPRESSION STEEL.

. SOLUTION
124 M s (159.09−60)
=
2 ( 10 ) 1243.29 x 106

M s=77.79 kNm
9. DETERMINE THE MOMENT CAPACITY OF THE
TENSION STEEL.

124 M s (159.09−60)
=
( 10 ) 1243.29 x 10 6

M s=66.77 kNm
MODULE EXAM 14 k
1. FIVE VEHICLES PASS A SECTION A AT INTERVALS OF
(
q=k (v f ) 1−
kj )
3,4,3 AND 5 SEC RESPECTIVELY. THE VEHICLES
k
SPEEDS ARE 50, 45, 40, 35 AND 30 KPH
RESPECTIVELY. DETERMINE THE TRAFFIC DENSISTY. (
q=k ( 60 ) 1−
240 )
SOLUTION k
SPACE MEAN SPEED
3344=k ( 60 ) 1− ( 240 )
5 k =88 veh /km
v s= =38.7 kph
1 1 1 1 1 DETERMINE THE SPACE MEAN SPEED
+ + + +
50 45 40 35 30
TAFFIC FLOW
( kk )
v=v f 1−
j
t=3+ 4+3+5=15 sec
88
q=
5 vehicles
15
=0.333 veh /sec
v=60 1−( 240 )
v=38 kph
CONVERT VEH/SEC TO VEH/HR
3. INTRODUCED A SET OF NOTATIONS WHICH HAVE
q=1200 veh /hr BECOME STANDARD IN THE LITERATURE OF
TRAFFIC DENSITY QUEUING MODELS. A GENERAL QUEUING SYSTEM IS
DENOTED BY a/b/n
q=kv
KENDALL
1200=k ( 3.87 ) 4. SCHEDULES MAINTENACE WILL CLOSE TWO OF THE
FOUR WESTBOUND LANES OF A FREEWAY DURING
k =31 veh /km
ONE WEEKDAY FOR THE PERIOD FROM 9:00 AM TO
2. A PORTION OF THE EXTENSION OF SLEX HAS A FREE 4:00 PM. THE DEMAND ON THE TWO LANES ARE AS
FLOW SPEED OF 60 KPH AND A CAPACITY OF 3600 FOLLOWS:
VEH/HR. IF IN A GIVEN HOUR, 3344 VEHICLES WERE
SOLUTION
COUNTERED AT A SPECIFIED POINT ALONG THIS
HIGHWAY, DETERMINE THE SPACE MEAN SPEED OF
THESE 3344 VEHICLES

SOLUTION

vf k j
q=
4
60 k j
3600=
4
veh
k j=240 5. SCHEDULES MAINTENACE WILL CLOSE TWO OF THE
km FOUR WESTBOUND LANES OF A FREEWAY DURING
DETERMINE THE TRAFFIC DENSITY ONE WEEKDAY FOR THE PERIOD FROM 9:00 AM TO
4:00 PM. THE DEMAND ON THE TWO LANES ARE AS
k FOLLOWS:
( )
v=v f 1−
kj SOLUTION

q=kv
 Q max =160−80=80 vehicles
7. 2. IN HOW MANY MINUTES WILL QUEUE DISSIPATE?

SOLUTION

LET T – MINUTES

6. VEHICLES ARRIVE AT AN ENTRANCE TO A TOLL GATE

ON AN EXPRESSWAY. THERE IS A SINGLE GATE (AT
WHICH ALL VEHICLES MUST STOP, WHERE A TOLL
ATTENDANT DISTRIBUTES THE TICKET. THE VEHICLES
ARRIVE AT A RATE OF 8 VEH/MIN. AFTER 20
MINUTES THE ARRIVAL FLOW DECLINES TO 2
VEH/MIN, AND IT CONTINUES AT THAT LEVEL FOR
THE RENAIINDER OF THE DAY. IF THE TIME
REQUIRED TO DISTRIBUTE THETICKET IS 15 THE TIME TO DISSIPATES THE QUEUE IS T WHEN TOTAL
SECONDS. ARRIVALS EQUAL TO THE TOTAL DEPARTURE.
1. DETERMINE THE MAXIMUM QUEUE LENGTH
Q=O
λ t=μt
SOLUTION
BASED ON THE GRAPH, THE QUEUE WILL DISSIPATE
FOR THE MAXIMUM QUEU LENGTH (REFER TO THE
FIGURE) SOMEWHERE AFTER 20 MINS

