UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE & POLICIES STUDY

TITLE OF THE RESEARCH

THE PERCEPTION OF THE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO BABY

DUMPING PROBLEM: A CASE STUDY AMONG FACULTY ADMINISTRATIVE
SCIENCE AND POLICY STUDIES FINAL YEAR STUDENTS.

NAME OF STUDENT

MUHAMMAD IDZHAM BIN HASSAN BAKRI (2011813322)

CHE NAZIRA BINTI CHE AZIZ (2011446118)

NAME OF SUPERVISOR

EN MOHD FAJIL BIN ABDUL BATAU

JULY 2014
Supervisor’s Comments

Moderator’s Comments

i
 CLEARANCE FOR SUBMISSION OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL BY THE
SUPERVISOR

Encik Mohd Fajil Bin Abdul Batau

I have reviewed the final and complete research proposal and approve the submission of this
report for evaluation.

---------------------------------------------------
(Signature)

Date: 12/6/2014

ii
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Muhammad Idzham Bin Hassan Bakri

Che Nazira Binti Che Aziz
Bachelor of Administrative Science (Hons)
Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies,
UiTM Negeri Sembilan Seremban Campus

En Mohd Fajil Bin Abdul Batau

Research Project Supervisor
Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies,
Universiti Teknologi Mara,
Kampus Seremban,
70300, Seremban ,
Negeri Sembilan.

Dear Sir,
SUBMISSION OF APPLIED RESEARCH REPORT

In regards to the above subject matter, we hereby submit our research report entitle THE
PERCEPTION OF THE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO BABY DUMPING
PROBLEM: A CASE STUDY AMONG FACULTY ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE
AND POLICY STUDIES FINAL YEAR STUDENTS as the requirement for the
completion of Applied Research (ADS555) subject for your kind perusal and retention.
Thank you.

Yours sincerely,

………………………………..
Muhammad Idzham Bin Hasan Bakri
2011813322
Bachelor of Administrative Science (Hons)

………………………………..
Che Nazira Binti Che Aziz
2011446118
Bachelor of Administrative Science (Hons)

iii
 Acknowledgement

Alhamdulillah, our highly grateful to Allah S.W.T. for giving us strength to complete this

research report. We also would like to express our compliments to Rasulullah S.A.W.

We have taken efforts in completing this research proposal. However, it would not have been

possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my

sincere thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to Encik Mohd Fajil Bin Abdul Batau for the encouragements and

constant supervision as well as for providing us necessary information regarding the project.

Apart from that, we wish to avail ourselves of this opportunity, express a sense of gratitude

and love to our parents for their encouragement, motivation, financial support, and for

everything. The research proposal is nothing without them who contribute for this research

proposal.

Last but not least, our thanks and appreciations also go to our friends and classmates as they

give useful information and knowledge regarding our research proposal on the factors that

contribute to bullying cases. Our thanks also go to people who rendered their help with their

abilities whether directly or even indirectly during the period in completing this research

proposal.

Wassalam.

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 Declaration

We hereby declare that the work contained in this research proposal is our own except those

which have been duly identified and acknowledged. If we are later found to have committed

plagiarism or other forms of academic dishonesty, action can be taken against us under the

Academic Regulations of UiTM’s.

Signed

------------------------------------------

Name: Muhammad Idzham Bin Hassan Bakri (2011813322)

------------------------------------------

Name: Che Nazira Binti Che Aziz (2011446118)

v
 Abstract

The purpose of this study to determine the perception of the factors that contribute to baby

dumping problem from the Faculty Administrative Science and Policy Studies (FSPPP) final

year students in UiTM Negeri Sembilan Seremban Campus. The main research objective of

the study was to find out the most influence factors of baby dumping from the perception of

final year students from Faculty Administrative Science and Policy Studies (FSPPP) in UiTM

Negeri Sembilan Seremban Campus.

All of data and information will be collect by using the questionnaire. The question will be

created based on this research topic. This method had been choosing because it was an

efficient data collection mechanism when the researchers know exactly what was required

and how to measure the variables of interest. Simple random sampling technique was used to

carry out the result of this study which was more suitable with the main purpose of the

research. By using this method, the researchers were able to highlight a specific subgroup

within the population without being bias in the choice of units to be sampled.

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 Table of Contents

SUPERVISOR’S COMMENTS i
CLEARANCE ii
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
DECLARATION v
ABSTRACT vi

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem statement 3
1.3 Research objectives 4
1.4 Research question 4
1.5 Scope of the study 5
1.6 Significance of the study 5
1.7 Definition of terms/concepts 5
1.7.1 Baby dumping 5
1.7.2 Family 6
1.7.3Problematic family concept 6
1.7.4 Single Family 6
1.7.5 Factor 7
1.7.6 divorve 7
1.7.7 Teenager 7

Chapter 2: Literature Review & Conceptual Framework

2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Factors that contribute to baby dumping 10
Independent Variables
2.2.1 Lack of religious education 10
2.2.2 Problematic family 12
2.2.3 Media influence 15
2.2.4 Peers influence 18
Dependent Variable
2.2.5 Baby dumping issue 21
2.3 Conceptual framework 24
2.3.1 Lack of religious education 25
2.3.2 Problematic family 26
2.3.3 Media influence 27
2.3.4 Peers influence 28
2.3.5 Baby dumping issue 29
2.4 Hypotheses 30
Chapter 3: Research Design and Methodology

3.1 Research design 31

3.2 Unit of analysis 31
3.3 Sample size 32
3.4 Sampling technique 32
3.5 Measurement/Instrumentation 32
3.6 Data collection 33
3.6.1 Primary data 33
3.6.1.1 Questionnaires 33
3.6.2 Secondary data 34
3.6.2.1 Internet 34
3.6.2.2 Journal 34
3.6.2.3 Book 34
3.6.2.4 Newspaper 35
3.7 Data analysis 35

Chapter 4: Finding and Analysis

4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 Descriptive statistic 37
4.3 Reliability test 39
4.4 Normality 41
4.5 Correlation analysis 42
4.6 Regression analysis 46

Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion

5.1 Introduction 48
5.2 Discussion 48
5.3 Limitation of study 54
5.3.1 Cultural and Selfish 54
5.3.2 Bureaucracy 55
5.4 Recommendations 55
5.4.1 Ministry of education should make
Islamic subject as compulsory subject 56
5.4.2 MPP should organized more Islamic programs 56
5.4.3 Curb Access to Pornography website 57
5.5 Future research recommendations 57
5.6 Conclusion 59

References 60
Appendices
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, Malaysia faced a serious issue regarding on baby dumping which getting more

chronic and cause a lot of attention. This social problem appeared every day in newspaper

and mass media. As a Malaysian, this baby dumping phenomenon was a phenomenon that

every person should be embarrassed off. According to the Headquarters of Royal Malaysia

Police (PDRM) baby dumping means that the acts of leaving away the babies at any places

without taking care of the babies. Almost every day, there was a report that found the baby in

the toilet (Utusan Sarawak, 3 January 2011), near the river (Berita Harian, 17 January 2011),

at the banks of drain (Utusan, 7 March 2010) and other place without any sense of humanity.

Panic of being pregnant unexpected and when they tred to act of lying to conceal what they

do, some of them decided to give born to the baby and because they were not willing to be

ridiculed and condemned by others, they dump the baby without hesitate.

What was actually the issue of baby dumping? It was not only just dumping new-born babies

but also refers to discarding or leaving alone, for an extended period of time, a child younger

than 12 months of age in a public or private setting with the intent to dispose of the child.

According to August 2010 (Bernama), the baby boy found dead in a rubbish container at

Melaka Hospital here today was believed to have been dumped by a student. According to

Melaka CID Chief ACP Mohd Adnan Abdullah said police last night received a report from

the hospital that a doctor had treated a woman with signs of having given birth.

The worse situation of this issue also can be seen when a girl gives birth in a school bathroom

at night then throws the baby into the garbage or in the toilet bowl, also when a baby flung in

1
the chicken coop, a baby swaddled in newspapers left squalling by a fly-infested dustbin, a

baby abandoned under the harsh sun beating down on a wet rice field, a baby stuffed into a

cabinet drawer, a baby left on the doorsteps of peoples‟ home with notes or in a mosque. It

was so embarrassing, sad and worst scenario that happened in the society. Malaysia had well

known as Islamic country which applied Islam as national religion. Islam teaches people

avoid adultery and in Islam people who had done fornication outside marriage will be punish

as it is a great sin. One of the punishments was stoning to death as the sinners tied at centre of

the village and every person who across the places must pick a stone and throw it to the

sinner. It shows that Islam were not tolerate with fornicator.

This baby dumping phenomenon was really worrying and shows a very serious moral decay

among the people of our generation. The persons who commit such inhumane acts should be

punished. However, the capital punishment proposed for dumping babies was not going to

solve the problem. To solve it, the root cause should be finding out of this rampant

phenomenon. Blaming the mother alone was unfair. These people could be victims of

circumstances (The Star, 24 August 2010). There were several factors of baby dumping

which was lack of religious education, problematic family, peers influence and also media

influence. These factors gave effect towards the baby dumping problem among teenagers.

These baby dumping problems were always happen among teenagers and gave a negative

effect toward the family, society and our country. Baby dumping case was serious case and

should be aware by the community. Therefore, the aim of this research was to identify the

factors that influences to baby dumping problem from the perception of Faculty

Administrative Science and Policy Studies (FSPPP) final year students in UiTM Negeri

Sembilan Seremban Campus.

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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

From the statistic from the Headquarters of Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM) by state from

2005 until 7th April 2010, there were total of 407 cases of baby dumping in each state until 7th

April 2010. As an average from this data, there would be 407 cases divided by 64 months and

it was equal to 6.4 cases every month. Selangor had been dominated in this type of cases

which state of 105 cases in only 5 years. While Perlis only state 1 case over 5 years.

However, every state in the country had baby dumping problems even it is only 1 case which

means baby dumping in the country become critical social problem and the number of cases

will be increases according to time if there were no drastic action to prevent the cases become

worst. The statement only been taken from report by citizens to the PDRM. So what about

unreported cases?

According to Federal Criminal Investigation Department (CID) Director Commissioner,

Datuk Seri Bakri Zinin, year 2010 alone (as at 16 August 2010), 65 dumped babies had been

recorded as compared to 42 cases during the same period last year (2009), proved that it was

an increase in these cases. From this statement, this was only reported cases while we can see

on newspapers almost every day there were founded dead baby which was dumped by their

parents.

Statistics from the Malaysia Welfare Department, from January to April 2010, reported that

111 unmarried young girls were pregnant. The figure, however, was just the tip of the iceberg

as many cases go unreported and pregnancies terminated. It also reported in New Straits

Times on 23rd July 2010, the body of a baby girl found in a bag at a bus stop near the Sultan

Ismail Hospital, Johor Bahru in the morning. Also there was a baby found buried. New Straits

Times on 18th July 2010, reported that a fetus was found buried by the roadside in Jalan 12,

Bandar Puteri Puchong, Selangor

3
From the statistic, researcher can see the number of cases had been critical and the factors or

reasons of these cases must be investigated. By finding the factors, new approaches can be

developing to ensure the baby dumping cases can be eradicated or at least it can be reduces to

a minimal number. This study done in order to know about the factors baby dumping occured

from people that had done the cases or had been faced the situation where they had the

illegitimate babies.

According with a lot of statistic, it can be seen as there were many problems about the baby

dumping cases and it should be investigated by doing the research to find out the real

situation occurrences of baby dumping problem .So the focus of respondents for this study

was the final year student of Faculty Administrative Science and Policy Studies (FSPPP) in

UiTM Negeri Sembilan Seremban Campus.

1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

1.3.1 To identify the relationship lack of religious education with baby dumping problem

from FSPPP final year student perception.

1.3.2 To identify the relationship between problematic families with baby dumping problem

from FSPPP final year student perception.

1.3.3 To identify the relationship of media influence with baby dumping problem.

1.3.4 To determine the relationship of peers influence that lead to baby dumping problem.

1.3.5 To identify the most influence factor that contributes to baby dumping problem.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.4.1 Which factor lead to baby dumping the most?

1.4.2 Does family and community influence to baby dumping problem?

1.4.3 How media influence can give bad impact to baby dumping?

1.4.4 How peers can influence baby dumping problem?

1.4.5 Which factor influence the most on baby dumping problem?

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1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

In this study the researchers choose FSPPP final year students as the scope of the study. Total

numbers of students around 557 and 229 students were picked to be the respondents. By

choosing these FSPPP final year students, the researchers tend to seek enough respondents to

gather the data on motivating factors that contribute to the rate of baby dumping problem.

Researchers choose the number of respondents among the students to know their perceptions

toward baby dumping problem that happen nowadays.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS STUDY

This study can be used to give a general overview of baby dumping problem. The findings of

this study will be able to clarify the motivating factors that encourage baby dumping

problems happened. In addition, this study will also be able to identify the factors that

influence to baby dumping problem from the perception of final year students‟ in Faculty of

Administrative Science and Policy Studies. Besides that, this research also wanted to know

the highest factors which were lack of religious education, problematic family, peers

influence and media influence towards the baby dumping problems.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS

1.7.1 Baby dumping

According to the Headquarters of Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM) baby dumping means that

the acts of leaving away the babies at any places without taking care of the babies. Similarly

with Prof Dr. Harlina Siraj said baby dumping was a social crisis and had a chronic increase

as many cases were occurring in Malaysian society. In addition, the baby dumping referred as

discarding or leaving alone, for an extended period of time, a child younger than 12 month of

age in a public or private setting with the intent to dispose of the child. It was a crime which

5
happened when close proximity was committed between a guy and women and resulted in

unwanted baby.

1.7.2 Family

Coleman and Cressey (1993:110) defined family as a group of people by marriage, ancestry

or adoption that lives together in a common house hold. Mahmood (1997) meanwhile, define

family as a social unit that consist of father, mother, children where certain life connection

exists between them in that particular social circle.

1.7.3 Problematic family concept

A problematic family was referred as a family that is having serious crisis due to the family

problems (Utusan Malaysia, 27 September 1990:12). These crises then lead to various

negative conditions in the family relationship. These negative conditions may create chaos in

a family. Besides that, Coleman and Cressey (1993) listed a few family problems such as

divorce , children care, children abuse, domestic violence, single family, full-time working

parents and family conflict .

