Objective

Statistics and Probability is one of the most important

branches of mathematics that is often taken for granted by everyone. Statistics plays
a very important role in our lives. Without statistics, companies could not effectively
assess the performance of their manufacturing plants, TV channels would have no
way of knowing which TV shows people prefer to watch, we would not be aware of
the death rate caused by cancer, and many more. This module gives you a head
start in understanding Statistics in the future. The topics that will be discussed in this
module are very important tools that you will need to understand future topics in this
subject. Random variables will be referred to repeatedly in future modules. So you
must do your best to retain as much information as you can from this module. There
will be plenty of practice activities and exercises for you to work on in this module.
So don’t forget to wear your thinking hat, always stay positive, and be confident that
you can finish this module successfully.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
1
 Statistics and Probability

WEEK 1 - 2

The Concept of Random Variables

Performance Standard

1. Illustrate a random variable (discrete and continuous)

2. Distinguish between a discrete and a continuous random variable;
3. Find the possible values of a random variable;
4. Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its
properties;
5. Construct the probability mass function of a discrete random variable and its
corresponding histogram;
6. Compute probabilities corresponding to a given random variable
7. Illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable
8. Calculate the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable
9. Interpret the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable
10. Solve problems involving mean and variance of probability
distributions.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
2
 Random variable
A random variable may be confusing to you at first especially if you associate it with
the common variables that we use in algebra.

Let us differentiate:

Note: The values “0 and 1” are just models/examples. You may use other values like 10,
500, and even 2,020. Still, the values 0 and 1 are most commonly used in statistics.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
3
 There are two varieties of random variables that are numerical in nature:

Note: A sample space is the set of all possible outcomes in a random experiment.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
4
 WEEK 1 AND 2

ACTIVITY SHEET 1

Random Variable
Name: _____________________________ Date: __________________

Grade & Track: _______________________ Teacher:________________

Exercises I. Try and classify the following random variables as discrete or continuous. Each
random variable is assigned a letter. Once grouped, crack and form the “hidden words” from
the letters of each group.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
5
Exercises II. Classify the following random variables as DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
6
 Statistics and Probability

WEEK 3 - 4

Probability Distribution of Discrete Random Variables

Performance Standard

1. Illustrate a random variable (discrete and continuous)

2. Distinguish between a discrete and a continuous random variable;
3. Find the possible values of a random variable;
4. Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its
properties;
5. Construct the probability mass function of a discrete random variable and its
corresponding histogram;
6. Compute probabilities corresponding to a given random variable
7. Illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable
8. Calculate the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable
9. Interpret the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable
10. Solve problems involving mean and variance of probability distributions.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
7
Probability Distribution of Discrete Random Variables

Example 1. Suppose you are to test three random eggplants from a harvest to see if there
are worms in it. You want to find out the number of eggplants attacked by worms. Use W to
represent if there is a worm attack in an eggplant and N if there is none.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
8
Example 2. Suppose that four coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable representing
the number of heads that occur. Complete the table below to find the possible values of Y.

The possible values of the random variable Y are 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Now that we already have the possible values of the random variable, we can now construct
the probability distribution. Looking back at example 1, the random variable X represents the
number of damaged eggplants in a harvest. We have defined the sample space and their
corresponding values in the table below.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
9
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
10
In example 2, the random variable Y represents the number of heads that occur when
tossing four coins. We have defined the sample space and their corresponding values as
shown in the table below.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
11
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
12
 WEEK 3 AND 4

ACTIVITY SHEET 2

Probability Distribution of Discrete Random Variables

Name: _____________________________ Date: __________________

Grade & Track: _______________________ Teacher:________________

Exercises I. Construct the probability distribution of a particular experiment by following the

instructions given to you.

A dog gave birth to a litter of six puppies. Three of them are male while the rest are
female. If you are to be given three of these puppies at random, list all the elements of the
sample space using the letters M and F for male puppies and female puppies, respectively.
Then assign a value x of the random variable X representing the number of male puppies
you receive.

There are four values for the random variable. Assign probability values P(X) to
each then construct the histogram by drawing on the graph below.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
13
Consider the histogram you just made, try to answer the questions below.