LET T-MINUTES 160+2 ( T −20 )=4 t

t=60 mins
8. 3. DETERMINE THE TOTAL DELAY DUE TO QUEQUE

SOLUTION

FOR THE TOTAL DELAY (REFER TO THE FIGURE)

THE LONGEST VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THE

ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE CURVES IS FOUND AT 20
MINUTES

Q20=Qmax =λ 20−μ20

veh Total Delay =Area Between Arrival∧Departure Curve

( min
λ 20=8 t= 8 ) ( 20 min )=160 vehicles 1
Total Delay = ( 20 mins ) + ( 80 veh )+ 1/2 ( 40 mins ) (80 veh)
veh 2
μ =4 t=( 4
min )
20 ( 20 min )=80 vehicles
Total Delay =2400 veh−min
9. FOR THE TABLE SHOWN

SOLUTION

PEAK HOUR VOLUME IS THE SUM OF THE VOLUME IN

THE PEAK HOUR

PHV =890 vehicles

PEAK HOUR FACTOR THEREFORE:

890 vehicles
PHV =
60 mins
310 x (
15 mins )
PHV =0.718
10. DETERMINE THE DEISGN HOURLY VOLUME FOR THE
TRAFFIC DATA PROVIDED

SOLUTION

DEISGN HOURLY VOLUME

PFV
DHV =
PHF
890 veh
DHV =
0.718
DHV =1240 vehicles
MODULE EXAM 17 d+ y
tanθ=
1. AN UNBALANCED VERTICAL FORCE OF 270 N
4
UPWARD ACCELERATES A VOLUME 0.044 CU. M OF y d+ y
WATER. THE WATER IS 0.90 M DEEP IN A =
x 4
CYLINDRICAL TANK. WHAT IS THE FORCE ACTING ON
THE BOTTOM TANK? 4
x=
SOLUTION 4.097+ y

V = Ah 1 4y
4 x 0.2= (
2 4.097+ y
y)
0.044= A ( 0.90 )
y=1.496 m<2 m
A=0.0489 m2
∴ Assumption is correct !
F=Pb A
4.097+1.496
tanθ=
F=14355 ( 0.0489 ) 4
F=702 N θ=54.43°
2. A CLOSED RECTANGULAR TANK 4 M LONG, 2 M a
WIDE , AND 2 M HIGH IS FILLED WITH WATER TO tanθ=
g
DEPTH OF 1.8 M. IF ALLOWABLE FORCE AT THE REAR
WALL OF THE TANK 200 KN, HOIW FAST CAN IT BE a
tan54.43=
ACCELERATED HORIZONTALLY? 9.81
SOLUTION m2
a=13.72
s
3. AN UNBALANCED VERTICAL FORCE OF 270 N
UPWARD ACCELERATES A VOLUME 0.044 CU. M. THE
WATER IS 0.90 M DEEP IN A CYLINDRICAL TANK.
WHAT IS THE ACCELERATION OF THE TANK?

