Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park Antonio
J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

Disciplines and Ideas

In The Applied Social
Sciences
*Clientele and Audiences In Counseling

*Settings, Processes, Methods, and Tools In Counseling

Week 4
Module 4
Most Essential Learning Competencies:
•
Describe the clientele of counseling.
•
Illustrate the different processes and methods involved in
counseling.
•
Distinguish the needs of individuals, groups,
organizations and communities.

1
 HOW TO USE

THIS MODULE

Before starting the module, I want you to set aside

other tasks that might disturb you while enjoying the
lessons. Read the simple instructions below to
successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions

indicated in every page of this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the
lessons. Writing enhances learning. It is important to
develop this skill and to keep it in mind
3. Accomplish all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers
using the answer key card.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what
you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

2
• Expectations - These are what you will master after
completing the lessons in the module.
• Pretest - This will measure your prior knowledge
and the concepts to be mastered throughout the
lesson.
• Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will
measure what learnings and skills did you
understand from the previous lesson.
• Brief Introduction - This section will give you an
overview of the lesson.
• Discussion - This section provides a short
discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you
discover and understand new concepts and skills.
• Activities - This is a set of activities you will
perform.
• Remember - This section summarizes the concepts
and applications of the lessons.
• Check your understanding - This will verify what
you have learned from the lesson.
• Posttest- This will measure how much you have
learned from the entire module.

3
 EXPECTATIONS

You will explain the different aspects in counseling.

Specifically, this module will help you to:

• describe the clientele of counseling.

• illustrate the different processes and methods
involved in counseling; and
• distinguish the needs of individuals, groups,
organizations, and communities
Let us start your journey in learning more on clientele and
audiences as well as the settings, processes, methods and
tools in counseling. I am sure you are ready and excited to answer the Pretest. Smile and cheer up!

PRETEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer and
write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is the process of guiding a person during a stage

in life when reassessment or decision-making has to
be made by the counselee.
a. Counseling

4
 b. Reassurance
c. Clarification
d. Listening
2. It refers to the essential goal in counselling which is
to witness a client progresses on his/her own
without the assistance of the counselor.
a. Intervention Phase
b. Formulation of Counseling Goals
c. Assessment and Diagnosis
d. Termination Phase
3. This stage can be undertaken at any point in the
counseling stage.
a. Research and Evaluation
b. Affiliation Phase
c. Formulation of Counseling Goals
d. Termination and Follow-up
4. This serves as the window for the counselor to have
a thorough appreciation of the client’s condition.
a. Relationship Building
b. Assessment and Diagnosis
c. Formulation of Counseling Goals
d. Commitment Phase

5. This is the heart of the counselling process that

provides the force and foundation for the counselling
to succeed.
a. Establishing Rapport
b. Intervention and Problem-solving
c. Monitoring

5
 d. Implementation

6. This encourages a client to accept responsibility for

problems and to be more realistic in solving them.
a. Listening
b. Reassurance
c. Clarified thinking
d. Advice

7. It is the way of encouraging the counselee to face the

problem confidently and to empower the client to
function normally again.
a. Reassurance
b. Advice
c. Reorientation
d. Transference

8. It refers to the treatment provided to clients in

whatever circumstances they are in.
a. Reorientation
b. Clarity
c. Respect
d. Empathy
9. It is an attempt by the counselor to restate what the
client is either saying or feeling, so the client may
learn something or understand the issue better.
a. countertransference
b. positive regard
c. empathy
d. clarification

6
 10. This requires the counselor to listen and
understand the feelings and perspective of the client
in an aspect of respect.
a. Reorientation
b. Clarity
c. Respect
d. Empathy

Great, you finished answering the questions. You may request your facilitator to
check your work. Congratulations and keep on learning!

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

Activity 1.1 True or False

Directions: In a separate sheet of paper. write T if
the statement is true and F if it is false.

_____ 1. Counselors help people resolve conflicts

even if the concern is developmental in nature.
_____ 2. One example of group counselling is the
counselling for alcoholics.
_____ 3. Community counselors work in communities
only and do not work with various age groups.
_____ 4. School counselors have nothing to do with
curriculum development.
_____ 5. “Eclectic approach” in counselling is the blending
of different ideas that appeal to the counselor for use.

7
_____ 6. Pre-contemplation stage is the first step when the
client is thinking about getting help.
_____ 7. Counseling settings can be long term or short-term
care facilities.