 What is the probability of getting more than 2 males? __________

 What is the probability of getting less than 2 males? __________

 What is the probability of getting at least 2 males? __________

 What is the probability of getting at most 2 males? __________

 What is the probability of getting 1 or 2 males? __________

 What is the probability of getting no males? __________

 What is the probability of getting all males? __________

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
14
Exercises II. Determine whether the distribution represented is valid or not. Explain your
answer

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
15
 Statistics and Probability

WEEK 5 - 6

Solving for the Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation of

Discrete Probability Distributions
Performance Standard

1. Illustrate a random variable (discrete and continuous)

2. Distinguish between a discrete and a continuous random variable;
3. Find the possible values of a random variable;
4. Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its
properties;
5. Construct the probability mass function of a discrete random variable and its
corresponding histogram;
6. Compute probabilities corresponding to a given random variable
7. Illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable
8. Calculate the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable
9. Interpret the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable
10. Solve problems involving mean and variance of probability distributions.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
16
Solving for the Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation of Discrete
Probability Distributions

Any discrete probability distribution has a mean, a variance, and a standard deviation.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
17
Example 3. In a 5-item test, the probabilities that a student gets 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 mistakes
are 3 20, 5 20, 7 20, 3 20, 1 20, and 1 20, respectively. What is the average number of
mistakes that a student makes in this class? What is the variance and standard deviation of
this discrete probability distribution?

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
18
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
19
After performing all calculations, the completed table would look something like this. Try and
solve for yourself to see how these values were obtained.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
20
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
21
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
22
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
23
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
24
 WEEK 5 AND 6

ACTIVITY SHEET 3

Solving for the Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation of Discrete Probability
Distributions
Name: _____________________________ Date: __________________

Grade & Track: _______________________ Teacher:________________

Exercise I. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the following probability
distribution by completing the tables below.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
25
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
26
Exercises II. Solve the following problems.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
27
 Statistics and Probability

WEEK 7

Understanding the Normal Curve Distribution

Performance Standard

1. Illustrate a normal random variable and its characteristics

2. Construct a normal curve
3. identify regions under the normal curve
4. Convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice
versa; and compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal
table.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
28
 Understanding the Normal Curve Distribution
We will start understanding the concept of the normal curve distribution by sketching the
frequency polygon of each of the following frequency distributions. The following frequency
distributions show the score of students in a Mathematics quiz.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
29
Answers:

1. The frequency polygon of each frequency distribution.

2. Computing for the mean, median and mode of each given distributions, we will realize that
the resulting values are equal. Since these measures are equal, they all lie at one point. That
is, at the center of the graph.

3. If we will continue to increase the number of students then in the long run, we can
approximate the graph to the shape of a bell.

In reality, if a distribution contains a very large number of cases with

equal measures of central tendency values, then the distribution is symmetrical* and the
skewness* is 0. In statistics, it is called normal distribution or normal curve (Rene, et al.
2015).In specific sense; it is called a normal probability distribution whenever the
frequencies are converted to probabilities.

Let us learn more about the properties of a normal probability distribution.

1. The curve of the distribution is a bell-shaped.

2. The curve is symmetrical about the mean.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
30
3. The mean, median and mode are of equal values and when sketched, they coincide at the
center of the graph.

4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the distribution.

For instance, in a given distribution with mean equals 95 and standard deviation equals 3,
the width of the curve will be 3 numbers away from each other, which is determined from the
given standard deviation.

5. The curve extends indefinitely approaching the x-axis but never touching it. Thus, the
curve is asymptotic to the line.

6. The area of the region under the curve is 1. It represents the probability or percentage
or proportion associated with the specific sets of measurement values.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
31
However, this formula is now rarely used because of the readily available zTable which
displays all the area of the region under the curve given a z-value.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
32
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
33
Steps in finding the area under the normal curve given a z-value

1. Express the given z-value into a three-digit number.

2. Using the z-Table, find the first 2 digits on the first column.
3. Find the third digit on the first row on the right.
4. Read the area for probability at the intersection of the row (first 2 digit number) and
column (third digit number). The value observed at the intersection indicates the area of the
given z-value.