SOLUTION

F=γ h́ A

200=9.81 d + ( 22 ) ( 2 x 2 )
d=4.097 m
ASSUME VOLUME OF AIR TO BE TRIUANGULAR

V Ai =V Af

1 W w =0.044( 9810)
4 x 0.2= xy
2 W w =431.64 N
FROM THE FIGURE
F=ma
y
tanθ= w
x F= a
g
 431.64 8 RAD/S. ASSUME THAT THE FLUID IS
270 N= a
9.81 INCOMPRESSIBLE. WHAT WILL BE THE HEIGHT OF
THE FLUID ON THE LEFT LEG WHEN ROTATED?
m2
a=6.14
s
4. WHEN THE U-TUBE IS NOT ROTATED, THE WATER
STANDS IN THE TUBE AS SHOWN. THE TUBE IS
ROTATED ABOUT THE ECCENTRIC AXIS AT A RATE OF
8 RAD/S. ASSUME THAT THE FLUID IS
INCOMPRESSIBLE. WHAT WILL BE THE HEIGHT OF
THE FLUID ON THE LEFT LEG WHEN ROTATED?
SOLUTION

SOLUTION

r 21 ω 2 r 22 ω 2
z 1− =z2 −
2g 2g

ω2 2 2
z 2−z 1= ( r −r )
2g 2 1

82 (
z 2−z 1= 0.362−0.182 )
2(9.81)
z 2−z 1=0.317 m
2 2 2 2
r ω
1 r ω
2
z 1− =z2 − z 2+ z1 =0.36 m
2g 2g
z 2=33.85 cm
ω2 2 2
z 2−z 1= ( r −r )
2g 2 1 6. A 30 CM DIAMETER PIPE DIVIDES INTO A 20 CM
DIAMETER BRANCH AND A 15 CM DIAMETER
82 (
z 2−z 1= 0.362−0.182 ) BRANCH. THE TOTAL DISCHARGE IS 0.30 CU.M/S . IT
2(9.81) HAS BEEN OBSERVED THAT THE MEAN VELOCITY IN
EACH BRANCH IS THE SAME. WHAT WOULD BE THE
z 2−z 1=0.317 m VOLUME FLOW RATE IN THE 20 CM DIAMETER
BRANCH IN CU. M/S?
z 2+ z1 =0.36 m
SOLUTION
z 1=2.15 cm
Q= AV
Q=Q 20 +Q15
5. WHEN THE U-TUBE IS NOT ROTATED, THE WATER
STANDS IN THE TUBE AS SHOWN. THE TUBE IS V 20 +V 15=V
ROTATED ABOUT THE ECCENTRIC AXIS AT A RATE OF
 π π
0.30= ( 0.20 )2 V + ( 0.15 )2 V
4 4
Po =γQ H A
m
V =6.11 Po =9.81 ( 0.040 )( 113.39 )
s
π Po =44.49 kW
Q 20= ( 0.20 )2 ( 6.11 )
4 Po
E=
m 3 Pi
Q20=0.192
s 44.49
0.90=
Pi

Pi=49.44 kW
8. WATER IS DISCHARGED FROM A NOZZLE AT AN
ANGLE OF 30 WITH THE HORIZONTAL THROUGH A
75-MM DIAMETER SIPHON AND AT THE RATE OF 8
7. WATER FROM A RESERVOIR IS PUMPED OVER A HILL M/S. NEGLECTING AIR RESISTANCE, WHAT IS THE
THROUGH A PIPE 90 CM IN DIAMETER, AND A AREA OF THE JET AT THE HIGHEST POINT OF THE
PRESSURE OF 200 kPa IS MAINTAINED AT THE PROJECTILE?
SUMMIT WHERE THE PIPE IS MAINTAINED 90 M
ABOVE THE RESERVOIR. THE QUANTITY PUMPED IS SOLUTION
0.040 CU.M/S AND BY REASON OF FRICTION THERE LET
IS HEAD LOSS OF 3 M BETWEEN RESERVOIR AND
SUMMIT. IF THE PUMP IS 90% EFFICIENT, A=Nozzle
DETERMINE THE INPUT POWER FURNISHED TO THE
WATER. B−Highest Point

SOLUTION Q A =Q B
LET: AA V A= ABV B
A−Reservoir π
( 0.075 )2 ( 8 )= A B (8 cos 30 ° )
z A=0 4