1.7.4 Single family

This refers to the phenomenon where either a father or a mother sustains the family due to

death of partner. The separation leaves the sense of the denial, emotional, unstable feelings,

guilty feelings, lose loneliness and relief (Kavanaugh,1972). There were also pressured by the

needs to find job as well as the parenting responsibility such as educating and nurturing

children (Wolf, 1996).

6
1.7.5 Factor

According to Oxford Dictionaries.com, factor can be defined as causes of some issues that

will contribute to case or problem from happen. Besides that, factor also can be define as

something as a relevant element when making a decision.

1.7.6 Divorce

Benokraitis (1996) defined divorce as „termination of a legal and formal marriage‟.

1.7.7 Teenager

Palladino (1996) defined teenager as the population of fourteen- to seventeen-year-olds was

larger than usual (9,720,419 in 1940) also gave high school students new visibility. Although

it would take a few years for the term 'teenager' to catch on in the popular mind, the concept

was spreading rapidly, particularly as a marketing tool. (Palladino, 1996, p. 52)

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW & CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

In this chapter it was involves literature framework and also conceptual framework of factors

that influence baby dumping cases in Malaysia from perception of Faculty of Administrative

Science and Policy Studies final year students‟(FSPPP) in UiTM Negeri Sembilan Seremban

Campus. There were four factors that had been highlighted in this study as the main factors

that lead to baby dumping cases which were lack of religious education, problematic family,

media influence and peers influence. By using these factors, the study will discover the

factors that lead to the baby dumping problem.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Nowadays baby dumping was not a new phenomenon in this country because more or less

everyday news about the abandonment spread through the media or electronic media. Despite

many methods to alleviate this serious problem, but the issue still cannot be eliminated but it

had been a thorn in the Malaysian society. Cases of abandoned babies had reached a critical

stage and an action should be taken to reduce or eliminate the symptoms better was not

dignified. For parties that want to take remedial action against this situation, they should

identify the factors that cause baby dumping was occurring and they should accurately

identify the factors that can help them to take proactive measures in order to solve the

problem of abandoned babies. Besides that, in order to solve the problem, the causes of the

problem needed to be identified because all solutions can be done through an examination of

the causes of the incident. According to Bernama (2011), from 2005 to early 2011 years there

were 517 cases of baby dumping registered in the country. From the number that been

registered, only 230 alive while others were dead. Baby dumping cases had become worse

every year that registered cases only in our country and the babies were found. The question

was, how about the unregistered and unfounded babies that had been dumped? The scenario

8
in this country also happens on other country. An article from the guardian.com stated that a

baby found at Bell Waste Control in Scunthorpe. It is the same story in Malaysia where

according to Berita Harian newspaper on 10 December 2013, a baby girl was just born found

without any dress in Taman Lapangan Setia, Ipoh. It shown that the parents were heartless to

let their babies died in the drain unclothed. In addition Swazi Observer on 14 December 2012

reported that an 18 years old mother was arrested on Wednesday and charge of throwing out

her new born baby boy off a moving vehicle. Inhumanity behaviour of the parents were not

supposed to be for the millennium generation because people were now well educated and

had knowledge but still the cases murder of baby and baby dumping still happened.

Other news on baby dumping was from the time 0n 29 May 2012 which stated that as child

abandonment soars, the government call for research. Research needed to done to have the

solution on baby dumping cases. The statement continues with the concern about the welfare

and safety of South Africa‟s children and their vulnerability. New born babies were not to be

blamed because they don‟t ever do anything wrong, the parents should be blamed because

they committed the crime without consider about new-born life will shape the future. Baby

dumping also create stereotype of communities where they always blame the mothers not the

father of the baby. According to Kosmo newspaper, on 12 March 2010 stated that men

involved in the sexual lapse disasters need to be caught and responsible for their actions. It

was unfair to let only girl to bear the burden. Because baby cannot be produce if there was

only one person. It will need two people to produce the baby. So, stereotyping view on

women who were wrong for throwing their baby after they giving birth were totally unfair.

In the other hand, Sabah had produced a step to reduce the case of baby dumping by using

baby hatch method, Bernama (2012). A slot of box will be put near the hospital and when

people want to dumped their baby in the box they can only push the button to alert the

hospital staff. However, the method only being use in Sabah which the case of baby dumping

9
were not too high. So the relevance of the method was good but the location it was put were

not sitting enough.

2.2 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE BABY DUMPING PROBLEMS.

As baby dumping now were like seems to be heard anywhere, it had ignites lots of

discussions among public figures, professionals and many more. They had numbers of good

notion on how causes baby dumping would.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

2.2.1 Lack of religious education

First factor that contribute to baby dumping problems was that lack of religious education. As

people know, child was a priceless gift from ALLAH SWT as a father and mother to the

baby, they should care about their baby not abandon their babies. However, baby dumping

was a social problem and had a chronic increase as many cases were occurring in Malaysian

Society. Of course prevention was better than a treat and closing the road was better than

sinful treat symptoms arising from the evil that occurred. This was proved by the Al-Quran

which:

Allah says in Surah Al-Israa 'verse 32 which says: "Do not approach adultery; fornication is

indeed an Abomination and an evil way.

From the above verse, what the researcher can conclude that, as a Muslim, people must avoid

themself from involving with issues of free sex, dumping babies, drinking alcohol, drug

addiction, rape, violation, abuse of children, domestic violence, prostitute and other

community problems. Nowadays, the country were shocked with the problem of rampant

baby dumping which was beyond the norms of humanity that cannot made sense of well-

known Malaysian society with Asian values and the teachings of Islam's precepts. Although

10
the effect of this immoral act known to the public, but it was still clearly heard almost every

day on this issue that appear in newspapers and this shows that there was a symptoms that

associated with lack of religious education among future leaders of our nation (International

Journal Of Trade, Economics and Finance,Vol 3, No.1, February 2012)

Besides from that, in the context of Islam, the act of free sex was prohibited. This was

stressed by the teachings of Islam whereby one of the fundamental moralities of Islam was

the meaning of behavior. Of course this problem was clearly contrary to the values in Islam

in particular and the universal norms of humanity in general. Therefore, the proper way to

address the problem of disposable baby was suppressing all the reasons to cause this problem.

For instance, according to Amjad Husain Kate El-Alami (2005), nowadays teenagers were

too free without their parent‟s control. He further claimed that even though boys and girls can

be friend with anyone but they also must know their limit when they ware friend with

different gender which was male and female. Furthermore, Islam teaches us about the dos and

the don‟ts in relationship, where there was a border or limitation among boy and girl to avoid

any misconduct occurred. In the Islamic teaching also, there was a lot of ethic education in

order to avoid our self from doing evil attitude. The girl must not wear revealing or sexy

clothes since this can rise up the boy‟s desire and passions to explore more to his opposite

sex.

In addition, Islam also emphasizes five areas to be taken care which were property, honor,

mind, life and religion. In this context, the act of free sex was contrary to the “honor” while

abortion associated with taken the life of the fetus or indirectly means murder. In the

discussion of this issue, one of the reasons for the occurrence of social ills is due to the failure

of adolescents in controlling their desires and temptation. In Islam, for those who cannot

control the desire, Islam encourages its followers to use other channels such as marriage or

fasting. Free sex without protection leads to an increased risk of abortion among teenagers

11
and baby dumping cases. This regulation i=was believed to bring good in the life of society.

Following the concept of Karma, good deeds will bring good effects, while evil deeds will

bring bad consequences. If we want to get good karma, it must comply with the five moral

tenets of Buddhism. In addition, one of the moral values of Buddhism is kind of you to all the

creatures of love and respects for all other creatures also had the right to life (Nazni Nordin

et.al, 2012).

Apart from that, according to the book of Islam Faith Guide by Amjad Hussain, Kate El-

Alami, (2005), Islam forbids absolutely any sexual activity before marriage. In addition to

that, Islam also had a strong view of „indecent‟ behaviour between the sexes. Thus, many

Muslim students avoid any activities organised by Student Unions that break these rules.

Some examples of these activities were dancing, field trips and meetings that involve close

contact between men and women. This was because, when two men and woman stay together

in a room, there was another party will stay with them which were the evil that will influence

them to do the adultery. So, this was very prohibited in Islam and very bad attitudes, that will

lead to pregnant illegal baby and lastly that particular person will dumping the baby

2.2.2 Problematic family

Next factor that lead to baby dumping cases was that problematic family. Before the

researchers defined what was actually mean by problematic family, let us know about the

definitions of family institution was all about. According to Murdock (1949), after he

studying over 250 multi-cultural societies, he defined family as a “social group characterized

by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction which was its includes adults

of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and one

or more children - own or adopted - of the sexually cohabiting adults. The “household” was

said to be the “living arrangement” of such a family unit. Apart from that, according to

12
Haralombos and Herald (1997), he defined family as a procedure for socialization, economic

activity and sexual activities that consists of two persons of opposite genders who will

indulge in sexual activity at least for the sake of pleasure and would also consist of children

and a group of decedents. Most definitions refer to family as a universal social institution,

which was constituted of persons directly linked by “kin” connection where the adult

members, assume the responsibility of caring for the children (Marsh et al 1996).

First point of problematic families was that divorces. According to a study by Malaysia

Department of Islamic Development (JAKIM), in 2007, 32.2 percent of first five years of

marriages end with divorce while another 27.7 percent goes to marriages of first six to ten

years. This means that the first ten years term of marriage was the most critical stage since

59.9 percent of couples end up with divorce. Based on year 2009 record, 135,136 marriages

were registered while 27,116 divorce cases had been recorded. Statistics from Royal

Malaysia Police (PDRM) on violence towards women in year 2007 shows as many as 3,756

cases which later increased to 3,769 in year 2008. The figure decreased a bit in year 2009 to

3,643 cases and in 2010 (as of January to July) 1,871 cases and this also leads to divorces.

Apart from that, analysis shows that from 184 respondents (representing 26.6 % in this

study), 163 respondents (88.6 %) were from Johor and from the total amount of those who

experience divorce, 63.6 % were women and only 36.4% are men. When there were two

father and mother divorce or separated, this will lead to behavioral or social impact to their

children who grow up.

According to Wadsworth et al, (1985), comparing with matching samples of children from

non-divorced families, children of divorced parents have been found to be more disobedient,

aggressive, non-compliant and lacking in self-regulation. This increased the risk of

externalizing problems for children of divorce had also been found on indices of school

misconduct, for instance classroom misbehavior and suspension from school. Plus, according

13
to Amato & Keith (1991b: Hetherington 1997), children of divorce had also been found to

have problems in social and close relationships, such as those with their mothers and fathers,

authority figures, siblings and peers . McLanahan (1999) and McLanahan & Sandefur (1994)

had also found that children with divorces likes to commence sexual activity earlier and had

twice the probability of child bearing in adolescence, and had more pregnancies outside

marriage than children of non-divorced parents. So, when there were more pregnancies

outside marriage, these will lead to baby abandonment issues.

The other elements in problematic family were poverty problem and socio-economic factor.

According to Rodgers and Pryor (2001), problematic problem or family breakdown and the

resulting of single parent status especially mothers often causes by financial situation whereas

there were highlighted that approximately about 70 percent of single parent or lone parents

live in poverty.( Shouls et al 1999). Furthermore ,according to Smith (2004), poverty and the

resultant stress was not only affecting mental and their physical health but it can be effect on

both and a consequences and lead to of family breakdown. This is because, according to

Rodgers and Pryor (1998), the higher rate of divorces issues was among parents that had

lower socio-economic background.

Besides that, according to Conger et al (1992), they had found that studies of two parent

families in America who suffered a severe drop in income showed that the economic pressure

led to depression feeling in both mothers and fathers. It was supported by Dora (2011), it will

resulted in increasing of marital conflict which was increased hostility to children, more

coercive parenting and disrupted family relationships, negatively affecting children‟s well-

being and also will affect their behavior. The negatively effect and the changes of their

behavior in term of stress and too depress in order to rising their children and this will lead to

baby dumping problem.

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2.2.3 Media influence

One of the factors of baby dumping was media influence. In 20th century, technology had

become part of human life. According to Rowell Huesmann (2006), in this new era, there

were radio, television, videos, video games, and computer network had very important role in

human life. Improvement of technology also give an impact towards mass media where now

people can see pictures and video type of media compare to pass where newspapers were

used. Mass media now developed drastically, no one can doubt the positive impact brought

by mass media where people were able to get news faster than before. However, there were

still weaknesses in human creation where mass media also give negative impact towards its

viewer. Most vulnerable people towards this negative impact were children and teenagers

because they spent most of their time with this technology. It is aligned with Michelle L.

Ybarra (2005) stated that more than 90 per cent teenagers between 12 – 18 years old used

internet in the United Stated. It showed that children had easy access towards mass media and

their will gradually misused the technology if there were no parents monitoring. So they will

tend to do something bad if there were no adult that monitor their behaviour. It is aligned

with Michael Flood (2003) where 73 per cent children in Australia were exposed to

pornography video. Eighty four per cent of boys and 60 per cent girls say they had been

exposed accidently to sex sites. It shows that children were too vulnerable to pornographic

media and without any adult monitored them, they will continue to access that kind of web

sites.

Mass media were capable to make people thinks on the topic and sometimes people

perception will change with media influence. According to Eagly & Chaiken (1993), media

influences are often conceptualized as being primarily mediated change the audience attitudes

15
who were watching. They continue by defining attitude which was a tendency to regard a

particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour. This was big problem to the

children because they were the one that mostly affected by media. It had been supported by

Mark D. Griffths (2010) where the mass media had the potential to influence behaviour. The

example had been given in the same journal by Dalton et al (2003) where mostly teenagers

that exposed to movies with smoking, they were most likely start to smoke. Other than that,

video games nowadays always had violent imagery and Adrian D Pearson (2006), instilling

violent attitude and behaviour to young generation perhaps will undermine values which

sometimes essential to a society like respect and self-control. Negative impact of mass media

also contribute the social problem like baby dumping because of most of baby dumping cases

came from unmarried couples and teenagers. They do not realize that their action probably

came after they had been influenced by media content. Mass media played big role in

affecting behaviour and it can be the causes of baby dumping problem.

Other than television there were internet that mostly used by the children and teenagers. Easy

access to the mass media makes them took the advantage to access violent or sexual webs.

According to Michelle L. Ybarra and Kimberly J. Mitchell (2005), almost 90 per cent

teenager between 12 -18 years old had accessed to the internet and it may lead to rise of

pornography seeking and had the potential to serious ramification for their sexual

development. In the country that had easy internet access, it will attract children and

adolescents to enter pornography webs. Todd D. Kendall (2007), defined pornography as

prostitutes in Greeks and said that pornography was as old as the world oldest profession.