Illustration.
1. Find the area that corresponds to z=2.
Finding the area that corresponds to z = 2 is the same as finding the area between z=0
and z= 2.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
34
2. Find the area that corresponds to z=1.45.

Finding the area that corresponds to z = 1.45 is the same as finding the area between z =
0 and z = 1.45.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
35
3. Find the area that corresponds to z= – 2.5

The negative in the given z-value as z = – 2.5 indicates the location of where that
area is in the curve. Since it is a negative, meaning the measurement X that corresponds to
z = – 2.5 is located at the left side of the curve. Since the normal curve is symmetrical about
the mean, therefore finding the area of z = – 2.5 is the same as finding the area of z = 2.5.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
36
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
37
 WEEK 7

ACTIVITY SHEET 4

Understanding the Normal Curve Distribution

Name: _____________________________ Date: __________________

Grade & Track: _______________________ Teacher:________________

Exercise 1. Share your idea about considering a set of large data values in order to make
good decisions relative to the given values.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Match the z-value given in column A to its corresponding area in column B.
Then, identify the hidden message by filling in the letters indicated in column B to the
corresponding number indicated in each blank below.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
38
 Statistics and Probability

WEEK 8

IDENTIFYING REGIONS OF AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL

CURVE
Performance Standard

1. Illustrate a normal random variable and its characteristics

2. Construct a normal curve
3. identify regions under the normal curve
4. Convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice
versa; and compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal
table.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
39
IDENTIFYING REGIONS OF AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
This point in time, it is expected that you already have mastered the skill in
determining the area under the normal curve that corresponds to a given z-value using the z-
Table.

The area you just learned also indicates the probability/percentage/proportion of the
given distribution between any two specific z-values under the curve. This time, you will try
to find the area of the regions between any two specific z-values under the normal curve.

The problem states that we need to find the area of the region between the given two z-
values (red line).

In doing so, we need to subtract the area that corresponds to z = 3 to the area that
corresponds to z = 1. Thus, we have 0.4987 – 0.3413 = 0.1574

Therefore, the area between z = 1 and z = 3 is 0.1574.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
40
The problem states that we need to find the area of the region between the given two z-
values (red line).

In doing so, we need to add the area that corresponds to z = 1 to the area that corresponds
to z = -1. Thus, we have 0.3413 + 0.3413 = 0.6826

Therefore, the area between z = 1 and z = -1 is 0.6826.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
41
The problem states that we need to find the area of the region between the given two z-
values (red line).

In doing so, we need to add the area that corresponds to z = 2 to the area that corresponds
to z = -1.5. Thus, we have 0.4772 + 0.4332= 0.9104

Therefore, the area between z = 2 and z = -1.5 is 0.9104.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
42
 WEEK 8

ACTIVITY SHEET 5

IDENTIFYING REGIONS OF AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

Name: _____________________________ Date: __________________

Grade & Track: _______________________ Teacher:________________

Exercises I. Find the area of the region under the curve that corresponds between the given
z-values.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
43
 Statistics and Probability

WEEK 9

DETERMINING PROBABILITIES
Performance Standard

1. Illustrate a normal random variable and its characteristics

2. Construct a normal curve
3. identify regions under the normal curve
4. Convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable
and vice versa; and compute probabilities and percentiles using
the standard normal table.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
44
DETERMINING PROBABILITIES
Mathematicians are not fond of lengthy expressions. They use denotations, notations or
symbols instead. Probability notations are commonly used to express a lengthy idea into
symbols concerning the normal curve. The following are the most common probability
notations used in studying concepts on the normal curve.

P(a < z < b) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z value is
between a and b

P(z> a) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value is
above a

P(z< a) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value is
below a where a and b are z-score values.

P(z = a) = 0 this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z value is
equal to a is 0. This notation indicates that a z-value is equal to exactly one
point on the curve. With that single point, a line can be drawn signifying the
probability can be below or above it. That is why, for a z-value to be exactly
equal to a value its probability is equal to 0.

Let us familiarize some of the terms involved in using notations.