B−Summit A B=5.101 x 10−3 m2

z B =90 m 9. A 150 MM DIAMETER HORIZONTAL VENTURI METER

IS INSTALLED IN A 450-MM WATER MAIN. THE
d A =d B =90 cm DEFLECTION OF MERCURY IN THE DIFFERENTIAL
MANOMETER CONNECTED FROM THE INLET TO THE
m3 THROAT IS 375 MM. DETERMINE THE DISCHARGE
Q=0.040 NEGLECTING HEAD LOSS.
s
H L A−B =3 m SOLUTION

LET
E=90 %
A−Inlet
v 2A P A v 2B PB
+ + z A −H L A−B + H A = + + z B d A =450 mm
2g γ 2g γ

0.0826 ( 0.040 )2 200 B−Throat

0+ 0+0−3+ H A= + +90
0.94 9.81 d B=150 mm
H A =113.39 m
Sincethe venturi meter ishorizpntal : z A= z B V 21 P 1 V 22 P2
+ + z 1= + + z 2
2g γ 2g γ
v 2A P A v 2B P B
+ + z A= + + zB
2g γ 2g γ V 21 P P
+ 1 =0+ 2
Q A =QB 2(9.81) 9.81 9.81

AA V A= ABV B ∑ P ( ¿ 1¿2 )
π π P1 +9.81 h+13.6 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.020 )−9.81 ( 0.020 ) −9.81 h=P2
( 0.45 )2 V A = ( 0.15 )2 V B
4 4 P A −PB =2.472 kPa
2
( 0.111V B ) PA V 2B P
+ = + B V 21
2 ( 9.81 ) 9.81 2(9.81) 9.81 2
=P 2−P1

∑ P ( ¿ A¿ B ) V 21
=P 2−P1
P A + 9.81h+ 9.81 ( 0.375 )−13.6 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.375 )−9.81 h=P B 2

P A −PB =46.352 kPa m

V B =2.22
s
V 2B −( 0.111V B )2 VA
=P A −P B C=
2 VT
V 2B −( 0.111V B )2 2
2
=46.352 C=
2.22
m C=0.90
V B =9.688
s
π
Q= ( 0.15 )2 ( 9.688 )
4

m3
Q=0.171
s
10. THE PITOT STATIC TUBE SHOWN IN THE FIGURE
DIRECTED INTO A 2 M/S WATER STREAM HAS A
GAGE DIFFERENCE OF 20 MM ON A WATER-
MERCURY DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER. DETERMINE
THE COEFFICIENT OF THE TUBE.

SOLUTION

Sincethe Pitot tubeis horizontal : z1=z 2

MODULE EXAM 19

1. A REACTANGULAR CHANNEL, 9 M WIDE AND 3.5 M

DEEP LINED WITH SMOOTH STONE (N=0.015) HAS A
HYDRAULIC SLOPE OF 0.00125. WHAT SAVINGS IN
EARTH EXCAVATION OF THE CANAL COULD HAVE
BEEN AFFECTED BY USING THE BEST PROPORTION
OF THE RECTANGULAR CANAL SECTION BUT
ADHERING TO THE SAME DISCHARGE AND SLOPE?\

SOLUTION

2 1
A
Q= R 3 s 2
n

A=9 m ( 3.5 m )=31.5 m 2

P=9+2 (3.5 )=16 m
A
R= =1.96875 m
P
2 1
31.5 m3
Q= (1.96875 )3 ( 0.00125 ) 2 =116.6276
0.015 s
d
Using most efficient section b=3 d ; R=
2
1
2 d2 d 2
116.6276=
0.015 2 ( ) ( 0.00125)
3 2

d=3.916 m

Aeff =2 d 2=31.376 m 2

m3
Savings∈earth excavation=A o −A eff =31.5−31.376=0.125
m