Prostitution maybe the oldest but the ways it evolves according to time were frightening. In

the past, only adult had the access to prostitutes‟ world but now in this era, children and

adolescents were the most vulnerable to this social disease. Gore (1987) had strengthened the

statement as he stated that in these years, there were growing concern on the increasing

16
influence of aggressive and sexually explicit media on children and adolescents. In addition,

Michelle L. Ybarra and Kimberly J. Mitchell (2005) using data from Youth Internet Safety

Survey, they used cross sectional telephone survey of 1501 children and adolescents between

10- 17 years, characteristic associated with self-reported pornography seeking behaviour,

both online and offline were identified. It showed that now teenagers were seeking the

pornography web only for their own desires.

In addition, Michelle L. Ybarra and Kimberly J. Mitchell (2005), sexual interest with age and

biological changes, with the average age of first sex experience in the United States being

15.8 years. When children had been exposed with pornographic media will shape their

teenagers behaviour. According to Blair T. Johnson (2010), psychological and behaviour of a

person were based on their experience in childhood. They will tend to be more aggressive and

violent and also their desire to do sexual relationship cannot be controlled if they were too

exposed with pornographic and violent media. As the result adultery will happen and without

knowledge to do sex the female get pregnant. The pregnancy will be their nightmare as they

know their parents‟ reaction will be no good for them. As the teenagers‟ heart had turned

black because of influence of media make them heartless so they will take short indicator

which to dump the baby. Baby dumping happened when the parents were not plan to have

those babies and with the pressure happen especially to the mothers, dumping the babies was

one of the faster ways to eliminate the trace of unwanted pregnancy. In order to prevent them

from being humiliated and condemned by society. They were willing to commit crimes such

as throwing their babies. According to Anita A. Rahim and colleagues (2012), baby dumping

were the most heinous and inhumane crimes in any law of the world. However, teenagers

today only take easy ways by dumping their babies without feeling guilty at all.

17
2.2.4 Peers influence towards baby dumping

Baby dumping was always related to the teenagers because they were affected to abandon

their babies. In Malaysia, young people who had committed fornication outside of marriage

was usually still at school or college, and when they get pregnant, they will tend to abandon

their babies because they were not ready to be a mother. One of the main reasons of baby

dumping was peers influence where most of the time teenagers always were with their friends

more than their family like in school or hostel in college. According to Klausmerier ET. Al

(1975), teens influenced by the opinions and the views of their peers higher than parental

influence in the matters such as moral responsibility, courage, honesty, warmth and other ".

When teens had bad peers around them, they will easier to do the same like their friends as

they tend to trust their friends more than their parents when they want to complain or get

guidance. If their friends were bad then the result will be not good for the parents. It had been

explain by Mustafa Fahmi (1971), where teens need to prove themselves in order to be in a

group, so they will follow the groups‟ behaviour to be accepted. So as the desperation to be

accepted, teenagers will do anything and if there were no adult that can control their

behaviour, teenager can be wild and it lead to social problems like free sex.

As we know, not every group of teenagers had good manners so, if they had selected wrong

group their behaviour will also change according to the group. So the result, bad behaviour of

teenagers with the peers influence leads to social problem like baby dumping. (Ajzen &

Fishbein, 1980) had stressed that teens‟ behaviour was imitated by direct observation of peer

behaviour and that social norms of the peer group and sometime it will lead to risk behaviour.

According to Jussim and Osgood (1989), deviant peers influence occurs when a youth

perceives the groups‟ norms for behaviour and display of that behaviour, then the peer group

will reinforces that behaviour. So peer influence was one of the factors why teenagers doing

wrong things only to prove themselves in the peer group. Peers influence not only happened

18
for teenagers, it also happens to all age group. Other than that, (Burt & Uchiyama, 1989)

stated that two individual can used each other to evaluate their relative status or popularity

within the peers group even they were not related to each other directly. So they will do

anything including adultery as the benchmark to the most popular individual in the peers

group. They only enjoy the sex but never ready to be pregnant and become the parents so

baby dumping was one of the ways to keep their bad behaviour from public and mostly from

their own parents.

In addition, Kagan & Coles (1972) stated that, most of the psychological development of

teenagers influenced by friendship in early adolescent. Early adolescent means that roughly

12 to 16 years old of age. It was very important matter on how someone who commit baby

dumping related with their phycology condition. Unstable phycology condition of adolescent

related to their intimacy of friendship with their peers. According to Thomas J. Berndt (1982)

stated that there were research indicated that the intimacy of friendships increases

dramatically between middle childhood and early adolescence. They would become more

intimate as according to their growth and the intimacy was to achieve the mutually satisfying

outcome of equality. So in early adolescent, friends were important to shape their behaviour

to be bad or good. According to Csikszentmihalyu, Larson & Prescott (1977) stated that

teenagers spend most of their time talking to peers and they also described that teenagers

become most happy when they with their peers. Peers influence to any teenagers brings a big

impact towards their behaviour and attitudes.

According to Hon Diende (2007), baby dumping issue can be avoid if youth know how to

control their social life as the fact now youth were more social than before. In the past,

parents had more control over their children including their social life but now parents gave

more trusts to their children as they believe their children can manage social life without their

help. Now it is easy to be social as there were too many technology development provided

19
and it is affordable for teenagers‟ budget. According to Douvan and Adelson (1966), a

teenager needs someone like their friends to help them cope with the sexual impulse and

drive energy that were aroused at the onset of puberty. Technologies now give them

advantages where they can communicate with their friends anywhere. So, the cases of phone

sex as an example will happen and in the end teenagers desires to have sex will be greater.

Baby dumping case will come after sex happen where the parents were not ready to have the

babies so they only dump the baby to cover their bad behaviour. Dumping the babies can also

come as a suggestion from their friends which were close to them. The teenager‟s parents

sometime do not even notice that their children pregnant. Datuk Azizah M, Dun (2011) stated

that baby dumping problem cause by open relationship, drugs‟ influences, easy access to

pornographic media and the influence of friends.

Furniss (1966) have found peers were more likely to response to a youth„s behaviour than

any people. So, it will give the peer to have greater power to shape a teenagers‟ behaviour

and attitudes. It was another proves that support the statement where peers had the power to

influence a teenager in term of behaviour and attitudes. Another example was from Thomas J

Berndt (1982) which had stated four features of friendship that had received attention. The

features were the intimacy of friends‟ conversations and their knowledge of each other, their

responsiveness to each other‟s needs and desires, the degree of similarity or complementarity

between friends and the stability of friendship. Each of these features had the potential on

youth development to be good or bad. In addition, Kenneth A. Dodge and colleagues (2006)

stated that more exposure to deviant peers increased the chances for the peers‟ influences to

have the effects. Peers influence in baby dumping cases cannot be denied as people in this

world had friends from children to older ages people had friends. However only wrong

picking friends will lead to social problems like baby dumping.

20
DEPENDENT VARIABLE

2.2.5 Baby dumping issue

Baby dumping problem was one of the social problems that happen in Malaysia. These

problems usually happen to the teenagers as they were very vulnerable to involve in this

social problem. Today, the main concern of many people including government in a few

months back is about abandonments of babies since it becomes worst and the rate is rapidly

increasing (Abdul Jalil, 2010). According to (Noordin, 2012), baby dumping was not only

just dumping new-born babies but also referred to discarding or leaving alone, for an

extended period of time, a child younger than 12 months of age in a public or private setting

with the intent to dispose of the child. Baby dumping problem happen because of the parents

have no desire to keep their new born baby and the baby was thrown away. Most of the

dumped baby had no record as they were throw away as soon as they were born. This

problem keep increasing in number day by day and drastic action must be done to ensure the

problem can be avoid or solve before the problem become worst in the future.

Baby dumping in Malaysia usually happen when the baby was born without marriage and the

new mothers, especially young mothers may feel overwhelmed by the idea of parenthood.

They may have difficulty coping with the drastic physical and emotional changes they were

experiencing (Hubbard, 2008). So when they had the baby they only think that by throwing

the baby they can escape the pressure. However dumping the baby was not the only way that

people can take even they had no desire to keep the baby. According to (Hubbard, 2008), the

mothers may be suffering from the depression sometimes brought on by the hormonal

changes associated with giving birth. They may be convinced that they will be unable to

provide for the child, and they may feel that there is no one they can turn to for help. They

may fear the shame of having given birth outside of marriage, or they may fear that they will

21
be unable to continue their studies. With all the excuses, the mothers will tend to throw away

their baby.

Baby dumping can also happen when there were lack of education from childhood makes the

young parents lost their track on handling their baby in right way. Formal education need to

be given to all children as when they grow all education can be applied in their life including

to avoid social problem that can lead to baby dumping problem. (Laureano, 2002), added that

there was no consistent or reliable method for collecting data across jurisdictions on the

number of babies who were abandoned in unsafe places. The statement means that without

proper knowledge the parents had no idea to do with their new born baby. It was supported

by (Ojedokun, 2012) where were no available national statistics on the recorded cases of

dumped or abandoned babies in Nigeria. They throw away their baby to unsafe place like

drainage, garbage and even worst they throw their babies in the middle of road. Even so,

there were confusion in collecting data on the characteristics and motivations of parents who

abandon their babies. This problem lead to no solution can be taken by the authorities as the

reason parents throwing their babies were too subjective. Available literature indicates that

individuals who commit such act were predominantly very young, unmarried, physically

healthy women who were pregnant for the first time and not addicted to substances. There

was no indication that this problem was limited to certain races, ethnicities or incomes

(Laureano, 2002).

Lack of information on where they can find help was one of the reasons why women who get

pregnant out of wedlock dump their babies (Azhar, 2013). This situation often happens to the

mothers who were not accepted by their family because of unmarried pregnancy. They were

alone with the unwanted babies and this situation will affect the mind of the mother. They

will be unwise and the hatred on the baby will increase. Baby dumping becomes problematic

because it was unethical and grossly violated the dignity and sanctity of life of the most

22
vulnerable members of the society (Ojedokun, 2012). The parents become unwise when they

take the decision to throw away their baby and they also did not think twice when they

wanted to commit the act. Baby dumping was not the way that can solve every problem their

parents had and this unethical act will lead to another problem such as emotion distraction

especially for the mothers. Penick (2004) described women involved in baby dumping as

generally lacking in emotional maturity, problem-solving abilities, and adequate coping skills

which mean that they tend to act without think first.

According to Philpot (2006), babies abandoned at birth will face the problem of lifetime

uncertainty about their identity and genetic heritage. This could affect their life as they will

lose track on their parents. Baby dumping lead to several problems as the babies that survive

had no identification and the society especially will ignore the child as they could harm the

peaceful of the society even they were not doing anything wrong. The other problem arises

when the mothers keep their unmarried babies. Their family will face all the critics from

society. Society will lose respect to the family involved. The question on the issue was who

will accept the unwanted babies if they were not thrown away? It was an issue that affects

and was affected by teenagers, parents, teachers, schools, churches, community

organizations, and all of the social services that exist to protect parents and children,

including health care, child welfare, mental health care, and welfare (Laureano, 2002). So

every person in the society had responsibility towards this problem and together, this problem

can be prevented before it become worst.

23
2.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Lack of religious
education

-Not obey religious

command in term of
attitude

Problematic family

-divorces and poverty The most influence factor that

family contribute to baby dumping
problem

Media influence

-easy access to
pornographic media

Peers influence

-impact on behavior

Figure 2.3 Factors that influence baby dumping problem

24
In the independent variable, four factors that influence baby dumping problem which were:

2.3.1 Lack of religious education

Islam was a comprehensive and universal religion for all races and classes of people not

inclined to serve a specific category or group of people but specially aimed to address the

needs of all humanity with its moral, spiritual, social, legal, political and economic systems.

Its moral purity and clarity, simplicity in a strict monotheistic creed and faith, and

comprehensive prohibition of all types of criminality, oppression and injustice appeals to all

classes and categories of people, regardless of race, culture, education, social and economic

status. The aim of Islam was to establish the ideal human society and brotherhood spreading

general benevolence and the divine guidance among men for their betterment and salvation.

Part of its mission was to establish justice at all times and at all levels, to maintain amicable

relations even with potential enemies as long as there were no open acts of hostilities, and to

promote peace whenever possible. Allah the Almighty states in the Glorious Qur‟an:

It may be that God will grant love and friendship between you and those whom you hold as

enemies. For God has power over all things; And God is Most Forgiving, Most Merciful. God

forbids you not, with regard to those who do not fight you for your Faith nor drive you out of

your homes, from dealing kindly and justly with them: for God loves those who are just. God

only forbids you, with regard to those who fight you for your Faith, and drive you out of your

homes, and support others in driving you out, from turning to them for friendship and

protection. Those who turn to them (in these circumstances) do wrong. (60:7-9)

25
Referring to the above verse , ALLAH SWT had stated that He will forgive anyone that did

sins because of ALLAH is Forgiveness, people should know what were don‟t and do in our

religion, means that what was good and wrong. Related with baby dumping case, of course

dumping a baby is most evil action. But there still had a solution, those particular people

should come back to religious teaching and repent with full of regret feeling on what had

been done in her life. In addition, according to the teachings of Islam, one of the fundamental

moralities of Islam is the meaning of behavior. This problem was clearly contrary to the

values in Islam in particular and the universal norms of humanity in general. Therefore, the

proper way to address the problem of disposable baby was suppressing all the reasons to

cause this problem. Besides that, Islam also teaches people about the dos and the don‟ts in

relationship, where there was a border or limitation among boy and girl to avoid any

misconduct occurred.

Islam forbids absolutely any sexual activity before marriage. Islam also has a strong view of

„indecent‟ behaviour between the sexes. Thus, many Muslim students avoid any activities

organised by Student Unions that break these rules. Some examples of these activities were

dancing, field trips and meetings that involve close contact between men and women.

2.3.2 Problematic family

A problematic family referred to as a family that had serious crisis due to the family problems

(Utusan Malaysia, 27 September 1990:12). These crises then lead to various negative

conditions in the family relationship. These negative conditions may create chaos in a family.

Besides that, Coleman and Cressey (1993) listed a few family problems such as divorce ,

children care, children abuse, domestic violence, single family, full-time working parents and

family conflict. In addition, according to Murdock (1949), after he studying over 250 multi-

cultural societies, he defined family as a “social group characterized by common residence,

economic co-operation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of

26
whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and one or more children - own or

adopted - of the sexually cohabiting adults. The “household” was said to be the “living

arrangement” of such a family unit.