With all these in mind, you are now ready to solve for the proportion of the
area specified z-score value.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
45
Illustration.

1. Find the proportion of the area between z = 2 and z = 3.

2. Find the proportion of the area below z = 1.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
46
3. Find the area that the z-value is exactly equal to 1.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
47
 WEEK 9

ACTIVITY SHEET 6

DETERMINING PROBABILITIES
Name: _____________________________ Date: __________________

Grade & Track: _______________________ Teacher:________________

Exercises I. Solve for the proportion of the area of the following probability notations. Then,
sketch the normal curve shading the required region of each given notation.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
48
 Statistics and Probability

WEEK 10

UNDERSTANDING THE Z - SCORES

Performance Standard

1. Illustrate a normal random variable and its characteristics

2. Construct a normal curve
3. identify regions under the normal curve
4. Convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable
and vice versa; and compute probabilities and percentiles using
the standard normal table.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
49
UNDERSTANDING THE Z – SCORES
Let us begin understanding the z-scores by acknowledging that for a
given distribution, it is more preferred to have a larger set of data in order to make good
generalizations. However at times in a given distribution, raw scores may be composed of
large values and large values cannot be accommodated at the baseline of the normal curve.
Thus, the raw scores have to be transformed into z-scores in order to get meaningful
decisions relative to the concepts of finding the equivalent percentage and probability of the
given measure of value from the mean.

For any population, the mean and the standard deviation are fixed. This
gives the way to understand that for every raw score X, there corresponds an exactly one z-
score value, and vice versa. Therefore, if we wish to find the percentage associated with X,
we must find its matched z-value using the z formula.

The area of the region under the normal curve represents the probability
or percentage or proportion of a given measurement value. It is computed by subtracting the
measurement X to the sample Ẍ or population 𝜇𝜇mean, then dividing the result by the
standard deviation 𝜎𝜎. The resulting value gives the z-score. The z-score indicates the
distance between a given measurement X and the mean expressed in standard deviations. It
locates either within a sample or within a population. But for now, a readily available z-Table
is made to obtain the corresponding area given a z-score.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
50
2. Leslie got a score of 68 in an examination she participated. What is the corresponding z-
value of her score if the result has 𝜇𝜇 = 75 and 𝜎𝜎 = 5.

3. Mrs. Bastillada conducted a test survey about determining the current level of students’
learning on Geometry. After checking the test questionnaires, she was amazed that a
student attained 50 correct answers. What is the corresponding z-value of the student’s
score if the sample mean of the test results was 45 and standard deviation is 6?

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
51
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
52
 WEEK 10

ACTIVITY SHEET 7

UNDERSTANDING THE Z - SCORES

Name: _____________________________ Date: __________________

Grade & Track: _______________________ Teacher:________________

Exercises I. You are applying for a job that requires a score on either a P Test or an A Test.
The company needs only one test result. You have acquired scores on both tests. You’ve
scored 98 on the P Test and 112 on the A Test. Which test results will you most likely to
submit? Is the information enough for you to convince yourself on submitting your chosen
test result? Explain why

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________

Exercises II.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
53
 Statistics and Probability

WEEK 11

LOCATING PERCENTILES UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

Performance Standard

1. Illustrate a normal random variable and its characteristics

2. Construct a normal curve
3. identify regions under the normal curve
4. Convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable
and vice versa; and compute probabilities and percentiles using
the standard normal table.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
54
LOCATING PERCENTILES UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
A percentile is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below which a given
percentage of observations in a group of observations fall. It is a measure of relative
standing as it measures the relationship of a measurement of the rest of the data. For
instance, you were told by your teacher that your Mathematics grade for the quarter is 92
and your grade is at the 88th percentile. This means 88% of your classmates scored lower
than 92 and 21% scored more than 92 in the subject. This explains that 88th percentile is
located at a point such that 88% of the total population lies below that point and 12% lies
above. At this point, we are given with the area or the proportion of the area of the region
under the normal curve. We wish to identify the corresponding z-value of the given area.
With this, we need the z-Table to find the z-value required corresponding to the given area
and if not found, we take the nearest value. The number that corresponds to the first column
and first row of the intersection attained from the locating the given area is the required z-
value.