_____ 8. Building rapport with client is essential in any

counseling setting.

_____ 9. Counselors are also needed in private companies.

_____10. Counseling stages should not end in termination.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

We all experience periods of sadness, worry, and

stress. All of us go through difficult times in our lives
When we experience struggles in life, we tend to seek out
the support of somebody like the counselors who can give
us pieces of advice. Seeking out counselor’s help does not
mean that we are “weak”; instead, this proves that we
have the courage to willingly examine ourselves.
The purpose of counseling is to assist others to
gain greater insight into their lives hoping to find
answers to their questions in life. This process requires a
skillful counselor to build that helping relationship with
clients. The big questions are: Who are the clients that
need counseling? When and why do they need it?

8
 DISCUSSIONS

Lesson
Clientele and Audiences
1 in Counseling

The clientele and audiences of the counselling services

come from different settings. Individuals, organizations,
and communities or group of people with varying needs
seek help from counseling services.
The needs vary for each type of clientele and audience of
counseling. In the school context, guidance and
counseling aims to address needs such as jobhunting,
coaching, conflict management, and many others. While
in other settings, cases vary from marriage counseling,
drug addiction and rehabilitation, as well as bereavement
to cases of abuse and traumatic experiences. Whether in
group or individual, those who avail counseling services
are the clientele and audiences of counseling.

Characteristics of Individual Clients of Counseling:

The clientele and audiences of counseling are individuals
who need assistance. They may need help in realizing a
change in behavior or attitude or simply seeking
directions to achieve a certain goal in life. This growing
number of clients arises due to mental health concerns

9
from mild to severe cases. This helping process can be
beneficial to anyone who experiences stress, depression,
anxiety, and other emotional turmoil. Individuals who are
experiencing problems in their personal relationship,
gender, sexuality issues, or any circumstances that
matter to a person can be helped through counseling.
This may include development of social skills, effective
communication, spiritual direction, decision-making, and
career choices.

The Group and Organization as Client of Counseling

The list of problems that counselors deal with every day
can go on and on but through the years, special
counselling populations have evolved. The special
clientele in groups has been given increasing attention by
the counselling profession to frequent occurrences.
Groups exist in communities, organizations, students in
schools, teachers, and departments in workplaces. Such
an entity can undergo group counseling to meet
counseling needs on that level. The needs can range from
the desire to reduce or manage conflict, to the goal of
becoming more productive as a team by working together
Some of the group processes and procedures resemble
those that are applied to individuals. However, some are
incredibly unique to group and organizational context.
The Community as Client of Counseling
Conducting community counseling is essential in times
of calamity or natural disasters and other events that
cause stress to people in the community. Experiencing
traumatic events is something that requires collective
action in reaching out through therapeutic activities. The
community looks for assistance to combat post traumatic
events and counseling empowers them to go on with their

10
lives. They are also encouraged to release the danger of
blocking their own capacity to move on from distress.

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1.2 Conducting a survey

Direction: Using any form of media application, conduct a
simple survey or interview among young adults (ages 18-
21) on problems they encounter during this pandemic and
how they cope with it. Using a survey protocol, get data on
the following:

A. Age, gender and educational background, optional

to include religious affiliation and socio-economic
status.

B. Problems encountered:
e.g. stress, depression, anxiety, grief, and other
emotional turmoil, personal relationship issues with
friends, family and partner, sexuality concerns, and
forms of abuse like using illegal drugs, alcohol,
tobacco, sexual, verbal, and different forms of games
including virtual or computer related and gambling.

C. At the end of the survey, include “other problem/s

encountered by them that require counselling and
why do they need it”.

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 ACTIVITIES

Activity 1.3 Profiling Clients

Direction: Using the result of the survey, present it in
graphical or tabulated form, analyze the
data and reflect on the following context:
1. What common problems do young adults
encounter during this pandemic? Choose a case
that you think needs counseling and explain why
it requires counselling?
2. Read related case about the problem and the
corresponding coping mechanism applied on
presented case.
3. Write your own reflective essay about this
experience.