Apart from that, according to Haralombos and Herald (1997), he defined family as a

procedure for socialization, economic activity and sexual activities that consisted of two

persons of opposite genders who will indulge in sexual activity at least for the sake of

pleasure and would also consisted of children and a group of decedents. Most definitions

refer to family as a universal social institution, which constituted of persons directly linked

by “kin” connection where the adult members, assume the responsibility of caring for the

children (Marsh et al 1996).

2.3.3 Media influence

Media can be defined as a medium of communication to spread out information throughout

the world. Examples of media were newspapers, television, internet, telephone and others.

People used media to get information and sometimes they tend to misuse the media to fulfil

their desired. According to John D. Kendall (2007), the arrival of the internet automatically

reduced pecuniary and non-pecuniary costs to the user in order to access pornography.

Internet was one of media that contribute to the baby dumping problem that has been arising

lately. In addition, Michael Flood (2003) stated that by watching pornographic video from

any source like internet will produce bad impact towards youth less than 18 years old. The

bad impact to the youth will lead to the social problem like baby dumping so the media can

bring goods and bad to the user.

Michele L. Ybarra and Kimberly J Mitchell (2005) added that by viewing pornography at

early adolescent will urge the teenagers to have sex earlier. So pornography will bring bad

effect to the teenagers towards their sex world. In Malaysia, teenagers usually study in school

27
or college and they will not have enough income to get married and it will make their lust

toward sex cannot be controlled after they had been exposed too much pornography media.

So they will find easier way like free sex and without any precaution the pregnancy rate will

be increase. The baby dumping cases were the result of the teenager bad activity.

2.3.4 Peers influence

Peers can be defined as people who were closed to a person besides family members and their

age were almost the same. Peers had the power to change somebody perception and

behaviour mostly to the age of early adolescents because teenager spent most of their daily

life with friends during school after school and they only spent their time with family on

night. It can be said that teenager will believe to their peers beside their family. However,

according to Thomas J Bernth (1982) had different view where the impact on friendships on

biological, social, and cognitive changes rarely being examine and studied directly. So this

study will be added value as it will give result on the peers influence towards baby dumping

cases.

Besides from that ,N.Hazlizat Hashim (2010) stated that social problem among teenagers in

present day were very critical and those problem including crime, violence, drug, abuse,

adultery, rapes, baby dumping and others. She added that baby dumping become the most

concerned among public. It shown that teenager is vulnerable to the social problems as they

were influenced by peers. It was supported by Thomas J Bernth (1982) where adolescent

spend more time talking and interact to peers than anybody else in single activity. He also

stated that teenagers become very happy if they can talk to their peers. Peers influence can be

one of the dominant factors as peers give majority change of a teenager to be deviant and

involve with baby dumping cases.

28
2.3.5 Baby dumping issue

Baby dumping means that an action of throw away the babies at any place without thinking

about the babies. Beside that the newspapers show that the issue of baby dumping was

increasing from time to time. Mostly, teenagers always seen to be involved in this situation.

More recently, the tragedy of baby dumping had begun to be addressed by state legislature

throughout the nation. In the dependent variable, it was about the factor contributed to the

baby dumping in Malaysia. There were four of the main factors that were stated above and

this entire factor has a high reason for the teenagers to doing the sex and the consequences to

baby dumping. This entire factor was commonly contributed to the baby dumping cases

The factors that had been studied by the researcher were lack of religious education,

problematic family, media influence, and peers influence. Lack of religious education will be

focus on not obeying religious command lead to negative attitude while the second factor was

problematic family where the researcher focus on the divorces and poverty family. Media

influence factor was focused on easy access to pornographic media and the last factor was

peers influence which had been focussed on the impact towards people behaviour.

29
2.4 HYPOTHESES

Ho: there is no relationship between lack of religious education and baby dumping problem

Ha: there is relationship between lack of religious education and baby dumping problem

Ho: there is no relationship between problematic family and baby dumping problem

Ha: there is relationship between problematic family and baby dumping problem

Ho: there is no relationship between media influence and baby dumping

Ha: there is relationship between media influence and baby dumping

Ho: there is no relationship between peers influence and baby dumping problem

Ha: there is relationship between peers influence and baby dumping problem

30
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design was the conceptual structure within which research would be conducted. It

identified the variables in a problem situation and also developed the theoretical framework.

In order to construct research design, there were some important things that need to be

included which were objectives of the research study, method of data collection to be

adopted, source of information like sample design, tool for data collection and data analysis

which can be qualitative or quantitative. A research need to be design which the requisite date

can be gatherer and it can be analysed. Thus, in this research the researchers intended to use

cross-sectional study. It means that the data collected for just once, perhaps over a period

days or weeks or months, it was also known as one shot studies in order to answer a research

question (Sekaran, 2003)

3.2 UNIT OF ANALYSIS

Unit analysis can be defined as the level of aggregation of the data collected during

subsequent data analysis. The unit of analysis of this study was based on individual. It means

that the data gathered from each student of Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy

Studies (FSPPP) final year students and each student will be treating as individual data source

(Sekaran, 2003). This study was concentrate on the baby dumping issue where the

respondents were from FSPPP final year students in UiTM Negeri Sembilan Seremban

Campus in order to determine the dominant motivating factors that contribute to the baby

dumping cases in present day.

31
3.3 SAMPLE SIZE

A sample size was a subset of the population and some of the members were picked to be on

the list. A sample must consist of group of individuals taken from the population (Holmes,

et.al, 2005). In this study, the sample size that the researcher used for this study was 229

respondents which are from the final year student of Faculty of Administrative Science and

Policy Studies (FSPPP). The total residents of the FSPPP are 557 students and 229 students

were randomly selected to be the respondents of this study.

3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

In order to get the good study result, the researcher must identify the right respondent using

sampling technique. Sampling refers to the process of selecting a sufficient number of

elements from the population. There were a lot of techniques that can be used in sampling

process. In addition, a study of the sample and understanding of its properties of

characteristic will give the advantages to the researchers to generalize such characteristic to

the population elements (Sekaran, 2003). So, simple random sampling technique was used to

carry out the result of this study which was more suitable with the main purpose of the

research. By using this method, the researchers were able to highlight a specific subgroup

within the population without being bias in the choice of units to be sampled.

3.5 MEASUREMENT / INSTRUMENTATION

Measurement was the assignment of number or other symbols to characteristics (or attributes)

of objects according to personified set of rules (Sekaran and Boogie, 2010). Measurement of

the variables in the theoretical framework was an integral part of research and an important

aspect of research design. For this study, the researchers seek to know the motivating factors

that contribute to baby dumping problem. In order to get their answer and feedback, the

32
researchers had distributed a set of questionnaire to the final year students from FSPPP in

UiTM Negeri Sembilan Seremban Campus to know their perception.

3.6 DATA COLLECTION

All of data and information will be collect by using the questionnaire. The question will be

created based on this research topic. This method had been choosing because it was an

efficient data collection mechanism when the researchers know exactly what was required

and how to measure the variables of interest. The questionnaire will be distributed to FSPPP

final year students in UiTM Negeri Sembilan Seremban Campus. As a result the information

can be extracted from feedback of the students. The questionnaire that will be distributed was

about 229 set of questions where each student will be answering one set of questionnaire. The

data will be considered as a primary data because the design and distribute to the final year

FSPPP students.

3.6.1 Primary data

The primary data collected for a specific purpose which to address the research problem. The

primary data collected in this research by using questionnaire.

3.6.1.1 Questionnaire

The use of questionnaire as a data collection method was because of the cost wass less

expensive and also easy to student answering it. The questionnaire will be printed in white

papers and English and Malay language were used as a medium of the communication of the

questionnaire. The questionnaire will be distributed to 229 respondents from the Faculty of

Administrative Science and Policy Studies (FSPPP) final year student. The respondent‟s was

required to fill and answer in the questionnaire itself on the entire question. All of the

distributed questionnaire will be kept confidentially and personally.

33
Part A – Consist of the question that related to the demography of the respondents such as

age, gender and race of resident.

Part B – Consist of the measurement scale with 5 multiple choices response categories

ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree.

Section C – Consist of the measurement scale with 5 multiple choices response categories

ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree.

3.6.2 Secondary Data

3.6.2.1 Internet

The using of internet to search the information can help the researcher in term of reducing the

time and energy of the researcher. Internet is a connection of a computer to any other

computer anywhere in the world via dedicated routers and servers. It is an electrical device

that used to find data and information.

3.6.2.2 Journal

The data and information also can be found in journal especially online journal that are

related to our research. There are so many previous researches that have been done by the

others researchers and we have used it to make as a revision and guideline.

3.6.2.3 Book

Beside of the journals, we also had use book as a guideline to make this study including

religious book. Most of the books are we are chosen from internet where it is easier for us to

make references compared borrow from library. It is also time consuming.

34
3.6.2.4 Newspaper

Newspaper also has helping us to find more data and information regarding on the issue that

we have choose. As we all know newspaper always give us the most appropriate issues where

we can take it as a reference for our research.

3.7 DATA ANALYSIS

The uses of statistical software which is SPSS Version 20.0 descriptive statistic are so

important in order to analyze the data that had been collected from the respondents. The

benefits that will be provided by using this software, it able to show descriptive statistics such

as frequency, cross tabulation and comparison of mean. In the other hand, this software also

make easier to prepare the appropriate graph need to represent the data after analyzing it in

form of pie chart, histogram, bar chart and so on.

Objectives Concepts Measurement Statistic

1 To identify the lack of religious Definition Scale Correlation

education with baby dumping Lack Regression

from FSPPP final year student religious

perception education

2 To identify the relationship Definition Scale Correlation

between problematic family Problematic Regression

with baby dumping case from families

FSPPP final year student

perception

35
3 To identify the media influence Definition Scale

with baby dumping problem. media Correlation

influence Regression

4
To determine peers influence Definition Scale Regression

that lead to baby dumping of peers

problem influence

5 To identify the most motivating Explanation Scale

Regression
factors contribute to baby of most

dumping. contributes

factors

Table 3.7: Table of Data Analysis

36
 CHAPTER 4

FINDING AND ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter discussed about the finding and analysis from respondents that involve in

the study, followed by the test of measurement accuracy, description of variables, the

inter-relation, the hypothesis test and finally the summary of the finding.

4.2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Descriptive statistics were specifically used to describe the basic data of study which

were the demographic data. This data is the summary of the sample survey and also

its measurement.

Table 4.1 Descriptive Statistics

Demographic Profile Percentage (%) Frequency

1) Gender
Male 25.3 58
Female 74.7 171
2) Age
20-21 Years Old 8.7 20
22-23 Years Old 77.3 177
24-25 Years Old 12.2 28
26 Years Old and Above 1.7 4
3) Marital Profile
Single 94.3 216
Married 5.7 13
4) CGPA
2.00-2.49 5.2 12
2.50-2.99 29.7 68
3.00-3.49 47.6 109
3.50-4.00 17.5 40
5) Program Code
AM225 47.6 109
AM228 52.4 120
6) Semester
Part 5 61.6 141
Part 6 38.4 88
N = 229

37
Table 4.1 showed the first distribution of respondent which according to gender. It

showed the majority of the respondent was female (74.7 %) and the remaining

respondent was male (25.3 %). This is because the majority FSPPP students of UiTM

Kampus Seremban were female students, either from Bachelor of Administrative

Science or Bachelor of Corporate Administration in both Part 5 & Part 6 students.

The second distribution of the respondent was according to age. It showed that the

majority of the respondents in the range of 22-23 years old (77.3 %), followed by the

age range 24-25 years old (12.2 %), 20-21 years old (8.7 %), and finally age of 26

years old and above (1.7 %). The reason because most of the students in the range of

22 to 23 years old were students that came from the final year students, and the age

they enter Bachelor Degree program were around 19-20 years of age.

The third distribution of respondent was according to marital status which the

majority of the respondents were single (94.3 %) while the remaining had married

status (5.7 %). This was because most of the respondent age ranging from 22-23 years

old still in young age and they were all full time student which not appropriate to get

married.

The fourth distribution of respondent was according to the CGPA in which majority

of the respondents had a CGPA range 3.00-3.49 (47.6 %), followed by the range 2.50-

2.99 (29.7 %), 3.50-4.00 (17.5 %) and finally CGPA range 2.00-2.49 (5.2 %). This

distribution may reflect that most of the students had good educational grades which

exceeded CGPA of 3.00.

The fifth distribution of respondent was according to the Program Code. Majority of

the respondents were from the AM228 Bachelor of Administrative Science (52.4 %)

followed by the respondents from the AM225 Bachelor of Corporate Administration

38
 (47.6 %). This was because the most of the FSPPP students came from the AM228

Bachelor of Administration Science students after adding up with students who came

from Melaka City Campus and Shah Alam Campus.

Finally the sixth distribution of respondent was according to their semester. It showed

that majority of respondent were from Part 5 students (61.6 %) and the remaining

respondent were from Part 6 students (38.4 %). This happened because most of the

final year students of FSPPP in the new Seremban Campus were from Part 5 and only

a portion of them were from Part 6, especially from Melaka City Campus and a few

from Shah Alam Campus.

4.3 RELIABILITY TEST

Reliability can be used as an assessment tool to measure the degree of stability and

consistency of a result produced (Whitelaw, 2001). Reliability also can be referred as

the consistency of score that received by students on alternate forms of the same test.

Hence the mostly used reliability index known as Cronbach‟s Alpha, which provides

the determination of inter-item consistency correlation reliability. Cronbach‟s Alpha

range from 0 to 1.00 in which the value with close to 1.00 means it had a high

consistency (Wells & Wollack, 2003). Thus, the value ranging from 0.5 to 0.6 were

sufficient for exploratory studies as according to Nunnally (1967) and Dimovski

(1994) and also in the range of 0.70 were acceptable and over 0.80 were good

reliability (Sekaran, 2003).

39
 Table 4.2: Reliability of Cronbach’s Alpha

ALPHA COEFFICIENT RANGE STRENGTH OF ASSOCIATION

0.0-0.59 Worst

0.6-0.69 Acceptable

0.7-0.79 Good

0.8-0.89 Very Good

0.9-0.99 Excellent

1.00 Perfect

Table 4.3: Reliability Test

Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Standardized N of
Alpha Items Items
1. DV 0.810 0.812 6
2. IV Lack of religious education 0.878 0.883 6
3. IV Problematic family 0.854 0.855 6
4. IV Media influence 0.759 0.761 6
5. IV Peers influence 0.818 0.811 6

Based on table 4.2, the Alpha value for the dependent variable which was the factor of

baby dumping was 0.810. Hence, the reliability value with the range of 0.70 was

acceptable (Sekaran, 2003). Thus, this value shows that the 0.810 were acceptable

reliability value.

