Slavery

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Slavery

By 1790, there were 2.5 million African slaves in the Americas.


In 1790, 19% of US population was black.
Ships with manufactured goods (salt, hardware, weapons, rum) from England to W.
Africa, Africans to N and S. America and plantation goods (sugar, tobacco,
molasses) back to England.

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19 Century Migrations
Colonial Migrations
British recruited 30 million from Indian subcontinent to work on sugar plantations
in the Caribbean.
Dutch used Chinese in Dutch E. India (Indonesia)
Europeans to U.S. Canada, Australia
Irish to Britain to work in textile factories, building trades, and on railroad.
Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union
The Fall of Soviet Union creates economic collapse and freedom to seek foreign
residence.
East Germans move to west.
Hungary, Poland, Czech Rep., and Slovakia emerge as immigration buffer zones to
the East and Western Europe.
Poles seek work in Dutch and German agriculture
Russians and Ukrainians work in Poland.
Bulgarian Turks return to Turkey.
POVERTY AND MIGRATION RELATIONS
Migration varies across caste groups and villagers with the highest incidence
among chronically poor people in remote villages.
Poverty plays in the change in migration during globalization as many people from
rural areas come to urban areas and to earn money.
IMPACTS OF MIGRATION
Depend on the skills of migrants and the skills of existing workers.
The immediate short run effects of immigration on the wages and employment.
SUSTAINABLE WORLD
Development
Development is the gradual growth of a situation that becomes more advanced and
strong than previous one.
The unfolding of human potentials for economic, social, political and cultural
process and institutions.
By bringing about a change in policy, projects and legislation.
Sustainable Development
A development that meets the needs without compromising the future
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generations to meet their own needs.
Improvement of lifestyles and well-being.
Preserving natural resources and ecosystems.
Evolution of Sustainable Development from Rio to Johannesburg
UN established the Commission on Sustainable Development in December 1992.
To monitor and implementation of the Earth Summit
agreements at the local, national, regional, and international levels.
The Kyoto Protocol adopted in December 1997 Conferences of the Parties.
Four Major components of Sustainable Development
*The climatic change
*Nutrient cycles
*Hydrological cycle
*Bio-diversity
Example of Sustainable Development
SOLAR ENERGY
A completely free and is available in a limitless supply.
These factors provide a huge benefit to consumers and
help reduce pollution.
A non-renewable energy is both environmentally and financially effective.
Wind Energy
An energy source is the power of wind energy necessitates the use of
windmills.
Wind energy can supplement or replace the cost of grid power, and good
investment remains a great example of sustainable development.
Crop Rotation
This farming practice is beneficial in several ways, most notably because it is
chemical-free.
It has been proven to maximize the growth potential and also preventing disease
and insects in the soil.
It is benefit to farmers.
Pillars for Sustainable Development
Social Development
Improved income distribution and Gender equity and investing in basic health &
education.
Environmental Protection
More equitable access to resources and increasing the productive of the poor.
Economic Development
Appropriate policies and efficient resource allocation.
Cultural diversity is necessary for humankind as the biodiversity for nature.
Sustainability Principles
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Reduce dependence upon fossil.
Reduce dependence on synthetic chemicals and unnatural substances.
Reduce encroachment upon nature.
Meet human needs fairly & efficiently.

GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY


Food Security
all people at all times have physical & economic access to adequate amounts of
nutritious, safe, and culturally appropriate foods.

Food Security means that people who produce food are able to earn a decent, and
living wage.

Food security is access to healthy food and optimal nutrition for all.
Global Food Security
Delivering sufficient food to the entire world population.
It is a priority of all countries whether developed or less developed.
Sustainable Food Systems Environmental Health
Ensures that food production and procurement do not compromise the land, air,
orwater or future generations.
Economic Vitality
Ensures that people who producing food are able to
earn a decent living wagedoing so.
Human Health & Social Equity
Ensures particular importance is placed on community development and health of
the community, making sure that healthy foods are available.

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Nutrition Education
Nutrition education is a behavior change plans will be developed together
withlocal communities.
Purpose of Nutrition Education:
To reduce child malnutrition
To promote food hygiene, family planning, breast feeding and complementary
feeding practices
To prepare fruits and vegetables in micro gardens.
Challenges to Global Food Security and Nutrition:
*Urbanization & rising incomes, leading to diet changes
*Growing land and water constraints
*Weakening comparative advantage of agriculture
*Climate change and higher frequency / intensity of
extreme weather events.
*Rising agriculture related to health and food safety
scandals.
*Food-fuel competition

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Pathways for Global Food System
1. Invest in agriculture to produce more quality crops
2. Transform smallholder agriculture
3. Fix the fundamentals: e.g. marketing, infrastructure
4. Empower women in agriculture
5. Facilitate open, transparent and fair trade
6. Strengthen partnerships, esp. with new players
1. What is Food Security?
2. How can the government solve
the problems of food security
of the country?
End of Chapter

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