12
 DISCUSSIONS

Lesso
Settings, Processes, Methods
n 2 and Tools in Counseling

Counselling often has a stigma associated with it, given the history of how mental
health issues have been addressed in our society. The
reality is, we all struggle with life problems and anyone
can benefit from counselling. We usually have tendencies
to find relief when we want to express our thoughts and
feelings when we have problems. But sometimes friends
or family members may not have the skills necessary to
help us get deep into an issue. It is not something that is
just for people who want to help others. This human
journey in counseling is sometimes complex that not only
it needs to fit in proper settings, processes, and methods
but also to use different tools to cater to whatever is
needed.

A. SETTINGS OF COUNSELING

Settings in which a counseling professional may

work include private practice, community settings, the
legal system, long/short-term care facilities, advocacy
roles, and in the educational system. In each setting,
different skills and trainings are required.

13
Government Setting:

Counseling professionals in government setting work

with various government agencies that have counseling
services such as: Social welfare, Correctional
department, The Court system, Child and Women affairs
services, Schools, Military, Police, Mental and foster
homes and, Rehabilitation centers. Counseling settings
vary widely but the processes, methods, and tools used
by counselors are very similar.

Private Sectors Setting:

The counselors in private sectors provide services or

works for NGO’s specialized for profit centers and
organization that render a variety of counseling services
designed for individuals or group.

Civil Society Setting:

The context of civil society is generally charities or

non-profit and issuebased centers or organizations for
abused women, abandoned children and elderly,
veterans, teachers, professionals or religious groups.
School Setting:

School counselors assume many different

responsibilities and task based on the particular needs of
the students. Guidance services vary based on the
program the school is offering. The role of the school
counselor is more complex since the needs of students
vary. Basically counseling in this setting provides
guidance for the students to help them in every aspect of
their growth and development as individual.

14
B. PROCESSES OF COUNSELING

Counseling process refers to events, characteristics,

or conditions that occur during the interaction between
counselor and client. Its process is different for each
individual or couple; however, it may be helpful to get a
sense of the style of counselling. Process can refer to
what the counselor does with the client as well as how
change occurs within the client. It is a planned,
structured dialogue between a counselor and a client. It
is a cooperative process in which a trained professional
helps a person called the client to identify sources of
difficulties or concerns that he or she is experiencing.
Together they develop ways to deal with and overcome
these problems in order for the client to acquire new set
of skills and increased understanding of him or herself
and of others.

Step 1: Building Rapport/ Needs Assessment

The first step involves building relationship and

gaining the trust of the counselee while establishing the
client’s condition at the same time. It focuses on
engaging clients to explore issues that directly affect
them. This is the diagnostic procedure that may range
from systematic observation to conducting a formal
survey using a questionnaire in order to determine the
needs of the client. It is the heart of the counseling
process that serves as the foundation of success. It
entails analysis of the root causes of the problem. The
data gathered will be utilized in the formulation of the
intervention program.

15
Step 2: Goal Setting / Designing Intervention Plan

Goals are important because they set the direction

of the counseling process. They serve as the parameter
of the intervention program. This step involves the
collection and classification of information about the
client’s life situation and reasons for seeking counseling.
It also involves setting an agreement between the
counselor and the counselee after formulating goals and
program plan.

Step 3: Implementation / Problem Solving Program

This comprises the actual process of the outlined

mapping of strategies for intervention that entails client’s
active participation in the process of helping themselves.
This is where goals play an important role in giving
direction. It involves making a commitment to achieve
the set goals.

Step 4: Counseling Processes /Monitoring and

Evaluation

Monitoring the counseling process is essential in

tracking the record of the helping process. This step
determines the success and failure of the program. It can
tell if the goals are met or if challenges are at stakes that
distract the implementing program. This stage can be
undertaken with research that is fundamental part of the
evaluation. Result of the research provides a scientific
appreciation of the counseling situation.

Step 5: Follow-Up, Termination or Referral

Counselor are always mindful and careful in dealing

with clients to avoid fostering dependency. It is important

16
that the clients realize their own needs. That is why
preparation for termination begins long before the actual
termination period. Terminating the counseling process
is also considered when it seems counseling is not being
helpful. Think of this as means of empowering clients
and creating an awareness to review their own progress
and to create closure between the client and the
counselor

C. METHODS OF COUNSELING

The most fundamental aspect of any counselling is

the relationship between the counsellor and the client.
Several studies have established that the client’s
perspective of the quality of therapeutic relationship is
one of the most important factors being considered by
clients in achieving the goals of the therapy. The
importance of this relationship far outweighs the
importance of the counsellor’s qualifications or the style
of counselling being employed. Therefore it is vital to find
a counsellor who feels right for you.