Second data showed the Alpha value for the independent variable which was the Lack

of religious education was 0.878. Hence, the reliability value with the range of 0.70

was acceptable (Sekaran, 2003). Thus, this value shows that the 0.878 were

acceptable reliability value.

40
 Third data showed the Alpha value for the independent variable which was the

Problematic family was 0.854. Hence, the reliability value with the range of 0.70 was

acceptable (Sekaran, 2003). Thus, this value shows that the 0.854 were acceptable

reliability value.

The fourth data showed the Alpha value for the independent variable which was the

Media influence was 0.759. Hence, the reliability value with the range of 0.70 was

acceptable (Sekaran, 2003). Thus, this value shows that the 0.759 were acceptable

reliability value.

The fifth data showed the Alpha value for the independent variable which was the

Peers influence was 0.818. Hence, the reliability value with the range of 0.70 was

acceptable (Sekaran, 2003). Thus, this value shows that the 0.818 were acceptable

reliability value.

4.4 NORMALITY

The assumption of normality was prerequisite for many inferential statistical

techniques. There were several ways to explore this assumption graphically such as

by using histogram, boxplot, stem-and-leaf plot, and many more. In addition of that, a

number of statistics were available to test the normality by using Kolmogorov-

Smirnov statistics, with a Lilliefors significance level and Shapiro-Wilk statistics, and

for this research Skewness and Kurtosis reading were used to test the normality.

Skewness and kurtosis was referred to the shape of the distribution and were used

with interval and ration level data.

41
 Table 4.4: Test of Normality

VARIABLES SKEWNESS KURTOSIS

Lack of religious education -1.005 0.508

Problematic family -0.424 0.249

Media influence -0.278 -0.442

Peers influence -0.267 -0.308

Total DV -0.488 0.543

The above table 4.4 shows that distribution of data of the study was normal where it

indicates it is normal distribution of the study. It based on range +2 until -2. For the

study, all the variables have met the requirements in order range +2 until -2.

4.5 CORRELATION ANALYSIS

According to Crossman (2011), the correlation coefficient used to measure the linear

association between two variables. So, it is also been said as a term that explain the

strength of a relationship between two variables, either strong or high correlation

means that a strong relationship with each other for two variables and also a weak, or

low correlation means that the variables were hardly related.

Table 4.5: Guildford Rule of Thumb (Hinkle, Wiersma, & Jurs, 2003)

Size of Correlation Interpretation

.90 to 1.00 (-.90 to –1.00) Very high/strong positive (negative) correlation

.70 to .90 (-.70 to -.90) High/strong positive (negative) correlation
.40 to .70 (-.40 to -.70) Moderate positive (negative) correlation
.20 to .40 (-.20 to -.40) Low positive (negative) correlation
.00 to .20 (.00 to -.20) Little if any correlation

42
 Correlation coefficient can range from -1.00 to +1.00 in which the value of -1.00

represents a perfect negative correlation while a value of +1.00 represents a perfect

positive correlation. In addition, value of 0.00 means there was no relationship

between the variables that have been tested. However a non-parametric alternative to

the parametric bivariate correlation (Pearson‟s r) was Spearman rho in which a

significant of p = 0.05 or less was accepted conventional level in social science

research. This can be understand by with 95 % out of 100 % can be sure there was a

true significant relationship between two variables in the research study and only 5 %

chance that the relationship does not truly exist.

Hypothesis (1) on the Lack of Religious Education and Factor of Baby Dumping

Problem

Hypothesis (1) can be referred as follow:

Ho: There was no relationship between lack of religious education and baby dumping

problem

Ha: There was relationship between lack of religious education and baby dumping

problem

Table 4.5: Correlation Analysis between the Lack of Religious Education and Factor of
Baby Dumping Problem

total_religious total_dv
Pearson Correlation 1 .360**
total_religious Sig. (1-tailed) .000
N 229 229
Pearson Correlation .360** 1
total_dv Sig. (1-tailed) .000
N 229 229
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).

43
Table 4.5 indicated that there was positive significant correlation between the lack of

religious education and factor of baby dumping problem.

(r (229) = 0.360, sig. value, p < 0.01 = 0.000)

Therefore, the findings had accepted the alternate hypothesis (Ha) and rejected the null

hypothesis (Ho). There was significant relationship between the lack of religious education

and factor of baby dumping problem and it was a positive, low correlation.

Hypothesis (2) on the Problematic Family and Baby Dumping Problem

Hypothesis (2) can be referred as follow:

Ho: there was no relationship between problematic family and baby dumping problem

Ha: there was relationship between problematic family and baby dumping problem

Table 4.6: Correlation Analysis between Problematic Family and Baby Dumping

Problem

total_family total_dv

Pearson Correlation 1 .392**

total_family Sig. (1-tailed) .000
N 229 229
Pearson Correlation .392** 1
total_dv Sig. (1-tailed) .000
N 229 229
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).

Table 4.6 indicated that there was positive significant correlation between problematic family

and baby dumping problem.

(r (229) = 0.392, sig. value, p < 0.01 = 0.000)

44
Therefore, the findings had accepted the alternate hypothesis (Ha) and rejected the null

hypothesis (Ho). There was significant relationship between problematic family and baby

dumping problem and it was a positive, low correlation.

Hypothesis (3) on Media Influence and Baby Dumping Problem

Hypothesis (3) can be referred as follow:

Ho: there was no relationship between media influence and baby dumping

Ha: there was relationship between media influence and baby dumping

Table 4.7: Correlation Analysis between Media Influence and Baby Dumping Problem

total_media total_dv
Pearson Correlation 1 .413**
total_media Sig. (1-tailed) .000
N 229 229
Pearson Correlation .413** 1
total_dv Sig. (1-tailed) .000
N 229 229
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).

Table 4.7 indicated that there was positive significant correlation between media influence

and baby dumping problem.

(r (229) = 0.413, sig. value, p < 0.01 = 0.000)

Therefore, the finding had accepted the alternate hypothesis (Ha) and rejected the null

hypothesis (Ho). There was significant relationship between media influence and baby

dumping problem and it was a positive, moderate correlation.

45
Hypothesis (4) on Peers Influence and Baby Dumping Problem

Hypothesis (4) can be referred as follow:

Ho: there was no relationship between peers influence and baby dumping problem

Ha: there was relationship between peers influence and baby dumping problem

Table 4.8: Correlation Analysis between Peers Influence and Baby Dumping Problem

total_peers total_dv
Pearson Correlation 1 .395**
total_peers Sig. (1-tailed) .000
N 229 229
Pearson Correlation .395** 1
total_dv Sig. (1-tailed) .000
N 229 229
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).

Table 4.8 indicated that there was positive significant correlation between peers influence and

baby dumping problem.

(r (229) = 0.395, sig. value, p < 0.01 = 0.000)

Therefore, the finding had accepted the alternate hypothesis (Ha) and rejected the null

hypothesis (Ho). There was significant relationship between Peers Influence and Baby

Dumping and it was positive, low correlation.

4.6 REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Regression analysis was a statistical tool to investigate the relationship between

variables. This type of analysis used to gain a causal effect of a variable against

another. For that aim, the researcher will gather the data of the selected variables and

do the regression to estimate the quantitative effect of the causal variables upon the

46
 variables that they influence (Sykes, 2011). Thus, this analysis need the researcher to

assemble data on the underlying variables of interest and employs regression to

estimate the effect of the causal variable that was most influential to the study. In this

research study which investigate the most influent factors that contribute to baby

dumping problem according to the FSPPP final year students‟ perception. There were

four factors that possible may influence the baby dumping problem from students

perception namely; lack of religious education, problematic family, media influence

and peers influence.

Table 4.9: Model Summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the

Estimate

1 .611a .373 .362 3.07822

a. Predictors: (Constant), total_peers, total_religious, total_media, total_family

b. Dependent Variable: total_dv

R was a degree of correlation between dependent variables and independent variables

which were the lack of religious education, problematic family, media influence and

peers influence. According to Guildford Rule of Thumb, it showed a medium

relationship (0.611). R Square indicated that around 37.3% of the factor influences on

peers influence according to their perception were referred to the stated IV and

remaining 62.7 % came from other variables.

47
 Table 5: Coefficients Most Dominant Factor(s)

Model Unstandardized Standardized t Sig.

Coefficients Coefficients
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) 2.302 1.942 1.185 .237
total_religious .267 .062 .254 4.320 .000
total_family .137 .052 .158 2.614 .010
total_media .241 .062 .232 3.903 .000
total_peers .262 .049 .314 5.301 .000
a. Dependent Variable: total_dv

Based on the table 5, it can be seen that the most dominant factor was the lack of

religious education. It was because the significant value less than 0.05, (0.000) and

the t-value showed the highest value which was 0.267. Thus, it shows that the lack of

religious education factor was the most dominant factor that contributing to the baby

dumping problem according to the perception of the students.

48
 CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study to determine the perception of the factors that contribute to baby

dumping problem from the Faculty Administrative Science and Policy Studies (FSPPP) final

year students in UiTM Negeri Sembilan Seremban Campus. In this chapter, it mainly

discussed about the findings of the study and concluded on the subject matter. Besides that,

the researcher also attempts to prove the validity and whether the research objective had been

achieved as well as answering the research question that had been conducted earlier. Apart

from that, this chapter also discussed about limitation of the study and the suggestion for

further research before conclusion can be made.

5.2 DISCUSSION

In this research, the test that researcher applied to identify the researcher objective. The main

research objective of the study was to find out the most influence factors of baby dumping

from the perception of final year students from Faculty Administrative Science and Policy

Studies (FSPPP) in UiTM Negeri Sembilan Seremban Campus.

There were four independent variable that researcher had been figured out in this research

study which were the lack of religious education, problematic family, media influence and

peers influence. The first objective in this research study was to identify the relationship

between the lacks of religious education with baby dumping problem from FSPPP final year

student perception, second was to identify the relationship between problematic families with

baby dumping problem from FSPPP final year student perception. Next was to identify the

relationship of media influence with baby dumping problem. Fourth was to determine the

49
relationship of peers influence that lead to baby dumping problem and lastly to identify the

most influence factor of baby dumping perception from FSPPP final year student in UiTM

Negeri Sembilan Seremban Campus. In order to complete the study, the researchers had

distributed 229 set of questionnaire to the respondents. The researchers had categorized the

questionnaire into three section which is consist of Section A , Section B and Section C.

Section A was all about the respondent background. Section B consist of four section which

representing the independent variables which were the lack of religious education for part A,

problematic family for part B, media influence for part C and lastly the peers influences for

part D. Meanwhile section C representing the dependent variables which was the factors that

contribute to baby dumping problem.

In this research study, reliability test had been conducted at first. The result from Cronbach‟s

Alpha was used to show the reliability of each of the variables section. The result of

reliability test for each element of the lack of religious education is 0.878, whereby it can be

consider as very good as the value of Cronchbach‟s Alpha is more than 0.8. The

Cronchbach‟s Alpha for the element of problematic family is 0.854, it can be consider as very

good as the value was more than 0.8. For the element of media influence is 0.759, it also can

be considered as good as the value was more than 0.7. Next is a peer influence, the result of

reliability test was 0.818 and it considered as very good as the value was more than 0.8.

Lastly for the section C which was the most contribute factor of baby dumping problem, the

reliability test was 0.810, which consider as very good because the value was more than 0.8.

50
5.2.1 Testing of Hypothesis and Research Objective

RO 1: To identify the relationship of the lack of religious education with baby dumping

from FSPPP final year student perception

For the first hypothesis, the standard (simultaneous) regression analysis was conducted for

the dependent variables and also the independent variables. The first hypothesis was to

identify the lack of religious education with baby dumping problem from the Faculty of

Administrative Science and Policies Study final year student perception. This hypothesis was

accepted because there was a relationship between both tested independent and dependent

variables although with a low relationship.

So this can be concluded that the lack of religious education influence the factor of baby

dumping problem from the view of FSPPP final year student. Besides that, this result answer

the first research objective which to identify the relationship of the lack of religious education

with baby dumping problem from the FSPPP final year student perception.

The lack of religious education included sexual before marriage, prostitute and so forth. This

was supported by book of Islam Faith Guide by (Amjad Hussain Kate El-Alami, 2005),

which he stated that Islam forbids absolutely any sexual activity before marriage because this

was very prohibited in Islam and very bad attitudes, that will lead to pregnant illegal baby

and lastly that particular person will dumping the baby.

RO 2: To identify the relationship between problematic family with baby dumping case

from FSPPP final year student perception

The second objective was to identify the relationship between problematic families with baby

dumping problem from the FSPPP final year student perception. The hypothesis was also

accepted because there was a relationship between both tested independent and dependent

51
variables. The researcher concluded that the problematic family influence the baby dumping

problem.

This result had answered the second research objective which was to identify the relationship

between problematic families with the baby dumping problem from perception of FSPPP

final year students. This was supported by (Conger et al, 1992); they had found that studies of

two parents‟ families in America who suffered a severe drop in income showed that the

economic pressure led to depression feeling in both mothers and fathers. Apart from that, it

resulted in increasing of marital conflict which was increased hostility to children, more

coercive parenting and disrupted family relationships, negatively affecting children well-

being and also will affect their behaviour. The negatively effect and the changes of their

behaviour in term of stress and too depress in order to raise their children and this will lead to

baby dumping problem.

RO 3: To identify the relationship of media influence with baby dumping problem

The third objective was to identify the relationship between media influence with baby

dumping problem. The hypothesis was accepted as there was a relationship between both

tested independent and dependent variables. So it can be conclude that the media gave

negative impact towards the baby dumping problem. The result also answered the third

research objective which to identify the relationship of media influence with the baby

dumping problem. This was supported by research done by (Michelle L.Ybarra and

Kimberly.J.Mitchell, 2005),almost 90 per cent teenagers between 12 -18 years old had access

to the internet and it may lead to pornography web seeking and have the potential to serious

ramification for their sexual development. In the country that had easy internet access, it will

attract children and adolescents to enter pornography webs.