Illustration.

1. Find the 86th percentile of the normal curve. By definition, the P86 means locating an
area before or below the point. We want to know what the z-value is at this point.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
55
2. Find the 95th percentile of the normal curve. By definition, the P95 means locating an
area before or below the point. We want to know what the z-value is at this point.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
56
3. Find the 32nd percentile of the normal curve. By definition, the P32 means locating an
area before or below the point. We want to know what the z-value is at this point.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
57
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
58
 WEEK 11

ACTIVITY SHEET 8

LOCATING PERCENTILES UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

Name: _____________________________ Date: __________________

Grade & Track: _______________________ Teacher:________________

Exercises I. Read and analyze the statements below. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
59
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
60
 Statistics and Probability

WEEK 12

Illustrating Random Sampling

Performance Standard

1. Illustrate random sampling

2. Distinguish between parameter and statistics
3. Find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of
sample means
4. Define sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal
population when the variance is known or unknown

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
61
Random Sampling
Wrong conclusion maybe drawn from samples in letters a
and b. These samples will not represent the common brand of cellphone of Mila’s
classmates and the SHS student’s most admired young actors and actresses. The samples
in letter c is the best representation of the described population. Now that you know the idea
of representativeness of a sample for a population, the next activity will lead you to the
process of getting a sample which are good representatives of a population. This process is
called random sampling.

Now that you know the different sampling techniques, the next thing that you need to know is
to determine the sample size to be taken from the population.

Illustrative example:

Supposing that your school has a population of 5,000 students and you want to know the
average height of the students, it would be impractical to interview or to get the height of all
students. All you need to do is to determine the sample size that will estimate the whole
population. To do this, we will use the Slovin’s Formula in getting the sample size.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
62
Hence, you must select randomly 371 students as your sample. The result is rounded up
since this is getting samples from a population. If the sample size obtained will be distributed
by the table below, how many samples will be taken randomly from each Grade level?

Solution: To get the sample size from each Grade level, divide the number of students per
year level by the total number of students then multiply the quotient by the required sample
size.

Now that you know how to determine the sample size of a certain population, you are now
ready to learn how to compute the sample mean which serves as an estimator for the
population mean.

Illustrative example:

The heights in meters of 5 students chosen at random are 1.5 , 1.23,1.6, 1.4, and 1.3.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
63
 WEEK 12

ACTIVITY SHEET 9

RANDOM SAMPLING
Name: _____________________________ Date: __________________

Grade & Track: _______________________ Teacher:________________

Exercises I. Determining sample size

Determine the sample size required for the given population using the Slovin’s Formula.

1. Find the sample size required using the Slovin’s Formula from a population of 20,000
given a margin of error of 5% .

2. Distribute the sample size obtained in number 1 as classified to the following categories:

Exercises II. Finding the mean

Compute the mean of the following:

1. The following shows the grades in Mathematics of the 15 randomly chosen students from
Grade 11- STEM 85 89 85 81 86 89 89 92 91 95 92 86 81 87 88

Mean = _____________

2. The following shows the monthly income of 12 randomly chosen families in a certain
barangay.
P15,000 P18,000 P16,000
P20,000 P19,000 P18,000
P16,000 P20,000 P23,000
P20,000 P23,000 P21,000

Mean = ______________

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
64
 Statistics and Probability

WEEK 13

PARAMETER AND STATISTIC and SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

OF THE SAMPLE MEANS FROM A FINITE POPULATION
Performance Standard

1. Illustrate random sampling

2. Distinguish between parameter and statistics
3. Find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of
sample means
4. Define sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal
population when the variance is known or unknown

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
65
PARAMETER AND STATISTIC and SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEANS FROM A FINITE
POPULATION

A sampling distribution of sample means is a probability distribution where all possible

random samples of a specific size were taken from a population. A finite population is a
population that has a fixed number of elements or observations

Evaluate the following: (Combination of N objects taken n at a time)

Illustrative example:

Six students have the following grades in English

89 84 90 93 86 82
List all possible random sample of size 3

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
66
Illustrative Example:

A certain population consist of the numbers 3, 6, 7, 12, and 4. Construct a sampling

distribution of size 3.