The following methods are among the basic

counseling approaches commonly used today with brief
descriptions of their meanings:

Adlerian Approach

Adlerian Therapy is an approach pioneered by Alfred

Adler, It is also called individual psychology and it
focuses on creating a therapeutic relationship that is co-
operative, encouraging and practical. In this approach,
Adlerian counsellors identify obstacles and create
effective strategies in working towards their client’s goals.
It is believed that by helping clients gain insight of their

17
lifestyle and personal values, it helps them understand
and question their usual patterns of behavior.

Behavioral Approach

This therapy is based on the belief that behavior is

learnt in response to past experiences and can be
unlearnt or reconditioned without analyzing the past to
find the reason for such behavior. It works well for
compulsive and obsessive behavior, fears, phobias, and
addictions.
Cognitive Analytical Approach

This combines Cognitive Therapy and Psychotherapy

and encourages clients to draw on their own ability to
develop the skills to change destructive patterns of
behavior. Negative ways of thinking are explored in
structured and directive ways, involving diary-keeping,
progress charts, etc.

Cognitive Behavioral Approach

This combines Cognitive and Behavioral techniques.

Clients are taught ways to change thoughts and
expectations using relaxation techniques. It has been
effective for stress-related ailments, phobias, obsessions,
eating disorders and major depression.

Cognitive Approach

This approach uses the power of the mind to influence

behavior. It is based on the theory that previous
experiences can damage self-image and this can affect
attitude, emotions, and ability to deal with certain
situations. It works by helping the client to identify,
question, and change poor mental images of themselves,
thus altering negative responses and behavior. It can
18
help pessimistic or depressed people to view things from
a more optimistic perspective.

Dialectical Behavioral Approach

DBT was developed from cognitive behavior therapy

(CBT). The main aim of CBT is to change behavior, which
is done by applying techniques with a focus on problem-
solving, such as homework, diary cards and behavioral
analysis. However, some people felt uncomfortable with
the strong focus on change and felt that their suffering
and apparent loss of control over their lives were not
understood. This caused them to become frustrated and
even to drop out of treatment. Therapists sought to
resolve this using acceptance strategies. Acceptance
strategies are added to the process of CBT which means
that the therapists explore with their clients an
acceptance that their behavior (e.g. self-harming,
drinking, etc.), although damaging in the long term, may
be the only way they have learned to deal with intense
emotions, and which might have led to positive short
term benefits.

Eclectic Counselling Approach

An Eclectic counsellor selects from several different

approaches appropriate to the client’s needs. This is
based on the theory that there is no proof that any one
theoretical approach works better than all others for a
specific problem.

Family Counseling Approach

This is used to treat a family system rather than

individual members of the family. It is a form of Systemic
Approach that requires specifically trained counsellors.

19
 Gestalt Approach

Developed by Fritz Perls, the term is derived from

the German word for “organized whole”. It focuses on the
whole of the client’s experience, including feelings,
thoughts and actions. The client gains self-awareness in
the `here and now’ by analyzing behavior and body
language and talking about bottled up feelings. This
approach often includes acting out scenarios and dream
recall.

Humanistic Approach

Coming from the “personal growth movement”, this

approach encourages people to think about their feelings
and take responsibility for their thoughts and actions.
Emphasis is on self-development and achieving highest
potential. “ClientCentered” or “Non-Directive” approach is
often used, and the therapy can be described as “holistic”
or looking at person as a whole. The client’s creative
instincts may be used to explore and resolve personal
issues.

Integrative Approach

This is when several distinct models of counselling are used

together.

Mindfulness Approach

Mindfulness is a specific way of intentionally paying

attention. One negative thought can lead to a chain
reaction of negative thoughts. This approach encourages
people to be aware of each thought, enabling the first
negative thought to be ‘caught’ so that it is seen as just a
‘thought’ and not a fact. This breaks the chain reaction of
negative thoughts giving a mental ‘space’ in which the
20
person can re-center himself in the present. Mindfulness-
based therapists can work with individuals and groups
and will usually integrate mindfulness into another
modality, in which they are already trained. Mindfulness
is likely to appeal to therapists who have developed a
long-term meditation practice.