52
RO 4: To determine the relationship of peers influence that lead to baby dumping

problem

For the fourth objective, the researcher focused on determining the relationship between

peers‟ influence with baby dumping problem. The hypothesis was accepted as there was a

relationship between both tested independent and dependent variables. So, the researcher

concludes that peers had influenced baby dumping problem. The result also answered the

fourth research objective which to identify the relationship of peers influence that lead to

baby dumping problem. This was supported by (Kagan & Coles, 1972) , stated that, most of

the psychological development of teenagers influenced by friendship in early adolescent.

Early adolescent means that roughly 12 to 16 years old of age. It was very important matter

on how someone who commit baby dumping related with their phycology condition.

Unstable phycology condition of adolescent related to their intimacy of friendship with their

peers.

RO 5: To identify the most influence factor of baby dumping problem from the final

year student of Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies (FSPPP)

perception

For the last objective, by using standard (simultaneous) regression test, the most influence

factor that contribute to the factor of baby dumping problem have high significant values was

lack of religious education. This showed that the lack of religious education was the most

influences factor of baby dumping problem. Thus from the finding most of respondent had

agreed that they need to have enough religious education in order to avoid this baby dumping

problem. It is very vital for students and all people nowadays to have a high religious

education and Islamic teaching for Muslim to avoid something bad from happen. This can be

53
proven that when the finding showed that religious education had positive and strong

relationship with baby dumping problem.

As a conclusion, by referring to the result of the test, the researcher had concluded that the

rest of the elements had contributed and influence baby dumping problem. In fact, there were

many causes that will lead to baby dumping problem and the entire factor that being stated

can be considered as the reason that had been stated by other researcher before.

5.3 LIMITATION OF STUDY

The study was conducted in UiTM Seremban Campus. The subject of this study was the

perception on the factors that contribute to baby dumping problem which was a case study

among Faculty Administrative Science and Policy Studies final year students.

The respondents of this study were the final year student of Bachelor of Administrative

Science (Hons.) in UiTM Negeri Sembilan Seremban Campus which consisted of 141

students from Part five and 88 students from Part six. The limitation from our research study

as follows;

5.3.1 Cultural and selfish

The limitation that faced by the researchers during conducting this research was cultural and

selfish. Sometime people tend to do selfish action without recognised it. Selfish happen when

a person, place or thing was viewed or shown in a consistently inaccurate ways. It was

usually negative, though one can have a positive selfish as well. The researchers had

difficulties to ensure that all the respondents answered the questionnaire sincerely because

some of them cheating about their personal information. Other from them was not answering

the questionnaire so these selfish attitudes make researchers face difficulty to do the finding

and analysis of the questionnaire.

54
5.3.2 Bureaucracy

When people talk about the bureaucracy, it will cross in mind that there were many

procedures and a set of regulation needed to be follow. In this research study, the researcher

also faced those circumstances because there were some limitations to get the information or

distribute the questionnaire to the real respondents that had been dumping the baby to make

this research more reliable and effective. At first the respondent of this study supposedly the

resident of Pusat Pemulihan Akhlak Nageri Perak however some of those responsible people

were not take serious regarding this research study because there were some procedure and

rules that they need to follow.

Apart from that, the limitation in this research was only cover on final year students of

Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies in UiTM Negeri Sembilan Seremban

Campus. Thus the result on the most influence factors that lead to baby dumping problem

only covered the answer from this particular group and no other part and branch of FSPPP

students. Other than that, the answer from this study does not cover convenience answer from

the whole faculty in UiTM Seremban Campus. This limitation makes the study to be

inconclusive where other students from different course being excluded and left undercover

(Hazman, 2006).

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the study, the researchers had provided several recommendations and suggestions

in order to reduce the rate of baby dumping problem. These recommendations were very

important in order to avoid the increasing total number of baby dumping problem year by

year. Recommendations were based on the most significant independent variable with

dependent variable. Based on the findings and through the study that had been conducted, the

lack of religious education was the most influence factor to baby dumping problem. It was

55
followed by peers‟ influence that contributed to baby dumping problem and media influence

come in third place. The problematic family still influence the baby dumping problem but it

comes in last place from the perception of final year student of FSPPP.

5.4.1 Ministry of Education should make Islamic subject as a compulsory subject

Religious education was very vital for Muslim in order to avoid them from being misconduct

especially involves in baby dumping problem. In order to cope with this baby dumping cases,

government especially in Ministry of Education should come out with several policies and

program for example government should make Islamic subject as a compulsory subject to be

taken by student. This approach was needed in order to provide awareness and better

understanding of Islamic teaching at school level. Besides that, the government also can

restructure or add the syllabus in certain subject such as “Pendidikan Islam” or “Pendidikan

Moral” in order to create awareness and highlighted the consequences of baby dumping.

5.4.2 Majlis Perwakilan Pelajar (MPP) should organize more Islamic programmes to

student at higher education in university

A committee or Majlis Perwakilan Pelajar that responsible in organizing event and program

that related to the student in the University. In order to avoid student from involve in

disciplinary problem such as bad attitude and unethical behaviour such as baby dumping

problem, MPP should organize more Islamic Programme to the student in order to improve

their attitude and their knowledge about Islamic teaching. For instance, MPP should organize

an Islamic forum that discussing and focussing on the societal problem among teenagers

nowadays especially for the case of baby abandonment. This program will enhance the

student understanding about the societal issue nowadays. Besides that, MPP also should

organize a campaign in the University for instance, a campaign to student for their awareness

of baby abandonment. This program will teach student how bad the baby dumping problem it

56
is. For example, Majilis Perwakilan Pelajar should organize one week campaign regarding on

baby dumping issues.

5.4.3 Curb access to pornography website

The easiness to widespread access pornography in Malaysia also one of the causes

contributed to baby dumping problem. Teenagers were among the groups that had

exceptional knowledge to access pornography on internet and also through mobile phone

(Bakri Zinin, 2010). They can even watch on other technological gadgets like mobile phone,

Ipad and any other gadget that can surf internet without their parents knowing. This situation

will encourage the teenagers to try accessing those pornographic media without any guilty

and think the consequences of this activity.

Government also can help to curb this problems by exterminate pornographic materials from

internet and electronic multimedia. These negative media material also can be one of the

biggest factors that can contribute to the baby dumping issues because it can influence

teenagers mind to do bad things.

5.5 FUTURE RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendation for future research purpose was to improve researcher scope of studies

other than existing independence variables. The future research should be cover more than

the scope of independence variables stated by the researcher which were the lack of religious

education, problematic problem, media influence and peers influences. There were some

future research recommendations as follows.

First future recommendation was that must provide more total number of questionnaire in this

research study. Respondents used by researchers in this study are 229 and involve final year

students in Bachelor Administration Sciences in UiTM Seremban Campus. Researchers took

57
UiTM Negeri Sembilan Seremban Campus respondents because they wanted to know the

final year student in Bachelor Administration Sciences UiTM Negeri Sembilan Seremban

Campus perception toward the baby dumping problem. Then, the researcher should provide

more total number of questionnaire to the respondent to gain more reliable result. Then, for

the future research also can be done in other university like UUM, IIUM, UNISEL, MAHSA

COLLAGE, MONASH and others to know the perception of their students towards the baby

dumping problem.

Next, this research conducted only for Bachelor Administration Students in UiTM Negeri

Sembilan Seremban Campus. So for the proposed that further research, it should be

conducted on the others course in UiTM Negeri Sembilan Seremban Campus for examples

some of the respondent come from the Bachelor in Mathematics and Science, and Bachelor

of Sport Science in order to know their perception toward the baby dumping problem in

Malaysia.

This research study also focussed only to the final year student in Faculty of Administrative

Science and Policy Studies in UiTM Negeri Sembilan Seremban Campus in order to know

their perception towards baby dumping problem. So, for the future research, the researcher

should distribute the questionnaire to real respondent which mean the researcher should take

the person who have been dumping their baby to be as their respondents. So, by doing this,

the research study will be more effective and challenging. The result also can be more

reliable.

58
5.6 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, the researchers study on student in Faculty of Administrative Science and

Policy Studies in UiTM Negeri Sembilan Seremban Campus perception, to the factors that

contribute to the rate of baby dumping cases had been successfully implemented and

achieved the objectives of the research. As what has been shown in the Conceptual

Framework in Chapter 2, the factor that leads to baby dumping problem depend on the four

factors which is lack of religious education, problematic family, media influence and peers

influences. There was relationship between all independent variable with dependent variable

in this research study.

From the finding, Lack of religious education was the highest number of factor by perception

student in FSPPP final year student in UiTM Seremban Campus. According the finding from

the research, it showed that the peers influence was the second higher factors that contribute

to baby dumping problem from the students perception, third was media influence and the

last factors is problematic family that influences with the baby dumping problem. To solve

these problems in baby dumping case, the responsible side for examples like teachers, Majlis

Perwakilan Pelajar (MPP), parents and government should take a drastic step to avoid the

increasing total number of baby dumping cases year by year.

59
REFERENCES

Alami, A. H. (2005). Faith Guide For Higher Education, A Guide To Islam . 17-22.
Association, P. (2012). Dead Baby Found At Rubbish Dump. The Guardian.Com.
Atoi, U. A. (2012). The Baby Dumping Phenomenon In Nigeria. A Study On The Perception
Of Women In Ibadan, 409-425.
Azhar, A. (2013). Ignorance Cause of Baby Dumping. Baby Dumping.
Bernama. (2011). 517 Baby Dumping Cases Since 2005. Bernama.
Bernama. (2012). Sabah Plan Baby Hatch To Reduce Baby Dumping. Bernama.
Bernth, T. J. (1982). The Features and Effects Of Friendship In Ealy Adolescent.
Dow, W. (2007). A Definition Of Religion . 1-3.
Dube, E. (2012). Mother Throws Baby Out Of Moving Car. Swazi Observer.
Dora, M. T., & Halim, N. B. (2011). Issues and Factors of Problematic Families in
Malaysia International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 155-159.
Felson, R. B. (1996). Mass Media Efects on Violent Behaviour.
Flood, M. (2003). Regulating Youth Access to Pornography. Australian National University.
Griffiths, M. D. (2010). Media and Advertising Influences on Adolescent Risk Behaviour.
Hagestad, P. A. (2007). Journal of Family Issues.
Halim, M. T. (2011). Journal of Issues And Factors Of Problematic Family In Malaysia. 155-
157.
Hashim, N. H. (2010). Study on the Perception And Knowledge Of Sexual Helath Among
Adolescents In Uitm Puncak Alam.
Hosken, K. C. (2012). Born To Be Dumped. The Times.
Hubbard, D. (2008). Baby Dumping and Infanticide, Gender Research & Advocacy Project.
Johnson, B. T. (2010). Contextual Influence On Adolescent Risk Behaviour. Mass Media .
Kamal, S. (2013). Bayi Baru Lahir Dibuang Tepi Longkang. Berita Harian.
Kendall, T. D. (2007). Pornography, Rape and Internet. Clemson University.
Kenneth A. Dodge, T. J. (2006). Deviant Peer Influence in Intervention And Public Policy
For Youth.
Laureano, B. I. (2002). The Nature of Baby Abandonment. Infant Abandonment Survey.

60
Levy, T. J. (2008). Framework of Problem Based Research. A Guide for Novice Researchers
On Development Of A Research Worthy Problem, 17-33.
Mitchell, M. L. (2005). Exposure to Internet Pornography among Children And Adolescent.
A National Survey.
New Straits Times (2010), "Foetus found buried by roadside" available at:
http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/27jani/Article (accessed 19 November 2013)
New Straits Times (2010), "Newborn found in plastic bag", available at:
http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/28sarr/Article/index_html (accessed 19 November
2013)
Pearson, A. D. (2006). Media Influence on Deviant Behavior In Middle School Students.
PDRM (2010) “Baby Dumping Statistic” available at: http://www.rmp.gov.my (accessed 26
November 2013)
Sheha, D. A. (Not Available). Islam Is The Religous Of Peace.
Skosana, I. (2012). Poverty among Causes of Baby Dumping.
Taylor, L. R. (2006). The Role of Media Violence in Violent Behaviour.
The Malay Mail (2011), "Foetus of boy found in garbage can", available at:
http://www.mmail.com.my/content/45796-foetus-boy-found-garbagecan (accessed 26
November 2013)
The Star (2010), “CID Chief: 472 babies found dumped since 2005”, available at:
http://thestarmobile.com/jsp/news/viewNews.jsp?newsID=151204&c at ID=19
(accessed 16 October 2013)
Welhman, J. (2011). Problem Families and Their History Since 1880. Based On A
Presentation At The Department For Education, 2-3.

61
 APPENDICES

Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

Bachelor of Administrative Science and Policy Study (Hons)

Universiti Teknologi MARA

The perception of the factors that contribute to baby dumping problem: A case study
among Faculty Administrative Science and Policy Studies final year students.

The questionnaire consists of 3 sections where respondent are kindly requested to answer all
3 sections honestly. The purposed of distributing this questionnaire is to gain information
regarding the dominant factor that contribute to baby dumping cases in Malaysia.

Soal selidik ini mengandungi 3 bahagian di mana responden diminta untuk menjawab semua
3 bahagian dengan jujur. Tujuan soal selidik ini diedarkan adalah untuk mendapatkan
maklumat mengenai faktor dominan yang menyumbang kepada kes pembuangan bayi di
Malaysia.

Researchers / Penyelidik:

Che Nazira Bt Che Aziz (019 615 3871)

Muhammad Idzham Bin Hassan Bakri (016 633 9396)

Supervisor / Penyelia:

En Mohd Fajil Bin Abd Batau

SECTION A:

Demographic Profile

Please tick (√) at your most appropriate answer for each question.

Profil Demografi

Sila tandakan (√) pada jawapan yang paling sesuai untuk setiap soalan.

1. Gender / Jantina Male/Lelaki ( ) Female/Perempuan ( )

2. Age / Umur 20-21years old / 20-21 tahun ( )

22-23years old / 22-23 tahun ( )
24-25years old / 24-25 tahun ( )
25years old and above / 25 tahun dan keatas ( )

3. Marital Status / Status diri Single / Bujang ( )

Married / Berkahwin ( )

4. CGPA / CGPA 2.00 – 2.49 ( ) 3.00 – 3.49 ( )

2.50 – 2.99 ( ) 3.50 – 4.00 ( )

5. Programme Code AM225 Bachelor of Corporate Administration ( )

/ Kod Program AM228 Bachelor of Administrative Science ( )

6. Semester / Semester Part 5 ( )

Part 6 ( )
SECTION B:
Please cycle (O) on the best according to the scale range.

