Topic 8 – Exchange and transport in animals

Q1 – covering specification point 8.1.

In an investigation, a person ran at different speeds.

     After running the person rested.
     Explain why the concentration of lactic acid in the blood changes whilst resting.
(3)
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Q2 – covering specification point 8.2.

 
Figure 4 is a table that shows the surface area (SA) to volume (V) ratio in three different sized cubes.

Figure 4

(i)  Calculate the SA: V ratio for the 2 cm cube.

(2)

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(ii)  Give one reason why it is important that human lungs have a high surface area to volume ratio.
(1)
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Oxygen is involved with aerobic respiration in cells.

(iii)  Which is the correct equation for aerobic respiration?

(1)

   A    oxygen + carbon dioxide → glucose + lactic acid

    B    carbon dioxide + water → oxygen + lactic acid

   C    glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

   D    glucose + water → carbon dioxide + oxygen

 
(Total for question = 4 marks)
 Q3 – covering specification point 8.3
 

Figure 3 shows a pair of human lungs.

Figure 3

(i)  Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

(1)

   A    alveolus

   B    bronchus

   C    bronchiole

   D    trachea

A person had emphysema. This reduces the number of alveoli in the lungs.
 (ii) Explain how emphysema would affect the amount of oxygen carried in the bloodstream.
(2)
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(Total for question = 3 marks)
 

Q4 – covering specification point 8.6.

The table shows the number of different components found in the blood of a healthy person and the
blood of two other people.

(i) Calculate the difference in the number of white blood cells per dm3 of blood between the healthy
person and person A.
(2)
 

 
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(ii) Describe the functions of white blood cells.
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(iii) Person B has a low number of red blood cells compared to the healthy person.
Suggest an effect this may have on person B.
(1)
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Q5 – covering specification point 8.7

 
The diagram shows the human circulatory system.
(i)  Name organ X.
(1)
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(ii)  Explain how the heart causes blood to move to organ X.

(2)
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(iii)  Which row shows the names of blood vessels W and Y?

Place a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

(1)
(iv)  Describe how the blood in vessel W is different from the blood in vessel Y.
(2)
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Q6 – covering specification point 8,8

 
Figure 10 shows a diagram of the heart.
 Figure 10

(i)  Vessel X takes
(1)

   A    deoxygenated blood to the body

   B    deoxygenated blood to the lungs

   C    oxygenated blood to the body

   D    oxygenated blood to the lungs

(ii)  Give one reason why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right.
(1)
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Valves in the human heart may become damaged and no longer function.

(iii)  Describe what would happen to the flow of blood in the left side of the heart if the bicuspid valve did
not function effectively.
(2)
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(Total for question = 4 marks)
 

Q7 – covering specification points 8.9.

 
(i)  Complete the word equation for aerobic respiration.
(1)

(ii)  Explain why oxygen uptake increases as an athlete runs at faster speeds.
(2)
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(iii)  When athletes train hard they can respire anaerobically.

Which of the following statements about anaerobic respiration are true?
1.  Lactic acid and carbon dioxide are produced.
2.  Lactic acid can build up causing cramp.
Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
(1)

   A    statement 1 only

   B    statement 2 only

   C    both statement 1 and 2

   D    neither statement 1 nor 2.

Q8 – covering specification point 8.10

In an investigation, a person ran at different speeds.

(a) The graph shows the concentration of lactic acid in the blood and the heart rate of this person while
running.

    (i) When the running speed is 22 km h–1, the stroke volume of the runner is 0.18 dm3.
    Calculate the cardiac output of the runner using the equation.
 cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate
(2)
 
 
 
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answer = ............................................ dm per minute
    (ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
     When the heart rate is at its maximum the concentration of lactic acid in the blood is
(1)
   A   11.2 mmol dm–3
   B   12.8 mmol dm–3
   C   200.0 mmol dm–3
   D   210.0 mmol dm–3
    (iii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
     The graph shows that
   A   as the heart rate increases the concentration of lactic acid increases
   B   as the concentration of lactic acid increases the heart rate decreases
   C   the concentration of lactic acid increases as running speed increases
   D   the concentration of lactic acid is not dependent on heart rate
    (iv) Explain why the concentration of lactic acid changes at running speeds greater than 18 km h–1.
(3)
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(b) After running the person rested.
     Explain why the concentration of lactic acid in the blood changes whilst resting.
(3)
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(Total for Question is 10 marks)

Q9 covering specification point 8.11

 
Figure 11 shows the equipment used for measuring respiration in peas.
 Figure 11
   Respirometer A contains germinating peas.
   Respirometer B contains peas that are not germinating.
   Respirometer C contains glass beads.

All three respirometers are placed in a water bath at 25 °C for 30 minutes. The reduction in oxygen levels
in each respirometer is measured using a data logger.

(a)  Explain why the respirometers are placed in a water bath at 25 °C.
(2)

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(b)  A student recorded the change in oxygen levels in the germinating peas over a 30-minute period.
The results are shown below.
A    10 mins (−0.8) ml, 20 mins (−1.6) ml, 30 mins (−2.4) ml
B    10 mins (−0.1) ml, 20 mins (−0.1) ml, 30 mins (−0.1) ml
C    No change
(i)   Complete the table for these results.
(2)
 (ii)   Calculate the rate of oxygen consumption per second for the results in respirometer A.
(2)

........................................................... ml/second

(iii)  Explain why respirometer A has the highest rate of oxygen consumption.

(2)

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(c)  Some respirometers read the movement of a bubble along capillary tubing.
Carbon dioxide can affect the measuring of oxygen used in this type of respirometer.
State a chemical that could be placed in the respirometer that would stop carbon dioxide affecting the
experiment.
(1)

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(Total for question = 9 marks)
 
Q10 – covering specification point 8.12.
 
The heart rate and stroke volume of an athlete training at a high intensity were measured and their
cardiac output was calculated.

The table shows the measurements before, after 2 weeks and after 4 weeks of training.

(i)  Calculate the heart rate after 4 weeks of training.

(2)

........................................................... beats per minute

(ii)  Explain how the higher cardiac output after 4 weeks of training increased the rate of aerobic
respiration.
(2)
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