Person-Centered Approach

Devised by Carl Rogers and also called “Client-Centered”

or “Rogerian” counselling, this is based on the
assumption that a client seeking help in the resolution of
a problem they are experiencing, can enter into a
relationship with a counsellor who is sufficiently
accepting and permissive to allow the client to freely
express any emotions and feelings. This will enable the
client to come to terms with negative feelings, which may
have caused emotional problems, and develop inner
resources. The objective is for the client to be able to see
himself as a person, with the power and freedom to
change, rather than as an object.

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy/Counselling

This approach stresses the importance of the

unconscious and past experiences in shaping current
behavior. The client is encouraged to talk about
childhood relationships with parents and other
significant people and the therapist focuses on the
client/therapist relationship (the dynamics) and, on the
transference. Transference is when the client projects
onto the therapist feelings experienced in previous
significant relationships. The Psychodynamic approach is
derived from Psychoanalysis but usually provides a
quicker solution to emotional problems.

21
Solution-Focused Brief Approach

This promotes positive change rather than dwelling on

past problems. Clients are encouraged to focus positively
on what they do well and to set goals and work out on
how to achieve them. As little as 3 or 4 sessions may be
beneficial.

D. TOOLS OF COUNSELING
Counseling services impose to use specific tools for
collecting primary information from students. The tools
for collection of information for counseling are divided
into two broad categories: Non-testing and Psychological
testing.

1. Non-testing tools
These types of tools are usually used for individual
assessment without any intention of testing the
individual. These tools are generally developed by the
counselor and /or teachers themselves. These are:
interview, observation, anecdotal record, cumulative
records, checklist, rating scale, sociometry,
autobiography, and diary.
2. Psychological testing

This could be ability test like achievement and

aptitude or personality test. Psychological test provides
information about the individual’s psychological
characteristics such as intelligence, aptitude, interests,
abilities, and personality. Before selection, test of
reliability, validity, practicability, etc. should be clearly
looked for. Psychological tests are mainly divided into
two categories: Ability and Personality Test. Ability tests
composed of aptitude and achievement test, while

22
achievement tests are used as academic placement
devices rather than as selection instruments. Aptitude
tests are particularly used to estimate the extent to
which an individual would profit from a specific course or
training to predict the quality of his/her achievement in
each situation.

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1.4 Matching Type
Direction: Match the items in column A with items in
column B. Write the letter of your answer in a separate
sheet of paper.
A B
A. It shall serve as the
1. Assessment and parameter of work and the
Diagnosis client-counselor relationship
2. Formulation of B. It determines the review of progress
Counseling and create closure between the client
Goals and the counselor.
C. It is essential in tracking the record
3.Relationship if whether the helping process is in
Building progress or not.
D. This serves as the window for the
counselor to have a thorough
4.Monitoring and appreciation of the client’s
Evaluation condition.
E. This is the heart of the counselling
5. Follow-up, process because it provides the
termination or foundation for the counselling to
referral succeed.

23
 ACTIVITIES

Activity 1.5 Clustering Approaches of

Counseling in Different Levels.
Direction: Based on your observation. Describe the
clientele of counseling in the following settings and suggest
approach that is suited to his/her characteristics.

LEVELS Clientele Approach

Elementar
y
Counselor
Junior
High
School
Counselor
Senior
High
School
Counselor

24
 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Activity 1.6 ACRONYM

Direction: In your own words, summarize the concept of
counseling as well as the functions of a counselor by using
the acronym below.

O-

U-

N-
S

E-

L-
I–

N-

G-

REMEMBER

25
o Counseling refers to guidance or advice provided to
help someone resolve difficulties or decide on issues.
When a person visits a therapist to work out on
relationship matter is an example of counseling.
o Counseling is for people who want to experience
more peace of mind, want greater self-awareness and is
curious about knowing and understanding themselves in
greater depth. It focuses on specific issues and is
designed to help a person address a problem, such as
addiction or stress management.
o Counseling is also usually short-term as compared to
therapy. Psychotherapy is long-term and it focuses on a
broader range of issues.
o The purpose of counseling is to help clients achieve
their personal goals and gain greater insight into their
lives. One hopes that by the end of this process, she will
be more satisfied with his or her life. This service helps
people navigate through difficult life situations and make
life adjustment easier.