Sila bulatkan (O) pada jawapan yang terbaik mengikut pelbagai skala

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree

Disagree
Tidak Bersetuju Neutral Bersetuju Sangat
Sangat Tidak bersetuju
Bersetuju
1 2 3 4 5

A) Lack of religious education - not obey religious command in term of attitude

Kurang didikan agama – tidak patuh arahan agama dalam konteks sikap

1 Lack of religious education lead to baby dumping cases 1 2 3 4 5

Kurangnya didikan agama boleh menjurus kepada kes buang
bayi
2 Religious education is very vital for human being as muslim to 1 2 3 4 5
avoid social problems like baby dumping case
Didikan agama amat penting dalam kehidupan seorang muslim
untuk mengelakkan masalah sosial seperti kes buang bayi
3 Not obeying Islamic command will lead to baby dumping case 1 2 3 4 5
Tidak mematuhi perintah ajaran gama islam akan membawa
kepada kes buang bayi
4 Free sex is the prohibited action in Islamic teaching. 1 2 3 4 5
Seks bebas adalah aksi yang terlarang di dalam ajaran agama
Islam
5 Free sex will contribute in baby dumping cases. 1 2 3 4 5
Seks bebas akan menyumbang kepada kes buang bayi
6 I know dumping a baby is an prohibited actions in our religious 1 2 3 4 5
Saya tahu membuang bayi adalah satu perkara yang dilarang
dalam agama
B) Problematic Family - stress and divorces

Masalah Keluarga – stress dan penceraian

1 Divorces of parents lead to social problems like dumping a baby. 1 2 3 4 5

Perceraian ibubapa menjurus kepada masalah sosial seperti
buang bayi.
2 Poverty problem also contribute to problematic family. 1 2 3 4 5
Masalah kemiskinan juga menyumbang kepada masalah
keluarga.
3 Parent with no time to their teenager’s children will lead to baby 1 2 3 4 5
dumping case.
Ibubapa yang tiada masa untuk anak-anak remaja mereka akan
membawa kepada kes buang bayi.
4 Parents that too busy with their job will make their children feel 1 2 3 4 5
lonely at home before involving their self in social problem.
Ibubapa yang terlalu sibuk dengan kerjaya akan menyebabkan
anak-anak mereka sunyi di rumah sebelum menjebakkan diri
mereka dalam masalah sosial.
5 Problematic families is one of the factor that will lead to baby 1 2 3 4 5
dumping cases
Permasalahan keluarga adalah salah satu faktor yang membawa
kepada kes pembuangan bayi
6 A higher number divorces case will result in a greater number of 1 2 3 4 5
baby dumping case
Peningkatan kes perceraian akan menyumbang kepada
pertambahan kes buang bayi
C) Media influence – easy access pornographic media

Pengaruh media – kemudahan melayari media lucah

1 Nowadays pornographic media easy to access. 1 2 3 4 5

Zaman sekarang mudah untuk melayari media lucah.
2 Pornographic media more attractive to teenager than other media. 1 2 3 4 5
Media lucah lebih menarik berbanding media-media lain kepada
remaja
3 Pornographic media have the ability to change the audience view 1 2 3 4 5
on sex.
Media lucah mempunyai kebolehan mengubah pandangan
penonton tentang seks.
4 Teenagers usually enjoy 18SX films more than PG 13, PG, or G 1 2 3 4 5
movies
remaja lebih menikmati filem berstatus 18SX berbanding filem
berstatus PG 13, PG, atau G.
5 Pornographic website give bad impact to teenager’s social life 1 2 3 4 5
Laman web lucah memberi kesan buruk terhadap kehidupan
sosial remaja
6 Pornographic media can give negative impact to social problem 1 2 3 4 5
like baby dumping
Media lucah boleh memberi impak negatif kepada masalah sosial
seperti pembuangan bayi
D) Peers Influence – impact on behavior

Pengaruh akan sebaya – kesan terhadap kelakuan

1 Friends are able to influence people behavior. 1 2 3 4 5

rakan-rakan berupaya mempengaruhi kelakuan seseorang.
2 My behavior now has influenced by my friends in the past. 1 2 3 4 5
Kelakuan saya sekarang hasil daripada pengaruh rakan-rakan
saya.
3 My friends can be trusted more than my family. 1 2 3 4 5
Rakan-rakan saya boleh dipercayai lebih daripada keluarga
saya.
4 Teenagers spend more time with friends than their family in one 1 2 3 4 5
day.
Remaja meluangkan lebih masa bersama rakan-rakan
berbanding keluarga mereka dalam masa sehari.
5 Teenagers tend to follow every advice from their friends. 1 2 3 4 5
Remaja cenderung menurut segala nasihat daripada rakan-rakan
mereka.
6 Teenagers will do anything to maintain their friendship even their 1 2 3 4 5
friends gave bad influence.
Remaja akan melakukan apa sahaja demi persahabatan
walaupun rakan mereka memberi pengaruh buruk.
SECTION C:

A) Factors that influence baby dumping cases

Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kes pembuangan bayi

1 Baby dumping cases happens when there is lack of religious 1 2 3 4 5

education.
Kes pembuangan bayi berlaku apabila kekurangan ilmu agama.
2 People who dump their babies usually came from problematic 1 2 3 4 5
family.
Orang yang membuang bayi selalunya datang daripada keluarga
bermasalah.
3 Baby dumping cases happens when there is too much 1 2 3 4 5
pornographic media influence.
Kes pembuangan bayi berlaku apabila terlalu banyak pengaruh
media lucah.
4 Peers influences contribute to baby dumping cases. 1 2 3 4 5
Pengaruh rakan sebaya menyumbang kepada kes pembuangan
bayi.
5 Pornographic media give negative impact towards audience’s 1 2 3 4 5
behavior.
Media lucah memberi impak negatif terhadap kelakuan penonton.
6 Peers can drive teenager to the wrong act like baby dumping. 1 2 3 4 5
Rakan sebaya boleh memdorong remaja kepada perbuatan salah
seperti mambuang bayi.

End of question

Soalan tamat

Thank you for your cooperation

Terima kasih atas kerjasama anda

APPENDICES

Reliability

Scale: ALL VARIABLES

Case Processing Summary

N %

Valid 229 100.0

a
Cases Excluded 0 .0

Total 229 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the

procedure.

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Cronbach's N of Items

Alpha Alpha Based on
Standardized
Items

.878 .883 6
 Inter-Item Correlation Matrix

Lack of Religious Not obeying Free sex is Free sex will I know
religious education is Islamic the contribute in dumping a
education very vital for command prohibited baby baby is an
lead to baby human being will lead to action in dumping prohibited
dumping as muslim to baby Islamic cases. actions in
cases avoid social dumping teaching our religious
problems like case
baby
dumping
case

Lack of religious
education lead to baby 1.000 .599 .388 .403 .388 .474
dumping cases
Religious education is
very vital for human
being as muslim to
.599 1.000 .644 .635 .588 .643
avoid social problems
like baby dumping
case
Not obeying Islamic
command will lead to .388 .644 1.000 .518 .504 .508
baby dumping case
Free sex is the
prohibited action in .403 .635 .518 1.000 .686 .702
Islamic teaching
Free sex will contribute
in baby dumping .388 .588 .504 .686 1.000 .658
cases.
I know dumping a baby
is an prohibited actions .474 .643 .508 .702 .658 1.000
in our religious
 Item-Total Statistics

Scale Mean if Scale Variance Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's

Item Deleted if Item Deleted Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Correlation Correlation Deleted

Lack of religious education

lead to baby dumping 22.1223 11.090 .544 .373 .883
cases
Religious education is very
vital for human being as
muslim to avoid social 22.0655 10.447 .795 .647 .838
problems like baby
dumping case
Not obeying Islamic
command will lead to baby 22.1659 10.823 .628 .446 .867
dumping case
Free sex is the prohibited
21.9258 11.113 .734 .611 .850
action in Islamic teaching
Free sex will contribute in
21.9782 10.890 .697 .551 .854
baby dumping cases.
I know dumping a baby is
an prohibited actions in our 21.8821 10.903 .748 .600 .847
religious

Scale Statistics

Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items

26.4279 15.290 3.91021 6

Reliability

Scale: ALL VARIABLES

Case Processing Summary

N %

Valid 229 100.0

a
Cases Excluded 0 .0

Total 229 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the

procedure.
 Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Cronbach's N of Items

Alpha Alpha Based on
Standardized
Items

.854 .855 6

Inter-Item Correlation Matrix

Divorces Poverty Parent Parents Problem A higher

of problem with no that too atic number
parents also time to busy families divorces
lead to contribut their with their is one of case will
social e to teenager job will the result in
problem problem ’s make factor a
s like atic children their that will greater
dumping family. will lead children lead to number
a baby. to baby feel baby of baby
dumping lonely at dumping dumping
case home cases case
before
involving
their self
in social
problem

Divorces of parents lead to social problems

1.000 .560 .394 .403 .530 .463
like dumping a baby.
Poverty problem also contribute to
.560 1.000 .548 .399 .543 .590
problematic family.
Parent with no time to their teenager’s
.394 .548 1.000 .604 .524 .515
children will lead to baby dumping case
Parents that too busy with their job will make
their children feel lonely at home before .403 .399 .604 1.000 .551 .304
involving their self in social problem
Problematic families is one of the factor that
.530 .543 .524 .551 1.000 .509
will lead to baby dumping cases
A higher number divorces case will result in a
.463 .590 .515 .304 .509 1.000
greater number of baby dumping case
 Item-Total Statistics

Scale Mean if Scale Variance Corrected Squared Cronbach's

Item Deleted if Item Deleted Item-Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Correlation Correlation Deleted

Divorces of parents lead to

social problems like 18.7598 14.253 .604 .405 .837
dumping a baby.
Poverty problem also
contribute to problematic 18.8865 13.557 .696 .514 .820
family.
Parent with no time to their
teenager’s children will 18.6638 13.926 .671 .521 .824
lead to baby dumping case
Parents that too busy with
their job will make their
children feel lonely at 18.5197 15.014 .572 .461 .842
home before involving
their self in social problem
Problematic families is one
of the factor that will lead 18.6550 14.218 .695 .496 .821
to baby dumping cases
A higher number divorces
case will result in a greater
18.8952 13.910 .617 .448 .835
number of baby dumping
case

Scale Statistics

Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items

22.4760 19.794 4.44909 6

Reliability

[DataSet1] C:\Users\Idzham\Desktop\4.6.14.sav

Scale: ALL VARIABLES

Case Processing Summary

N %

Valid 229 100.0

a
Cases Excluded 0 .0

Total 229 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the

procedure.

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Cronbach's N of Items

Alpha Alpha Based on
Standardized
Items

.759 .761 6
 Inter-Item Correlation Matrix

Nowaday Pornogra Pornogra Teenager Pornogra Pornogra

s phic phic s usually phic phic
pornogra media media enjoy website media
phic more have the 18SX give bad can give
media attractive ability to films impact to negative
easy to to change more teenager’ impact to
access. teenager the than PG s social social
than audience 13, PG, life problem
other view on or G like baby
media. sex movies dumping

Nowadays pornographic media easy to

1.000 .326 .396 .138 .492 .388
access.
Pornographic media more attractive to
.326 1.000 .566 .457 .132 .195
teenager than other media.
Pornographic media have the ability to
.396 .566 1.000 .516 .281 .303
change the audience view on sex
Teenagers usually enjoy 18SX films
.138 .457 .516 1.000 .235 .215
more than PG 13, PG, or G movies
Pornographic website give bad impact to
.492 .132 .281 .235 1.000 .561
teenager’s social life
Pornographic media can give negative
impact to social problem like baby .388 .195 .303 .215 .561 1.000
dumping
 Item-Total Statistics

Scale Mean if Scale Variance Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's

Item Deleted if Item Deleted Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Correlation Correlation Deleted

Nowadays pornographic
20.2882 10.311 .487 .365 .727
media easy to access.
Pornographic media more
attractive to teenager than 20.7118 9.680 .502 .389 .724
other media.

Pornographic media have

the ability to change the 20.5633 9.256 .632 .463 .686
audience view on sex

Teenagers usually enjoy

18SX films more than PG 20.8079 9.779 .459 .343 .737
13, PG, or G movies
Pornographic website give
bad impact to teenager’s 20.2751 10.700 .474 .427 .731
social life
Pornographic media can
give negative impact to
20.3013 10.492 .458 .346 .734
social problem like baby
dumping

Scale Statistics

Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items

24.5895 13.787 3.71307 6

Reliability

Scale: ALL VARIABLES

Case Processing Summary

N %

Valid 229 100.0

a
Cases Excluded 0 .0

Total 229 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the

procedure.
 Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Cronbach's N of Items

Alpha Alpha Based on
Standardized
Items

.818 .811 6

Inter-Item Correlation Matrix

Friends My My Teenage Teenage Teenage

are able behavior friends rs spend rs tend to rs will do
to now has can be more follow anything
influence influence trusted time with every to
people d by my more friends advice maintain
behavior. friends in than my than their from their
the past. family family in their friendshi
one day. friends. p even
their
friends
gave bad
influence

Friends are able to influence people

1.000 .314 .054 .251 .226 .214
behavior.
My behavior now has influenced by my
.314 1.000 .596 .362 .472 .513
friends in the past.
My friends can be trusted more than my
.054 .596 1.000 .396 .566 .646
family
Teenagers spend more time with friends
.251 .362 .396 1.000 .570 .438
than their family in one day.
Teenagers tend to follow every advice from
.226 .472 .566 .570 1.000 .631
their friends.
Teenagers will do anything to maintain
their friendship even their friends gave bad .214 .513 .646 .438 .631 1.000
influence
 Item-Total Statistics

Scale Scale Corrected Squared Cronbach'

Mean if Variance Item-Total Multiple s Alpha if
Item if Item Correlatio Correlatio Item
Deleted Deleted n n Deleted

Friends are able to influence people behavior. 17.1659 18.621 .264 .182 .844
My behavior now has influenced by my friends in
17.7948 14.664 .632 .451 .778
the past.
My friends can be trusted more than my family 18.0786 14.064 .649 .565 .775
Teenagers spend more time with friends than
17.3537 16.195 .547 .354 .797
their family in one day.
Teenagers tend to follow every advice from their
17.6638 14.566 .700 .535 .764
friends.
Teenagers will do anything to maintain their
17.8166 14.028 .700 .538 .762
friendship even their friends gave bad influence

Scale Statistics

Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items

21.1747 21.338 4.61928 6

Reliability

[DataSet1] C:\Users\Idzham\Desktop\4.6.14.sav

Scale: ALL VARIABLES

Case Processing Summary

N %

Valid 229 100.0

a
Cases Excluded 0 .0

Total 229 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the

procedure.
 Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Cronbach's N of Items

Alpha Alpha Based on
Standardized
Items

.810 .812 6

Inter-Item Correlation Matrix

Baby People Baby Peers Pornogra Peers

dumping who dumping influence phic can drive
cases dump cases s media teenager
happens their happens contribut give to the
when babies when e to baby negative wrong
there is usually there is dumping impact act like
lack of came too much cases towards baby
religious from pornogra audience’ dumping.
educatio problema phic s
n tic family media behavior.
influence

Baby dumping cases happens when

1.000 .339 .359 .372 .470 .266
there is lack of religious education
People who dump their babies usually
.339 1.000 .415 .452 .295 .433
came from problematic family
Baby dumping cases happens when
there is too much pornographic media .359 .415 1.000 .478 .403 .443
influence
Peers influences contribute to baby
.372 .452 .478 1.000 .514 .552
dumping cases
Pornographic media give negative impact
.470 .295 .403 .514 1.000 .492
towards audience’s behavior.
Peers can drive teenager to the wrong
.266 .433 .443 .552 .492 1.000
act like baby dumping.
 Item-Total Statistics

Scale Scale Corrected Squared Cronbach'

Mean if Variance if Item-Total Multiple s Alpha if
Item Item Correlatio Correlatio Item
Deleted Deleted n n Deleted

Baby dumping cases happens when there is

19.7817 11.505 .479 .288 .800
lack of religious education
People who dump their babies usually came
20.1528 10.376 .525 .306 .794
from problematic family
Baby dumping cases happens when there is
19.8690 11.027 .575 .333 .780
too much pornographic media influence
Peers influences contribute to baby dumping
20.0611 10.110 .663 .453 .759
cases
Pornographic media give negative impact
19.7555 10.905 .592 .413 .777
towards audience’s behavior.
Peers can drive teenager to the wrong act like
20.0742 10.323 .606 .417 .773
baby dumping.