Step 1. Determine and list all possible random samples of size 3 and solve the mean
of each random sample.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
67
Step 2. Construct a frequency distribution of the sample means. This is called the sampling
distribution of the sample means.

Step 3. Construct a histogram of the sampling distribution of the means.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
68
 WEEK 13

ACTIVITY SHEET 10

PARAMETER AND STATISTIC and SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE

SAMPLE MEANS FROM A FINITE POPULATION
Name: _____________________________ Date: __________________

Grade & Track: _______________________ Teacher:________________

Exercises I. A group of students got the following scores in an achievement test: 9,12,15,18,
21, and 24. Consider samples of size 3 that can be drawn from this population.

a. Determine and list all possible samples and the corresponding sample means.

b. Construct a sampling distribution of the resulting sample means

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
69
 Statistics and Probability

WEEK 14

MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF

SAMPLE MEANS
Performance Standard

1. Illustrate random sampling

2. Distinguish between parameter and statistics
3. Find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of
sample means
4. Define sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal
population when the variance is known or unknown

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
70
MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
OF SAMPLE MEANS
In the previous lessons, you have learned how to find the sample mean and how to construct
a sampling distribution of the sample means. In this lesson, you will know how to find the
mean and variance of a sampling distribution of the sample means.

Illustrative Example:

Consider a population consisting the ages of SHS students 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19. Suppose
samples of 3 are drawn from this population, how will you describe the sampling distribution
of the sample means

Solution:

When we describe the sampling distribution of the sample means, we need to

determine the mean and the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means and
compare these to the mean and variance of the given population.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
71
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
72
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
73
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
74
 WEEK 14

ACTIVITY SHEET 11

MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS

Name: _____________________________ Date: __________________

Grade & Track: _______________________ Teacher:________________

Exercises I. Consider a population consist of the scores of 6 students in a Statistic test.

18, 22, 25, 28, 32, 36

Suppose samples of size 3 are drawn from this population, describe the sampling
distribution of the sample means following the steps below:

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
75
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
76
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
77
 Statistics and Probability

WEEK 15

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEANS FROM

AN INFINITE POPULATION and THE CENTRAL LIMIT
THEOREM
Performance Standard

1. Illustrate random sampling

2. Distinguish between parameter and statistics
3. Find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of
sample means
4. Define sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal
population when the variance is known or unknown

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
78
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEANS FROM AN
INFINITE POPULATION and THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
An Infinite population is a population that contains an infinite number of elements.

Illustrative example:

A certain population has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 4. If 15 random

samples are drawn from this population, how will you describe the sampling distribution of
the sample means?

Solutions:

We shall assume that the population is infinite because we are only given its mean
and its standard deviation. Again, when you are asked to describe the sampling distribution,
you need to solve its mean, its variance and its standard deviation.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
79
 The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is also
called standard error of the mean. It tells how accurate is the sample mean to estimate the
population mean. If the value of the standard deviation is small or very close to zero, then
the sample mean is a good estimate for the population mean. If the value of the standard
deviation is large, the mean is a poor estimate for the population mean.

A good estimate for the population mean can be obtained if the random sample size
n is sufficiently large. This is stated as a theorem which is called The Central Limit
Theorem.

Illustrative Example:

d on 500 means. Four scores were sampled from a uniform distribution 500 times
and the mean computed each time fon n=4. The same process was followed with means of
7 scores for n = 7 and 10 scores for n = 10.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
80
Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.
Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
81
 WEEK 15

ACTIVITY SHEET 12

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEANS FROM AN INFINITE

POPULATION and THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

Name: _____________________________ Date: __________________

Grade & Track: _______________________ Teacher:________________

Exercises I. Get a die. Roll it 50 times. Record the result of your experiment in a table.
The first table is for rolling a die once in 50 times, the second table is for rolling a die
twice in 50 times, and the 3rd table is for rolling a die thrice in 50 times.

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
82
On a separate sheet of paper,

Digital Communication and Technological College Inc.

Statistics and Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Marjorie A. Manukay, LPT
83