POSTTEST

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write

your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It serves as the parameter of work and the client-

counselor relationship.
a. Implementation

26
 b. Goal setting
c. Assessment and Diagnosis
d. Monitoring

2. This therapy works well for compulsive and

obsessive behavior, fears, phobias, and addictions.
a. Behavioral Therapy
b. Existential Therapy
c. Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
d. Gestalt Therapy

3. It is sometimes described as “psychology of the

soul”.
a. Gestalt Therapy
b. Psychosynthesis
c. Adlerian Therapy
d. Integrative Therapy

4. The client gains self-awareness in the `here and now’

by analyzing behavior and body language and
talking about bottled up feelings.
a. Adlerian Therapy
b. Existential Therapy
c. Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
d. Gestalt Therapy

5. This is when several distinct models of counselling

and psychotherapy are used together.
a. Adlerian Therapy
b. Integrative Therapy

27
 c. Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
d. Existential Therapy

6. This promotes positive change rather than dwelling

on past problems.
a. Adlerian Therapy
b. Existential Therapy
c. Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
d. Gestalt Therapy

7. This describes any form of counselling or therapy

which places emphasis on spirituality.
a. Existential Therapy
b. Adlerian Therapy
c. Gestalt Therapy
d. Transpersonal Therapy

8. The objective is for the client to become able to see

himself as a person, with the power and freedom to
change, rather than as an object.
a. Person-Centered Therapy
b. Existential Therapy
c. Adlerian Therapy
d. Gestalt Therapy

9. This counseling tool provides information about the

individual’s intelligence, aptitude, interests, abilities,
and personality.
a. Cumulative record
b. Psychological test
c. Non-testing tools
28
 d. Rating scale

10. These are counseling tools that are usually used

for individual assessment without the intention of
testing the individual.
a. Psychological test
b. Anecdotal Record
c. Non-testing tools
d. Sociometry

REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET

Name ____________________________________________ Grade and Section ___________
School: ______________________ Date: _____________ Subj. Teacher: _______________

Quarter: I Module No.: 4 Week No.: 4

MELC: To describe the clientele of counseling; illustrate the different processes

and methods involved in counseling; and distinguish the needs of
individuals, groups, organizations, and communities

Topic: Clientele and Audiences of Counseling

Settings, Methods, Procedures and Tools of Counseling

Journal Entry

Directions: Read and analyze the questions. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. What are the different stages or steps in counseling?

2. How settings, methods and tools in counseling do help the counseling

process?

3. As you study counseling, how will you differentiate counseling processes and
what method do you think will suits your interests in counseling process.

29
ANSWER KEY

PRETEST POSTTEST

1. A 1. B
2. D 2. A
3. A 3. B
4. B 4. D
5. A 5. B
6. C 6. C
7. A 7. D
8. C 8. A
9. D 9. B
10.D 10.C

Activity 1.1 Activity 1.4

(True or False) (Matching Type)

1. T 1. D
2. A
2. T
3. E
3. F 4. C
4. F 5. B

5. T
6. T
7. T
8. T
9. T
10.F

30
 REFERENCES

Online Sources:

https://www.slideshare.net/JahnissiGALAROSA1/the-setting-processes-methods and-
tools-in-counseling http://www.womensconsortium.org.uk/methods-of-councelling

https://www.slideshare.net/NikitaSharma346/tools-for-counselling-services
http://www.womensconsortium.org.uk/methods-of-councelling/ http://www.shanti-centre.com/who-
needs-counselling

https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH814PH814&sxsrf=ALeKk02L4fzTcTtkz0autsSFiF
U4FXAd

https://www.slideshare.net/JahnissiGALAROSA1/the-setting-processes-methods-and-tools-in counseling

Books:

Bernardo et.al, 2016.Discipline and Ideas In the Applied Social Sciences, JFS
Publishing Services, Manila, Philippines

Elias M. Sampa, 2017, Discipline and Ideas In the Applied Social Sciences,
REX Book Store, Inc., Manila, Philippines

Naguit et.al, 2018, Discipline and Ideas In The Applied Social Sciences,
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Acknowledgements

Writer: Geraldine Sd. Andal

Editor: Amalia C. Solis - EPS
Reviewers: Fructuoso O. Salao / Hernani D. Patches (Content)
Joe D. Verzosa (Language)
Management Team: Maria Magdalena M. Lim-Schools Division Superintendent-
Manila, Aida H. Rondilla-Chief Education Supervisor
Lucky S. Carpio-EPS and Lady Hannah C. Gillo, Librarian II-LRMS

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