Scale Statistics

Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items

23.9389 14.856 3.85433 6

Independent variable

Ba: lack of religious education

Bb: problematic family

Bc: media influence

Bd: peers influence

Dependent variable

Ca: the most influence factor of baby dumping problem

 Case Processing Summary

Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

ba 229 100.0% 0 0.0% 229 100.0%

bb 229 100.0% 0 0.0% 229 100.0%
bc 229 100.0% 0 0.0% 229 100.0%
bd 229 100.0% 0 0.0% 229 100.0%
ca 229 100.0% 0 0.0% 229 100.0%

Descriptives

Statistic Std. Error

Mean 26.5172 .24236

95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 26.0396

Mean Upper Bound 26.9947

5% Trimmed Mean 26.8599

Median 27.0000

Variance 13.451

ba Std. Deviation 3.66763

Minimum 15.00

Maximum 30.00

Range 15.00

Interquartile Range 6.00

Skewness -1.005 .161

Kurtosis .508 .320

Mean 22.4760 .29400
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 21.8967
Mean Upper Bound 23.0553
5% Trimmed Mean 22.6480
Median 23.0000
Variance 19.794
bb Std. Deviation 4.44909
Minimum 8.00
Maximum 30.00
Range 22.00
Interquartile Range 6.00
Skewness -.424 .161
Kurtosis .249 .320
bc Mean 24.5895 .24537
 95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 24.1060
Mean Upper Bound 25.0730
5% Trimmed Mean 24.7132
Median 24.0000
Variance 13.787
Std. Deviation 3.71307
Minimum 13.00
Maximum 30.00
Range 17.00
Interquartile Range 5.00
Skewness -.278 .161
Kurtosis -.442 .320
Mean 21.1747 .30525
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 20.5732
Mean Upper Bound 21.7761
5% Trimmed Mean 21.2545
Median 22.0000
Variance 21.338
bd Std. Deviation 4.61928
Minimum 9.00
Maximum 30.00
Range 21.00
Interquartile Range 6.00
Skewness -.267 .161
Kurtosis -.308 .320
Mean 23.9389 .25470

95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 23.4370

Mean Upper Bound 24.4407

5% Trimmed Mean 24.0922

Median 24.0000

Variance 14.856

ca Std. Deviation 3.85433

Minimum 10.00

Maximum 30.00

Range 20.00

Interquartile Range 5.00

Skewness -.488 .161

Kurtosis .543 .320

 Tests of Normality
a
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

ba .178 229 .000 .858 229 .000

bb .091 229 .000 .970 229 .000
bc .093 229 .000 .955 229 .000
bd .075 229 .004 .983 229 .008
ca .083 229 .001 .962 229 .000

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

Ba (lack of religious education)

ba Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Frequency Stem & Leaf

2.00 15 . 00
 2.00 16 . 00
3.00 17 . 000
5.00 18 . 00000
.00 19 .
5.00 20 . 00000
6.00 21 . 000000
6.00 22 . 000000
8.00 23 . 00000000
29.00 24 . 00000000000000000000000000000
17.00 25 . 00000000000000000
21.00 26 . 000000000000000000004
16.00 27 . 0000000000000000
13.00 28 . 0000000000000
16.00 29 . 0000000000000000
80.00 30 .
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000

Stem width: 1.00

Each leaf: 1 case(s)
Bb (problematic family)

bb Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Frequency Stem & Leaf

2.00 Extremes (=<9.0)

1.00 11 . 0
5.00 12 . 00000
1.00 13 . 0
2.00 14 . 00
2.00 15 . 00
4.00 16 . 0000
10.00 17 . 0000000000
17.00 18 . 00000000000000000
14.00 19 . 00000000000000
11.00 20 . 00000000000
15.00 21 . 000000000000000
25.00 22 . 0000000000000000000000000
17.00 23 . 00000000000000000
34.00 24 . 0000000000000000000000000000000000
17.00 25 . 00000000000000000
11.00 26 . 00000000000
12.00 27 . 000000000000
4.00 28 . 0000
7.00 29 . 0000000
18.00 30 . 000000000000000000

Stem width: 1.00

Each leaf: 1 case(s)
Bc (media influence)
bc Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Frequency Stem & Leaf

1.00 Extremes (=<13.0)

2.00 16 . 00
3.00 17 . 000
11.00 18 . 00000000000
6.00 19 . 000000
13.00 20 . 0000000000000
8.00 21 . 00000000
17.00 22 . 00000000000000000
18.00 23 . 000000000000000000
42.00 24 . 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
14.00 25 . 00000000000000
21.00 26 . 000000000000000000000
21.00 27 . 000000000000000000000
10.00 28 . 0000000000
4.00 29 . 0000
38.00 30 . 00000000000000000000000000000000000000

Stem width: 1.00

Each leaf: 1 case(s)
Bd (peers influence)

bd Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Frequency Stem & Leaf

1.00 0 . 9
5.00 1 . 00011
8.00 1 . 22222333
11.00 1 . 44444455555
24.00 1 . 666666666677777777777777
31.00 1 . 8888888888888888899999999999999
34.00 2 . 0000000000000000001111111111111111
36.00 2 . 222222222222222222223333333333333333
36.00 2 . 444444444444444444444444445555555555
27.00 2 . 666666666666666677777777777
6.00 2 . 888889
10.00 3 . 0000000000

Stem width: 10.00

Each leaf: 1 case(s)
Ca (dv- Factor that influence baby dumping)
ca Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Frequency Stem & Leaf

5.00 Extremes (=<14.0)

1.00 16 . 0
2.00 17 . 00
10.00 18 . 0000000000
8.00 19 . 00000000
13.00 20 . 0000000000000
18.00 21 . 000000000000000000
24.00 22 . 000000000000000000000000
16.00 23 . 0000000000000000
33.00 24 . 000000000000000000000000000000000
15.00 25 . 000000000000000
27.00 26 . 000000000000000000000000000
17.00 27 . 00000000000000000
8.00 28 . 00000000
7.00 29 . 0000000
25.00 30 . 0000000000000000000000000

Stem width: 1.00

Each leaf: 1 case(s)
CORRELATIONS
/VARIABLES=ba ca
/PRINT=ONETAIL NOSIG
/MISSING=PAIRWISE.

Correlations
[DataSet1] C:\Users\Idzham\Desktop\4.6.14.sav

Correlations

ba ca
**
Pearson Correlation 1 .360

ba Sig. (1-tailed) .000

N 229 229
**
Pearson Correlation .360 1

ca Sig. (1-tailed) .000

N 229 229

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).

CORRELATIONS
/VARIABLES=ca bb
/PRINT=ONETAIL NOSIG
/MISSING=PAIRWISE.

Correlations

[DataSet1] C:\Users\Idzham\Desktop\4.6.14.sav

Correlations

ca bb
**
Pearson Correlation 1 .392

ca Sig. (1-tailed) .000

N 229 229
**
Pearson Correlation .392 1

bb Sig. (1-tailed) .000

N 229 229

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).

CORRELATIONS
/VARIABLES=ca bc
/PRINT=ONETAIL NOSIG
/MISSING=PAIRWISE.
Correlations
[DataSet1] C:\Users\Idzham\Desktop\4.6.14.sav

Correlations

ca bc
**
Pearson Correlation 1 .413

ca Sig. (1-tailed) .000

N 229 229
**
Pearson Correlation .413 1

bc Sig. (1-tailed) .000

N 229 229

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).

CORRELATIONS
/VARIABLES=ca bd
/PRINT=ONETAIL NOSIG
/MISSING=PAIRWISE.

Correlations

[DataSet1] C:\Users\Idzham\Desktop\4.6.14.sav

Correlations

ca bd
**
Pearson Correlation 1 .395

ca Sig. (1-tailed) .000

N 229 229
**
Pearson Correlation .395 1

bd Sig. (1-tailed) .000

N 229 229

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).

REGRESSION
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA
/CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10)
/NOORIGIN
/DEPENDENT ca
/METHOD=ENTER ba bb bc bd
/SCATTERPLOT=(*ZRESID ,*ZPRED)
/RESIDUALS NORMPROB(ZRESID)
/CASEWISE PLOT(ZRESID) OUTLIERS(3)
/SAVE MAHAL.
Regression

[DataSet1] C:\Users\Idzham\Desktop\4.6.14.sav

a
Variables Entered/Removed

Model Variables Entered Variables Method

Removed
b
1 bd, ba, bc, bb . Enter

a. Dependent Variable: ca
b. All requested variables entered.

b
Model Summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R Std. Error of the

Square Estimate
a
1 .611 .373 .362 3.07822

a. Predictors: (Constant), bd, ba, bc, bb

b. Dependent Variable: ca

a
ANOVA

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

b
Regression 1264.650 4 316.162 33.367 .000

1 Residual 2122.494 224 9.475

Total 3387.144 228

a. Dependent Variable: ca
b. Predictors: (Constant), bd, ba, bc, bb

a
Coefficients

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Sig.

Coefficients

B Std. Error Beta

(Constant) 2.302 1.942 1.185 .237

ba .267 .062 .254 4.320 .000

1 bb .137 .052 .158 2.614 .010

bc .241 .062 .232 3.903 .000

bd .262 .049 .314 5.301 .000

a. Dependent Variable: ca

a
Casewise Diagnostics

Case Number Std. Residual ca Predicted Value Residual

129 -4.165 10.00 22.8199 -12.81990

a. Dependent Variable: ca

a
Residuals Statistics

Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation N

Predicted Value 18.6297 29.5151 23.9389 2.35515 229

Std. Predicted Value -2.254 2.368 .000 1.000 229
Standard Error of Predicted
.222 .815 .436 .130 229
Value
Adjusted Predicted Value 18.6517 29.4999 23.9310 2.36148 229
Residual -12.81990 7.65649 .00000 3.05110 229
Std. Residual -4.165 2.487 .000 .991 229
Stud. Residual -4.250 2.526 .001 1.005 229
Deleted Residual -13.35291 7.89426 .00785 3.13396 229
Stud. Deleted Residual -4.423 2.557 .000 1.013 229
Mahal. Distance .185 15.005 3.983 3.025 229
Cook's Distance .000 .150 .005 .014 229
Centered Leverage Value .001 .066 .017 .013 229

a. Dependent Variable: ca (factor contribute to baby dumping)

Charts
Frequencies
[DataSet1] C:\Users\Idzham\Desktop\4.6.14.sav

Statistics

Gender Age maritial status cgpa programme code semester

Valid 229 229 229 229 229 229

N
Missing 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mean 1.7467 2.0699 1.0568 2.7729 1.5240 1.3843
Median 2.0000 2.0000 1.0000 3.0000 2.0000 1.0000
Mode 2.00 2.00 1.00 3.00 2.00 1.00
Std. Deviation .43584 .52517 .23191 .79525 .50052 .48749
Variance .190 .276 .054 .632 .251 .238
Range 1.00 3.00 1.00 3.00 1.00 1.00
Minimum 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Maximum 2.00 4.00 2.00 4.00 2.00 2.00
25 1.0000 2.0000 1.0000 2.0000 1.0000 1.0000

Percentiles 50 2.0000 2.0000 1.0000 3.0000 2.0000 1.0000

75 2.0000 2.0000 1.0000 3.0000 2.0000 2.0000

Frequency Table
Gender

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

male 58 25.3 25.3 25.3

Valid female 171 74.7 74.7 100.0

Total 229 100.0 100.0

Age

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

20-21 years old 20 8.7 8.7 8.7

22-23 years old 177 77.3 77.3 86.0

Valid 24-25years old 28 12.2 12.2 98.3

25years old and above 4 1.7 1.7 100.0

Total 229 100.0 100.0

maritial status

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

single 216 94.3 94.3 94.3

Valid married 13 5.7 5.7 100.0

Total 229 100.0 100.0

cgpa

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

2.00 – 2.49 12 5.2 5.2 5.2

2.50 – 2.99 68 29.7 29.7 34.9

Valid 3.00 – 3.49 109 47.6 47.6 82.5

3.50 – 4.00 40 17.5 17.5 100.0

Total 229 100.0 100.0

 programme code

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

AM225 Bachelor of Corporate

109 47.6 47.6 47.6
Administration

Valid AM228 Bachelor of

120 52.4 52.4 100.0
Administrative Science

Total 229 100.0 100.0

semester

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

part 5 141 61.6 61.6 61.6

Valid part 6 88 38.4 38.4 100.0

Total 229 100.0 100.0

Histogram