TECHNICAL BULLETIN
BUILDING ROOF-TO-WALL
CONTINUOUS LOAD PATH CONNECTIONS
Page 1 of 2
Eccentric loading at the connection that ties the roof framing, top
plate and stud together can cause significantly reduced connection
loads. This technical bulletin explains eccentric loading and
specifies the steps to ensure a continuous load path needed for
structural integrity.
Eccentric loading occurs when points of application of a set of
forces are not in a line vertically. Specifically, this can occur in
wood-frame construction when the roof framing-to-top plate
connection is made on the inside of the wall and the top plate-to-
stud connection is made on the outside of the wall. For example,
when a hurricane tie connects roof framing to a top plate and
wood structural panel (WSP) sheathing is used to make the plate-
to-stud connection. Hurricane tie
Research conducted in the mid 1990s first demonstrated the effect
of eccentric loading through testing. Compared to an assembly
with the rafter-to-top plate and top plate-to-stud connection on
the same side of the wall, an assembly with the rafter to top plate
connector on the inside and sheathing on the outside as the only
plate-to-stud connection had a nearly 60% reduction in uplift
Wood structural
capacity. The researchers at Clemson University dubbed this a panel sheathing
Gypsum wall board
“top-plate roll” to describe the top plate rotating and separating
from the studs on the inside of the wall, while the outside of the
plate remained fastened to the sheathing.
Top-plate roll is only dependent upon the location of the connections
and is independent of connector model or manufacturer. Furthermore,
recent testing at Simpson Strong‑Tie has demonstrated that gypsum
wall board on the inside of the wall does not provide adequate load Figure 1
path resistance to prevent this effect as shown in Figure 1.
REDUCED LOAD CAUSED BY ECCENTRIC LOADING CODE-REFERENCED STANDARDS ADDRESS ECCENTRIC LOADING
Simpson Strong-Tie has performed testing to determine reduced Prevention of eccentric loading of hurricane tie installations has
hurricane tie allowable uplift loads caused by eccentric loading also been recognized in two reference standards, such as the
when the following conditions exist. 2008 ICC-600. Section 304.1, which states:
• A hurricane tie is installed on the inside of the wall “ ... Connectors resisting uplift of the roof framing shall be
fastened to the top plate on the same side of the wall as the top
• ½" gypsum wall board is installed on the inside over the
plate to wall uplift connection.”
connector with 1 ¼" drywall screws at 7" o.c.
• Double 2x4 top plates are used (not applicable to 2x6) The 2008 AF&PA SDPWS reference standard addresses the design of
wood structural panels to resist uplift or combined shear and uplift.
• WSP sheathing is installed on the outside of the wall to resist
Section 4.4.1.5 states:
wind uplift in accordance with the 2008 International Code
Council Standard for Residential Construction in High-Wind “Roof or upper level uplift connectors shall be on the same side of
Regions (ICC-600), Section 307; 2008 AF&PA Special Design the wall as the sheathing unless other methods are used to prevent
Provisions for Wind and Seismic (SDPWS), Section 4.4; or twisting of the top plate due to eccentric loading.”
2009 North Carolina Residential Code (NCRC), Section 4408.4
For this type of wall assembly, Simpson Strong-Tie determined
that the maximum allowable uplift load, limited by top-plate roll,
is just 165 plf. This load is independent of the connector model or
manufacturer.
© 2010 Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc. T-HTIECONPATH10
TECHNICAL BULLETIN
BUILDING ROOF-TO-WALL
CONTINUOUS LOAD PATH CONNECTIONS
Page 2 of 2
CONNECTION DETAILS FOR FULL ALLOWABLE UPLIFT
Simpson Strong-Tie offers three possible solutions to attain the published
allowable connector capacity and prevent top-plate roll when WSP sheathing is
designed to transfer uplift loads from the top plate of the wall to the framing below.
1. Install the roof-to-wall connectors (hurricane ties) on the outside of the wall
beneath the WSP sheathing.
• Best hurricane tie performance when fastened directly to framing
3½"
• Some inspection challenges may be introduced Min. Simpson Strong-Tie® H10 shown
(other models similar)
• Nails used to fasten sheathing to wall framing shall not be installed through
underlying connector
2. Install hurricane ties on the outside of the wall over the exterior side of WSP
sheathing (see Figure 2). Applies only to hurricane ties listed.
The following WSP sheathing installation requirements must be met: Figure 2
• WSP sheathing flush with the top of the double top plates
• WSP sheathing fastened to the top plates to transfer uplift in compliance with
the 2008 ICC-600, 2008 AF&PA SDPWS, or 2009 NCRC
• WSP sheathing with a maximum thickness of 15⁄32" and a minimum thickness of 7⁄16"
The following hurricane tie installation requirements must be met:
• Simpson Strong-Tie® H1, H2.5, H2.5A and H8 connectors installed to top
plates with minimum 2 ½" long nails
• Simpson Strong-Tie H10 and H10A installed with minimum 1 ½" long nails
• A minimum roof framing overhang of 3 ½" beyond the WSP sheathing
• Lateral loads have not been evaluated for any of the hurricane ties in this
Simpson Strong-Tie H2.5A
application and additional connections must be considered
3. Install roof-to-wall and top plate-to-stud connectors on the inside of the wall
Figure 3
(see figure 3).
• Top plate-to-stud connectors shall be designed to transfer 100% of the roof
uplift from the top plates to studs
• Use a single roof framing-to-stud connector where rafters/trusses and studs
line up, such as Simpson Strong‑Tie H2A or H10S hurricane ties. Simpson Strong-Tie H10
• Below the top plate-to-stud connection location, WSP sheathing on the
exterior may be designed to transfer the uplift load down to the bottom plate
in accordance with the standards referenced in this bulletin
CONNECTION DETAIL FOR REDUCED ALLOWABLE UPLIFT
Through system testing, Simpson Strong‑Tie has determined that the following assembly Simpson Strong-Tie H2.5A
will provide the listed capacity per roof framing-to-wall framing connection when WSP Figure 4
is designed to transfer uplift loads from the top plate of the wall to the framing below
(see Figure 4). This option is not applicable to systems using other connectors.
• Simpson Strong-Tie ® H10 connectors at every roof framing- • Studs spaced 16" o.c.
to-top plate location on the inside of the wall installed with 8d • WSP sheathing nailed to the top plate per 2008 ICC-600, 2008
x 1 ½ nails AF&PA SDPWS, or 2009 NCRC
• Simpson Strong-Tie H2.5 or H2.5A connectors at every second • Maximum 700 lbs uplift for Spruce-Pine-Fir roof and wall
top plate-to-stud location on the inside of the wall installed with framing
8d common (2 ½" long x 0.131" diameter) nails • Maximum 805 lbs uplift for SP or DF-L roof and wall framing
• Rafter/truss spaced 24" o.c.
This technical bulletin is effective until June 30, 2017, and reflects information available as of September 1,
2010. This information is updated periodically and should not be relied upon after June 30, 2017; contact 800-999-5099
Simpson Strong-Tie for current information and limited warranty or see www.strongtie.com.
www.strongtie.com
© 2010 Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc. • P.O. Box 10789, Pleasanton, CA 94588 T-HTIECONPATH10 9/10 exp. 6/17
